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Eastern Slavic naming customs

Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional way of identifying a person's given name and patronymic name in Russia and some countries formerly part of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union.

A Russian citizen's (Yevgeniy Aleksandrovitch Imyarek) internal passport. The lower page includes the lines: Фамилия ("Family name"), Имя ("Name") and Отчество ("Patronymic").

They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and to a lesser extent in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. It is named after the East Slavic languages group that the Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn and Ukrainian languages belong to. They are also found occasionally in the Balkans among older generations.

Name Belarusian example Russian example Ukrainian example
First name (given name) Belarusian: Уладзімір, romanizedUladzimir Russian: Владимир, romanizedVladimir Ukrainian: Володимир, romanizedVolodymyr
Patronymic Belarusian: Антонавіч, romanizedAntonavič Russian: Антонович, romanizedAntonovich Ukrainian: Антонович, romanizedAntonovych
Family name (surname) Belarusian: Іваноў, romanizedIvanoŭ Russian: Иванов, romanizedIvanov Ukrainian: Іванів, romanizedIvaniv

Given names

Eastern Slavic parents select a given name for a newborn child. Most first names in East Slavic languages originate from two sources:

Almost all first names are single. Doubled first names (as in, for example, French, like Jean-Luc) are very rare and are from foreign influence. Most doubled first names are written with a hyphen: Mariya-Tereza.

Males

Belarusian variant Russian variant Ukrainian variant Latin-alphabet transliteration[note 1]
(Belarusian / Russian / Ukrainian)
Origin Comments
Іван, Ян Иван Іван, Ян Ivan, Jan / Ivan / Ivan Hebrew equivalent to John
Якуб, Якаў Иаков, Яков Яків Yakub, Yakau / Iakov, Yakov / Yakiv Hebrew equivalent to James or Jacob
Ілля Илья Ілля Illa / Ilia / Illia Hebrew equivalent to Elijah
Мікалай, Мікола Николай Микола Mikałaj, Mikoła / Nikolai / Mykola, Mykolai Greek equivalent to Nicholas, meaning "Victory (of the) People"
Барыс Борис Борис Barys / Boris / Borys Bulgar unclear, possibly "wolf", "short" or "snow leopard"
Уладзімір Владимир Володимир Uładzimir / Vladimir / Volodymyr Slavonic meaning "great/famous lord" ( -мир comes from мѣръ and is not related to міръ or миръ, see also the name's etymology)
Пётр, Пятро, Пятрусь Пётр Петро Piotr, Piatro, Piatru / Petr, Pyotr / Petro Greek equivalent to Peter
Андрэй Андрей Андрій Andrej / Andrei / Andrii Greek equivalent to Andrew
Аляксандр Александр Олександр, Олекса Alaksandr / Aleksandr / Oleksandr, Oleksa Greek equivalent to Alexander
Піліп Филипп Пилип Pilip / Filipp / Pylyp Greek from Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos), meaning "fond of horses". Equivalent to Philip.
Дзмітры, Зміцер Дмитрий Дмитро Dzmitry, Zmicier / Dmitrii / Dmytro Greek from Greek Δημήτριος (Demétrios), meaning "of Demeter"
Сяргей Сергей Сергій Siarhiej / Sergei / Serhii Latin from the Roman nomen (patrician family name) Sergius, itself from a more ancient Etruscan name
Леанід, Лявон Леонид Леонід Leanid, Lavon / Leonid / Leonid Greek from Greek Leonidas, meaning "Son of the Lion"
Віктар Виктор Віктор Viktar / Viktor / Viktor Latin meaning "Conqueror"
Георгій Георгий Георгiй Hieorhij / Georgii / Heorhii Greek the analogues are Егор (Yegor), Юрий (Yury), equivalent to George
Павел, Павал, Паўло Павел Павло Pavał, Paŭło / Pavel / Pavlo Latin equivalent to Paul
Канстанцін, Кастусь Константин Костянтин Kanstancin, Kastuś / Konstantin / Kostiantyn Latin equivalent to Constantine
Кірыл, Кірыла Кирилл Кирило Kirył, Kiryła / Kirill / Kyrylo Greek equivalent to Cyril
Васіль, Базыль Василий Василь Vasiĺ, Bazyl / Vasilii / Vasyl Greek equivalent to Basil
Раман Роман Роман Raman / Roman / Roman Latin -
Уладзіслаў Владислав Владислав Uladzisłaŭ / Vladislav / Vladyslav Slavonic meaning "Lord of Fame"
Вячаслаў Вячеслав В'ячеслав Viačasłaŭ / Viacheslav / Viacheslav Slavonic meaning "Growing Fame"
Матвей, Мацвей Матвей Матвій Matviej, Macviej / Matvei / Matvii Hebrew equivalent to Matthew
Міхал, Міхась Михаил Михайло Michał, Michaś / Mikhail / Mykhailo Hebrew equivalent to Michael
Алег Олег Олег Aleh / Oleg / Oleh Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian "Helgi"
Ігар Игорь Ігор Ihar / Igor / Ihor Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian "Ingvar"
Максім Максим Максим Maksim / Maksim / Maksym Latin meaning "Greatest"
Фёдар Фёдор Федiр Fiodar / Fedor / Fedir Greek equivalent to Theodor
Захар Захар Захар Zachar / Zakhar / Zakhar Hebrew meaning "Remembered”
Аляксей Алексей Олексій Alaksej / Aleksei / Oleksii Greek meaning "Defender”
Макар Макар Макар Makar / Makar / Makar Greek meaning "Blessed”
  1. ^ The same romanization system is used for all three languages for comparative purposes. For the official romanization systems of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian, which will be used throughout the rest of the article, see romanization of Russian, romanization of Ukrainian, and romanization of Belarusian, respectively.

Females

Belarusian variant Russian variant Ukrainian variant Latin-alphabet transliteration
(Belarusian / Russian / Ukrainian)
Origin Comments
Настасся, Наста Анастасия Анастасія Nastassia, Nasta / Anastasiya / Anastasiia Greek from Greek Ἀναστασία (Anastasia) meaning "she of the Resurrection"
Ангеліна Ангелина Ангеліна Anhelina / Angelina / Anhelina Greek From Greek Ἀγγελίνα (Angelina) meaning "messenger"
Ганна Анна Ганна Hanna / Anna / Hanna Hebrew equivalent to Anne or Hannah
Алена Елена, Алёна Oленa Alena / Yelena, Alyona / Olena Greek equivalent to Helen; in Russian Alyona can be both a pet version of Yelena and a name in its own right
Марыя Мария Марія Maryja / Mariya / Mariia Hebrew equivalent to Mary
Наталля Наталья, Наталия Наталя, Наталія Natallia / Natalya / Nataliia Latin equivalent to Natalie
Вольга Ольга Ольга Volha / Olga / Olha Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian Helga
Аляксандра Александра Олександра Alaksandra / Aleksandra / Oleksandra Greek equivalent to Alexandra
Ксенія, Аксана Ксения Оксана Ksienija, Aksana / Kseniya / Oksana Greek in Russian, Oksana is a separate name of the same origin
Кацярына Екатерина Катерина Kaciaryna / Yekaterina / Kateryna Greek equivalent to Catherine
Лізавета Елизавета Єлизавета Lizaveta / Yelizaveta / Yelyzaveta Hebrew equivalent to Elizabeth
Тацяна, Таццяна Татьяна Тетяна Tacciana / Tatyana / Tetiana Latin derivative from the Latinized name of the Sabine king Titus Tatius
Людміла Людмила Людмила Ludmila / Lyudmila / Liudmyla Slavonic meaning "Dear to the People"
Святлана Светлана Світлана Sviatłana / Svetlana / Svitlana Slavonic meaning "The Shining One"
Юлія Юлия Юлія Julija / Yuliya / Yuliia Latin equivalent to Julia or Julie
Вера Вера Віра Vera / Vera / Vira Slavonic meaning "Faith"; a calque of the Greek Πίστη
Надзея Надежда Надія Nadzeja / Nadezhda / Nadiia Slavonic meaning "Hope"; a calque of the Greek Ἐλπίς
Любоў Любовь Любов Luboŭ / Lyubov / Liubоv Slavonic meaning "Love"; a calque of the Greek Ἀγάπη
Соф'я София, Софья Софія Sofja / Sofiya, Sofya / Sofiia Greek equivalent to Sophia, meaning "Wisdom".

Forms

Being highly synthetic languages, Eastern Slavic treats personal names as grammatical nouns and apply the same rules of inflection and derivation to them as for other nouns. So one can create many forms with different degrees of affection and familiarity by adding the corresponding suffixes to the auxiliary stem derived from the original name. The auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name (the full name Жанна Zhanna can have the suffixes added directly to the stem Жанн- Zhann- like Жанночка Zhannochka), and most names have the auxiliary stem derived unproductively (the Russian name Михаил Mikhail has the auxiliary stem Миш- Mish-, which produces such name-forms as Миша Misha, Мишенька Mishenka, Мишуня Mishunya etc., not *Михаилушка Mikhailushka).

