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Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

January 25, 2023

For the Serbian Order of the same name, see Order of the White Eagle (Serbia).
See also: 2019 Dresden heist

The Order of the White Eagle (Polish: Order Orła Białego) is Poland's highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits. It was officially instituted on 1 November 1705 by Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and bestowed on eight of his closest diplomatic and political supporters.[1] It is one of the oldest distinctions in the world still in use.

Order of the White Eagle
Order Orła Białego
Awarded by the President of Poland
(previously King of Poland)
TypeSingle grade order
Established1 November 1705
Country Poland
Motto
  • PRO FIDE, LEGE ET REGE
    (For Faith, Law and King)
  • ZA OJCZYZNĘ I NARÓD
    (For Fatherland and Nation)
EligibilityAll
StatusCurrently awarded
Grand MasterPresident of Poland
Andrzej Duda
Statistics
Total inductees355 (since 1921)
Precedence
Next (higher)none
Next (lower)Order Virtuti Militari

The ribbon bar of the Order

It is awarded to the most distinguished Poles and the highest-ranking representatives of foreign countries. The Order of the White Eagle is attached to a purple ribbon slung over the left shoulder to the right side. The star of the Order, once embroidered, is worn on the left side of the chest.[2]

History

 
Augustus the Strong wearing the original Order of the White Eagle with an embroidered Grand Cross. Portrait by Louis de Silvestre from around 1718

The badge of the Order of the White Eagle was originally a red enamel oval gold medal with an image of the Polish white eagle on its front side, and the royal cypher of Augustus II the Strong over crossed swords on its reverse side, worn on a light blue ribbon. The white eagle badge was replaced by a Maltese cross badge in 1709. By 1713 it was worn from the neck, with a blue sash, and a star. Augustus limited the number of knights to 72, but only conferred the Order 40 times before his death in 1733. His son, Augustus III, however, awarded the Order more than three hundred times. Augustus may have been inspired to found the Order by the example of Peter the Great's recent founding of the Russian Order of Saint Andrew (of which he himself had been made one of the first knights by the Russian emperor), and above all by the example of the prestigious French Order of the Holy Spirit, with which the light blue ribbon, and the star with a bird, have a strong resemblance, and which had also inspired Peter the Great's Order of Saint Andrew.

Initially the creation of the Order was strongly opposed by many of the Polish nobility, since membership in the Order conferred a distinction which violated the traditional equality of all Polish nobles. Since the Order had no patron saint, Augustus II made 2 August the feast of the Order. His son, Augustus III, however, changed the Order's feast day to 3 August.

 
Coat of Arms of Stanisław II Augustus with collana of Order of the White Eagle

Under the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, the Order was abolished. It was renewed in 1807 as the highest award of the Duchy of Warsaw. From 1815 to 1831, it was awarded by the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland.

After Russian troops put down the Polish uprising of 1830-31, the Order of the White Eagle was officially "annexed" by Nicholas I, and on 17 November 1831 became part of the Russian Imperial honors system. The insignia of this new Imperial Russian Order of the White Eagle was modified to more closely resemble those of Russian orders. It remained in this form until the Russian Revolution of 1917, in which the Russian Empire fell.

The Order of the White Eagle officially became Poland's highest decoration by act of Parliament of 4 February 1921, and the insignia was redesigned. During the interbellum (1921-1939), the Order was awarded to 24 Polish citizens and 87 foreigners, among whom were 33 monarchs and heads of state, 10 prime ministers and 15 other ministers of state, and 12 members of royal families.

