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Quinnipiac University

Quinnipiac University (/ˈkwɪnəpiˌæk/ KWIH-nə-pee-ACK)[8] is a private university in Hamden, Connecticut. The university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees. It also hosts the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.

Quinnipiac University
Former name
Connecticut College of Commerce (1929–1935)
Junior College of Commerce (1935–1943; 1945–1951)
Quinnipiac College (1951–2000)
MottoQui Transtulit Sustinet (Latin)[1]
Motto in English
"He who transplants, sustains"[1]
TypePrivate university
Established1929; 94 years ago (1929)
AccreditationNECHE
Academic affiliations
Endowment$674 million (2022)[2]
PresidentJudy D. Olian
Academic staff
350 full-time
Students9,744 (2020)[3]
Undergraduates6,841 (2020)[3]
Postgraduates2,903 (2020)[3]
Location, ,
United States
CampusLarge Suburb[4], 600 acres (2.4 km2)
Other campuses
NewspaperThe Quinnipiac Chronicle
ColorsNavy, gold, sky blue
   [5][6][7]
NicknameBobcats
Sporting affiliations
MascotBoomer the Bobcat
Websitewww.qu.edu

History Edit

 
The Mount Carmel campus, from atop Sleeping Giant (April 2009)

What became Quinnipiac University was founded in 1929 by Samuel W. Tator,[9] a business professor and politician. Phillip Troup, a Yale College graduate, was another founder, and became its first president[9] until his death in 1939. Tator's wife, Irmagarde Tator, a Mount Holyoke College graduate, also played a major role in the fledgling institution's nurturing as its first bursar. Additional founders were E. Wight Bakke, who later became a professor of economics at Yale, and Robert R. Chamberlain, who headed a furniture company in his name.[9]

The new institution was conceived in reaction to Northeastern University's abandonment of its New Haven, Connecticut, program at the onset of the Great Depression. Originally, it was located in New Haven and called the "Connecticut College of Commerce". On opening its doors in 1929, it enrolled under 200, and its first graduating class comprised only eight students. At the time, it awarded only associate's degrees. In 1935, the college changed its name to the "Junior College of Commerce".

From 1943 to 1945, the college closed, as nearly its entire student body was drafted into World War II. Upon re-opening, the college's enrollment nearly quadrupled to approximately 800 students.

In 1951, the institution was renamed "Quinnipiac College", in honor of the Quinnipiac Indian tribe that once inhabited Greater New Haven. That same year, Quinnipiac began to confer bachelor's degrees. In 1952, Quinnipiac expanded its curriculum, relocated to a larger campus in New Haven, and also assumed administrative control of Larson College, a private women's college.

In 1966, having outgrown its campus in New Haven, Quinnipiac moved to its current campus in the Mount Carmel section of Hamden, Connecticut, at the foot of Sleeping Giant Park.[10] During the 1970s, Quinnipiac began to offer master's degrees in a variety[which?] of disciplines.

Until the 1990s, Quinnipiac remained primarily a commuter college with only a regional reputation; however, that changed during the next decade. In 1995, the University of Bridgeport's law school migrated to Quinnipiac, and the Quinnipiac School of Law Center was dedicated.[citation needed]

 
Quinnipiac's Arnold Bernhard Library and clock tower, focus of main campus quadrangle (August 2008)

On July 1, 2000, the college officially changed its name to "Quinnipiac University" to reflect its relatively new breadth in academic offerings. That same year, Quinnipiac University received accreditation by AACSB.[citation needed]

Student journalism controversy Edit

The university's official student newspaper is The Quinnipiac Chronicle.[11] In 2007 and 2008, Quinnipiac briefly drew national attention over the university's control over the Chronicle and other aspects of students' speech.

In the fall 2007 semester, junior Jason Braff, then-editor of the Chronicle, openly criticized a university policy that forbade the newspaper from publishing news online before the content was published in the weekly print edition. Braff wrote an editorial about the policy and also gave an interview to the local Waterbury paper, Republican-American, criticizing it. Manuel Carreiro, Quinnipiac's vice president and dean of students, then sent a letter to Braff in November, telling him that his public disagreement with school policies would "seriously place your position and organization at risk with the university." Braff received an $8,000 annual stipend for his position, and the university said that its employees have more of a responsibility than other students to uphold policies. However, Lynn Bushnell, QU's vice president for public affairs, denied threatening to fire Braff for disagreeing with school policies. Braff and the Chronicle staff were also openly critical of a public relations policy requiring all news media inquiries and questions (including those from the Chronicle) for administrators to be sent, via e-mail, to the university's public relations department.[12]

Quinnipiac officials eventually decided that making the Chronicle independent from the university was the best idea. The school set forth a plan of action, which included the university appointing editors for the 2008–2009 academic year. Angry with this plan, Braff and other staff agreed to leave the Chronicle at the end of the spring 2008 semester, and all applicants for the editor positions withdrew their applications.

Former Chronicle staff members came back in fall 2008 with Quad News, an independent newspaper with only a website and no print edition. Plans were to incorporate Quad News as its own business venture run on advertising revenue. Quad News immediately faced opposition from the university. Staff members learned in September that university officials had instructed all varsity coaches, staff and athletes not to speak to Quad News reporters. Shortly after, officials threatened to shut down the university's chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ), claiming that they violated school policy by using their meetings as a cover for Quad News meetings. The Quad News staff had met at two SPJ meetings,[13] after the university took away the meeting reservation for Quad News, citing the fact that the organization was not a university-recognized club. Quad News promptly stopped their meetings with SPJ.[14] The move prompted a public letter from national SPJ leaders, expressing concern over the university's actions. Both staffs recognized the other publication as legitimate.[15]