Unlike English, in which the use of diminutive forms is optional even between close friends, in East Slavonic languages, such forms are obligatory in certain contexts because of the strong T–V distinction: the T-form of address usually requires the short form of the counterpart's name. Also, unlike other languages with prominent use of name suffixes, such as Japanese, the use of derived name forms is mostly limited to the T-addressing: there is no way to make the name more formal than the plain unsuffixed full form, and no suffixes can be added to the family name.

Most commonly, Russian philologists distinguish the following forms of given names:

Name form Example Formation Comments
Full Анна (Anna) full name stem + case ending -
Short Аня (Anya) short name stem + II declension ending most common for informal communication, comparable to Western name-only form of address (Ann, John), or Japanese surname-only, or surname/name -kun
Diminutive Анька (Anka) short name stem + -к- -k- + II declension ending expresses familiarity, may be considered rude when used between people who are not close friends. Comparable to English diminutives (Annie, Willy) or Japanese unsuffixed names
Affective diminutive Анечка (Anyechka) short name stem + -ечк/очк/оньк/усь/юсь/уль/юль- -echk/ochk/on'k/us/yus/ul/yul- + II declension ending most intimate and affectionate form, comparable to German diminutives (Ännchen) or Japanese -chan suffixes

Short forms

 
Marina Tsvetaeva, a Russian poet. The name "Marina" traditionally has no short form.
 
Руслан (Ruslan), a character in Alexander Pushkin's poem Ruslan and Ludmila. The short form for Руслан (Ruslan) is Руся (Rusya).
 
Николай II (Nicholas II), the last Russian emperor. In private, his wife addressed him as Nicki, in the German manner, rather than Коля (Kolya), which is the East Slavic short form of his name.

The "short name" (Russian: краткое имя kratkoye imya), historically also "half-name" (Russian: полуимя poluimya), is the simplest and most common name derivative. Bearing no suffix, it is produced suppletively and always has the declension noun ending for both males and females, thus making short forms of certain unisex names indistinguishable: for example, Sasha (Russian: Саша) is the short name for both the masculine name Aleksandr (Alexander) and the feminine form Aleksandra (Alexandra).

Some names, such as Zhanna (Jeana) and Mark, have no short forms; others may have two (or more) different forms. In the latter case, one form is usually more informal than the other.

Full name (Cyrillic script) Full name (Latin script) Short forms (Cyrillic) Short forms (Latin)
Александр Aleksandr (m) Саша, Саня, Шура, ukr. Сашко, Лесь Sasha, Sanya, Shura, ukr. Sashko, Les
Александра Aleksandra (f) Саша, Шура, ukr. Леся Sasha, Shura, ukr. Lesia
Алексей Aleksey (m) Алёша, Лёша Alyosha, Lyosha
Анастасия Anastasia (f) Настя, Стася Nastya, Stasya (rare)
Анатолий Anatoly (m) Толя Tolya
Андрей Andrey (m) Андрюша, Дюша, Андря Andryusha, Dyusha, Andrya (rare)
Анна Anna (f) Аня, Анюта, Нюта, Нюша Anya, Anyuta, Nyuta, Nyusha
Борис Boris (m) Боря Borya
Давид David (m) Дава Dava
Даниил Daniil (m) Данила, Даня Danila, Danya
Дарья Darya (f) Даша Dasha
Дмитрий Dmitry (m) Дима, Митя Dima, Mitya
Галина Galina (f) Галя Galya
Геннадий Gennady (m) Гена Gena
Георгий Georgy (m) Гоша, Жора Gosha, Zhora
Григорий Grigory (m) Гриша Grisha
Иван Ivan (m) Ваня Vanya
Иммануил Immanuil (m) Моня Monya
Ирина Irina (f) Ира Ira
Кирилл Kirill (m) Кира, Киря Kira, Kirya
Константин Konstantin (m) Костя Kostya
Ксения Ksenya (f) Ксюша Ksyusha
Лариса Larisa (f) Лара, Лёля Lara, Lyolya (rare)
Леонид Leonid (m) Лёня Lyonya
Лев Lev (m) Лёва Lyova
Лидия Lidiya (f) Лида Lida
Любовь Lyubov' (f) Люба Lyuba
Людмила Lyudmila (f) Люда, Люся, Мила Lyuda, Lyusya, Meela (rare)
Мария Mariya (f) Маша, Маня, Маруся, Машуля, Машенька, Марийка, Маняша, Марічка Masha, Manya, Marusya, Mashulya, Mashеnka, Mariyka, Manyasha (rare), Marichka (ukr.)
Матвей Matvey (m) Мотя Motya
Михаил Mihail (m) Миша Misha
Надежда Nadezhda (f) Надя Nadya
Наталья Natalya (f) Наташа Natasha
Николай Nikolay (m) Коля Kolya
Ольга Olga (f) Оля Olya
Павел Pavel (m) Паша, Павлик Pasha, Pavlik
Полина Polina (f) Поля, Лина Polya, Lina (rare)
Пётр Pyotr (m) Петя Petya
Роман Roman (m) Рома Roma
Семён Semyon (m) Сёма Syoma
Сергей Sergey (m) Серёжа Seryozha
София Sofia, Sofya (f) Соня, Софа Sonya, Sofa
Светлана Svetlana (f) Света, Лана Sveta, Lana
Станислав Stanislav (m) Стас Stas, Stanko
Тамара Tamara (f) Тома Toma
Татьяна Tatyana (f) Таня Tanya
Вадим Vadim (m) Вадик, Дима Vadik, Dima (rare)
Валентин / Валентина Valentin (m) / Valentina (f) Валя Valya
Валерий Valery (m) Валера Valera
Валерия Valeriya (f) Лера Lera
Василий Vasily (m) Вася Vasya
Виктор Viktor (m) Витя Vitya
Виктория Viktoriya (f) Вика Vika
Владимир Vladimir (m) Вова, Володя Vova, Volodya
Владислав, Владислава Vladislav (m), Vladislava (f) Влад, Влада Vlad, Vlada
Вячеслав Vyacheslav (m) Слава Slava
Ярослав Yaroslav (m) Ярик Yarik
Елена Yelena (f) Лена, Алёна Lena, Alyona
Елизавета Yelizaveta (f) Лиза Liza
Екатерина Yekaterina (f) Катя Katya
Евгений / Евгения Yevgeniy (m) / Yevgeniya (f) Женя Zhenya
Юлия Yuliya (f) Юля Yulya
Юрий Yury (m) Юра Yura
Яков Yakov (m) Яша Yasha

Diminutive forms

 
Veruschka, a German model, actress and artist. The name "Vera" is Slavic and literally means "Faith". "Veruschka" is the German spelling of one of the typical diminutive variants of this name.

Diminutive forms are produced from the "short name" by means of various suffixes; for example, Михаил Mikhail (full) – Миша Misha (short) – Мишенька Mishenka (affectionate) – Мишка Mishka (colloquial). If no "short name" exists, then diminutive forms are produced from the full form of the respective first name; for example, Марина Marina (full) – Мариночка Marinochka (affectionate) – Маринка Marinka (colloquial). Unlike the full name, a diminutive name carries a particular emotional attitude and may be unacceptable in certain contexts. Depending on the nature of the attitude, diminutive name forms can be subdivided into three broad groups: affectionate, familiar, and slang.

Affectionate diminutive

Typically formed by suffixes -еньк- (-yenk-), -оньк- (-onk-), -ечк- (-yechk-), -ушк (-ushk), as illustrated by the examples below. It generally emphasises a tender, affectionate attitude and is roughly analogous to German suffixes -chen, -lein, Japanese -chan and -tan and affectionate name-derived nicknames in other languages. It is often used to address children or intimate friends.

Within a more official context, this form may be combined with the honorific plural to address a younger female colleague.[citation needed]

Full form Short form Diminutive form
(Cyrillic/Latin)
Анна/Anna Аня/Anya Ан'ечк'а/Any'echk'a
Виктор/Viktor Витя/Vitya Витенька/Vitenʲka
Дмитрий/Dmitry Дима/Dima Димочка/Dimochka
Ольга/Olga Оля/Olya Оленька/Olyenka
Степан/Stepan Стёпа/Styopa Стёпочка/Styopochka
Colloquial diminutives
 
In the Soviet film Чапаев (Chapayev) Анка-Пулемётчица (Anka the Machine Gunner) is depicted as a bold, active, and resolute girl who takes part in the Russian Civil War, shoulder-to-shoulder with her male comrades-in-arms. In this case, Анка (Anka) is a colloquial diminutive of the name Anna, emphasizing that she is "one of the guys".

Colloquial diminutives are derived from short names by the -к- ("-k-") suffix. Expressing a highly familiar attitude, the use may be considered rude or even pejorative outside a friendly context.