After 1948, when the Polish People's Republic came into existence, the Order of the White Eagle was no longer awarded, but it was never officially abolished. It was also used by the Polish Government in Exile. Following the collapse of Communism, the Order was once again reinstated on 26 October 1992, the Polish Government-in-Exile having already presented the seal and archives of the Order to Lech Wałęsa. The first person to be awarded the White Eagle after its reinstatement was Pope John Paul II.[3] The President of Poland as the country's head of state is the Grand Master of the Order.[4]

1713 Insignia

 
Royal Star of Order of the White Eagle of Augustus II the Strong before 1730

The 1713 badge was a Maltese cross enameled red with white borders with diamonds set in each of the balls at the eight points of the cross and with diamond set rays appearing between each of the points of the cross, i.e., a larger longer ray between each arm of the cross and a smaller ray between each of the two points of these arms. In the centre of the cross was a white enamelled eagle in high relief with spread wings and facing left and with a diamond set royal crown on its head. At the top of the cross between the two top points was a diamond studded semi-circular link through which passed a diamond studded ring through which, in turn, passed the light-blue ribbon from which it was worn. The reverse side of this Maltese cross was enamelled white with red borders and had at its center an oval gold medallion with the founder's crowned royal cypher above two crossed swords taken from his arms as the Arch-Marshall of the Holy Roman Empire.

 
Diamond star belonging to King Augustus the Strong of Poland-Saxony
 
"Plaque" (Star) of the Order, 18th century

The star of the order consisted of an eight-pointed gold star with straight rays which bore a red-bordered white enamelled cross pattée with golden rays between the arms and with a golden rosette at its centre. The arms of this cross pattée bore the motto "Pro Fide, Lege et Rege" (For Faith, Law and the King) in golden letters.

The King of Poland could also wear the cross from a collar of 24 alternating links of white enameled eagles, crowned and holding scepters and orbs, and dark blue enameled ovals, surrounded by gold rays, bearing alternatively full-length enamelled images of the Virgin Mary crowned, dressed in pink and pale blue and supporting the Christ Child on her left arm and holding a gold scepter in her right hand and the letters of her name, "MARIA", arranged into a stylized monogram in white enamel. This collar was made for the coronation of Stanisław II Augustus, the last King of Poland, but the coat of arms of the founder, Augustus the Strong, show the cross of the Order hanging from a collar of a very different design.

Insignia during the Partitions

Main article: Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)
 
Collar of the Order of the White Eagle

The badge of the order consisted of a gold crowned double-headed eagle enamelled in black, with a cross superimposed upon its chest: this was a gold Maltese cross enamelled in red with white enamel outline and golden rays between the arms. A white enamel crowned eagle with spread wings, facing left (the coat-of-arms of Poland) was superimposed on the cross. On its reverse side the double-headed eagle bore in the center of its back a diminutive red-bordered white-enamelled cross pattée with a gold rosette at its center gold rays between its arms. The black double-headed eagle hung by its two crowned heads from an enamelled Russian imperial crown, which, in turn, hung from a dark blue silk moire ribbon.

The star of the order consisted of an eight-pointed gold star with straight rays; the central golden disc bore a red-bordered white enamelled cross pattée with a golden rosette at its center and golden rays between the arms, surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the motto "Pro Fide, Lege et Rege" (For Faith, Law and the King).[5]

Insignia after 1921

The badge of the order consists of a gold Maltese cross enamelled in red with white enamel outline and with golden palmette-like rays between the arms. A white enamel crowned eagle with spread wings, facing left (the coat-of-arms of Poland) is superimposed on the cross. It is worn on a plain light blue sash. This design clearly reflects a return to the essential design of the 1713 badge, but without the diamonds of the earlier badge. The reverse side of the badge bears the same Maltese Cross with golden rays as the front side and this cross bears the same design as that of the star of the order (see below), except that the arms of the cross are not enamelled red, i. e., only the outline of the cross and its central disc with its surrounding oak wreath are enamelled. The star or plaque of the order consists of an eight-pointed silver star with straight rays, with a gold Maltese cross, enamelled in red with white enamel outline and with golden palmette-like rays between the arms, superimposed upon it. The motto of the order, „Za Ojczyznę i Naród” ("For Fatherland and Nation"), appears on the arms of the cross. The central disc is in white enamel with the monogram "RP" (Rzeczpospolita Polska) surrounded by a green enamelled oak wreath.

Recipients of the Order

This is a list of some of those who have been invested in the Order, now awarded in recognition of significant service, both military and civil, in the interests of Poland.