2010 title IX discrimination case Edit

On July 21, 2010, a federal judge ruled that Quinnipiac violated Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by failing to provide equal treatment to women's athletic teams. The judge, Stefan Underhill, determined that Quinnipiac's decision to eliminate the women's volleyball team as well as its attempt to treat cheerleading as a competitive sport and its manipulation of reporting with regard to the numbers of male and female athletes amounted to unlawful discrimination against female students. Underhill ruled that competitive cheerleading was currently too underdeveloped and unorganized and then ordered that the school maintain its volleyball program for the 2010–11 season.[16][17]

2015 ADA discrimination case Edit

In 2015, the university reached a settlement with the federal government over allegations that the university violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) by "placing a student who had been diagnosed with depression on a mandatory medical leave of absence without first considering options for the student's continued enrollment." The university agreed to pay the former student over $32,000 to pay off her student loan and compensate her for "emotional distress, pain and suffering". The university also had agreed to implement a new policy of nondiscrimination against applicants or students on the basis of disability, examine changes that will allow students with mental health disabilities to participate in educational programs while seeking treatment for mental health conditions, and provide additional ADA training for all staff.[18]

Academics Edit

Quinnipiac offers 58 undergraduate majors and 22 graduate programs, including Juris Doctor and medical doctor programs. Its Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine admitted 60 students to its first class in 2013.[19] Quinnipiac University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[20]

In 2021, 72.5% of undergraduate applicants were accepted with matriculated students having an average GPA of 3.47. Quinnipiac is "test optional" for standardized tests for undergraduate applicants, but encourages submitting SAT or ACT scores, or both. For those submitting scores, the average SAT score was 1175 and average ACT score was 26. Test scores are required for Quinnipiac's Accelerated Dual-Degree Bachelor's/JD (3+3) and Dual-Degree BS/MHS in Physician Assistant (4+27 months) programs, or for those that have been homeschooled.[21][22]

The university operates several media outlets, including a professionally run commercial radio station, WATX, founded by journalist and Quinnipiac professor Lou Adler. The university also operates a student-run FM radio station WQAQ, which concurrently streams on the Internet. An award-winning[23] student-run television station, Q30 Television, is streamed online. Also, a student-produced newspaper, the Chronicle, established in 1929, publishes 2,500 copies every Wednesday. Students also run a literary magazine, the Montage, a yearbook, the Summit, the Quinnipiac Bobcats Sports Network (an online sports-focused broadcast), and the Quinnipiac Barnacle[24] (a parody news organization). Unaffiliated with the school, but run by students, is also an online newspaper, the Quad News.[25]

Quinnipiac is home to one of the world's largest collections of art commemorating the Great Irish Famine. The collection is contained in Ireland’s Great Hunger Museum (Músaem An Ghorta Mhóir) just off the Mount Carmel Campus.[26]

In May 2014, Quinnipiac laid off 16 full-time but non-tenured faculty, with 11 of those from the College of Arts and Sciences, with no advance notice of the staff reduction. The cuts followed several years of a "stalled hiring" and a faculty salary freeze. The layoffs were mostly in departments that had experienced reduced enrollment in recent years, and enrollment was expected to be down by 12 percent in the fall 2014 term.[27]

Rankings Edit

Quinnipiac is 153rd in the U.S. News & World Report 2020 rankings of national universities.[32] For 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked the physician assistant school 15th nationwide, the law school 122nd, the medical school 94–122, and the business school 99–131.[33]

Zippia name Quinnipiac University as the No. 1 college in the United States for getting a job in 2021, but Zippia did not report salaries.[34]

Campuses Edit

Quinnipiac University consists of three campuses: the Mount Carmel campus off of Mount Carmel Avenue in Hamden; the York Hill campus off of Sherman Avenue in Hamden, and the North Haven Campus in North Haven, just north of New Haven, Connecticut.

The oldest of these campuses is the Mount Carmel Campus, at the foot of Sleeping Giant State Park. The Arnold Bernhard Library, Carl Hansen Student Center, university administration, and many of the student residences are found on this campus. The campus area is a census-designated place (CDP); it first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 3,639.[35]

The York Hill Campus, located on a hill about a half-mile from the Mount Carmel Campus, began with the development of the M&T Bank Arena (formerly People’s United Arena). In 2010 this was joined by a new student center as well as expanded parking and residence facilities as part of a $300 million expansion of the 250-acre (1.0 km2) campus.[36] York Hill is a "green" campus, making use of renewable energy and environmentally friendly resources, including one of the first major wind farms integrated into a university campus.[37]

For statistical reporting purposes, the Mount Carmel and York Hill campuses were listed together as the Quinnipiac University census-designated place prior to the 2020 census.[38]

In 2007, Quinnipiac acquired a 100-acre (0.40 km2) campus in North Haven, Connecticut, from Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield, and has been gradually converting it for use by graduate programs at the university.[39]

Buildings and landmarks Edit

 
Campus and Lender School of Business Center, with Sleeping Giant in background (April 2005)

The current buildings on the Mount Carmel campus are:

