Douglas DC-6
The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, it was reworked after the war to compete with the Lockheed Constellation in the long-range commercial transport market. More than 700 were built and many still fly in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles.
| DC-6 | |
|---|---|
| A Douglas DC-6B of Western Airlines, Oct 1956 | |
| Role | Airliner/transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| First flight | February 15, 1946 |
| Introduction | March 1947 with American Airlines and United Airlines |
| Status | In limited service |
| Primary users | Pan American World Airways Northwest Orient Airlines Capital Airlines Everts Air Cargo |
| Produced | 1946 – 1958 |
| Number built | 704 |
| Developed from | Douglas DC-4 |
| Developed into | Douglas DC-7 |
The DC-6 was known as the C-118 Liftmaster in United States Air Force service and as the R6D in United States Navy service prior to 1962, after which all U.S. Navy variants were also designated as the C-118.
Design and development
The United States Army Air Forces commissioned the DC-6 project as the XC-112 in 1944. The Army Air Forces wanted a lengthened, pressurized version of the DC-4-based C-54 Skymaster transport with more powerful engines. By the time the prototype XC-112A flew on 15 February 1946, the war was over, the USAAF had rescinded its requirement, and the aircraft was converted to YC-112A, being sold in 1955.[1]
Douglas Aircraft modified the design into a civil transport 80 in (200 cm) longer than the DC-4. The civil DC-6 first flew on 29 June 1946, being retained by Douglas for testing. The first airline deliveries were to American Airlines and United Airlines on 24 November 1946.[1] A series of inflight fires (including the fatal crash of United Airlines Flight 608) grounded the DC-6 fleet in 1947. The cause was found to be a fuel vent next to the cabin cooling turbine intake; all DC-6s were modified and the fleet was flying again after four months on the ground.
Operational history
In April 1949, United, American, Delta, National, and Braniff were flying DC-6s in the United States. United flew them to Hawaii, Braniff flew them to Rio de Janeiro, and Panagra flew Miami-Buenos Aires; KLM, SAS, and Sabena flew DC-6s across the Atlantic. BCPA DC-6s flew Sydney to Vancouver, and Philippine flew Manila to London and Manila to San Francisco.
Pan Am used DC-6Bs to start transatlantic tourist-class flights in 1952. These were the first DC-6Bs that could gross 107,000 lb (49,000 kg), with CB-17 engines rated at 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) on 108/135 octane fuel. Several European airlines followed with their own transatlantic services. The DC-6B and C subtypes could often fly nonstop from the eastern US to Europe, but needed to refuel in Goose Bay, Labrador or Gander, Newfoundland when flying westbound into prevailing westerly winds.[2]
Douglas designed four variants of the DC-6: the basic DC-6, and the longer-fuselage (60 in (150 cm)) higher-gross-weight, longer-range versions—the DC-6A with cargo doors forward and aft of the wing on the left side, with a cargo floor; the DC-6B for passenger work, with passenger doors only and a lighter floor; and the DC-6C convertible, with the two cargo doors and removable passenger seats.
The DC-6B, originally powered by Double Wasp engines with Hamilton Standard 43E60 constant-speed reversing propellers, was regarded as the ultimate piston-engine airliner from the standpoint of ruggedness, reliability, economical operation, and handling qualities.[3]
The military version, similar to the DC-6A, was the USAF C-118 Liftmaster; the USN R6D version used the more powerful R-2800-CB-17 engines. These were later used on the commercial DC-6B to allow international flights.[4] The R6D Navy version (in the late 1950s and early 1960s) had Curtiss Electric constant-speed reversing propellers.[citation needed]
The USAF and USN renewed their interest in the DC-6 during the Korean War, and ordered 167 C-118/R6D aircraft, some of which later found their way to civil airlines. Harry Truman's first presidential aircraft was an Air Force short-fuselage DC-6 which was designated VC-118, and named The Independence. It is preserved in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, Ohio.