 
Star of the modern order

From Poland

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

W

Z

Others

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
V
W
Y
Z


See also

References

  1. ^ Sierba, Michał (2013). "Tykocińskie Początki Orderu Orła Białego" [Tykocinskie The Beginnings of the Order of the White Eagle]. Vade Nobiscum: Materiały Studenckiego Koła Naukowego Historyków Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego [Vade Nobiscum: Materials of the Student Science Wheel History of the Łódź University] (PDF) (in Polish). Vol. VI: Kultura Elit W Epoce Nowożytnej. Łódź: Uniwersytet Łódzki. pp. 151–162. ISBN 978-83-63199-26-5. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Order Orła Białego". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Order Orła Białego ma już 315 lat!". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  4. ^ "Prezydent przyznał ordery Orła Białego". Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  5. ^ "Order Orła Białego". Retrieved 15 April 2020.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order of the White Eagle.
  • by Rafal Heydel-Mankoo

January 25, 2023
order, white, eagle, poland, serbian, order, same, name, order, white, eagle, serbia, also, 2019, dresden, heist, order, white, eagle, polish, order, orła, białego, poland, highest, order, awarded, both, civilians, military, their, merits, officially, institut. For the Serbian Order of the same name see Order of the White Eagle Serbia See also 2019 Dresden heist The Order of the White Eagle Polish Order Orla Bialego is Poland s highest order awarded to both civilians and the military for their merits It was officially instituted on 1 November 1705 by Augustus II the Strong King of Poland and Elector of Saxony and bestowed on eight of his closest diplomatic and political supporters 1 It is one of the oldest distinctions in the world still in use Order of the White EagleOrder Orla BialegoAwarded by the President of Poland previously King of Poland TypeSingle grade orderEstablished1 November 1705Country PolandMottoPRO FIDE LEGE ET REGE For Faith Law and King ZA OJCZYZNe I NARoD For Fatherland and Nation EligibilityAllStatusCurrently awardedGrand MasterPresident of Poland Andrzej DudaStatisticsTotal inductees355 since 1921 PrecedenceNext higher noneNext lower Order Virtuti MilitariThe ribbon bar of the OrderIt is awarded to the most distinguished Poles and the highest ranking representatives of foreign countries The Order of the White Eagle is attached to a purple ribbon slung over the left shoulder to the right side The star of the Order once embroidered is worn on the left side of the chest 2 Contents 1 History 2 1713 Insignia 3 Insignia during the Partitions 4 Insignia after 1921 5 Recipients of the Order 5 1 From Poland 5 2 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory Edit Augustus the Strong wearing the original Order of the White Eagle with an embroidered Grand Cross Portrait by Louis de Silvestre from around 1718 The badge of the Order of the White Eagle was originally a red enamel oval gold medal with an image of the Polish white eagle on its front side and the royal cypher of Augustus II the Strong over crossed swords on its reverse side worn on a light blue ribbon The white eagle badge was replaced by a Maltese cross badge in 1709 By 1713 it was worn from the neck with a blue sash and a star Augustus limited the number of knights to 72 but only conferred the Order 40 times before his death in 1733 His son Augustus III however awarded the Order more than three hundred times Augustus may have been inspired to found the Order by the example of Peter the Great s recent founding of the Russian Order of Saint Andrew of which he himself had been made one of the first knights by the Russian emperor and above all by the example of the prestigious French Order of the Holy Spirit with which the light blue ribbon and the star with a bird have a strong resemblance and which had also inspired Peter the Great s Order of Saint Andrew Initially the creation of the Order was strongly opposed by many of the Polish nobility since membership in the Order conferred a distinction which violated the traditional equality of all Polish nobles Since the Order had no