Full form Short form Colloquial diminutive form
(Cyrillic) (Latin) (Cyrillic) (Latin) (Cyrillic) (Latin)
Анна Anna Аня Anya Ань'ка' Anʲ'ka'
Виктор Viktor Витя Vitya Витька Vitʲka
Дмитрий Dmitry Дима Dima Димка Dimka
Ольга Olga Оля Olya Олька Olʲka
Степан Stepan Стёпа Styopa Стёпка Styopka
Slang forms
 
Колян (Kolyan), a character in the sitcom Реальные пацаны (Realnye patsany, Real Guys). Kolyan shows viewers the ridiculous side of the life of gopniks, a social group similar in many ways to British chavs.

Slang forms exist for male names and, since a few decades ago, female names. They are formed with the suffixes -ян (-yan), -он (-on), and -ок/ёк (-ok/yok). The suffixes give the sense of "male brotherhood" that was once expressed by the patronymic-only form of address in the Soviet Union. Originating in criminal communities[citation needed], such forms came into wide usage in Russia in the 1990s.

Full form Short form Slang form
(Cyrillic) (Latin) (Cyrillic) (Latin) (Cyrillic) (Latin)
Анатолий Anatoly Толя Tolya Тол'ян' Tol'yan'
Николай Nikolay Коля Kolya Колян Kolyan
Дмитрий Dmitry Дима Dima Димон Dimon
Владимир Vladimir Вова Vova Вован Vovan
Александр Alexander Саня Sanya Санёк Sanyok
Татьяна Tatiana Таня Tanya Танюха Tanyukha
Андрей Andrey Андрюша Andryusha Андрюха
Andryukha

Early Soviet Union

During the days of the October Revolution, as part of the campaign to rid Russia of bourgeois culture, there was a drive to invent new, revolutionary names.[citation needed] As a result, many Soviet children were given atypical names,[citation needed] often being acronyms/initialisms besides many other names above.

 
Ksenya Kimovna Borodina, presenter of the TV reality show Dom-2. Her patronymic, "Kimovna", refers to the name of her father, "Kim", which is atypical for East European languages and is an acronym of Коммунистический интернационал молодёжи (Kommunistichesky Internatsional Molodyozhi, "Young Communist International").
Name (Cyrillic) Name (Latin) Origin Comments
Вил, Вилен, Владлен, Владлена Vil, Vilen, Vladlen (m) / Vladlene (f) Владимир Ильич Ленин (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) -
Мэл(c) Mel(s) Маркс, Энгельс, Ленин Сталин) (Marx, Engels, Lenin (and Stalin)) -
Баррикада Barrikada - "Barricade" - refers to the revolutionary activity
Ревмир, Ревмира Revmir (m) / Revmira (f) Революция мира (Revolyutsiya mira) Means "The World Revolution"
Гертруда Gertruda Герой труда (Geroy truda) Means "The Hero of Labour"
Марлен Marlen Маркс и Ленин (Marx and Lenin) -
Стэн Sten Сталин и Энгельс (Stalin and Engels) -
Ким Kim Коммунистический интернационал молодёжи (Kommunistichesky Internatsional Molodyozhi) Means "Young Communist International"

Patronymics

The patronymic name is based on the first name of the father and is written in all legal and identity documents. If used with the first name, the patronymic always follows it.

Usage

The patronymic name is obligatory when addressing a person of higher social stance and/or on special occasions such as business meetings; for example, when a pupil addresses a teacher, they are obliged to use both first and patronymic names – Russian: Марья Ивановна, могу я спросить..., lit.'Marya Ivanovna, may I ask...'. Not using patronymic names in such situations is considered offensive.[1]

Addressing a person by patronymic name only is widespread among older generations (more often – "blue collar"-male coworkers) and serves as a display of close relationship based on not only sympathy but also mutual responsibility.[2]

Derivation

Name Masculine patronym Feminine patronym
Anatoly Anatolyevich Anatolyevna
Constantin Constantinovich Constantinovna
Dmitry Dmitriyevich Dmitriyevna
Ilya Ilyich Ilyinichna
Ivan Ivanovich Ivanovna
Nikolay Nikolayevich Nikolayevna
Vladimir Vladimirovich Vladimirovna
Yakov Yakovlevich Yakovlevna

The patronymic is formed by a combination of the father's name and suffixes. The suffix is -ович (-ovich) for a son, -овна (-ovna) – for a daughter. For example, if the father's name was Иван (Ivan), the patronymic will be Иванович (Ivanovich) for a son and Ивановна (Ivanovna) for a daughter.

If the suffix is being appended to a name ending in a й ("y") or a soft consonant, the initial o in the suffixes -ович (-ovich) and -овна (-ovna) becomes a е ("ye") and the suffixes change to -евич (-yevich) and -евна (-yevna). For example, if the father is Дмитрий (Dmitry), the patronymic is Дмитриевич (Dmitrievich) for a son and Дмитриевна (Dmitrievna) for a daughter. It is not Дмитрович (Dmitrovich) or Дмитровна (Dmitrovna) because the name Дмитрий (Dmitry) ends on "й" ("y");

For some names ending in a vowel, the suffix is -ич (-ich) for a son and -ична (-ichna) or -инична (-inichna) for a daughter; for example, Фока Foka (father's first name) – Фокич Fokich (male patronymic) – Фокична Fokichna (female patronymic); Кузьма Kuzma (father's first name) – Кузьмич Kuzmich (male patronymic) – Кузьминична Kuzminichna (female patronymic).

Historical grounds

 
The name Rurik on a Viking Age runestone. All the kings of Kievan Rus had the patronymic Ruerikovichi.

Historical Russian naming conventions did not include surnames. A person's name included that of his father: e.g. Иван Петров сын (Ivan Petrov syn) which means "Ivan, son of Peter". That is the origin of most Russian -ov surnames.

Modern -ovich- patronyms were originally a feature of the royal dynasty (Рюриковичи, Ruerikovichi, Rurikids, which makes the East Slavic patronym in its original meaning being similar to German von. From the 17th century, the second name with suffix -ович (-ovich) was the privilege given by the tsar to commoners. For example, in 1610, Tsar Vasili IV gave to the Stroganovs, who were merchants, the privilege to use patronyms. As a tribute for developing the salt industry in Siberia, Pyotr Stroganov and all his issues were allowed to have a name with -ovich. The tsar wrote in the chart dated on 29 May, "... to write him with ovich, to try [him] in Moscow only, not to fee [him] by other fees, not to kiss a cross by himself [which means not to swear during any processions]"[3] In the 18th century, it was the family of merchants to have patronyms. By the 19th century, the -ovich form eventually became the default form of a patronymic.

Legal basis

Everyone in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus is supposed to have a tripartite name. Single mothers may give their children any patronym, and this does not have any legal consequences. Foreigners who adopt Russian citizenship are exempted from having a patronym. Now, an adult person is entitled to change patronyms if necessary,[4] such as to alienate themselves from the biological father (or to show respect for the adopted one) as well as to decide the same for an underage child.

Family names

Family names are generally used like in English.

Derivation and meaning

In Russian, some common suffixes are -ов (-ov), -ев (-yev), meaning "belonging to" or "of the clan of/descendant of", e.g. Petrov = of the clan of/descendant of Petr (Peter), usually used for patronymic surnames—or -ский (-sky), an adjectival form, meaning "associated with" and usually used for toponymic surnames. Historically, toponymic surnames may have been granted as a token of nobility; for example, the princely surname Shuysky is indicative of the princedom based on the ownership of Shuya. Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski had the victory title 'Tavricheski', as part of his surname, granted to him for the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, -off was a common transliteration of -ov for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands).

Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes -ко (-ko), -ук (-uk), and -ич (-ych). For example, the family name Писаренко (Pisarenko) is derived from the word for a scribe, and Ковальчук (Kovalchuk) refers to a smith.

Less often, some versions of family names will have no suffix, e.g. Lebed, meaning swan, and Zhuk, meaning beetle (but see also Lebedev and Zhukov).

Hyphenated surnames like Petrov-Vodkin are possible.

Grammar

 
The Coat of Arms of the Романовы (Romanovs), the last Russian royal dynasty. The family name Романов (Romanov) means "pertaining to (the name) Roman".

Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages and have grammatical cases and grammatical gender. Unlike analytic languages like English, which use prepositions ("to", "at", "on" etc.) to show the links and relations between words in a sentence, Eastern Slavic suffixes are used much more broadly than prepositions. Words need the help of some suffix to integrate them into the sentence and to build a grammatically correct sentence. That includes names, unlike in German. Family names are declined based on the Slavic case system.

The surnames that originally are short (-ov, -ev, -in) or full (-iy/-oy/-yy) Slavic adjectives, have different forms depending on gender: male forms -ov, -ev, -in and -iy/-oy/-yy correspond to female forms -ova, -eva, -ina and -aya, respectively. For example, the wife of Борис Ельцин (Boris Yel'tsin) was Наина Ельцина (Naina Yel'tsina); the wife of Leo Tolstoy was Sophia Tolstaya, etc. All other, i.e. non-adjectival, surnames stay the same for both genders (including surnames ending with -енко (-yenko), -ич (-ich) etc.), unlike in many West Slavic languages, where the non-adjectival surname of men corresponds to derivative feminine adjectival surname (Novák → Nováková). Note the difference between patronymics and surnames ending with -ich: surnames are the same for males and females, but patronymics are gender-dependent (for example, Ivan Petrovich Mirovich and Anna Petrovna Mirovich)

This dependence of grammatical gender of adjectival surname on the gender of its owner is not considered to be changing the surname (compare the equivalent rule in Polish, for example). The correct transliteration of such feminine surnames in English is debated: the names technically should be in their original form, but they sometimes appear in the masculine form.