Total production of the DC-6 series was 704, including military versions.[5]
In the 1960s two DC-6s were used as transmitter platforms for educational television, based at Purdue University, in a program called the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction.[6]
Many older DC-6s were replaced in airline passenger service from the mid-1950s by the Douglas DC-7, but the simpler, more economical engines in the DC-6 have meant the type has outlived the DC-7, particularly for cargo operations. DC-6/7s surviving into the jet age were replaced in frontline intercontinental passenger service by the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8.
Basic prices of a new DC-6 in 1946–47 were around £210,000–£230,000 and had risen to £310,000 by 1951. By 1960, used prices were around £175,000 per aircraft.[7] Prices for the DC-6A in 1957–58 were £460,000–£480,000. By 1960, used prices were around £296,000.[7] Equivalent prices for the DC-6B in 1958 were around £500,000. Used prices in 1960 were around £227,000.[7]
From 1977 to 1990, five yellow-painted Douglas DC-6Bs were used as water bombers in France by the Sécurité Civile. They were registered F-ZBAC, F-ZBAD, F-ZBAE, F-ZBAP, and F-ZBBU.[8]
Variants
- XC-112A
- United States military designation of an improved version of the C-54 (DC-4); became the prototype DC-6. Eventually designated YC-112A, pressurized, P&W R-2800-83AM3 engines
- DC-6
- Initial production variant produced in two versions.
- DC-6-1156 a 53- to 68-seat domestic variant with 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) R-2800-CA15 engines
- DC-6-1159 a 48- to 64-seat trans-ocean variant with extra crew, increased fuel capacity to 4,722 US gallons (17,870 L), increased takeoff weight to 97,200 lb (44,100 kg) and 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) R-2800-CB16 engines.
- DC-6A
- Freighter variant; fuselage slightly lengthened from DC-6; fitted with cargo door; some retained cabin windows, while others had windows Precluded. Originally called "Liftmaster" as USAF models. The rear cargo door came standard with a built in 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) lift elevator and a Jeep. The Jeep was a public relations stunt and shortly after, was dropped.[9] Slick Airways was the first airline to operate the freighter variant in April 1951.[10]
- DC-6B
- All-passenger variant of DC-6A, without cargo door.
- DC-6B-1198A a 60- to 89-seat domestic variant with 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) R-2800-CB16 engines
- DC-6B-1225A a 42- to 89-seat trans-ocean variant with increased fuel capacity to 5,512 US gal (20,870 L), increased takeoff weight to 107,000 lb (49,000 kg) and 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) R-2800-CB17 engines.
- DC-6B-ST
- Swing tail freighter conversion to the DC-6B done by Sabena. Two converted, only one survives currently stored with Buffalo Airways[11]
- DC-6C
- Convertible cargo/passenger variant.
- VC-118
- United States military designation for one DC-6 bought as a presidential transport with special 25-seat interior and 12 beds.[12]
- C-118A
- Designation of DC-6As for the United States Air Force, 101 built.
- VC-118A
- C-118As converted as staff transports.
- C-118B
- R6D-1s redesignated.
- VC-118B
- R6D-1Zs redesignated.
- R6D-1
- United States Navy designation for the DC-6A, 65 built.
- R6D-1Z
- Four R6D-1s converted as staff transports.
Operators
Current operators
Today, most DC-6s are inactive, stored, or preserved in museums. A number of DC-6s are still flying in northern bush operations in Alaska, while several are based in Europe and a few are still in operation for small carriers in South America.
- One DC-6A, G-APSA, is based in the UK and available for private charter. It was painted in British Eagle colours and appeared at many air displays. The aircraft was disassembled in 2018. It had been grounded at Coventry for some time due to wing spar issues and these proved beyond economic repair. The parts of the airframe were taken to the South Wales Aviation Museum in the spring of 2021 where it will be restored and reassembled to go on display.[13] Another DC-6B (G-SIXC ex-Air Atlantique) was converted to a restaurant some years ago, but was reported to have closed in 2017.[14] It was also moved to St Athan with G-APSA, but was advertised for sale in August 2021.[15][16]
- One DC-6B is in use by Red Bull in Salzburg, Austria.[17]
- One DC-6B V5-NCG "Bateleur" was in use with Namibia Commercial Aviation.[18] It was stored and derelict in Windhoek by Jan 2017.[citation needed]
- As of July 2016, Everts Air Cargo in Alaska operates eleven DC-6s and two C-46s, with several more in storage.[19] Their sister company Everts Air Fuel operates three DC-6 and two C-46.[20]
Former operators
A great number of airlines and air forces from several countries included the DC-6 in their fleets at some point in time; these are further detailed in the list of Douglas DC-6 operators. Beginning in the 1980s, several DC-6Bs were used as fire retardant tankers by Conair Aerial Firefighting of Abbotsford, Canada. The last aircraft was sold to Everts Air Cargo in Fairbanks, AK in the late 2000s.