  • Carl Hansen Student Center – This facility serves as the home to the student government offices, WQAQ-FM radio station, the Chronicle and many student organizations. The student bookstore, main dining hall, campus post office facility, and a branch of M&T Bank are located there as well. Renovated and expanded in 2012, it is home to a number of new meeting, multipurpose, and media rooms for use by fraternity and sorority life members as well as other student organizations.
  • Arnold Bernhard Library – The library is named for Arnold Bernhard, the founder and former chief executive officer of Value Line, Inc. Bernhard's son made the library renovation possible by donating $1 million for the project and an additional $3 million for the university's endowment in 1997. The donation was the largest in the university's history. The signature clock tower was replaced during the renovation which changed the icon of the school, which was a rocket ship spire, to a more conservative, modern tower. The computer help desk was relocated to the library. The learning center, renamed the "learning commons", includes a student tutoring program.
  • Ed McMahon Mass Communications Center – Named for the television announcer and sidekick, who was a long-term financial supporter of the school,[40] the center is a media production facility equipped with up-to-date technology for hands-on training in all aspects of radio, television, journalism and multimedia production. The HDTV studio provides students with a professional environment for creating television programming.
  • Clarice L. Buckman Center and Theater – Commonly called the "Buckman Center," the building houses a theater used for drama and music performances, classrooms, rehearsal space for theater students, as well as science laboratories.
  • Echlin Center – Home to the offices of undergraduate admissions, and financial aid. The second floor houses faculty offices, and two programs in the School of Health Sciences; Athletic Training and Biomedical Science
  • Lender School of Business Center – Fully accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International,[41] the longest standing, accrediting agency for business programs in the world. The school of business was also included in the 2011 edition of Princeton Review's "Best 300 Business Schools" and in Bloomberg Businessweek's "Top 100 Undergraduate Business Schools" for 2011.
  • Tator Hall – Part of the student center, it has multiple classrooms and labs, including some Department of Engineering classrooms.
  • The Dean Robert W. Evans College of Arts and Sciences Center – Composed of three separate building surrounding a quad. CAS 1 and CAS 3 are both three floors and contain classrooms, seminar rooms, and faculty offices. CAS 2 is now the Center of Religion, and opened in the fall of 2017. It has a student lounge, meeting room, kitchen, and a chapel.
  • Center for Communications and Engineering – Houses the School of Communications, the School of Engineering, and the Mount Carmel Auditorium. The building also houses the Office of Multicultural and Global Engagement, the Center of Psychological Science, Academic Affairs, plus faculty and administrative offices.

Quinnipiac Polling Institute Edit

Quinnipiac's polling institute receives national recognition for its independent surveys of residents throughout the United States. It conducts public opinion polls on politics and public policy as a public service as well as for academic research.[42] The poll has been cited by major news outlets throughout North America and Europe, including The Washington Post,[43] Fox News,[44] USA Today,[45] The New York Times,[46] CNN,[47] and Reuters.[48]

The polling operation began informally in 1988 in conjunction with a marketing class.[42] It became formal in 1994 when the university hired a CBS News analyst to assess the data being gained.[42] It subsequently focused on the Northeastern states, gradually expanding during presidential elections to cover swing states as well.[42] The institute receives funding from the university,[42] with its phone callers generally being work study students or local residents. The polls have been rated highly by FiveThirtyEight for accuracy in predicting primary and general elections.[49] In 2018 Politico called the Quinnipiac poll "the most significant player among a number of schools that have established a national polling footprint."[50]

Greek life Edit

Quinnipiac is home to seven fraternities and nine sororities.[51]

Fraternities Edit

Sororities Edit

The National Panhellenic Conference is an umbrella organization which was created in 1902 for 26 women's sororities. The National Panhellenic Conference at Quinnipiac University serves as an advocate for the sororities involved in the conference with the campus and community. The Panhellenic Conference at Quinnipiac University includes Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Delta Pi, Kappa Alpha Theta, Phi Sigma Sigma, Kappa Delta, Chi Omega, Gamma Phi Beta, Delta Delta Delta, and Pi Beta Phi.

Athletics Edit

The Quinnipiac Bobcats, previously the Quinnipiac Braves, comprise the school's athletic teams. They play in NCAA Division I in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference, except for the men's and women's ice hockey teams, which are part of ECAC Hockey, and the women's field hockey team, which joined Big East Conference starting with the 2016 season.[52]

 
A baseball game between Quinnipiac and Army (March 2011)

There are seven men's varsity sports and 14 women's varsity sports,[53] with no football team.[53]

The team with the largest following on campus and in the area is the men's ice hockey team under established coach Rand Pecknold,[54] which has been nationally ranked at times; during the 2009–2010 season they entered the top ten of the national polls for the first time.[55] The team was the number-one nationally ranked hockey program for parts of the 2012–2013 season, reaching the Frozen Four for the first time in the program's history. They advanced to the national championship, ultimately falling to rival Yale. They also advanced to the 2016 Frozen Four, losing to North Dakota in the national championship game. In 2023, the Bobcats defeated Minnesota 3-2, 10 seconds into overtime, to capture the 2023 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship, the first NCAA National Championship for Quinnipiac in any sport.

The Quinnipiac women's ice hockey program had their most success in the 2009–10 NCAA Division I women's ice hockey season. Quinnipiac University added a women's golf and women's rugby team in the 2010–11 academic year.[53]

In the late 2000s the men's basketball team gained a greater following under new head coach Tom Moore, a disciple of UConn Huskies men's basketball coach Jim Calhoun.[54] Both men's and women's ice hockey and basketball teams play at the $52 million M&T Bank Arena, opened in 2007.[54] The women's lacrosse team has also been quite strong. Men's cross country captured 4 NEC titles in 5 years between 2004 and 2008. The athletics program has been under pressures common to other universities, and at the close of the 2008–2009 academic year, men's golf, men's outdoor track, men's indoor track and women's volleyball were dropped as a cost-cutting measure, although the last of these was restored (as a result of a Title IX suit[56]).

