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Jinshi

October 15, 2023

For other uses, see Jinshi (disambiguation).

Jinshi (Chinese: 進士; pinyin: jìnshì) was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in Imperial China.[1][2] The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace, and was also called the Metropolitan Exam. Recipients are sometimes referred to in English-language sources as Imperial Scholars.[3]

Wang Qiong of Ming in his Jinshi attire
Jinshi
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese進士
Simplified Chinese进士
Literal meaning"entered scholar"
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetTiến sĩ
Chữ Hán進士

The jinshi degree was first created after the institutionalization of the civil service exam. Initially it had been "for six categories" but was later consolidated into a single degree. This system first appeared during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD).[2] Throughout the Tang Dynasty, every year around one to two percent of test takers would obtain a jinshi title out of a total of one to two thousand test takers.[4]

The numbers of Jinshi degrees given out were increased in the Song Dynasty, and the examinations were given every three years. Most senior officials of the Song Dynasty were jinshi holders.[5]

The Ming Dynasty resumed the civil-service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan Dynasty. After the reign of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming, it became the rule that only jinshi holders could enter the Hanlin Academy. On average around 89 jinshi per year were conferred.[6]

During the Qing dynasty around 102 jinshi degrees were given a year.

The highest scoring jinshi in the country was known as the zhuangyuan, a term that survives today as a high scoring gaokao test taker or just someone who is very good at a skill.

Subtypes of jinshi recipients Edit

  • Jinshi Jidi (進士及第, lit. "distinguished jinshi"), graduates ranked first class in the court exam, usually only the top three individuals were qualified for this title.
    • Zhuangyuan (狀元, lit. "top thesis author"), the jinshi who ranked first overall nationwide.
    • Bangyan (榜眼, lit. "eyes positioned alongside"), the jinshi who ranked second overall just below zhuangyuan.
    • Tanhua (探花, lit. "flower snatcher"), the jinshi ranked third overall.
  • Jinshi Chushen (進士出身, lit. "jinshi background"), the graduates who ranked second class in court exam, ranking immediately after the tanhua.
  • Tong Jinshi Chushen (同進士出身, lit. "along with jinshi background"), graduates ranked third class in the court exam.

Notable jinshi recipients by year Edit

 
The Confucius Temple in Dongcheng District, firstly built in 1302 under Temür Khan (Emperor Chengzong) is the second largest in China. The temple houses 198 stone tabulets engraved with the names of 51,624 jinshi scholars of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

Tang Dynasty Edit

Song Dynasty Edit

Yuan dynasty Edit

Ming dynasty Edit

Qing dynasty Edit

People who failed jinshi exams Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Li Bu (in Chinese), a ministry (Bu) for selecting civil servants (Li) in feudal China; Shi Lang (in Chinese) is an equivalent of Vice Minister.
  2. ^ Xingbu Shangshu (in Chinese), equivalent to today's Justice Minister.

References Edit

  1. ^ The Chinese Imperial Examination System: An Annotated Bibliography.
  2. ^ a b Hagras, Hamada (2019-12-20). "The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture: The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi'an". SHEDET (6): 134–158. doi:10.36816/shedet.006.08.
  3. ^ "Scholar-Officials of China | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
  4. ^ Fu, Zhengyuan. Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics. p. 98.
  5. ^ History of Song
  6. ^ Ho 1962
  7. ^ Wang Xijun (王錫爵; 1534–1611). Taipusi sicheng Guigong muzhiming (太僕寺丞歸公墓誌銘) [Gui Youguang's Epitaph]
  8. ^ * Owen, Stephen, "Tang Xian-zu, Peony Pavilion: Selected Acts," in Stephen Owen, ed. An Anthology of Chinese Literature: Beginnings to 1911. New York: W. W. Norton, 1997. p. 880-906 ().
  9. ^ Histories: Sun Jiagan dies (in Chinese). Retrieved 9 Nov 2013.
  10. ^ Gedalecia, David. The Philosophy of Wu Ch’eng: A Neo-Confucian of the Yüan Dynasty. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1999.

