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Iranian studies

January 01, 1970

For the academic journal, see Iranian Studies (journal).

Iranian studies (Persian: ايران‌شناسی Īrānšenāsī), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies.

Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies, which is the study of the modern Persian language and literature specifically.[1] The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranian peoples, such as Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians, and Mazandaranis.

In medieval Iran edit

The medieval Persian poet Ferdowsi, author of the Iranian national epic the Shahnameh, can be considered the founder of Iranian studies in the sense that in his work he made a deliberate effort to highlight Persian culture prior to the Arab conquests. In this sense Ferdowsi's nationalistic approach can be contrasted with that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, the famous ninth-century Iranian historian whose History of the Prophets and Kings reflects a more specifically Islamic perspective. Ferdowsi's work follows earlier semi-historical works such as the lost Sasanian-era Khwaday-Namag.

Persian historiography strictly speaking begins with the Tarikh-i Mas'udi of Abulfazl Bayhaqi (995-1077), whose fluent prose style was highly influential on subsequent Persian literature. Persian historical writing reached its peak two centuries later with the Jami al-Tawarikh of Rashīd al-Dīn Fadhl-allāh Hamadānī (1247–1318). Other important historical works include the Tarikh-i Jahangushay by Ata-Malik Juvayni and the Zafarnamah of Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, a history of the Turco-Mongolian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane; 1370–1405).

In modern Iran edit

Among the most prominent scholars of Iranian Studies in Iran during the twentieth century may be counted Badiozzaman Forouzanfar, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, Zabihollah Safa, Mojtaba Minovi, Mohsen Abolqasemi, Ahmad Tafazzoli, Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, and Fereydoon Joneydi. The Loghat-nameh by Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published, in 15 volumes (26,000 pages).

In Europe edit

Germany edit

Germany historically has one of the more prolific places for research and writings about Iran, outside of Iran itself.[2] Iranian studies (German: Iranistik) in German-speaking countries goes as far back as 1654 AD and the publication of Golestan Saadi with translation by Adam Olearius.[2] Classical Iranology in German began in the early nineteenth century with the research and writings of Georg Friedrich Grotefend.[2]

Iran studies programs in Germany are at Freie Universität Berlin and the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.

France edit

The emergence of comparative Indo-European linguistics and the translation of the Avesta happened in the late eighteenth century, by French scholar Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron.[3]

Iranian studies programs in France are at Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3, and the French National Centre for Scientific Research.

Sweden edit

The earliest recorded Swedish visitors to Iran were in the 17th century, with Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1591–1643) and Nils Matsson Kiöping [sv] (c. 1621–1680).[4] However a Swedish gold coin from 1700s was found in an Iranian bazaar, which may indicate earlier contact between the cultures.[4] Early Swedish scholars of Iranian studies included Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931), Henrik Samuel Nyberg (1889–1974), Geo Widengren (1907–1996), Stig Wikander (1908–1984), and Sven Hartman (1917–1988). Among contemporary Swedish Iranologists are Bo Utas (b. 1938), Carina Jahani (b. 1959), and Ashk Dahlén (b. 1972).[4]

United Kingdom edit

A major European scholarly organization devoted to Iranian Studies is the Societas Iranologica Europaea, founded in 1981.[5] The Iran Heritage Foundation was founded in 1995 and is based in London.[6] They support Iranian studies at several universities and sponsors a wide range of public cultural events.

Other Iran studies programs in the United Kingdom are at the University of Cambridge, the British Institute of Persian Studies (BIPS), Durham University, University of Oxford, University of St Andrews, University of London, and the Library for Iranian Studies.

Other edit

There are Iran studies programs in the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria; Jagiellonian University, and Warsaw University in Poland; the University of Salamanca in Spain; and the Scandinavian Society for Iranian Studies (SSIS) at various locations in Scandinavia.