Notable alumni Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b (PDF), Quinnipiac University, archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014, retrieved July 9, 2013
  2. ^ As of March 7, 2022. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  3. ^ a b c As of October 15, 2020. "Student Consumer Information". Quinnipiac University. November 15, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  4. ^ "IPEDS – Quinnipiac University".
  5. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  6. ^ "PMS Color Chart". Retrieved September 26, 2014.
  7. ^ "Quinnipiac — Story". Pentagram.
  8. ^ "Quinnipiac". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  9. ^ a b c (PDF). The Junior College of Commerce. 1946. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015.
  10. ^ "The Sleeping Giant Park Association". www.sgpa.org. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  11. ^ "About". The Quinnipiac Chronicle. August 4, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023.
  12. ^ Holtz, Jeff (December 2, 2007). "A Student Editor Finds Himself at the Center of the News". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  13. ^ . Quad News. October 19, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2008.
  14. ^ Go, Allison (September 22, 2008). . U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  15. ^ Walters, Erica (September 19, 2008). . Student Press Law Center. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  16. ^ "A Title IX decision that discounts competitive cheerleading as a sport at Quinnipiac University is strong evidence that it's time to change the law". Sports.espn.go.com. July 27, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  17. ^ "QUINNIPIAC TITLE IX CASE: School must maintain women's volleyball program (document)". Nhregister.com. July 21, 2010. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  18. ^ "Justice Department Settles Americans With Disabilties Act Case With Quinnipiac University". www.justice.gov. March 18, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2022.
  19. ^ . www.conntact.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
  20. ^ Connecticut Institutions – NECHE, New England Commission of Higher Education, retrieved May 26, 2021
  21. ^ "Undergraduate Admissions - Admission Requirements". qu.edu. Quinnipiac University. November 5, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  22. ^ . prepscholar.com. PrepScholar. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  23. ^ "College Media Association". College Media Association. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
  24. ^ [1] January 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ [2] February 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ , Quinnipiac University, 2012, archived from the original on February 8, 2013, retrieved April 28, 2013
  27. ^ Flaherty, Colleen (May 14, 2014). "Jobless in Two Days". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  28. ^ "Forbes America's Top Colleges List 2023". Forbes. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  29. ^ "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022". The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
  30. ^ "2023-2024 Best National Universities". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  31. ^ "2022 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  32. ^ "U.S. News Best Colleges Rankings - Quinnipiac University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  33. ^ "U.S. News Graduate School Rankings – Quinnipiac University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  34. ^ "The Best College In Each State For Getting A Job 2022 – Zippia". Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  35. ^ "Quinnipiac University CDP, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  36. ^ "York Hill Campus Expansion | New York Construction | McGraw-Hill Construction". New York Construction. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  37. ^ Prevost, Lisa (November 6, 2009). "School Colors: Green and Greener". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  38. ^ "Quinnipiac University Census Designated Place". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  39. ^ [3] May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "'Tonight Show' sidekick Ed McMahon dies at 86". Nhregister.com. June 23, 2009. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  41. ^ [4] August 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^ a b c d e Lapidos, Juliet (October 16, 2008). "What's With All the "Quinnipiac University" Polls? How an obscure school in Connecticut turned into a major opinion research center". Slate.
  43. ^ "Polls: Menendez Leads Kean in N.J. Race". The Washington Post. October 31, 2006. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  44. ^ "Poll: Lieberman Leads Challenger Lamont in Connecticut Senate Race". Fox News. August 17, 2006.
  45. ^ "Quinnipiac Poll: Giuliani still leads GOP hopefuls, but by much less …". usatoday.com. June 25, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2007. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  46. ^ Kapochunas, Rachel (July 13, 2007). "Poll Tests 'New York-New York-New York' Race in Ohio". The New York Times. Retrieved April 12, 2010.
  47. ^ Jeremy Diamond (February 3, 2015). "Poll: Clinton sweeps GOP foes save Bush tie in Florida". CNN. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  48. ^ "Obama leads in four battleground states: poll". Reuters. June 26, 2008.
  49. ^ Silver, Nate (March 25, 2021). "Pollster Ratings - Quinnipiac University". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
  50. ^ Shepard, Steven (December 12, 2018). "The Poll That Built a University". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 1, 2022.
  51. ^ . Quinnipiac.edu. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  52. ^ "BIG EAST Adds Liberty, Quinnipiac For Field Hockey" (Press release). Big East Conference. December 8, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  53. ^ a b c QuinnipiacBobcats.com. "Quinnipiac University's Official Athletics Site". Quinnipiac University. Retrieved November 24, 2009.
  54. ^ a b c Weinreb, Michael (December 26, 2007). "New Quinnipiac Coach Is Expected to Build a Winner". The New York Times. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
  55. ^ QuinnipiacBobcats.com (November 23, 2009). "Men's Ice Hockey Ranked In Top 10 Nationally For First Time In Program History" (Press release). Quinnipiac University.[permanent dead link]
  56. ^ [5] July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ Berg, Jenny (February 6, 2019). "Did Any of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Go to College?". Bravo. Retrieved November 1, 2021.
  58. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (March 22, 2012). "Murray Lender, Who Gave All America a Taste of Bagels, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2012.