The example of Иванов (Ivanov), a family name, will be used:

Grammatical
case
Example of question Masculine form Feminine form
Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin
Nominative Who? Иванов Ivanov Иванова Ivanova
Genitive Whose? Иванова Ivanova Ивановой Ivanovoy
Dative To whom? Иванову Ivanovu Ивановой Ivanovoy
Accusative Whom? Иванова Ivanova Иванову Ivanovu
Instrumental By whom? Ивановым Ivanovym Ивановой Ivanovoy
Locative (Prepositional) About whom? Иванове Ivanove Ивановой Ivanovoy

The surnames which are not grammatically adjectives (Zhuk, Gogol, Barchuk, Kupala etc.) declines in cases and numbers as the corresponding common noun. The exclusion is when a woman has a surname which is grammatically a noun of masculine gender; in such case, the surname is not declined. For example, Ivan and Anna Zhuk in dative case ("to whom?") would be: Ивану Жуку (Ivanu Zhuku), but Анне Жук (Anne Zhuk).

Family names are generally inherited from one's parents. As in English, on marriage, women usually adopt the surname of the husband; the opposite, when the husband adopt the maiden surname of his wife, very rarely occurs. Rarely, both spouses keep their pre-marriage family names. The fourth, very rare but still legal way is the taking a double surname; for example, in marriage of Ivanov (he) and Petrovskaya (she), the spouses may adopt the family name Ivanov-Petrovsky and Ivanova-Petrovskaya, correspondingly.

Anglicisation

When names are written in English, the patronymic is not equivalent to an English middle name. When the name is written in English, the patronymic may be omitted with the given name written out in full or abbreviated (Vladimir Putin or V. Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be written out in full (Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be abbreviated (V. V. Putin) or the first name may be written out in full with the patronymic abbreviated (Vladimir V. Putin).

Slavicisation of foreign names

Some surnames in those languages have been Russified since the 19th century: the surname of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev has a Russian "-yev" suffix, which literally means "of Nazar-bay" (in which "bay" is a Turkic native noble rank: compare Turkish "bey", Uzbek "beg", and Kyrghyz "bek"). The frequency of such Russification varies greatly by country.

After incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union, it became obligatory to register their surnames and to add a Russian suffix such as -yev or -ov for men and -yeva or -ova for women.[5] Since the majority did not have official surnames, the problem was resolved by adopting the name of the father and adding the mentioned suffixes. Examples are Aliyev, Huseynov, and Mammadov.

Since 1930s and 1940s, surnames and patronymics were obligatory in Uzbekistan.[6] The surname could be derived from the name of the father by adding the suffixes -ev after vowels or soft consonants and -ov in all other cases. Examples are Rashidov and Abdullaev. Most of the people born in this time had the same surname as their patronymic.

By law, foreign persons who adopt Russian citizenship are allowed to have no patronymic.[7] Some adopt non-Slavonic patronymics as well. For example, the Russian politician Irina Hakamada's patronym is Муцуовна (Mutsuovna) because her Japanese father's given name was Mutsuo. The ethnicity of origin generally remains recognizable in Russified names.

Bruno Pontecorvo, after he emigrated to the Soviet Union, was known as Бруно Максимович Понтекорво (Bruno Maximovich Pontekorvo) in the Russian scientific community, as his father's given name was Massimo (corresponding to Russian Максим (Maksim)). His sons have been known by names Джиль Брунович Понтекорво (Gigl Brunovich Pontecorvo), Антонио Брунович Понтекорво (Antonio Brunovich Pontecorvo) and Тито Брунович Понтекорво (Tito Brunovich Pontekorvo).

For example, Kazakh ұлы (uly; transcribed into Latin script as -uly, as in Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev), Turkmen uly (as in Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow), or Azeri оглы/оғлу (oglu) (as in Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev); Kazakh қызы (transcribed into Latin script as -qyzy, as in Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva).[citation needed] Such Turkic patronymics were officially allowed in the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

Forms of address

Common rules

  • For informal communication, only the first name is used: Иван Ivan. Even more informally, diminutives (several can be formed from one name) are often used.
  • In rural areas, the patronymic name alone (Петрович Petrovich, Ивановна Ivanovna) is used by old people among themselves, but young people sometimes use the form for irony. Also, younger people can use the form for much older people for both respect and informality. For example, a much younger man with a very good relationship with his elder colleague may use a patronymic and the "ty" form, but using the first name alone is generally inappropriate. Using a diminutive (like in most informal communication) would nearly always be very impolite.
  • The family name alone (Петров, Petrov) is used, much more rarely, in formal communications. It is commonly used by school teachers to address their students. Informally, Russians are starting to call people by their surnames alone for irony.
  • the form "first name + patronymic" (for instance, Иван Иванович, Ivan Ivanovich):
    • is the feature of official communication (for instance, students in schools and universities call their teachers in the form of "first name + patronymic" only);
    • may convey the speaker's respect for the recipient. Historically, patronymics were reserved for the royal dynasty (Рюриковичи, Ruerikovichi)
  • The full three-name form (for instance, Иван Иванович Петров Ivan Ivanovich Petrov) is used mostly for official documents. Everyone in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus is supposed to have three names. This form is also used on some very formal occasions and for introducing oneself to a person who is likely to write down the full name, like a police officer. Then, the family name is often placed first (Петров Иван Иванович, Petrov Ivan Ivanovich).

The choice of addressing format is closely linked to the choice of second-person pronoun. Russian language distinguishes:

  • formal вы (vy, "you"); respectful Вы ("Vy", "You") may be capitalized in formal correspondence, but plural вы ("vy", "you") is not.
  • informal ты (ty, "you", "thou" in old English);

Вы ("Vy") is the plural of both forms to address a pair or group. Historically, it comes from German, under Peter the Great, which uses "du and Sie" similarly.[citation needed]

Other than the use of patronymics, Russian forms of address in Russian are very similar to English ones.

Also, the meaning of the form of address strongly depends on the choice of a V-T form:

Vy or ty Form Male example Female example Use
Using "Vy" Full three-name form Anatoliy Pavlovich Ivanov Varvara Mikhailovna Kuznetsova Official documents, very formal occasions (when necessary)
First name + patronymic Anatoliy Pavlovich Varvara Mikhailovna General formal or respectful form
Surname Ivanov Kuznetsova Formal. Often used by a person of a higher social position (like a teacher talking to a student)
Informal first name + informal patronymic Tol' Palych Varvara Mikhalna Respectful but less formal
Full first name Anatoliy Varvara
Diminutive first name Tolya Varya Friendly but still somewhat formal
Affectionate first name Varechka Used almost exclusively towards women, showing fondness but still keeping some formality (like to a younger colleague)
Using "Ty" First name + patronymic Anatoliy Pavlovich Varvara Mikhailovna Can be used between friends on semi-formal occasions or ironically
Informal patronymic Palych Mikhalna Combining familiarity and respect
Surname Ivanov Kuznetsova Similar in use to a "vy" form but less formal
Full first name Anatoliy Varvara Friendly but with a tone of formality. If the name has no diminutive form (Yegor), also used informally
Diminutive first name Tolia Varya General informal form
Colloquial first name Tolik Var'ka Very familiar form
Slang first name Tolyan Varyukha
Affectionate first name Tolen'ka Varechka Tender, affectionate form

Using a "ty" form with a person who dislikes it or on inappropriate occasions can be an insult, especially the surname alone.

Adjectives

Other Eastern Slavic languages use the same adjectives of their literal translation if they differ from Russian analogue. All Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages, and grammatical genders are used. Thus, the suffix of an adjective changes with the sex of the recipient.

In Russian, adjectives before names are generally restricted to written forms of communication. Adjectives like Любимый / Любимая (lyubimiy / lyubimaya, "beloved") and Милый / Милая (miliy / milaya, "sweetheart") are informal, and Уважаемый / Уважаемая (uvazhayemiy / uvazhayemaya, literally "respected") is highly formal. Some adjectives, like Дорогой / Дорогая (dorogoy / dorogaya, "dear"), can be used in both formal and informal letters.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Как обращаться к человеку в русскоязычной среде" [How to address a person in Russian-speaking community] (in Russian). Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  2. ^ "Система обращений и речевой этикет" [System of addressing and speech etiquette] (in Russian). "СЕКРЕТАРСКОЕ ДЕЛО" № 02/2016. Retrieved 24 September 2020.
  3. ^ писать его с вичем, судить только в Москве, излишних пошлин с товаров не брать, креста самому не целовать (in Russian). Собр. Гос. Грам. II, № 196.
  4. ^ Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Acts of Civil Statements, Clauses: 58, 59.
  5. ^ Hirose, Yoko (2016). "The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan". International Journal of Social Science Studies. 4 (5): 136. doi:10.11114/ijsss.v4i5.1531.
  6. ^ Komiljonovna, Koziyeva Iqbal (26 July 2022). "Changes in the system of anthroponyms in the Uzbek language at the end of the 20th century - the beginning of the 21st century". Zien Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 10: 65–67. ISSN 2769-996X.
  7. ^ Family Code of the Russian Federation, Article 58.2 "A child's patronym is formed from the father's [first] name unless otherwise [decreed by] national custom".