In North America edit

United States edit

Columbia University edit

A. V. Williams Jackson was an early American scholar on Indo-European languages and worked as a Columbia University professor. Jackson was known for producing a grammar of the Avestan language. The monumental Encyclopedia Iranica project was started in 1985 and led by retired Columbia University professor, Ehsan Yarshater.

Harvard University edit

Richard N. Frye developed Iranian studies program in the 1950s at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

University of California, Los Angeles edit

An Iranian studies program was created at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1963 in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures (NELC) that was established by Wolf Leslau a few years before, in 1959. The doctoral program at UCLA is the largest program in North America, and was the home institution of Professor emeritus Hanns-Peter Schmidt who used to read Old Iranian and Old Indic (Indo-Iranistik), and is now led by M. Rahim Shayegan who also specializes in Ancient Iran.

In 2021, UCLA hosted an Indo-Persian Musical Confluence gathering, which spanned several days and was focused on the history between the sitar and setar instruments.[7]

Other schools edit

During the Iranian Revolution (1978–1979) the American academic centers in Iran were closed and their assets seized. Over the past three decades since then, lack of funding and the difficulty of research travel to Iran have been major obstacles to Iranian Studies scholars that are based in North America.

Other universities in the United States where Iranian Studies classes are offered include the University of Chicago; Princeton University; Stanford University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the University of Arizona; the University of Oklahoma; the University of Maryland; the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Ohio State University; Quinnipiac University; University of Texas at Austin; University of Virginia; University of Washington; and Indiana University, Bloomington. Within the University of California system, programs in Iran Studies are taught at the University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Irvine, and San Francisco State University.

The International Society for Iranian Studies (previously known as the Society for Iranian Studies) was founded by a group of Iranian graduate students in 1967 and began producing a journal, Iranian Studies. The field expanded considerably during the 1970s, with a number of Americans having served in the Peace Corps in Iran taking up academic positions. Close relations between Iran and the US facilitated the growth of academic programs as well as the Asia Institute in Shiraz and the American Institute of Iranian Studies.

Canada edit

The University of Toronto has an Iranian studies program. The Yarshater Lectureship in Avestan and Pahlavi Languages established at the University of Toronto is one of the most prestigious honor in the field.[8]

In 2021, the University of Toronto partnered with the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation for a multiyear partnership to create the Iranian Women Poets and Iranian Cinema digital projects.[9][10]

Organizations edit

The American Institute of Iranian Studies (AIIrS) is a nonprofit founded in 1967, formed to promoted Iranian and Persian studies in American educational institutions.[11][12] The Foundation for Iranian Studies is a nonprofit founded in 1981 in Bethesda, Maryland, and since 1982 they host an oral history program.[13] The Ilex Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded in 1999 in Boston, Massachusetts, formed to study Mediterranean and Near Eastern civilizations.

The Iran Heritage Foundation (IHF) is a nonprofit founded in 1995 by Ali Ansari in the United Kingdom;[14] and the parallel organization the Iran Heritage Foundation America is a nonprofit founded in 2010 in New York.

The Societas Iranologica Europaea (SIE) was founded in 1983 in Rome,[15][16] with members from European and non-European countries. SIE works to promote and support Persian and Iranian philology, linguistics, literature, history, religions, art, archaeology, philosophy, ethnology, geography, human sciences, and jurisprudence.[16]