External links Edit

  • Official website  

41°25′13″N 72°53′40″W / 41.42014°N 72.89454°W / 41.42014; -72.89454

quinnipiac, university, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, sep. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Quinnipiac University news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Quinnipiac University ˈ k w ɪ n e p i ˌ ae k KWIH ne pee ACK 8 is a private university in Hamden Connecticut The university grants undergraduate graduate and professional degrees It also hosts the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute Quinnipiac UniversityFormer nameConnecticut College of Commerce 1929 1935 Junior College of Commerce 1935 1943 1945 1951 Quinnipiac College 1951 2000 MottoQui Transtulit Sustinet Latin 1 Motto in English He who transplants sustains 1 TypePrivate universityEstablished1929 94 years ago 1929 AccreditationNECHEAcademic affiliationsNAICUNEASCEndowment 674 million 2022 2 PresidentJudy D OlianAcademic staff350 full timeStudents9 744 2020 3 Undergraduates6 841 2020 3 Postgraduates2 903 2020 3 LocationHamden Connecticut United StatesCampusLarge Suburb 4 600 acres 2 4 km2 Other campusesNorth HavenNewspaperThe Quinnipiac ChronicleColorsNavy gold sky blue 5 6 7 NicknameBobcatsSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I MAACECAC HockeyBig EastMascotBoomer the BobcatWebsitewww wbr qu wbr edu Contents 1 History 1 1 Student journalism controversy 1 2 2010 title IX discrimination case 1 3 2015 ADA discrimination case 2 Academics 2 1 Rankings 3 Campuses 3 1 Buildings and landmarks 4 Quinnipiac Polling Institute 5 Greek life 5 1 Fraternities 5 2 Sororities 6 Athletics 7 Notable alumni 8 References 9 External linksHistory Edit nbsp The Mount Carmel campus from atop Sleeping Giant April 2009 What became Quinnipiac University was founded in 1929 by Samuel W Tator 9 a business professor and politician Phillip Troup a Yale College graduate was another founder and became its first president 9 until his death in 1939 Tator s wife Irmagarde Tator a Mount Holyoke College graduate also played a major role in the fledgling institution s nurturing as its first bursar Additional founders were E Wight Bakke who later became a professor of economics at Yale and Robert R Chamberlain who headed a furniture company in his name 9 The new institution was conceived in reaction to Northeastern University s abandonment of its New Haven Connecticut program at the onset of the Great Depression Originally it was located in New Haven and called the Connecticut College of Commerce On opening its doors in 1929 it enrolled under 200 and its first graduating class comprised only eight students At the time it awarded only associate s degrees In 1935 the college changed its name to the Junior College of Commerce From 1943 to 1945 the college closed as nearly its entire student body was drafted into World War II Upon re opening the college s enrollment nearly quadrupled to approximately 800 students In 1951 the institution was renamed Quinnipiac College in honor of the Quinnipiac Indian tribe that once inhabited Greater New Haven That same year Quinnipiac began to confer bachelor s degrees In 1952 Quinnipiac expanded its curriculum relocated to a larger campus in New Haven and also assumed administrative control of Larson College a private women s college In 1966 having outgrown its campus in New Haven Quinnipiac moved to its current campus in the Mount Carmel section of Hamden Connecticut at the foot of Sleeping Giant Park 10 During the 1970s Quinnipiac began to offer master s degrees in a variety which of disciplines Until the 1990s Quinnipiac remained primarily a commuter college with only a regional reputation however that changed during the next decade In 1995 the University of Bridgeport s law school migrated to Quinnipiac and the Quinnipiac School of Law Center was dedicated citation needed nbsp Quinnipiac s Arnold Bernhard Library and clock tower focus of main campus quadrangle August 2008 On July 1 2000 the college officially changed its name to Quinnipiac University to reflect its relatively new breadth in academic offerings That same year Quinnipiac University received accreditation by AACSB citation needed Student journalism controversy Edit The template below Summarize section is being considered for merging See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus This section may be too long and excessively detailed Please consider summarizing the material September 2023 The university s official student newspaper is The Quinnipiac Chronicle 11 In 2007 and 2008 Quinnipiac briefly drew national attention over the university s control over the Chronicle and other aspects of students speech In the fall 2007 semester junior Jason Braff then editor of the Chronicle openly criticized a university policy that forbade the newspaper from publishing news online before the content was published in the weekly print edition Braff wrote an editorial about the policy and also gave an interview to the local Waterbury paper Republican American criticizing it Manuel Carreiro Quinnipiac s vice president and dean of students then sent a letter to Braff in November telling him that his public disagreement with school policies would seriously place your position and organization at risk with the university Braff received an 8 000 annual stipend for his position and the university said that its employees have more of a responsibility than other students to uphold policies However Lynn Bushnell QU s vice president for public affairs denied threatening to fire Braff for disagreeing with school policies Braff and the Chronicle staff were also openly critical of a public relations policy requiring all news media inquiries and questions including those from the Chronicle for administrators to be sent via e mail to the university s public relations department 12 Quinnipiac officials eventually decided that making the Chronicle independent from the university was the best idea The school set forth a plan of action which included the university appointing editors for the 2008 2009 academic year Angry with this plan Braff and other staff agreed to leave the Chronicle at the end of the spring 2008 semester and all applicants for the editor positions withdrew their applications Former Chronicle staff members came back in fall 2008 with Quad News an independent newspaper with only a website and no print edition Plans were to incorporate Quad News as its own business venture run on advertising revenue Quad News immediately faced opposition from the university Staff members learned in September that university officials had instructed all varsity coaches staff and athletes not to speak to Quad News reporters Shortly after officials threatened to shut down the university s chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists SPJ claiming that they violated school policy by using their meetings as a cover for Quad News meetings The Quad News staff had met at two SPJ meetings 13 after the university took away the meeting reservation for Quad News citing the fact that the organization was not a university recognized club Quad News promptly stopped their meetings with SPJ 14 The move prompted a public letter from national SPJ leaders expressing concern over the university s actions Both staffs