External links

In Russian
  • "Лицо русской национальности". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 26 September 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  • Commentaries
    • . 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
    • . 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
    • . 13 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  • Балановская Е. В., Соловьева Д. С., Балановский О. П. и др. «Фамильные портреты» пяти русских регионов[permanent dead link] / Медицинская генетика. 2005.No. 1. С. 2–10.
  • . 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  • "Производные и уменьшительно-ласкательные формы имён". proizvodnye.ru. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  • Таблицы и рисунки к статье «Фамильные портреты» пяти русских регионов[permanent dead link]
In English
  • "Paul Goldschmidt's Dictionary of Russian Names - Grammar". heraldry.sca.org. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

eastern, slavic, naming, customs, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia s quality standards You can help The talk page may contain suggestions June 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional way of identifying a person s given name and patronymic name in Russia and some countries formerly part of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union A Russian citizen s Yevgeniy Aleksandrovitch Imyarek internal passport The lower page includes the lines Familiya Family name Imya Name and Otchestvo Patronymic They are commonly used in Russia Belarus Ukraine Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan and to a lesser extent in Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Azerbaijan Armenia and Georgia It is named after the East Slavic languages group that the Belarusian Russian Rusyn and Ukrainian languages belong to They are also found occasionally in the Balkans among older generations Name Belarusian example Russian example Ukrainian exampleFirst name given name Belarusian Uladzimir romanized Uladzimir Russian Vladimir romanized Vladimir Ukrainian Volodimir romanized VolodymyrPatronymic Belarusian Antonavich romanized Antonavic Russian Antonovich romanized Antonovich Ukrainian Antonovich romanized AntonovychFamily name surname Belarusian Ivanoy romanized Ivanoŭ Russian Ivanov romanized Ivanov Ukrainian Ivaniv romanized IvanivContents 1 Given names 1 1 Males 1 2 Females 1 3 Forms 1 3 1 Short forms 1 3 2 Diminutive forms 1 3 2 1 Affectionate diminutive 1 3 2 2 Colloquial diminutives 1 3 2 3 Slang forms 1 4 Early Soviet Union 2 Patronymics 2 1 Usage 2 2 Derivation 2 3 Historical grounds 2 4 Legal basis 3 Family names 3 1 Derivation and meaning 3 2 Grammar 4 Anglicisation 5 Slavicisation of foreign names 6 Forms of address 6 1 Common rules 6 2 Adjectives 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksGiven names EditEastern Slavic parents select a given name for a newborn child Most first names in East Slavic languages originate from two sources Eastern Orthodox Church tradition native pre Christian Slavic lexiconsAlmost all first names are single Doubled first names as in for example French like Jean Luc are very rare and are from foreign influence Most doubled first names are written with a hyphen Mariya Tereza Males Edit Belarusian variant Russian variant Ukrainian variant Latin alphabet transliteration note 1 Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Origin CommentsIvan Yan Ivan Ivan Yan Ivan Jan Ivan Ivan Hebrew equivalent to JohnYakub Yakay Iakov Yakov Yakiv Yakub Yakau Iakov Yakov Yakiv Hebrew equivalent to James or JacobIllya Ilya Illya Illa Ilia Illia Hebrew equivalent to ElijahMikalaj Mikola Nikolaj Mikola Mikalaj Mikola Nikolai Mykola Mykolai Greek equivalent to Nicholas meaning Victory of the People Barys Boris Boris Barys Boris Borys Bulgar unclear possibly wolf short or snow leopard Uladzimir Vladimir Volodimir Uladzimir Vladimir Volodymyr Slavonic meaning great famous lord mir comes from mѣr and is not related to mir or mir see also the name s etymology Pyotr Pyatro Pyatrus Pyotr Petro Piotr Piatro Piatru Petr Pyotr Petro Greek equivalent to PeterAndrej Andrej Andrij Andrej Andrei Andrii Greek equivalent to AndrewAlyaksandr Aleksandr Oleksandr Oleksa Alaksandr Aleksandr Oleksandr Oleksa Greek equivalent to AlexanderPilip Filipp Pilip Pilip Filipp Pylyp Greek from Greek Filippos Philippos meaning fond of horses Equivalent to Philip Dzmitry Zmicer Dmitrij Dmitro Dzmitry Zmicier Dmitrii Dmytro Greek from Greek Dhmhtrios Demetrios meaning of Demeter Syargej Sergej Sergij Siarhiej Sergei Serhii Latin from the Roman nomen patrician family name Sergius itself from a more ancient Etruscan nameLeanid Lyavon Leonid Leonid Leanid Lavon Leonid Leonid Greek from Greek Leonidas meaning Son of the Lion Viktar Viktor Viktor Viktar Viktor Viktor Latin meaning Conqueror Georgij Georgij Georgij Hieorhij Georgii Heorhii Greek the analogues are Egor Yegor Yurij Yury equivalent to GeorgePavel Paval Paylo Pavel Pavlo Paval Paŭlo Pavel Pavlo Latin equivalent to PaulKanstancin Kastus Konstantin Kostyantin Kanstancin Kastus Konstantin Kostiantyn Latin equivalent to ConstantineKiryl Kiryla Kirill Kirilo Kiryl Kiryla Kirill Kyrylo Greek equivalent to CyrilVasil Bazyl Vasilij Vasil Vasiĺ Bazyl Vasilii Vasyl Greek equivalent to BasilRaman Roman Roman Raman Roman Roman Latin Uladzislay Vladislav Vladislav Uladzislaŭ Vladislav Vladyslav Slavonic meaning Lord of Fame Vyachaslay Vyacheslav V yacheslav Viacaslaŭ Viacheslav Viacheslav Slavonic meaning Growing Fame Matvej Macvej Matvej Matvij Matviej Macviej Matvei Matvii Hebrew equivalent to MatthewMihal Mihas Mihail Mihajlo Michal Michas Mikhail Mykhailo Hebrew equivalent to MichaelAleg Oleg Oleg Aleh Oleg Oleh Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian Helgi Igar Igor Igor Ihar Igor Ihor Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian Ingvar Maksim Maksim Maksim Maksim Maksim Maksym Latin meaning Greatest Fyodar Fyodor Fedir Fiodar Fedor Fedir Greek equivalent to TheodorZahar Zahar Zahar Zachar Zakhar Zakhar Hebrew meaning Remembered Alyaksej Aleksej Oleksij Alaksej Aleksei Oleksii Greek meaning Defender Makar Makar Makar Makar Makar Makar Greek meaning Blessed The same romanization system is used for all three languages for comparative purposes For the official romanization systems of Russian Ukrainian and Belarusian which will be used throughout the rest of the article see romanization of Russian romanization of Ukrainian and romanization of Belarusian respectively Females Edit Belarusian variant Russian variant Ukrainian variant Latin alphabet transliteration Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Origin CommentsNastassya Nasta Anastasiya Anastasiya Nastassia Nasta Anastasiya Anastasiia Greek from Greek Ἀnastasia Anastasia meaning she of the Resurrection Angelina Angelina Angelina Anhelina Angelina Anhelina Greek From Greek Ἀggelina Angelina meaning messenger Ganna Anna Ganna Hanna Anna Hanna Hebrew equivalent to Anne or HannahAlena Elena Alyona Olena Alena Yelena Alyona Olena Greek equivalent to Helen in Russian Alyona can be both a pet version of Yelena and a name in its own rightMaryya Mariya Mariya Maryja Mariya Mariia Hebrew equivalent to MaryNatallya Natalya Nataliya Natalya Nataliya Natallia Natalya Nataliia Latin equivalent to NatalieVolga Olga Olga Volha Olga Olha Old Norse derivative from Scandinavian HelgaAlyaksandra Aleksandra Oleksandra Alaksandra Aleksandra Oleksandra Greek equivalent to AlexandraKseniya Aksana Kseniya Oksana Ksienija Aksana Kseniya Oksana Greek in Russian Oksana is a separate name of the same originKacyaryna Ekaterina Katerina Kaciaryna Yekaterina Kateryna Greek equivalent to CatherineLizaveta Elizaveta Yelizaveta Lizaveta Yelizaveta Yelyzaveta Hebrew equivalent to ElizabethTacyana Taccyana Tatyana Tetyana Tacciana Tatyana Tetiana Latin derivative from the Latinized name of the Sabine king Titus TatiusLyudmila Lyudmila Lyudmila Ludmila Lyudmila Liudmyla Slavonic meaning Dear to the People Svyatlana Svetlana Svitlana Sviatlana Svetlana Svitlana Slavonic meaning The Shining One Yuliya Yuliya Yuliya Julija Yuliya Yuliia Latin equivalent to Julia or JulieVera Vera Vira Vera Vera Vira Slavonic meaning Faith a calque of the Greek PisthNadzeya Nadezhda Nadiya Nadzeja Nadezhda Nadiia Slavonic meaning Hope a calque of the Greek ἘlpisLyuboy Lyubov Lyubov Luboŭ Lyubov Liubov Slavonic meaning Love a calque of the Greek ἈgaphSof ya Sofiya Sofya Sofiya Sofja Sofiya Sofya Sofiia Greek equivalent to Sophia meaning Wisdom Forms Edit Being highly synthetic languages Eastern Slavic treats personal names as grammatical nouns and apply the same rules of inflection and derivation to them as for other nouns So one can create many forms with different degrees of affection and familiarity by adding the corresponding suffixes to the auxiliary stem derived from the original name The auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name the full name Zhanna Zhanna can have the suffixes added directly to the stem Zhann Zhann like Zhannochka Zhannochka and most names have the auxiliary stem derived unproductively the Russian name Mihail Mikhail has the auxiliary stem Mish Mish which produces such name forms as Misha Misha Mishenka Mishenka Mishunya Mishunya etc not Mihailushka Mikhailushka Unlike