Notable scholars edit

See also: Category:Iranologists

Book series edit

  • Iranian Studies (LIT Verlag)
  • The Anthropology of Persianate Societies

Journals and magazines edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Akbarzadeh, Pejman (December 10, 2005). [Seventy years of difficulty in understanding Iranian culture in the West]. Shargh Newspaper (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2007-02-24.
  2. ^ a b c Naqed, Khosrow (May 4, 2006). "از سعدی تا سيمين؛ ايران‌شناسی در سرزمين‌های آلمانی‌زبان" [From Saadi to Simin; Iranology in German-speaking lands]. BBCPersian.com. BBC. Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  3. ^ "A.-H. Anquetil-Duperron, French scholar and linguist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  4. ^ a b c Nylander, Carl (2007). (PDF). Fornvännen. 102: 168–182. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-26.
  5. ^ Gnoli, Gherardo (August 15, 2009). "Societas Iranologica Europaea". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  6. ^ "Iran Heritage Foundation". British Museum. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  7. ^ Akbarzadeh, Pejman (6 July 2021). "از سه‌تار تا سی‌تار؛ داد و ستدهای موسیقایی ایران و هند" [From Shetar to Sitar; Iranian and Indian Music Exchanges]. BBC News فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  8. ^ نامگ, ایران (2016-02-12). "Yarshater Lectureship in Avestan and Pahlavi Languages established at the University of Toronto". IranNamag (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-10-19.
  9. ^ "University of Toronto and the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Announce Innovative Multiyear Partnership". Payvand.com. October 13, 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  10. ^ DiMattia, Steve (2021-10-12). "Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Partners with University of Toronto". Business Wire. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  11. ^ "The American Institute of Iranian Studies". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 6 (1): 81. 1972. doi:10.1017/S0026318400053335. ISSN 0026-3184. JSTOR 23057972. S2CID 251232403.
  12. ^ Sumner, William M. (2011-01-01), "American Institute of Iranian Studies", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195065121.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-506512-1, retrieved 2022-02-17
  13. ^ Nasr, Vali (December 1992). "The Oral History of Iran Collections of the Foundation for Iranian Studies". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 26 (2): 189–190. doi:10.1017/S0026318400025670. ISSN 0026-3184. S2CID 79091286.
  14. ^ The Europa International Foundation Directory 2020. Routledge, Europa Publications. 2020-08-16. ISBN 978-1-000-28768-4.
  15. ^ Gignoux, Philippe (1990). "'Societas Iranologica Europaea': Its Formation and Growth". East and West. 40 (1/4): 289–292. ISSN 0012-8376. JSTOR 29756936.
  16. ^ a b Gnoli, Gherardo (August 15, 2009). "Societas Iranologica Europaea". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  17. ^ Jami, Mehdi (March 22, 2005). "چله بخارا" [Bukhara Magazine]. BBC Persian (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-11-22.

External links edit

  • short courses in Iranology by Faculty of World Studies of Tehran university
  • International Society for Iranian Studies
  • Bonyad e farhang e Iran
  • Encyclopædia Pahlavica

Library guides edit

  • "Guide to Sources on Iran: Bibliography". British Library.
  • University Library. . Course & Subject Guides. USA: University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 2020-01-20. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  • Library. "Iranian Studies". Guides. Canada: McGill University.