patron saint Augustus II made 2 August the feast of the Order His son Augustus III however changed the Order s feast day to 3 August Coat of Arms of Stanislaw II Augustus with collana of Order of the White Eagle Under the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 the Order was abolished It was renewed in 1807 as the highest award of the Duchy of Warsaw From 1815 to 1831 it was awarded by the Russian controlled Kingdom of Poland After Russian troops put down the Polish uprising of 1830 31 the Order of the White Eagle was officially annexed by Nicholas I and on 17 November 1831 became part of the Russian Imperial honors system The insignia of this new Imperial Russian Order of the White Eagle was modified to more closely resemble those of Russian orders It remained in this form until the Russian Revolution of 1917 in which the Russian Empire fell The Order of the White Eagle officially became Poland s highest decoration by act of Parliament of 4 February 1921 and the insignia was redesigned During the interbellum 1921 1939 the Order was awarded to 24 Polish citizens and 87 foreigners among whom were 33 monarchs and heads of state 10 prime ministers and 15 other ministers of state and 12 members of royal families After 1948 when the Polish People s Republic came into existence the Order of the White Eagle was no longer awarded but it was never officially abolished It was also used by the Polish Government in Exile Following the collapse of Communism the Order was once again reinstated on 26 October 1992 the Polish Government in Exile having already presented the seal and archives of the Order to Lech Walesa The first person to be awarded the White Eagle after its reinstatement was Pope John Paul II 3 The President of Poland as the country s head of state is the Grand Master of the Order 4 1713 Insignia Edit Royal Star of Order of the White Eagle of Augustus II the Strong before 1730The 1713 badge was a Maltese cross enameled red with white borders with diamonds set in each of the balls at the eight points of the cross and with diamond set rays appearing between each of the points of the cross i e a larger longer ray between each arm of the cross and a smaller ray between each of the two points of these arms In the centre of the cross was a white enamelled eagle in high relief with spread wings and facing left and with a diamond set royal crown on its head At the top of the cross between the two top points was a diamond studded semi circular link through which passed a diamond studded ring through which in turn passed the light blue ribbon from which it was worn The reverse side of this Maltese cross was enamelled white with red borders and had at its center an oval gold medallion with the founder s crowned royal cypher above two crossed swords taken from his arms as the Arch Marshall of the Holy Roman Empire Diamond star belonging to King Augustus the Strong of Poland Saxony Plaque Star of the Order 18th century The star of the order consisted of an eight pointed gold star with straight rays which bore a red bordered white enamelled cross pattee with golden rays between the arms and with a golden rosette at its centre The arms of this cross pattee bore the motto Pro Fide Lege et Rege For Faith Law and the King in golden letters The King of Poland could also wear the cross from a collar of 24 alternating links of white enameled eagles crowned and holding scepters and orbs and dark blue enameled ovals surrounded by gold rays bearing alternatively full length enamelled images of the Virgin Mary crowned dressed in pink and pale blue and supporting the Christ Child on her left arm and holding a gold scepter in her right hand and the letters of her name MARIA arranged into a stylized monogram in white enamel This collar was made for the coronation of Stanislaw II Augustus the last King of Poland but the coat of arms of the founder Augustus the Strong show the cross of the Order hanging from a collar of a very different design Insignia during the Partitions EditMain article Order of the White Eagle Russian Empire Collar of the Order of the White EagleThe badge of the order consisted of a gold crowned double headed eagle enamelled in black with a cross superimposed upon its chest this was a