English in which the use of diminutive forms is optional even between close friends in East Slavonic languages such forms are obligatory in certain contexts because of the strong T V distinction the T form of address usually requires the short form of the counterpart s name Also unlike other languages with prominent use of name suffixes such as Japanese the use of derived name forms is mostly limited to the T addressing there is no way to make the name more formal than the plain unsuffixed full form and no suffixes can be added to the family name Most commonly Russian philologists distinguish the following forms of given names Name form Example Formation CommentsFull Anna Anna full name stem case ending Short Anya Anya short name stem II declension ending most common for informal communication comparable to Western name only form of address Ann John or Japanese surname only or surname name kunDiminutive Anka Anka short name stem k k II declension ending expresses familiarity may be considered rude when used between people who are not close friends Comparable to English diminutives Annie Willy or Japanese unsuffixed namesAffective diminutive Anechka Anyechka short name stem echk ochk onk us yus ul yul echk ochk on k us yus ul yul II declension ending most intimate and affectionate form comparable to German diminutives Annchen or Japanese chan suffixesShort forms Edit Marina Tsvetaeva a Russian poet The name Marina traditionally has no short form Ruslan Ruslan a character in Alexander Pushkin s poem Ruslan and Ludmila The short form for Ruslan Ruslan is Rusya Rusya Nikolaj II Nicholas II the last Russian emperor In private his wife addressed him as Nicki in the German manner rather than Kolya Kolya which is the East Slavic short form of his name The short name Russian kratkoe imya kratkoye imya historically also half name Russian poluimya poluimya is the simplest and most common name derivative Bearing no suffix it is produced suppletively and always has the declension noun ending for both males and females thus making short forms of certain unisex names indistinguishable for example Sasha Russian Sasha is the short name for both the masculine name Aleksandr Alexander and the feminine form Aleksandra Alexandra Some names such as Zhanna Jeana and Mark have no short forms others may have two or more different forms In the latter case one form is usually more informal than the other Full name Cyrillic script Full name Latin script Short forms Cyrillic Short forms Latin Aleksandr Aleksandr m Sasha Sanya Shura ukr Sashko Les Sasha Sanya Shura ukr Sashko LesAleksandra Aleksandra f Sasha Shura ukr Lesya Sasha Shura ukr LesiaAleksej Aleksey m Alyosha Lyosha Alyosha LyoshaAnastasiya Anastasia f Nastya Stasya Nastya Stasya rare Anatolij Anatoly m Tolya TolyaAndrej Andrey m Andryusha Dyusha Andrya Andryusha Dyusha Andrya rare Anna Anna f Anya Anyuta Nyuta Nyusha Anya Anyuta Nyuta NyushaBoris Boris m Borya BoryaDavid David m Dava DavaDaniil Daniil m Danila Danya Danila DanyaDarya Darya f Dasha DashaDmitrij Dmitry m Dima Mitya Dima MityaGalina Galina f Galya GalyaGennadij Gennady m Gena GenaGeorgij Georgy m Gosha Zhora Gosha ZhoraGrigorij Grigory m Grisha GrishaIvan Ivan m Vanya VanyaImmanuil Immanuil m Monya MonyaIrina Irina f Ira IraKirill Kirill m Kira Kirya Kira KiryaKonstantin Konstantin m Kostya KostyaKseniya Ksenya f Ksyusha KsyushaLarisa Larisa f Lara Lyolya Lara Lyolya rare Leonid Leonid m Lyonya LyonyaLev Lev m Lyova LyovaLidiya Lidiya f Lida LidaLyubov Lyubov f Lyuba LyubaLyudmila Lyudmila f Lyuda Lyusya Mila Lyuda Lyusya Meela rare Mariya Mariya f Masha Manya Marusya Mashulya Mashenka Marijka Manyasha Marichka Masha Manya Marusya Mashulya Mashenka Mariyka Manyasha rare Marichka ukr Matvej Matvey m Motya MotyaMihail Mihail m Misha MishaNadezhda Nadezhda f Nadya NadyaNatalya Natalya f Natasha NatashaNikolaj Nikolay m Kolya KolyaOlga Olga f Olya OlyaPavel Pavel m Pasha Pavlik Pasha PavlikPolina Polina f Polya Lina Polya Lina rare Pyotr Pyotr m Petya PetyaRoman Roman m Roma RomaSemyon Semyon m Syoma SyomaSergej Sergey m Seryozha SeryozhaSofiya Sofia Sofya f Sonya Sofa Sonya SofaSvetlana Svetlana f Sveta Lana Sveta LanaStanislav Stanislav m Stas Stas StankoTamara Tamara f Toma TomaTatyana Tatyana f Tanya TanyaVadim Vadim m Vadik Dima Vadik Dima rare Valentin Valentina Valentin m Valentina f Valya ValyaValerij Valery m Valera ValeraValeriya Valeriya f Lera LeraVasilij Vasily m Vasya VasyaViktor Viktor m Vitya VityaViktoriya Viktoriya f Vika VikaVladimir Vladimir m Vova Volodya Vova VolodyaVladislav Vladislava Vladislav m Vladislava f Vlad Vlada Vlad VladaVyacheslav Vyacheslav m Slava SlavaYaroslav Yaroslav m Yarik YarikElena Yelena f Lena Alyona Lena AlyonaElizaveta Yelizaveta f Liza LizaEkaterina Yekaterina f Katya KatyaEvgenij Evgeniya Yevgeniy m Yevgeniya f Zhenya ZhenyaYuliya Yuliya f Yulya YulyaYurij Yury m Yura YuraYakov Yakov m Yasha YashaDiminutive forms Edit Veruschka a German model actress and artist The name Vera is Slavic and literally means Faith Veruschka is the German spelling of one of the typical diminutive variants of this name Diminutive forms are produced from the short name by means of various suffixes for example Mihail Mikhail full Misha Misha short Mishenka Mishenka affectionate Mishka Mishka colloquial If no short name exists then diminutive forms are produced from the full form of the respective first name for example Marina Marina full Marinochka Marinochka affectionate Marinka Marinka colloquial Unlike the full name a diminutive name carries a particular emotional attitude and may be unacceptable in certain contexts Depending on the nature of the attitude diminutive name forms can be subdivided into three broad groups affectionate familiar and slang Affectionate diminutive Edit Typically formed by suffixes enk yenk onk onk echk yechk ushk ushk as illustrated by the examples below It generally emphasises a tender affectionate attitude and is roughly analogous to German suffixes chen lein Japanese chan and tan and affectionate name derived nicknames in other languages It is often used to address children or intimate friends Within a more official context this form may be combined with the honorific plural to address a younger female colleague citation needed Full form Short form Diminutive form Cyrillic Latin Anna Anna Anya Anya An echk a Any echk aViktor Viktor Vitya Vitya Vitenka VitenʲkaDmitrij Dmitry Dima Dima Dimochka DimochkaOlga Olga Olya Olya Olenka OlyenkaStepan Stepan Styopa Styopa Styopochka StyopochkaColloquial diminutives Edit In the Soviet film Chapaev Chapayev Anka Pulemyotchica Anka the Machine Gunner is depicted as a bold active and resolute girl who takes part in the Russian Civil War shoulder to shoulder with her male comrades in arms In this case Anka Anka is a colloquial diminutive of the name Anna emphasizing that she is one of the guys Colloquial diminutives are derived from short names by the k k suffix Expressing a highly familiar attitude the use may be considered rude or even pejorative outside a friendly context Full form Short form Colloquial diminutive form Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin Anna Anna Anya Anya An ka Anʲ ka Viktor Viktor Vitya Vitya Vitka VitʲkaDmitrij Dmitry Dima Dima Dimka DimkaOlga Olga Olya Olya Olka OlʲkaStepan Stepan Styopa Styopa Styopka StyopkaSlang forms Edit Kolyan Kolyan a character in the sitcom Realnye pacany Realnye patsany Real Guys Kolyan shows viewers the ridiculous side of the life of gopniks a social group similar in many ways to British chavs Slang forms exist for male names and since a few decades ago female names They are formed with the suffixes yan yan on on and ok yok ok yok The suffixes give the sense of male brotherhood that was once expressed by the patronymic only form of address in the Soviet Union Originating in criminal communities citation needed such forms came into wide usage in Russia in the 1990s Full form Short form Slang form Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin Cyrillic Latin Anatolij Anatoly Tolya Tolya Tol yan Tol yan Nikolaj Nikolay Kolya Kolya Kolyan KolyanDmitrij Dmitry Dima Dima Dimon DimonVladimir Vladimir Vova Vova Vovan VovanAleksandr Alexander Sanya Sanya Sanyok SanyokTatyana Tatiana Tanya Tanya Tanyuha TanyukhaAndrej Andrey Andryusha Andryusha Andryuha AndryukhaEarly Soviet Union Edit Main article Names of Soviet origin During the days of the October Revolution as part of the campaign to rid Russia of bourgeois culture there was a drive to invent new revolutionary names citation needed As a result many Soviet children were given atypical names citation needed often being acronyms initialisms besides many other names above Ksenya Kimovna Borodina presenter of the TV reality show Dom 2 Her patronymic Kimovna refers to the name of her father Kim which is atypical for East European languages and is an acronym of Kommunisticheskij internacional molodyozhi Kommunistichesky Internatsional Molodyozhi Young Communist International Name Cyrillic Name Latin Origin CommentsVil Vilen Vladlen Vladlena Vil Vilen Vladlen m Vladlene f Vladimir Ilich Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Mel c Mel s Marks Engels Lenin i Stalin Marx Engels Lenin and Stalin Barrikada Barrikada Barricade refers to the revolutionary activityRevmir Revmira Revmir m Revmira f