January 01, 1970
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For the academic journal see Iranian Studies journal This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Iranian studies news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia s Manual of Style Please help improve the content July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Iranian studies Persian ايران شناسی iransenasi also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization history literature art and culture of Iranian peoples It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies which is the study of the modern Persian language and literature specifically 1 The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture history language and other aspects of not only Persians but also a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranian peoples such as Kurds Lurs Gilakis Talysh Tajiks Pashtuns Ossetians Baluchis Scythians Sarmatians Alans Parthians Sogdians Bactrians Khwarazmians and Mazandaranis Contents 1 In medieval Iran 2 In modern Iran 3 In Europe 3 1 Germany 3 2 France 3 3 Sweden 3 4 United Kingdom 3 5 Other 4 In North America 4 1 United States 4 1 1 Columbia University 4 1 2 Harvard University 4 1 3 University of California Los Angeles 4 1 4 Other schools 4 2 Canada 5 Organizations 6 Notable scholars 7 Book series 8 Journals and magazines 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11 1 Library guidesIn medieval Iran editThe medieval Persian poet Ferdowsi author of the Iranian national epic the Shahnameh can be considered the founder of Iranian studies in the sense that in his work he made a deliberate effort to highlight Persian culture prior to the Arab conquests In this sense Ferdowsi s nationalistic approach can be contrasted with that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al Tabari the famous ninth century Iranian historian whose History of the Prophets and Kings reflects a more specifically Islamic perspective Ferdowsi s work follows earlier semi historical works such as the lost Sasanian era Khwaday Namag Persian historiography strictly speaking begins with the Tarikh i Mas udi of Abulfazl Bayhaqi 995 1077 whose fluent prose style was highly influential on subsequent Persian literature Persian historical writing reached its peak two centuries later with the Jami al Tawarikh of Rashid al Din Fadhl allah Hamadani 1247 1318 Other important historical works include the Tarikh i Jahangushay by Ata Malik Juvayni and the Zafarnamah of Sharaf ad Din Ali Yazdi a history of the Turco Mongolian conqueror Timur Tamerlane 1370 1405 In modern Iran editAmong the most prominent scholars of Iranian Studies in Iran during the twentieth century may be counted Badiozzaman Forouzanfar Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub Zabihollah Safa Mojtaba Minovi Mohsen Abolqasemi Ahmad Tafazzoli Alireza Shapour Shahbazi and Fereydoon Joneydi The Loghat nameh by Ali Akbar Dehkhoda is the largest comprehensive Persian dictionary ever published in 15 volumes 26 000 pages In Europe editGermany edit Germany historically has one of the more prolific places for research and writings about Iran outside of Iran itself 2 Iranian studies German Iranistik in German speaking countries goes as far back as 1654 AD and the publication of Golestan Saadi with translation by Adam Olearius 2 Classical Iranology in German began in the early nineteenth century with the research and writings of Georg Friedrich Grotefend 2 Iran studies programs in Germany are at Freie Universitat Berlin and the Georg August Universitat Gottingen France edit The emergence of comparative Indo European linguistics and the translation of the Avesta happened in the late eighteenth century by French scholar Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil Duperron 3 Iranian studies programs in France are at Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3 and the French National Centre for Scientific Research Sweden edit The earliest recorded Swedish visitors to Iran were in the 17th century with Bengt Bengtsson Oxenstierna 1591 1643 and Nils Matsson Kioping sv c 1621 1680 4 However a Swedish gold coin from 1700s was found in an Iranian bazaar which may indicate earlier contact between the cultures 4 Early Swedish scholars of Iranian studies included Nathan Soderblom 1866 1931 Henrik Samuel Nyberg 1889 1974 Geo Widengren 1907 1996 Stig Wikander 1908 1984 and Sven Hartman 1917 1988 Among contemporary Swedish Iranologists are Bo Utas b 1938 Carina Jahani b 1959 and Ashk Dahlen b 1972 4 United Kingdom edit A major European scholarly organization devoted to Iranian Studies is the Societas Iranologica Europaea founded in 1981 5 The Iran Heritage Foundation was founded in 1995 and is based in London 6 They support Iranian studies at several universities and sponsors a wide range