gold Maltese cross enamelled in red with white enamel outline and golden rays between the arms A white enamel crowned eagle with spread wings facing left the coat of arms of Poland was superimposed on the cross On its reverse side the double headed eagle bore in the center of its back a diminutive red bordered white enamelled cross pattee with a gold rosette at its center gold rays between its arms The black double headed eagle hung by its two crowned heads from an enamelled Russian imperial crown which in turn hung from a dark blue silk moire ribbon The star of the order consisted of an eight pointed gold star with straight rays the central golden disc bore a red bordered white enamelled cross pattee with a golden rosette at its center and golden rays between the arms surrounded by a blue enamel ring bearing the motto Pro Fide Lege et Rege For Faith Law and the King 5 Insignia after 1921 EditThe badge of the order consists of a gold Maltese cross enamelled in red with white enamel outline and with golden palmette like rays between the arms A white enamel crowned eagle with spread wings facing left the coat of arms of Poland is superimposed on the cross It is worn on a plain light blue sash This design clearly reflects a return to the essential design of the 1713 badge but without the diamonds of the earlier badge The reverse side of the badge bears the same Maltese Cross with golden rays as the front side and this cross bears the same design as that of the star of the order see below except that the arms of the cross are not enamelled red i e only the outline of the cross and its central disc with its surrounding oak wreath are enamelled The star or plaque of the order consists of an eight pointed silver star with straight rays with a gold Maltese cross enamelled in red with white enamel outline and with golden palmette like rays between the arms superimposed upon it The motto of the order Za Ojczyzne i Narod For Fatherland and Nation appears on the arms of the cross The central disc is in white enamel with the monogram RP Rzeczpospolita Polska surrounded by a green enamelled oak wreath Recipients of the Order EditThis is a list of some of those who have been invested in the Order now awarded in recognition of significant service both military and civil in the interests of Poland Star of the modern orderContents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Others From Poland Edit AWladyslaw Anders BLeszek Balcerowicz Oswald Balzer Wladyslaw Bartoszewski Jozef Beck Tadeusz Bor Komorowski Franciszek Ksawery Branicki Jan Klemens Branicki CMiroslaw Chojecki Joachim Chreptowicz Wieslaw Chrzanowski Celestyn Czaplic Franciszek Stanislaw Hutten Czapski Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski August Aleksander Czartoryski Kazimierz Czartoryski Michal Fryderyk Czartoryski DMarcin Danielewicz Stanislaw Ernest Denhoff Ludwik Dorn Andrzej Duda ex officio Ignacy Dzialynski EMarek Edelman FAndrei Yakovlevich Emil August Fieldorf Jerzy Detloff Fleming GStefan Garczynski Ivan Gasparovic Bronislaw Geremek Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki Wladyslaw Grabski Franciszek Grocholski Andrzej Gwiazda HJozef Haller Zbigniew Herbert Gustaw Herling Grudzinski JAntoni Barnaba Jablonowski Pope John Paul II KRyszard Kaczorowski ex officio Lech Kaczynski ex officio Jan Karski Lane Kirkland Leszek Kolakowski Hugo Kollataj Bronislaw Komorowski ex officio Wojciech Korfanty Jozef Dominik Kossakowski Ignacy Krasicki Kazimierz Krasinski Jacek Kuron Aleksander Kwasniewski ex officio Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski LStanislaw Lem Herman Lieberman Jan Jozef Lipski Antoni Benedykt Lubomirski Franciszek Ferdynant Lubomirski Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski Stanislaw Lubomirski 1704 1793 Stanislaw Lubomirski 1722 1782 Kazimierz Lukomski 1920 1991 Polish Airborne World War II Witold Lutoslawski MAdam Macedonski Stanislaw Maczek Stanislaw Malachowski Andrzej Mokronowski Ignacy Moscicki ex officio Countess Helen Marynowska Potocki Minchakievich Countess Partisan first woman first USA citizen awarded and then revoked by Polish Government in London 1944 NKonstantin Nikolayevich Grand Duke of Russia Jan Nowak Jezioranski OGrzegorz Antoni Oginski Tadeusz