recognized the other publication as legitimate 15 2010 title IX discrimination case Edit On July 21 2010 a federal judge ruled that Quinnipiac violated Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by failing to provide equal treatment to women s athletic teams The judge Stefan Underhill determined that Quinnipiac s decision to eliminate the women s volleyball team as well as its attempt to treat cheerleading as a competitive sport and its manipulation of reporting with regard to the numbers of male and female athletes amounted to unlawful discrimination against female students Underhill ruled that competitive cheerleading was currently too underdeveloped and unorganized and then ordered that the school maintain its volleyball program for the 2010 11 season 16 17 2015 ADA discrimination case Edit In 2015 the university reached a settlement with the federal government over allegations that the university violated the Americans with Disabilities Act ADA by placing a student who had been diagnosed with depression on a mandatory medical leave of absence without first considering options for the student s continued enrollment The university agreed to pay the former student over 32 000 to pay off her student loan and compensate her for emotional distress pain and suffering The university also had agreed to implement a new policy of nondiscrimination against applicants or students on the basis of disability examine changes that will allow students with mental health disabilities to participate in educational programs while seeking treatment for mental health conditions and provide additional ADA training for all staff 18 Academics EditQuinnipiac offers 58 undergraduate majors and 22 graduate programs including Juris Doctor and medical doctor programs Its Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine admitted 60 students to its first class in 2013 19 Quinnipiac University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education 20 In 2021 72 5 of undergraduate applicants were accepted with matriculated students having an average GPA of 3 47 Quinnipiac is test optional for standardized tests for undergraduate applicants but encourages submitting SAT or ACT scores or both For those submitting scores the average SAT score was 1175 and average ACT score was 26 Test scores are required for Quinnipiac s Accelerated Dual Degree Bachelor s JD 3 3 and Dual Degree BS MHS in Physician Assistant 4 27 months programs or for those that have been homeschooled 21 22 The university operates several media outlets including a professionally run commercial radio station WATX founded by journalist and Quinnipiac professor Lou Adler The university also operates a student run FM radio station WQAQ which concurrently streams on the Internet An award winning 23 student run television station Q30 Television is streamed online Also a student produced newspaper the Chronicle established in 1929 publishes 2 500 copies every Wednesday Students also run a literary magazine the Montage a yearbook the Summit the Quinnipiac Bobcats Sports Network an online sports focused broadcast and the Quinnipiac Barnacle 24 a parody news organization Unaffiliated with the school but run by students is also an online newspaper the Quad News 25 Quinnipiac is home to one of the world s largest collections of art commemorating the Great Irish Famine The collection is contained in Ireland s Great Hunger Museum Musaem An Ghorta Mhoir just off the Mount Carmel Campus 26 In May 2014 Quinnipiac laid off 16 full time but non tenured faculty with 11 of those from the College of Arts and Sciences with no advance notice of the staff reduction The cuts followed several years of a stalled hiring and a faculty salary freeze The layoffs were mostly in departments that had experienced reduced enrollment in recent years and enrollment was expected to be down by 12 percent in the fall 2014 term 27 Rankings Edit Academic rankingsNationalForbes 28 215THE WSJ 29 261U S News amp World Report 30 153Washington Monthly 31 283Quinnipiac is 153rd in the U S News amp World Report 2020 rankings of national universities 32 For 2021 U S News amp World Report ranked the physician assistant school 15th nationwide the law school 122nd the medical school 94 122 and the business school 99 131 33 Zippia name Quinnipiac University as the No 1 college in the United States for getting a job in 2021 but Zippia did not report salaries 34 Campuses EditQuinnipiac University consists of three campuses the Mount Carmel campus off of Mount Carmel Avenue in Hamden the York Hill campus off of Sherman Avenue in Hamden and the North Haven Campus in North Haven just north of New Haven Connecticut The oldest of these campuses is the Mount Carmel Campus at the foot of Sleeping Giant State Park The Arnold Bernhard Library Carl Hansen Student Center university administration and many of the student residences are found on this campus The campus area is a census designated place CDP it first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 3 639 35 The York Hill Campus located on a hill about a half mile from the Mount Carmel Campus began with the development of the M amp T Bank Arena formerly People s United Arena In 2010 this was joined by a new student center as well as expanded parking and residence facilities as part of a 300 million expansion of the 250 acre 1 0 km2 campus 36 York Hill is a green campus making use of renewable energy and environmentally friendly resources including one of the first major wind farms integrated into a university campus 37 For statistical reporting purposes the Mount Carmel and York Hill campuses were listed together as the Quinnipiac University census designated place prior to the 2020 census 38 In 2007 Quinnipiac acquired a 100 acre 0 40 km2 campus in North Haven Connecticut from Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield and has been gradually converting it for use by graduate programs at the university 39 Buildings and landmarks Edit nbsp Campus and Lender School of Business Center with Sleeping Giant in background April 2005 The current buildings on the Mount Carmel campus are Carl Hansen Student Center This facility serves as the home to the student government offices WQAQ FM radio station the Chronicle and many student organizations The student bookstore main dining hall campus post office facility and a branch of M amp T Bank are located there as well Renovated and expanded in 2012 it is home to a number of new meeting multipurpose and media rooms for use by fraternity and sorority life members as well as other student organizations Arnold Bernhard Library The library is named for Arnold Bernhard the founder and former chief executive officer of Value Line Inc Bernhard s son made the library renovation possible by donating 1 million for the project and an additional 3 million for the university s endowment in 1997 The donation was the largest in the university s history The signature clock tower was replaced during the renovation which changed the icon of the school which was a rocket ship spire to a more conservative modern tower The computer help desk was relocated to the library The learning center renamed the learning commons includes a student tutoring program Ed McMahon Mass Communications Center Named for the television announcer