Revolyuciya mira Revolyutsiya mira Means The World Revolution Gertruda Gertruda Geroj truda Geroy truda Means The Hero of Labour Marlen Marlen Marks i Lenin Marx and Lenin Sten Sten Stalin i Engels Stalin and Engels Kim Kim Kommunisticheskij internacional molodyozhi Kommunistichesky Internatsional Molodyozhi Means Young Communist International Patronymics EditThe patronymic name is based on the first name of the father and is written in all legal and identity documents If used with the first name the patronymic always follows it Usage Edit The patronymic name is obligatory when addressing a person of higher social stance and or on special occasions such as business meetings for example when a pupil addresses a teacher they are obliged to use both first and patronymic names Russian Marya Ivanovna mogu ya sprosit lit Marya Ivanovna may I ask Not using patronymic names in such situations is considered offensive 1 Addressing a person by patronymic name only is widespread among older generations more often blue collar male coworkers and serves as a display of close relationship based on not only sympathy but also mutual responsibility 2 Derivation Edit Name Masculine patronym Feminine patronymAnatoly Anatolyevich AnatolyevnaConstantin Constantinovich ConstantinovnaDmitry Dmitriyevich DmitriyevnaIlya Ilyich IlyinichnaIvan Ivanovich IvanovnaNikolay Nikolayevich NikolayevnaVladimir Vladimirovich VladimirovnaYakov Yakovlevich YakovlevnaThe patronymic is formed by a combination of the father s name and suffixes The suffix is ovich ovich for a son ovna ovna for a daughter For example if the father s name was Ivan Ivan the patronymic will be Ivanovich Ivanovich for a son and Ivanovna Ivanovna for a daughter If the suffix is being appended to a name ending in a j y or a soft consonant the initial o in the suffixes ovich ovich and ovna ovna becomes a e ye and the suffixes change to evich yevich and evna yevna For example if the father is Dmitrij Dmitry the patronymic is Dmitrievich Dmitrievich for a son and Dmitrievna Dmitrievna for a daughter It is not Dmitrovich Dmitrovich or Dmitrovna Dmitrovna because the name Dmitrij Dmitry ends on j y For some names ending in a vowel the suffix is ich ich for a son and ichna ichna or inichna inichna for a daughter for example Foka Foka father s first name Fokich Fokich male patronymic Fokichna Fokichna female patronymic Kuzma Kuzma father s first name Kuzmich Kuzmich male patronymic Kuzminichna Kuzminichna female patronymic Historical grounds Edit The name Rurik on a Viking Age runestone All the kings of Kievan Rus had the patronymic Ruerikovichi Historical Russian naming conventions did not include surnames A person s name included that of his father e g Ivan Petrov syn Ivan Petrov syn which means Ivan son of Peter That is the origin of most Russian ov surnames Modern ovich patronyms were originally a feature of the royal dynasty Ryurikovichi Ruerikovichi Rurikids which makes the East Slavic patronym in its original meaning being similar to German von From the 17th century the second name with suffix ovich ovich was the privilege given by the tsar to commoners For example in 1610 Tsar Vasili IV gave to the Stroganovs who were merchants the privilege to use patronyms As a tribute for developing the salt industry in Siberia Pyotr Stroganov and all his issues were allowed to have a name with ovich The tsar wrote in the chart dated on 29 May to write him withovich to try him in Moscow only not to fee him by other fees not to kiss a cross by himself which means not to swear during any processions 3 In the 18th century it was the family of merchants to have patronyms By the 19th century the ovich form eventually became the default form of a patronymic Legal basis Edit Everyone in Russia Ukraine and Belarus is supposed to have a tripartite name Single mothers may give their children any patronym and this does not have any legal consequences Foreigners who adopt Russian citizenship are exempted from having a patronym Now an adult person is entitled to change patronyms if necessary 4 such as to alienate themselves from the biological father or to show respect for the adopted one as well as to decide the same for an underage child Family names EditFamily names are generally used like in English Derivation and meaning Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message In Russian some common suffixes are ov ov ev yev meaning belonging to or of the clan of descendant of e g Petrov of the clan of descendant of Petr Peter usually used for patronymic surnames or skij sky an adjectival form meaning associated with and usually used for toponymic surnames Historically toponymic surnames may have been granted as a token of nobility for example the princely surname Shuysky is indicative of the princedom based on the ownership of Shuya Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin Tavricheski had the victory title Tavricheski as part of his surname granted to him for the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire In the 19th and early 20th centuries off was a common transliteration of ov for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes ko ko uk uk and ich ych For example the family name Pisarenko Pisarenko is derived from the word for a scribe and Kovalchuk Kovalchuk refers to a smith Less often some versions of family names will have no suffix e g Lebed meaning swan and Zhuk meaning beetle but see also Lebedev and Zhukov Hyphenated surnames like Petrov Vodkin are possible Grammar Edit The Coat of Arms of the Romanovy Romanovs the last Russian royal dynasty The family name Romanov Romanov means pertaining to the name Roman Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages and have grammatical cases and grammatical gender Unlike analytic languages like English which use prepositions to at on etc to show the links and relations between words in a sentence Eastern Slavic suffixes are used much more broadly than prepositions Words need the help of some suffix to integrate them into the sentence and to build a grammatically correct sentence That includes names unlike in German Family names are declined based on the Slavic case system The surnames that originally are short ov ev in or full iy oy yy Slavic adjectives have different forms depending on gender male forms ov ev in and iy oy yy correspond to female forms ova eva ina and aya respectively For example the wife of Boris Elcin Boris Yel tsin was Naina Elcina Naina Yel tsina the wife of Leo Tolstoy was Sophia Tolstaya etc All other i e non adjectival surnames stay the same for both genders including surnames ending with enko yenko ich ich etc unlike in many West Slavic languages where the non adjectival surname of men corresponds to derivative feminine adjectival surname Novak Novakova Note the difference between patronymics and surnames ending with ich surnames are the same for males and females but patronymics are gender dependent for example Ivan Petrovich Mirovich and Anna Petrovna Mirovich This dependence of grammatical gender of adjectival surname on the gender of its owner is not considered to be changing the surname compare the equivalent rule in Polish for example The correct transliteration of such feminine surnames in English is debated the names technically should be in their original form but they sometimes appear in the masculine form The example of Ivanov Ivanov a family name will be used Grammaticalcase Example of question Masculine form Feminine formCyrillic Latin Cyrillic LatinNominative Who Ivanov Ivanov Ivanova IvanovaGenitive Whose Ivanova Ivanova Ivanovoj IvanovoyDative To whom Ivanovu Ivanovu Ivanovoj IvanovoyAccusative Whom Ivanova Ivanova Ivanovu IvanovuInstrumental By whom Ivanovym Ivanovym Ivanovoj IvanovoyLocative Prepositional About whom Ivanove Ivanove Ivanovoj IvanovoyThe surnames which are not grammatically adjectives Zhuk Gogol Barchuk Kupala etc declines in cases and numbers as the corresponding common noun The exclusion is when a woman has a surname which is grammatically a noun of masculine gender in such case the surname is not declined For example Ivan and Anna Zhuk in dative case to whom would be Ivanu Zhuku Ivanu Zhuku but Anne Zhuk Anne Zhuk Family names are generally inherited from one s parents As in English on marriage women usually adopt the surname of the husband the opposite when the husband adopt the maiden surname of his wife very rarely occurs Rarely both spouses keep their pre marriage family names The fourth very rare but still legal way is the taking a double surname for example in marriage of Ivanov he and Petrovskaya she the spouses may adopt the family name Ivanov Petrovsky and Ivanova Petrovskaya correspondingly Anglicisation EditWhen names are written in English the patronymic is not equivalent to an English middle name When the name is written in English the patronymic may be omitted with the given name written out in full or abbreviated Vladimir Putin or V Putin both the first name and the patronymic may be written out in full Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin both the first name and the patronymic may be abbreviated V V Putin or the first name may be written out in full with the patronymic abbreviated Vladimir V Putin Slavicisation of foreign names EditSee also Azerbaijanization of surnames Some surnames in those languages have