Accidents and incidents
Surviving aircraft
As of 2014[update], 147 DC-6s survived, of which 47 were airworthy; several were preserved in museums.
- VC-118
- On Display
- S/N 46-0505 Independence is on display in the Presidential Hangar at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft served as President Harry S. Truman's personal aircraft until he left office in 1953. It later served as a VIP aircraft for other air force personnel, before being retired to the museum in 1965.[21]
- VC-118A
- On Display
- S/N 53-3240 is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona. This aircraft served as President John F. Kennedy's Air Force One until 1962, when it was replaced as the primary presidential aircraft by VC-137C SAM 26000, and relegated to use as the backup presidential aircraft. It was the last propeller-driven aircraft to serve in the presidential fleet.[22]
- VC-118B
- On Display
- C/N 43207, built in 1951, is on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum aboard Naval Air Station Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida
- C-118A
- On Display
- S/N 53-3255 is on display at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. Elvis Presley returned to the United States in this aircraft after serving in the US Army in Germany. As of October 2009, it was being restored. Starting in 2010, this Liftmaster is being showcased at the official Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 6 miles northeast of Dayton, Ohio.[23]
- S/N 51-17651 is on display at the Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum, located at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, California. This aircraft served first in the US Air Force and was later transferred to the US Navy as Bureau Number 131602.[24]
- Flying
- C/N 45563 is currently flying with the Flying Bulls, owner Dietrich Mateschitz, out of Salzburg, Austria.[25] This aircraft was once the private luxury transport of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito.[25]
- On Display
- C/N 45550 is displayed at Coventry Airport at Baginton, United Kingdom. Built in September 1958, this aircraft spent most of its life in Southeast Asia, and after serving with the CIA and Royal Air Lao, it was bought by Air Atlantique Group in 1987. Its last commercial flight was on October 26, 2004. It was featured in the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale. No longer flying, it was converted into a static restaurant at Coventry airport, the "DC-6 Diner".[26]
- In Storage
- Two DC-6s that belonged to Aerosur, a defunct Colombian airline, are abandoned and parked in Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport of Cali, Colombia.[27]
- On Display
- Everts Air Cargo retired the DC-6A N6174C "Good Grief" on October 2, 2016, after it made the final flight from Anchorage to Chena Hot Springs, concluding its 62-year flight career.
- A Republic of China Air Force DC-6B 18351 "Chung Mei" served as presidential aircraft from 1949 to December 1972 and army general aircraft until retired in December 1978, is parked at Republic of China Air Force Museum.