October 15, 2023
jinshi, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, t. For other uses see Jinshi disambiguation This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Jinshi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some of this article s listed sources may not be reliable Please help this article by looking for better more reliable sources Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Jinshi Chinese 進士 pinyin jinshi was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in Imperial China 1 2 The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace and was also called the Metropolitan Exam Recipients are sometimes referred to in English language sources as Imperial Scholars 3 Wang Qiong of Ming in his Jinshi attireJinshiChinese nameTraditional Chinese進士Simplified Chinese进士Literal meaning entered scholar TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinjinshiWade Gileschin shih IPA tɕi nʂɻ Yue CantoneseYale Romanizationjeun sihJyutpingzeon3 si6IPA tsɵn siː Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetTiến sĩChữ Han進士The jinshi degree was first created after the institutionalization of the civil service exam Initially it had been for six categories but was later consolidated into a single degree This system first appeared during the Han Dynasty 206 BC 220 AD 2 Throughout the Tang Dynasty every year around one to two percent of test takers would obtain a jinshi title out of a total of one to two thousand test takers 4 The numbers of Jinshi degrees given out were increased in the Song Dynasty and the examinations were given every three years Most senior officials of the Song Dynasty were jinshi holders 5 The Ming Dynasty resumed the civil service exam after its occurrence became more irregular in the Yuan Dynasty After the reign of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming it became the rule that only jinshi holders could enter the Hanlin Academy On average around 89 jinshi per year were conferred 6 During the Qing dynasty around 102 jinshi degrees were given a year The highest scoring jinshi in the country was known as the zhuangyuan a term that survives today as a high scoring gaokao test taker or just someone who is very good at a skill Contents 1 Subtypes of jinshi recipients 2 Notable jinshi recipients by year 2 1 Tang Dynasty 2 2 Song Dynasty 2 3 Yuan dynasty 2 4 Ming dynasty 2 5 Qing dynasty 3 People who failed jinshi exams 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesSubtypes of jinshi recipients EditJinshi Jidi 進士及第 lit distinguished jinshi graduates ranked first class in the court exam usually only the top three individuals were qualified for this title Zhuangyuan 狀元 lit top thesis author the jinshi who ranked first overall nationwide Bangyan 榜眼 lit eyes positioned alongside the jinshi who ranked second overall just below zhuangyuan Tanhua 探花 lit flower snatcher the jinshi ranked third overall Jinshi Chushen 進士出身 lit jinshi background the graduates who ranked second class in court exam ranking immediately after the tanhua Tong Jinshi Chushen 同進士出身 lit along with jinshi background graduates ranked third class in the court exam Notable jinshi recipients by year Edit nbsp The Confucius Temple in Dongcheng District firstly built in 1302 under Temur Khan Emperor Chengzong is the second largest in China The temple houses 198 stone tabulets engraved with the names of 51 624 jinshi scholars of the Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties Tang Dynasty Edit Chen Zi ang c 685 poet who was important in helping to bring into being the type of poetry which is considered to be characteristically Tang Wang Changling 7 Meng Jiao 7 Lu Lun 7 Yan Zhenqing 734 famed calligrapher Cen Shen 744 Liu Changqing 750s Yuan Jie 754 Han Hong poet 754 Ouyang Zhan 792 Liu Yuxi 793 Li Ao philosopher 798 Cao Que 803 Li Guyan 812 Ma Zhi 819 Xiahou Zi 826 Xiao Fang 827 Du Mu 828 Xiao Qing 8 Wei Cong 8 Yu Cong 8 Song Shenxi 8 Lu Guangqi 8 Sun Wo 8 Pei Zhi 8 Wang Pu Tang dynasty 8 Pei Tan 9th century Tang chancellor 8 Wei Fu 830 Du Shenquan 833 873 Cui Yanzhao 849 Yu Wuling 85 Wang Hui Tang dynasty 858 Xiao Gou 864 Pi Rixiu 867 Pei Shu 871 Yang She 875 Ni Shu 877 Xue Yiju 87 Zhao Guangyin 891 Shen Song 895 Wang Dingbao 900 Ma Yinsun 9 Cui Xie Liu Kai Song dynasty 973 Song Dynasty Edit Song Di Fugu 10 Bao Zheng 1028 Cai Xiang 1030 Ouyang Xiu 1030 Chen Yuyi 1113 Qin