been Russified since the 19th century the surname of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev has a Russian yev suffix which literally means of Nazar bay in which bay is a Turkic native noble rank compare Turkish bey Uzbek beg and Kyrghyz bek The frequency of such Russification varies greatly by country After incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union it became obligatory to register their surnames and to add a Russian suffix such as yev or ov for men and yeva or ova for women 5 Since the majority did not have official surnames the problem was resolved by adopting the name of the father and adding the mentioned suffixes Examples are Aliyev Huseynov and Mammadov Since 1930s and 1940s surnames and patronymics were obligatory in Uzbekistan 6 The surname could be derived from the name of the father by adding the suffixes ev after vowels or soft consonants and ov in all other cases Examples are Rashidov and Abdullaev Most of the people born in this time had the same surname as their patronymic By law foreign persons who adopt Russian citizenship are allowed to have no patronymic 7 Some adopt non Slavonic patronymics as well For example the Russian politician Irina Hakamada s patronym is Mucuovna Mutsuovna because her Japanese father s given name was Mutsuo The ethnicity of origin generally remains recognizable in Russified names Bruno Pontecorvo after he emigrated to the Soviet Union was known as Bruno Maksimovich Pontekorvo Bruno Maximovich Pontekorvo in the Russian scientific community as his father s given name was Massimo corresponding to Russian Maksim Maksim His sons have been known by names Dzhil Brunovich Pontekorvo Gigl Brunovich Pontecorvo Antonio Brunovich Pontekorvo Antonio Brunovich Pontecorvo and Tito Brunovich Pontekorvo Tito Brunovich Pontekorvo For example Kazakh uly uly transcribed into Latin script as uly as in Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev Turkmen uly as in Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow or Azeri ogly oglu oglu as in Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev Kazakh kyzy transcribed into Latin script as qyzy as in Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva citation needed Such Turkic patronymics were officially allowed in the Soviet Union citation needed Forms of address EditCommon rules Edit For informal communication only the first name is used Ivan Ivan Even more informally diminutives several can be formed from one name are often used In rural areas the patronymic name alone Petrovich Petrovich Ivanovna Ivanovna is used by old people among themselves but young people sometimes use the form for irony Also younger people can use the form for much older people for both respect and informality For example a much younger man with a very good relationship with his elder colleague may use a patronymic and the ty form but using the first name alone is generally inappropriate Using a diminutive like in most informal communication would nearly always be very impolite The family name alone Petrov Petrov is used much more rarely in formal communications It is commonly used by school teachers to address their students Informally Russians are starting to call people by their surnames alone for irony the form first name patronymic for instance Ivan Ivanovich Ivan Ivanovich is the feature of official communication for instance students in schools and universities call their teachers in the form of first name patronymic only may convey the speaker s respect for the recipient Historically patronymics were reserved for the royal dynasty Ryurikovichi Ruerikovichi The full three name form for instance Ivan Ivanovich Petrov Ivan Ivanovich Petrov is used mostly for official documents Everyone in Russia Ukraine and Belarus is supposed to have three names This form is also used on some very formal occasions and for introducing oneself to a person who is likely to write down the full name like a police officer Then the family name is often placed first Petrov Ivan Ivanovich Petrov Ivan Ivanovich The choice of addressing format is closely linked to the choice of second person pronoun Russian language distinguishes formal vy vy you respectful Vy Vy You may be capitalized in formal correspondence but plural vy vy you is not informal ty ty you thou in old English Vy Vy is the plural of both forms to address a pair or group Historically it comes from German under Peter the Great which uses duand Sie similarly citation needed Other than the use of patronymics Russian forms of address in Russian are very similar to English ones Also the meaning of the form of address strongly depends on the choice of a V T form Vy or ty Form Male example Female example UseUsing Vy Full three name form Anatoliy Pavlovich Ivanov Varvara Mikhailovna Kuznetsova Official documents very formal occasions when necessary First name patronymic Anatoliy Pavlovich Varvara Mikhailovna General formal or respectful formSurname Ivanov Kuznetsova Formal Often used by a person of a higher social position like a teacher talking to a student Informal first name informal patronymic Tol Palych Varvara Mikhalna Respectful but less formalFull first name Anatoliy VarvaraDiminutive first name Tolya Varya Friendly but still somewhat formalAffectionate first name Varechka Used almost exclusively towards women showing fondness but still keeping some formality like to a younger colleague Using Ty First name patronymic Anatoliy Pavlovich Varvara Mikhailovna Can be used between friends on semi formal occasions or ironicallyInformal patronymic Palych Mikhalna Combining familiarity and respectSurname Ivanov Kuznetsova Similar in use to a vy form but less formalFull first name Anatoliy Varvara Friendly but with a tone of formality If the name has no diminutive form Yegor also used informallyDiminutive first name Tolia Varya General informal formColloquial first name Tolik Var ka Very familiar formSlang first name Tolyan VaryukhaAffectionate first name Tolen ka Varechka Tender affectionate formUsing a ty form with a person who dislikes it or on inappropriate occasions can be an insult especially the surname alone Adjectives Edit Other Eastern Slavic languages use the same adjectives of their literal translation if they differ from Russian analogue All Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages and grammatical genders are used Thus the suffix of an adjective changes with the sex of the recipient In Russian adjectives before names are generally restricted to written forms of communication Adjectives like Lyubimyj Lyubimaya lyubimiy lyubimaya beloved and Milyj Milaya miliy milaya sweetheart are informal and Uvazhaemyj Uvazhaemaya uvazhayemiy uvazhayemaya literally respected is highly formal Some adjectives like Dorogoj Dorogaya dorogoy dorogaya dear can be used in both formal and informal letters See also EditList of surnames in Russia Onomastics Romanization of Russian Russian personal name Slavic names Slavic surnames Ukrainian nameReferences Edit Kak obrashatsya k cheloveku v russkoyazychnoj srede How to address a person in Russian speaking community in Russian Retrieved 24 September 2020 Sistema obrashenij i rechevoj etiket System of addressing and speech etiquette in Russian SEKRETARSKOE DELO 02 2016 Retrieved 24 September 2020 pisat ego s vichem sudit tolko v Moskve izlishnih poshlin s tovarov ne brat kresta samomu ne celovat in Russian Sobr Gos Gram II 196 Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Acts of Civil Statements Clauses 58 59 Hirose Yoko 2016 The Complexity of Nationalism in Azerbaijan International Journal of Social Science Studies 4 5 136 doi 10 11114 ijsss v4i5 1531 Komiljonovna Koziyeva Iqbal 26 July 2022 Changes in the system of anthroponyms in the Uzbek language at the end of the 20th century the beginning of the 21st century Zien Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 10 65 67 ISSN 2769 996X Family Code of the Russian Federation Article 58 2 A child s patronym is formed from the father s first name unless otherwise decreed by national custom External links EditIn Russian Lico russkoj nacionalnosti www kommersant ru in Russian 26 September 2005 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Commentaries Genofond Zanimatelnaya zhurnalistika 31 December 2010 Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Genofond Zanimatelnaya zhurnalistika 31 December 2010 Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Genofond Zanimatelnaya zhurnalistika 13 March 2012 Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Balanovskaya E V Soloveva D S Balanovskij O P i dr Familnye portrety pyati russkih regionov permanent dead link Medicinskaya genetika 2005 No 1 S 2 10 Izvestiya Nauki FAMILII V ROLI GENETIChESKIH MARKEROV 10 June 2011 Archived from the original on 10 June 2011 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Proizvodnye i umenshitelno laskatelnye formy imyon proizvodnye ru Retrieved 24 October 2021 Tablicy i risunki k state Familnye portrety pyati russkih regionov permanent dead link In English Paul Goldschmidt s Dictionary of Russian Names Grammar heraldry sca org Retrieved 24 October 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Eastern Slavic naming customs amp oldid 1131794954, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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