Specifications
| Variant | DC-6 | DC-6A | DC-6B |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crew | Three to four | ||
| Capacity | 48-68 passengers | 28,188 lb (12,786 kg) of cargo | 42-89 passengers |
| Length | 100 ft 7 in (30.66 m) | 105 ft 7 in (32.18 m) | |
| Wingspan | 117 ft 6 in (35.81 m) | ||
| Height | 28 ft 5 in (8.66 m) | ||
| Wing area | 1,463 sq ft (135.9 m2) | ||
| Empty weight | 52,567 lb (23,844 kg) | 45,862 lb (20,803 kg) | 55,357 lb (25,110 kg) |
| Max takeoff weight | 97,200 lb (44,100 kg) | 107,200 lb (48,600 kg) | 107,000 lb (49,000 kg) |
| Powerplant (4x) | Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CA15 "Double Wasp" radial engine, 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) with water injection each | Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CB16 "Double Wasp" radial engine, 2,400 hp (1,800 kW) with water injection each | Pratt & Whitney R-2800-CB17 "Double Wasp" radial engine, 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) with water injection each |
| Propellers | Hamilton Standard 43E60 "Hydromatic" constant-speed props with autofeather and reverse thrust | ||
| Cruise speed | 311 mph (501 km/h) | 315 mph (507 km/h) | |
| Fuel capacity | 4,260 US gal (16,100 L) 4,722 US gal (17,870 L) | up to 5,512 US gal (20,870 L) | |
| Range | 3,983 nmi (7,377 km) | 2,948 nmi (5,460 km) Max payload 4,317 nmi (7,995 km) Max fuel | 2,610 nmi (4,830 km) Max payload 4,100 nmi (7,600 km) Max fuel |
| Service ceiling | 21,900 ft (6,700 m) | 25,000 ft (7,600 m) | |
| Rate of climb | 1,070 ft/min (330 m/min) | ||
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Boeing 377 Stratocruiser
- Handley Page Hermes
- Lockheed Constellation
- Lockheed L-049 Constellation
- Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation
- Lockheed L-1649 Starliner
Related lists
References
Notes
- ^ a b Roach & Eastwood, 2007, p. 273.
- ^ ""No Goose - No Gander." Propliners' Crowning Achievement"". panam.org. from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- ^ Winchester 2004, pp. 130–131.
- ^ Winchester 2004, p. 131.
- ^ . Boeing.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
- ^ . ait.net. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ a b c "Douglas: DC-6". Flight. 18 November 1960. pp. 799–800. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
- ^ "netpompiers - Douglas DC-6B". www.netpompiers.fr (in French).
- ^ "Jeep and Elevator Fly With Liftmaster". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. February 1950. p. 111.
- ^ David H. Stringer (November 2022). "Flying Freight: The Development Of America's All-Cargo Airlines". Airways. Vol. 29, no. 8 #306. Airways Publishing, LLC. p. 52.
- ^ "Douglas DC-6." Century Of Flight, 2003.
- ^ . www.pimaair.org. Archived from the original on 2015-01-30. Retrieved 2015-01-30.
- ^ "Are there Any DC-6 Aircraft Still Flying Today?". Simple Flying. 13 March 2022.
- ^ . www.thedc6.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "DC6s on Their Way To South Wales".
- ^ "DC6 For Sale".
- ^ Flying Bulls DC-6 - Restoration of a Diva, retrieved 2021-11-27
- ^ "DC-6/C-118 in Africa: Individual aircraft history". The Douglas DC-6 Association of South Africa. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
- ^ "Everts Air Cargo fleet list". aerotransport.org.
- ^ "Everts Air Fuel fleet list". aerotransport.org.
- ^ . Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. National Museum of the United States Air Force, June 19, 2006. Retrieved: January 26, 2012.
- ^ . Archived from the original on January 30, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ^ . elvis.com. June 22, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Outdoor Exhibits - C-118A "Liftmaster"". National Jimmy Doolittle Air & Space Museum. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
- ^ a b "DOUGLAS DC-6B, Reg. OE-LDM (ex N996DM)". Flying Bulls. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
- ^ . airbasecoventry.com. Archived from the original on 2011-11-24. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Lozano, Esteban (18 March 2011). "VOLANDO SOBRE EL ESPACIO AEREO DE CLO". spottingcali.blogspot.com. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
- ^ "Douglas DC-6". airliners.net. Retrieved March 20, 2006.
- ^ "Douglas DC-6A". American Museum Of Aviation. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
Bibliography
- Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
- Roach, J and Eastwood A.B., Piston Engined Airliner Production List, 2007, The Aviation Hobby Shop
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
- Whittle, John A. The Douglas DC-6 and DC-7 Series. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1971.
- Winchester, Jim, ed. "Douglas DC-6". Civil Aircraft (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-642-1.
- Yenne, Bill. McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.
External links
- Boeing: Historical Snapshot: DC-6/C-118A Liftmaster Transport
- DC-6 Images
- Airliners.net on the DC-6
- Oldprops.com Many Images