Hui 1115 Yang Wanli 1154 Lu Zhi poet 1269 Yuan dynasty Edit Liu Bowen c 1350 Ming dynasty Edit Yu Qian 1421 Han Yong Ming dynasty 1422 Yang Tinghe 1478 Xu Pu 1454 Lu Rong 1466 Wang Yangming 1499 Yan Song 1505 Zhu Wan 1521 Xu Jie Ming dynasty 1523 Luo Hongxian 1529 Zhao Wenhua 1529 Qian Dehong 1532 Fan Qin 1532 Gao Gong 1541 Liang Youyu 1550 Xu Zhongxing 1550 Gui Youguang 1565 nine attempts 7 Tang Xianzu c 1571 playwright and government official 8 Li Shida 1574 Li Sancai 1574 Zang Maoxun 1580 Ye Xianggao 1583 Zhu Guozhen Ming dynasty 1589 Hong Chengchou 1616 Ruan Dacheng 1616 Ni Yuanlu 1621 Shi Kefa 1628 Sun Chuanting 1619 Liu Tong 1634 Zhou Lianggong 1640 artist calligrapher and government official Zhao Yingcheng 1646 scholar and mandarin of Jewish faith Han Weiji 1664 Qing dynasty Edit Jiang Tingxi 16 Wei Yijie 1646 Chen Tingjing 1658 politician and scholar tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and editor of the Kangxi Dictionary Guwen Guanzhi 1658 Ye Fang ai 1659 Chen Menglei 1670 Xu Qianxue 1670 Li Guangdi 1670 Wang Hongxu 1673 Zhang Boxing 1685 Chen Pengnian 1691 Nian Gengyao 1700 Zhang Tingyu 1700 politician and historian one of the first members of the Grand Council Qing dynasty Akdun 1709 Zhang Zhao 1709 Sun Jiagan 1713 Chinese 孫嘉淦 pinyin Sun Jiagan 1683 1753 officeholder of Libu Shilang note 1 Xingbu Shangshu note 2 by 1730 citation needed and later to Libu Shangshu in 1738 9 He was degraded for disrespect in taking up the Qianlong Emperor s pencil to write with However the emperor restored him to office citation needed After holding various posts in 1741 Sun became Viceroy of Huguang where he introduced the system of subsidized chiefs in order to keep the aborigines under control Liu Tongxun 1724 Yuan Mei 1739 Wei Yijie 1646 魏裔介 1616 1686 a prominent Han Chinese scholar and official serving in the early Qing Dynasty during the rules of the Shunzhi Emperor Oboi and the Kangxi Emperor and was known for his focus and advocacy of the reformation the examination system Ji Yun 1754 Sun Shiyi 1761 Yao Nai 1763 Sun Yuting 1775 Ruan Yuan 1789 Gao E writer 1795 Peng Shaosheng 1740 1796 Lu Kun 1799 Bao Shichen 1808 Cheng Enze 1811 Lin Zexu 1811 Ge Yunfei 1823 Huang Juezi 1823 Luo Bingzhang 1832 Luo Zundian 1835 Zeng Guofan 1838 Feng Guifen 1840 Jiang Zhongyuan 1844 Chinese 江忠源 courtesy name Changrui 常孺 was a scholar and soldier from Hunan who fought for the Qing and against the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion Wenxiang 1845 Xue Fucheng 1845 Ma Xinyi 1847 Li Hongzhang 1847 Tan Zhonglin 1856 Lao Chongguang 18 Liu Bingzhang 1860 Cuigiya Lianyuan 1868 Xu Jingcheng 1868 Qu Hongji 1871 Zhao Erxun 1874 Zuo Zongtang 1875 granted an honorary jinshi by the Guangxu Emperor for his military achievements Shen Jiaben 1883 Liang Qichao 1890 Huang Xing 1893 Wu Leichuan 1898 Xu Qian 1903 Theodone C Hu 1906 People who failed jinshi exams EditWu Cheng philosopher 10 Li Zhen Later Liang Li Yu Later Tang Feng YuSee also EditQing literati ShujishiNotes Edit Li Bu in Chinese a ministry Bu for selecting civil servants Li in feudal China Shi Lang in Chinese is an equivalent of Vice Minister Xingbu Shangshu in Chinese equivalent to today s Justice Minister References Edit The Chinese Imperial Examination System An Annotated Bibliography a b Hagras Hamada 2019 12 20 The Ming Court as Patron of the Chinese Islamic Architecture The Case Study of the Daxuexi Mosque in Xi an SHEDET 6 134 158 doi 10 36816 shedet 006 08 Scholar Officials of China Essay The Metropolitan Museum of Art Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Met s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Retrieved 2023 10 06 Fu Zhengyuan Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics p 98 History of Song Ho 1962 Wang Xijun 王錫爵 1534 1611 Taipusi sicheng Guigong muzhiming 太僕寺丞歸公墓誌銘 Gui Youguang s Epitaph Owen Stephen Tang Xian zu Peony Pavilion Selected Acts in Stephen Owen ed An Anthology of Chinese Literature Beginnings to 1911 New York W W Norton 1997 p 880 906 Archive Histories Sun Jiagan dies in Chinese Retrieved 9 Nov 2013 Gedalecia David The Philosophy of Wu Ch eng A Neo Confucian of the Yuan Dynasty Bloomington Indiana University 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jinshi amp oldid 1178840558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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