of public cultural events Other Iran studies programs in the United Kingdom are at the University of Cambridge the British Institute of Persian Studies BIPS Durham University University of Oxford University of St Andrews University of London and the Library for Iranian Studies Other edit There are Iran studies programs in the Austrian Academy of Sciences Austria Jagiellonian University and Warsaw University in Poland the University of Salamanca in Spain and the Scandinavian Society for Iranian Studies SSIS at various locations in Scandinavia In North America editUnited States edit Columbia University edit A V Williams Jackson was an early American scholar on Indo European languages and worked as a Columbia University professor Jackson was known for producing a grammar of the Avestan language The monumental Encyclopedia Iranica project was started in 1985 and led by retired Columbia University professor Ehsan Yarshater Harvard University edit Richard N Frye developed Iranian studies program in the 1950s at Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts University of California Los Angeles edit An Iranian studies program was created at the University of California Los Angeles UCLA in 1963 in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures NELC that was established by Wolf Leslau a few years before in 1959 The doctoral program at UCLA is the largest program in North America and was the home institution of Professor emeritus Hanns Peter Schmidt who used to read Old Iranian and Old Indic Indo Iranistik and is now led by M Rahim Shayegan who also specializes in Ancient Iran In 2021 UCLA hosted an Indo Persian Musical Confluence gathering which spanned several days and was focused on the history between the sitar and setar instruments 7 Other schools edit During the Iranian Revolution 1978 1979 the American academic centers in Iran were closed and their assets seized Over the past three decades since then lack of funding and the difficulty of research travel to Iran have been major obstacles to Iranian Studies scholars that are based in North America Other universities in the United States where Iranian Studies classes are offered include the University of Chicago Princeton University Stanford University Massachusetts Institute of Technology the University of Arizona the University of Oklahoma the University of Maryland the University of Michigan Ann Arbor Ohio State University Quinnipiac University University of Texas at Austin University of Virginia University of Washington and Indiana University Bloomington Within the University of California system programs in Iran Studies are taught at the University of California Los Angeles University of California Irvine and San Francisco State University The International Society for Iranian Studies previously known as the Society for Iranian Studies was founded by a group of Iranian graduate students in 1967 and began producing a journal Iranian Studies The field expanded considerably during the 1970s with a number of Americans having served in the Peace Corps in Iran taking up academic positions Close relations between Iran and the US facilitated the growth of academic programs as well as the Asia Institute in Shiraz and the American Institute of Iranian Studies Canada edit The University of Toronto has an Iranian studies program The Yarshater Lectureship in Avestan and Pahlavi Languages established at the University of Toronto is one of the most prestigious honor in the field 8 In 2021 the University of Toronto partnered with the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation for a multiyear partnership to create the Iranian Women Poets and Iranian Cinema digital projects 9 10 Organizations editThe American Institute of Iranian Studies AIIrS is a nonprofit founded in 1967 formed to promoted Iranian and Persian studies in American educational institutions 11 12 The Foundation for Iranian Studies is a nonprofit founded in 1981 in Bethesda Maryland and since 1982 they host an oral history program 13 The Ilex Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded in 1999 in Boston Massachusetts formed to study Mediterranean and Near Eastern civilizations The Iran Heritage Foundation IHF is a nonprofit founded in 1995 by Ali Ansari in the United Kingdom 14 and the parallel organization the Iran Heritage Foundation America is a nonprofit founded in 2010 in New York The Societas Iranologica Europaea SIE was founded in 1983 in Rome 15 16 with members from European and non European countries SIE works to promote and support Persian and Iranian philology linguistics literature history religions art archaeology philosophy ethnology geography human sciences and jurisprudence 16 Notable scholars editSee also Category IranologistsIraj Afshar Mehrdad Bahar Mary Boyce Richard N Frye Michael Axworthy Roman Ghirshman