Zhuangyuan, or trạng nguyên in Vietnamese, variously translated into English as principal graduate, primus, or optimus,[1] was the title given to the scholar who achieved the highest score on highest level of the Imperial examination, 省試 [ja] (in the Tang dynasty) and 殿試 [zh] (in the Song dynasty)[2] in ancient China and Vietnam.
Zhuangyuan
Imperial exam paper of Ming dynasty Zhuangyuan Zhao Bing-zhong in 1598 AD
In China, Fu Shanxiang is known as the first (and last) female zhuangyuan (nü zhuangyuan) in Chinese history, but under the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, not the regular imperial exams. After the Taipings captured the city of Nanjing, they offered an exam for women in January 1853 in which Fu attained the highest score.[3]
In Vietnam, the first de facto trạng nguyên was Lê Văn Thịnh, a Lý dynasty scholar. He was the chief negotiator who persuaded the Song to return the 6 districts of Quảng Nguyên (today Hà Giang province) to Vietnam. Nevertheless, the first Vietnamese person to be trạng nguyên was in fact Khương Công Phụ under Chinese Tang Dynasty. The first female trạng nguyên (nữ trạng nguyên) was Nguyễn Thị Duệ, who later become a consort of the Mạc Emperor Mạc Kính Cung. She had previously been a consort of the Lê Emperor Lê Thần Tông, and would serve as an official in the Revival Lê dynasty after the fall of the Mạc dynasty.[citation needed] Under Nguyễn Dynasty, the title trạng nguyên was not officially abolished, yet its standards were too high that it was virtually unachievable.[4]
Mo Xuanqing, was the youngest Zhuangyuan in the imperial examinations during the Tang dynasty
Sun Fujia, (zh:孫伏伽 (?-658), Tang dynastydali qing (chamberlain of the Court of Judicial Review), highly regarded for his candid advice to Gaozu and Taizong, the first zhuangyuan in history.
Tang Gao, became the Zhuangyuan in the ninth year (1514) of the Zhengde Emperor's reign during the Ming dynasty
Wen Tianxiang, was a scholar-general in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty. For his resistance to Kublai Khan's invasion of the Song, and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan dynasty despite being captured and tortured
Yu Minzhong, who served as chief grand councilor for part of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor of Qing dynasty.
Zhang Sanjia (zh:張三甲 (1876–1898), Qing dynasty), the last military zhuangyuan in Chinese history.
Liu Chunlin (zh:劉春霖 (1872–1942), Qing dynasty), the last zhuangyuan in Chinese history.
Xu Shilin, a mythological figure who attained the Zhuangyuan, demonstrated great filial piety to his mother, Bai Suzhen, a white snake spirit imprisoned under Leifeng Pagoda.
In Vietnamedit
In total, there were 56 trạng nguyên in ancient Vietnam.[citation needed]
Noteworthy Trạng nguyênedit
Lê Văn Thịnh (黎文盛, 1038 – 1096), the first de facto trạng nguyên of Vietnam's independent era.
Huyền Quang(玄光, 1254-1334), real name Lý Tải Đạo, a politician and later Buddhist monk who lived during the reign of Emperor Trần Nhân Tông during the Trần dynasty. He was considered to be equal with the first six patriarchs of the Zen Buddhist tradition.
Nguyễn Hiền (阮賢, 1234-1256), the youngest to become a trạng nguyên at 13 years old, later died at 21 years old. He also many times become an envoy to meet the Yuan dynasty
Mạc Đĩnh Chi (莫挺之,1272–1346) a scholar and envoy who served three emperors of the Trần dynasty, as well as the ancestor of the emperor Mạc Thái Tổ.
Nguyễn Trực (阮直, 1417–1474), the first trạng nguyên of Later Lê dynasty
Phạm Đôn Lễ (范敦禮, 1457–1531), also known as "Trạng Chiếu" (trạng of segde mats).
Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm (阮秉謙, 1491–1585) a trạng nguyên under Mạc dynasty, known for the ability to predict future.
Nguyễn Thị Duệ (阮氏叡, 1574-1654), the first and only female trạng nguyên.
Nguyễn Đăng Đạo (阮登道, 1651–1719), a tể tướng (Grand Chancellor) under Later Lê Dynasty.
Trịnh Tuệ (鄭橞; 1701–?), the last person to achieve the title trạng nguyên.
Phan Đình Phùng (潘廷逢, 1847–1896), a revolutionary against French colonialism.
Nguyễn Phong Di, the last de facto trạng nguyên of Vietnam.
In modern cultureedit
In modern Chinese, zhuangyuan is used to refer to anyone who achieves the highest mark on a test, or, more generally, to anyone who is at the forefront of his or her field.[6] In mainland China, the term is most often used to refer to the highest score at the provincial level for either the social sciences (文科) or physical sciences (理科) track of the annual gaokao college entrance exam.
Mao, Jiaqi (Grace Chor Yi Wong tr.) (1998), "Fu Shanxiang", in Ho, Clara Wing-chug (ed.), Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Armonk, NY: Sharpe, pp. 43–45, ISBN0765600439
February 22, 2024
zhuangyuan, trạng, nguyên, vietnamese, variously, translated, into, english, principal, graduate, primus, optimus, title, given, scholar, achieved, highest, score, highest, level, imperial, examination, 省試, tang, dynasty, 殿試, song, dynasty, ancient, china, vie. Zhuangyuan or trạng nguyen in Vietnamese variously translated into English as principal graduate primus or optimus 1 was the title given to the scholar who achieved the highest score on highest level of the Imperial examination 省試 ja in the Tang dynasty and 殿試 zh in the Song dynasty 2 in ancient China and Vietnam ZhuangyuanImperial exam paper of Ming dynasty Zhuangyuan Zhao Bing zhong in 1598 ADChinese nameTraditional Chinese狀元Simplified Chinese状元Hanyu PinyinzhuangyuanTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinzhuangyuanWade Gileschuang yuanIPA ʈʂwa ŋ ya n Vietnamese nameVietnamese alphabettrạng nguyenChữ Han狀元In China Fu Shanxiang is known as the first and last female zhuangyuan nu zhuangyuan in Chinese history but under the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom not the regular imperial exams After the Taipings captured the city of Nanjing they offered an exam for women in January 1853 in which Fu attained the highest score 3 In Vietnam the first de facto trạng nguyen was Le Văn Thịnh a Ly dynasty scholar He was the chief negotiator who persuaded the Song to return the 6 districts of Quảng Nguyen today Ha Giang province to Vietnam Nevertheless the first Vietnamese person to be trạng nguyen was in fact Khương Cong Phụ under Chinese Tang Dynasty The first female trạng nguyen nữ trạng nguyen was Nguyễn Thị Duệ who later become a consort of the Mạc Emperor Mạc Kinh Cung She had previously been a consort of the Le Emperor Le Thần Tong and would serve as an official in the Revival Le dynasty after the fall of the Mạc dynasty citation needed Under Nguyễn Dynasty the title trạng nguyen was not officially abolished yet its standards were too high that it was virtually unachievable 4 Contents 1 In China 1 1 Noteworthy zhuangyuan 2 In Vietnam 2 1 Noteworthy Trạng nguyen 3 In modern culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingIn China editIn total there were 596 zhuangyuan in ancient China 5 Noteworthy zhuangyuan edit Chen Wenlong Weng Tonghe Hong Jun Fu Shanxiang Taiping Heavenly Kingdom the first and only woman to become a zhuangyuan Mo Xuanqing was the youngest Zhuangyuan in the imperial examinations during the Tang dynasty Sun Fujia zh 孫伏伽 658 Tang dynasty dali qing chamberlain of the