and sidekick who was a long term financial supporter of the school 40 the center is a media production facility equipped with up to date technology for hands on training in all aspects of radio television journalism and multimedia production The HDTV studio provides students with a professional environment for creating television programming Clarice L Buckman Center and Theater Commonly called the Buckman Center the building houses a theater used for drama and music performances classrooms rehearsal space for theater students as well as science laboratories Echlin Center Home to the offices of undergraduate admissions and financial aid The second floor houses faculty offices and two programs in the School of Health Sciences Athletic Training and Biomedical Science Lender School of Business Center Fully accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business AACSB International 41 the longest standing accrediting agency for business programs in the world The school of business was also included in the 2011 edition of Princeton Review s Best 300 Business Schools and in Bloomberg Businessweek s Top 100 Undergraduate Business Schools for 2011 Tator Hall Part of the student center it has multiple classrooms and labs including some Department of Engineering classrooms The Dean Robert W Evans College of Arts and Sciences Center Composed of three separate building surrounding a quad CAS 1 and CAS 3 are both three floors and contain classrooms seminar rooms and faculty offices CAS 2 is now the Center of Religion and opened in the fall of 2017 It has a student lounge meeting room kitchen and a chapel Center for Communications and Engineering Houses the School of Communications the School of Engineering and the Mount Carmel Auditorium The building also houses the Office of Multicultural and Global Engagement the Center of Psychological Science Academic Affairs plus faculty and administrative offices Quinnipiac Polling Institute EditMain article Quinnipiac University Polling Institute Quinnipiac s polling institute receives national recognition for its independent surveys of residents throughout the United States It conducts public opinion polls on politics and public policy as a public service as well as for academic research 42 The poll has been cited by major news outlets throughout North America and Europe including The Washington Post 43 Fox News 44 USA Today 45 The New York Times 46 CNN 47 and Reuters 48 The polling operation began informally in 1988 in conjunction with a marketing class 42 It became formal in 1994 when the university hired a CBS News analyst to assess the data being gained 42 It subsequently focused on the Northeastern states gradually expanding during presidential elections to cover swing states as well 42 The institute receives funding from the university 42 with its phone callers generally being work study students or local residents The polls have been rated highly by FiveThirtyEight for accuracy in predicting primary and general elections 49 In 2018 Politico called the Quinnipiac poll the most significant player among a number of schools that have established a national polling footprint 50 Greek life EditQuinnipiac is home to seven fraternities and nine sororities 51 Fraternities Edit Delta Upsilon Delta Tau Delta Pi Kappa Phi Zeta Beta Tau Beta Theta Pi Alpha Sigma Phi Phi Gamma Delta Delta ChiSororities Edit Alpha Chi Omega Alpha Delta Pi Alpha Kappa Alpha Kappa Alpha Theta Phi Sigma Sigma Sigma Gamma Rho Kappa Delta Chi Omega Gamma Phi Beta Delta Delta Delta Pi Beta PhiThe National Panhellenic Conference is an umbrella organization which was created in 1902 for 26 women s sororities The National Panhellenic Conference at Quinnipiac University serves as an advocate for the sororities involved in the conference with the campus and community The Panhellenic Conference at Quinnipiac University includes Alpha Chi Omega Alpha Delta Pi Kappa Alpha Theta Phi Sigma Sigma Kappa Delta Chi Omega Gamma Phi Beta Delta Delta Delta and Pi Beta Phi Athletics EditMain article Quinnipiac Bobcats The Quinnipiac Bobcats previously the Quinnipiac Braves comprise the school s athletic teams They play in NCAA Division I in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference except for the men s and women s ice hockey teams which are part of ECAC Hockey and the women s field hockey team which joined Big East Conference starting with the 2016 season 52 nbsp A baseball game between Quinnipiac and Army March 2011 There are seven men s varsity sports and 14 women s varsity sports 53 with no football team 53 The team with the largest following on campus and in the area is the men s ice hockey team under established coach Rand Pecknold 54 which has been nationally ranked at times during the 2009 2010 season they entered the top ten of the national polls for the first time 55 The team was the number one nationally ranked hockey program for parts of the 2012 2013 season reaching the Frozen Four for the first time in the program s history They advanced to the national championship ultimately falling to rival Yale They also advanced to the 2016 Frozen Four losing to North Dakota in the national championship game In 2023 the Bobcats defeated Minnesota 3 2 10 seconds into overtime to capture the 2023 NCAA Men s Ice Hockey Championship the first NCAA National Championship for Quinnipiac in any sport The Quinnipiac women s ice hockey program had their most success in the 2009 10 NCAA Division I women s ice hockey season Quinnipiac University added a women s golf and women s rugby team in the 2010 11 academic year 53 In the late 2000s the men s basketball team gained a greater following under new head coach Tom Moore a disciple of UConn Huskies men s basketball coach Jim Calhoun 54 Both men s and women s ice hockey and basketball teams play at the 52 million M amp T Bank Arena opened in 2007 54 The women s lacrosse team has also been quite strong Men s cross country captured 4 NEC titles in 5 years between 2004 and 2008 The athletics program has been under pressures common to other universities and at the close of the 2008 2009 academic year men s golf men s outdoor track men s indoor track and women s volleyball were dropped as a cost cutting measure although the last of these was restored as a result of a Title IX suit 56 Notable alumni EditSam Anas professional ice hockey player Matthew Batten Major League Baseball player Bryce Van Brabant professional ice hockey player Reid Cashman college and professional ice hockey coach Ryan Cleckner former Army sniper and veteran activist Connor Clifton professional ice hockey player Evan Conti American Israeli professional basketball player and college basketball coach John Delaney college baseball coach William D Euille former mayor of Alexandria Virginia James Feldeine born 1988 American Dominican basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League Mary Jane Foster co founder of the Bridgeport Bluefish Jared Grasso college basketball coach Freddy Hall professional soccer goalkeeper Eric Hartzell professional ice hockey goalie Dorit Kemsley Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star 57 Themis Klarides deputy minority leader of the Connecticut House of Representatives Chelsea Laden star of Destination Fear on the Travel Channel Murray Lender