Franciszek Oginski Franciszek Maksymilian Ossolinski Stanislaw Ostrowski ex officio Gabriel Narutowicz ex officio PKrzysztof Penderecki Franciszek Pieczka Witold Pilecki Aleksandra Pilsudska Jozef Pilsudski ex officio Ryszard Piotrowski Andrzej Poniatowski Kazimierz Poniatowski Michal Jerzy Poniatowski Stanislaw Poniatowski 1676 1762 Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1732 1798 Stanislaw Poniatowski 1754 1833 Jerzy Popieluszko Zofia Posmysz Aleksander Stanislaw Potocki Franciszek Salezy Potocki Roman Ignacy Potocki Stanislaw Kostka Potocki Stanislaw Szczesny Potocki RWladyslaw Raczkiewicz ex officio Edward Raczynski 1891 1993 Antoni Radziwill Hieronim Wincenty Radziwill Jozef Mikolaj Radziwill Karol Stanislaw Panie Kochanku Radziwill Karol Stanislaw Radziwill 1669 1719 Maciej Radziwill Michal Hieronim Radziwill Michal Kazimierz Rybenko Radziwill Wojciech Roszkowski Stefan Rowecki Edward Rydz Smigly Stanislaw Ferdynand Rzewuski Waclaw Rzewuski SKazimierz Sabbat ex officio Jacek Salij Adam Stefan Sapieha Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha Irena Sendler Wladyslaw Sikorski Ignacy Skorupka Jozef Skumin Walery Slawek Stanislaw Sosabowski Baruch Steinberg Adam Strzembosz Alexander Suvorov Wislawa Szymborska TJozef Tischner WAndrzej Wajda Anna Walentynowicz Lech Walesa ex officio Wincenty Witos Stanislaw Wojciechowski ex officio Henryk Wujec Stefan Wyszynski ZAugust Zaleski ex officio Marian Zembala Zygmunt Zielinski Others Edit AAbdullah of Saudi Arabia Edward Fenech Adami Valdas Adamkus Janos Ader Martti Ahtisaari Akihito Albert I Albert IIBTraian Basescu Beatrix of the Netherlands Boris III Algirdas BrazauskasCFernando Henrique Cardoso Carl XVI Gustaf Jacques Chirac Carlo Azeglio CiampiDKarl Dedecius Gaston Doumergue Henrik Jakob von DubenEElizabeth IIFFerdinand Foch Giustino Fortunato Vaira Vike FreibergaGPietro Gasparri Arpad Goncz Dalia GrybauskaiteHHaakon VII of Norway Tarja Halonen Franz Josef von Hallwyl Harald V William Neville Hart Vaclav Havel Hirohito Francois Hollande Henri of LuxembourgIIon Iliescu Toomas Hendrik IlvesJJoseph Joffre Juan Carlos I of SpainKAmanullah Khan Mauno Henrik Koivisto Vaclav Klaus Helmut Kohl Horst Kohler Milan KucanLJohan Laidoner Albert Lebrun Henri Le Rond Peter LacyMMichael I of Romania Queen Maxima of the Netherlands Queen Mathilde of the Belgians Ferenc Madl Tomas Garrigue Masaryk Ivan Mazepa Cardinal Desire Joseph Mercier Lennart Meri Alexandre Millerand Roh Moo hyun Benito MussoliniNNapoleon I Nursultan Nazarbayev Giorgio Napolitano Sauli Niinisto Karl NesselrodeOBohdan OsadchukPQueen Paola of Belgium Konstantin Pats Philippe Petain Philippe of the Belgians Pope Pius XI Raymond PoincareRJohannes Rau Ronald Reagan Lauri Relander Reza Shah Arnold RuutelSJorge Sampaio Michiko Shoda Rudolf Schuster Gerhard Schroder Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia Anibal Cavaco Silva Queen Silvia of Sweden Laszlo Solyom Queen Sonja of Norway Pehr SvinhufvudVVictor Emanuel IIIWKing Willem Alexander of the Netherlands Woodrow WilsonYEmperor Yoshihito Viktor YushchenkoZMilos ZemanSee also EditPolish military eagle 2019 Dresden heist Orders decorations and medals of PolandReferences Edit Sierba Michal 2013 Tykocinskie Poczatki Orderu Orla Bialego Tykocinskie The Beginnings of the Order of the White Eagle Vade Nobiscum Materialy Studenckiego Kola Naukowego Historykow Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego Vade Nobiscum Materials of the Student Science Wheel History of the Lodz University PDF in Polish Vol VI Kultura Elit W Epoce Nowozytnej Lodz Uniwersytet Lodzki pp 151 162 ISBN 978 83 63199 26 5 Retrieved 7 February 2019 Order Orla Bialego Retrieved 15 April 2020 Order Orla Bialego ma juz 315 lat Retrieved 15 April 2020 Prezydent przyznal ordery Orla Bialego Retrieved 15 April 2020 Order Orla Bialego Retrieved 15 April 2020 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Order of the White Eagle The Order of the White Eagle by Rafal Heydel Mankoo Picture of the Order of the White Eagle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Order of the White Eagle Poland amp oldid 1135511074, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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