Michael Roaf James R Russell Erich Schmidt Alireza Shapour Shahbazi David Stronach Ahmad Tafazzoli Ehsan Yarshater Abdolhossein ZarrinkoubBook series editIranian Studies LIT Verlag The Anthropology of Persianate SocietiesJournals and magazines editAbstracta Iranica Acta Iranica Analytica Iranica Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan Ars Orientalis from the Freer Gallery of Art and the University of Michigan Bukhara magazine 17 DABIR Farhang i Kerman Critique Critical Middle Eastern Studies Indo Iranica Indo Iranian Journal Iran Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies Iran Analysis Quarterly ISG Journal Iranica Antiqua edited by Department of Near Eastern Studies of Gent University Iran and the Caucasus journal Iranian Studies journal Iran nameh Armenian Journal of Oriental Studies Iranshinakht Iranshenasi Iranica Antiqua journal Iranistische Mitteilungen The Journal of the Anthropology of the Contemporary Middle East and Central Eurasia ACME Namah i Farhangistan Nowruz Journal Majallah yi Zabanshinasi Manuscripta Orientalia includes articles on Persian manuscripts Namah i Farhangistan Persica from Jaarboek van het Genootschap Nederland Iran Rahavard Studia Iranica ZabanshinasSee also editIndo European Studies Iranian languages Iranian world Iranology Foundation Culture of Iran Persian literature Central Asian studies Armenian studies Turkology Assyriology Mandaean studies Syriac studies Egyptology Academy of Persian Language and Literature Encyclopaedia Iranica Chicago s Persian heritage crisis International rankings of IranReferences edit Akbarzadeh Pejman December 10 2005 معضلى هفتادساله براى شناخت فرهنگ ايران در غرب Seventy years of difficulty in understanding Iranian culture in the West Shargh Newspaper in Persian Archived from the original on 2007 02 24 a b c Naqed Khosrow May 4 2006 از سعدی تا سيمين ايران شناسی در سرزمين های آلمانی زبان From Saadi to Simin Iranology in German speaking lands BBCPersian com BBC Retrieved 2021 10 19 A H Anquetil Duperron French scholar and linguist Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 10 21 a b c Nylander Carl 2007 Swedish Contributions to the Archaeology of Iran PDF Fornvannen 102 168 182 Archived from the original PDF on 2021 02 26 Gnoli Gherardo August 15 2009 Societas Iranologica Europaea Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved 2021 10 21 Iran Heritage Foundation British Museum Retrieved 2021 10 21 Akbarzadeh Pejman 6 July 2021 از سه تار تا سی تار داد و ستدهای موسیقایی ایران و هند From Shetar to Sitar Iranian and Indian Music Exchanges BBC News فارسی in Persian Retrieved 2021 11 22 نامگ ایران 2016 02 12 Yarshater Lectureship in Avestan and Pahlavi Languages established at the University of Toronto IranNamag in Persian Retrieved 2021 10 19 University of Toronto and the Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Announce Innovative Multiyear Partnership Payvand com October 13 2021 Retrieved 2021 11 22 DiMattia Steve 2021 10 12 Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation Partners with University of Toronto Business Wire Retrieved 2021 11 22 The American Institute of Iranian Studies Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 6 1 81 1972 doi 10 1017 S0026318400053335 ISSN 0026 3184 JSTOR 23057972 S2CID 251232403 Sumner William M 2011 01 01 American Institute of Iranian Studies The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780195065121 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 506512 1 retrieved 2022 02 17 Nasr Vali December 1992 The Oral History of Iran Collections of the Foundation for Iranian Studies Middle East Studies Association Bulletin 26 2 189 190 doi 10 1017 S0026318400025670 ISSN 0026 3184 S2CID 79091286 The Europa International Foundation Directory 2020 Routledge Europa Publications 2020 08 16 ISBN 978 1 000 28768 4 Gignoux Philippe 1990 Societas Iranologica Europaea Its Formation and Growth East and West 40 1 4 289 292 ISSN 0012 8376 JSTOR 29756936 a b Gnoli Gherardo August 15 2009 Societas Iranologica Europaea Encyclopaedia Iranica Jami Mehdi March 22 2005 چله بخارا Bukhara Magazine BBC Persian in Persian Retrieved 2021 11 22 External links editshort courses in Iranology by Faculty of World Studies of Tehran university International Society for Iranian Studies Bonyad e farhang e Iran Encyclopaedia Pahlavica Library guides edit Guide to Sources on Iran Bibliography British Library University Library Middle East Studies and Research Iran Course amp Subject Guides USA University of Pittsburgh Archived from the original on 2020 01 20 Retrieved 2017 02 05 Library Iranian Studies Guides Canada McGill University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iranian studies amp oldid 1218825388, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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