former businessman and CEO of Lender s Bagels 58 Ilona Maher Olympic women s rugby player Ann Marie McNamara food safety pioneer Molly Qerim sports anchor and moderator for ESPN s First Take Carley Shimkus reporter and co host for Fox News Devon Toews professional ice hockey defenseman Arnold Voketaitis former bass baritone opera singer and teacher William C Weldon former CEO of Johnson amp Johnson Turk Wendell Major League Baseball playerReferences Edit a b QU Graphic Guide PDF Quinnipiac University archived from the original PDF on November 27 2014 retrieved July 9 2013 As of March 7 2022 U S and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 Report National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA 2022 Retrieved June 5 2023 a b c As of October 15 2020 Student Consumer Information Quinnipiac University November 15 2020 Retrieved March 6 2022 IPEDS Quinnipiac University Quinnipiac University Graphic Standards Manual 2014 PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 27 2014 Retrieved September 26 2014 PMS Color Chart Retrieved September 26 2014 Quinnipiac Story Pentagram Quinnipiac Merriam Webster Dictionary Retrieved February 21 2019 a b c Catalog for Day and Evening Divisions 1946 1947 PDF The Junior College of Commerce 1946 p 14 Archived from the original PDF on April 2 2015 The Sleeping Giant Park Association www sgpa org Retrieved March 27 2018 About The Quinnipiac Chronicle August 4 2023 Retrieved August 4 2023 Holtz Jeff December 2 2007 A Student Editor Finds Himself at the Center of the News The New York Times Retrieved April 12 2010 Quad News Statement A response to Ms Bushnell s memo Quad News October 19 2008 Archived from the original on October 19 2008 Retrieved October 19 2008 Go Allison September 22 2008 The Quinnipiac Student Journalism Showdown U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on October 19 2015 Retrieved September 19 2015 Walters Erica September 19 2008 Quinnipiac officials threaten to ban campus SPJ chapter after helping independent newspaper Student Press Law Center Archived from the original on August 7 2011 Retrieved September 24 2008 A Title IX decision that discounts competitive cheerleading as a sport at Quinnipiac University is strong evidence that it s time to change the law Sports espn go com July 27 2010 Retrieved September 19 2015 QUINNIPIAC TITLE IX CASE School must maintain women s volleyball program document Nhregister com July 21 2010 Archived from the original on September 6 2012 Retrieved September 19 2015 Justice Department Settles Americans With Disabilties Act Case With Quinnipiac University www justice gov March 18 2015 Retrieved July 23 2022 Conntact com www conntact com Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Connecticut Institutions NECHE New England Commission of Higher Education retrieved May 26 2021 Undergraduate Admissions Admission Requirements qu edu Quinnipiac University November 5 2020 Retrieved June 13 2021 Quinipiac Requirements for Admission prepscholar com PrepScholar Archived from the original on June 13 2021 Retrieved June 13 2021 College Media Association College Media Association Retrieved March 5 2018 1 Archived January 29 2013 at the Wayback Machine 2 Archived February 20 2006 at the Wayback Machine Ireland s Great Hunger Museum Quinnipiac University 2012 archived from the original on February 8 2013 retrieved April 28 2013 Flaherty Colleen May 14 2014 Jobless in Two Days Inside Higher Ed Retrieved May 14 2014 Forbes America s Top Colleges List 2023 Forbes Retrieved September 22 2023 Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education College Rankings 2022 The Wall Street Journal Times Higher Education Retrieved July 26 2022 2023 2024 Best National Universities U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 22 2023 2022 National University Rankings Washington Monthly Retrieved September 13 2022 U S News Best Colleges Rankings Quinnipiac University U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 10 2019 U S News Graduate School Rankings Quinnipiac University U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 5 2020 The Best College In Each State For Getting A Job 2022 Zippia Retrieved July 25 2022 Quinnipiac University CDP Connecticut United States Census Bureau Retrieved March 13 2022 York Hill Campus Expansion New York Construction McGraw Hill Construction New York Construction Retrieved September 19 2015 Prevost Lisa November 6 2009 School Colors Green and Greener The New York Times Retrieved September 19 2015 Quinnipiac University Census Designated Place Geographic Names Information System United States Geological Survey United States Department of the Interior 3 Archived May 17 2008 at the Wayback Machine Tonight Show sidekick Ed McMahon dies at 86 Nhregister com June 23 2009 Retrieved September 19 2015 4 Archived August 14 2008 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e Lapidos Juliet October 16 2008 What s With All the Quinnipiac University Polls How an obscure school in Connecticut turned into a major opinion research center Slate Polls Menendez Leads Kean in N J Race The Washington Post October 31 2006 Retrieved April 12 2010 Poll Lieberman Leads Challenger Lamont in Connecticut Senate Race Fox News August 17 2006 Quinnipiac Poll Giuliani still leads GOP hopefuls but by much less usatoday com June 25 2007 Archived from the original on June 25 2007 Retrieved March 27 2018 Kapochunas Rachel July 13 2007 Poll Tests New York New York New York Race in Ohio The New York Times Retrieved April 12 2010 Jeremy Diamond February 3 2015 Poll Clinton sweeps GOP foes save Bush tie in Florida CNN Retrieved April 6 2015 Obama leads in four battleground states poll Reuters June 26 2008 Silver Nate March 25 2021 Pollster Ratings Quinnipiac University FiveThirtyEight Retrieved March 29 2022 Shepard Steven December 12 2018 The Poll That Built a University POLITICO Magazine Retrieved June 1 2022 Verification Quinnipiac University Connecticut Quinnipiac edu August 17 2015 Archived from the original on December 10 2010 Retrieved September 19 2015 BIG EAST Adds Liberty Quinnipiac For Field Hockey Press release Big East Conference December 8 2015 Retrieved January 17 2016 a b c QuinnipiacBobcats com Quinnipiac University s Official Athletics Site Quinnipiac University Retrieved November 24 2009 a b c Weinreb Michael December 26 2007 New Quinnipiac Coach Is Expected to Build a Winner The New York Times Retrieved April 24 2009 QuinnipiacBobcats com November 23 2009 Men s Ice Hockey Ranked In Top 10 Nationally For First Time In Program History Press release Quinnipiac University permanent dead link 5 Archived July 24 2011 at the Wayback Machine Berg Jenny February 6 2019 Did Any of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Go to College Bravo Retrieved November 1 2021 Hevesi Dennis March 22 2012 Murray Lender Who Gave All America a Taste of Bagels Dies at 81 The New York Times Retrieved April 19 2012 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quinnipiac University Official website nbsp 41 25 13 N 72 53 40 W 41 42014 N 72 89454 W 41 42014 72 89454 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Quinnipiac University amp oldid 1177885276, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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