Court of Judicial Review highly regarded for his candid advice to Gaozu and Taizong the first zhuangyuan in history Tang Gao became the Zhuangyuan in the ninth year 1514 of the Zhengde Emperor s reign during the Ming dynasty Wen Tianxiang was a scholar general in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty For his resistance to Kublai Khan s invasion of the Song and for his refusal to yield to the Yuan dynasty despite being captured and tortured Yu Minzhong who served as chief grand councilor for part of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor of Qing dynasty Lin Hongnian Zhang Sanjia zh 張三甲 1876 1898 Qing dynasty the last military zhuangyuan in Chinese history Liu Chunlin zh 劉春霖 1872 1942 Qing dynasty the last zhuangyuan in Chinese history Xu Shilin a mythological figure who attained the Zhuangyuan demonstrated great filial piety to his mother Bai Suzhen a white snake spirit imprisoned under Leifeng Pagoda In Vietnam editIn total there were 56 trạng nguyen in ancient Vietnam citation needed Noteworthy Trạng nguyen edit Le Văn Thịnh 黎文盛 1038 1096 the first de facto trạng nguyen of Vietnam s independent era Huyền Quang 玄光 1254 1334 real name Ly Tải Đạo a politician and later Buddhist monk who lived during the reign of Emperor Trần Nhan Tong during the Trần dynasty He was considered to be equal with the first six patriarchs of the Zen Buddhist tradition Nguyễn Hiền 阮賢 1234 1256 the youngest to become a trạng nguyen at 13 years old later died at 21 years old He also many times become an envoy to meet the Yuan dynasty Mạc Đĩnh Chi 莫挺之 1272 1346 a scholar and envoy who served three emperors of the Trần dynasty as well as the ancestor of the emperor Mạc Thai Tổ Nguyễn Trực 阮直 1417 1474 the first trạng nguyen of Later Le dynasty Phạm Đon Lễ 范敦禮 1457 1531 also known as Trạng Chiếu trạng of segde mats Lương Thế Vinh 梁世榮 1441 1496 a mathematician Buddhist and poet who lived during Le Thanh Tong s reign Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiem 阮秉謙 1491 1585 a trạng nguyen under Mạc dynasty known for the ability to predict future Nguyễn Thị Duệ 阮氏叡 1574 1654 the first and only female trạng nguyen Nguyễn Đăng Đạo 阮登道 1651 1719 a tể tướng Grand Chancellor under Later Le Dynasty Trịnh Tuệ 鄭橞 1701 the last person to achieve the title trạng nguyen Phan Đinh Phung 潘廷逢 1847 1896 a revolutionary against French colonialism Nguyễn Phong Di the last de facto trạng nguyen of Vietnam In modern culture editIn modern Chinese zhuangyuan is used to refer to anyone who achieves the highest mark on a test or more generally to anyone who is at the forefront of his or her field 6 In mainland China the term is most often used to refer to the highest score at the provincial level for either the social sciences 文科 or physical sciences 理科 track of the annual gaokao college entrance exam See also editImperial examination Confucian court examination system in Vietnam Jinshi imperial examination Bangyan Bảng nhan 榜眼 ValedictorianReferences edit Hucker Charles O 1985 Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China Stanford Stanford University Press p 187 萧源锦 狀元史話 重庆出版社 1992 ISBN 7 5366 1648 1 Mao 1998 p 43 https nghiencuulichsu com 2017 11 23 trieu nguyen co dat ta le bat lap trang nguyen khong 萧源锦 狀元史話 重庆出版社 1992 ISBN 7 5366 1648 1 现代汉语词典 商务印书馆 第五版 ISBN 7 100 04385 9Further reading editMao Jiaqi Grace Chor Yi Wong tr 1998 Fu Shanxiang in Ho Clara Wing chug ed Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Armonk NY Sharpe pp 43 45 ISBN 0765600439 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zhuangyuan amp oldid 1206328553, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
