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Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh

January 01, 1970

The political status of Nagorno-Karabakh remained unresolved from its declaration of independence on 10 December 1991[1][2] to its September 2023 collapse. During Soviet times, it had been an ethnic Armenian autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, a conflict arose between local Armenians who sought to have Nagorno-Karabakh join Armenia and local Azerbaijanis who opposed this.

Soviet-era borders of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Nagorno Karabakh
Aftermath of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
  Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war, to stay under its control.
  Agdam District: to be evacuated by Armenia by 20 November.
  Kalbajar District: to be evacuated by Armenia by 25 November.
  Lachin District: to be evacuated by Armenia by 1 December.
  Part of Nagorno-Karabakh remaining under the control of Artsakh
  Lachin corridor, with Russian peacekeepers.
  The two access roads to Nagorno-Karabakh.
  All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked, including transport connections between Nakhchivan and rest of Azerbaijan (arrow's hypothetical location chosen by a Wikipedia user, and not defined by the statement itself)
  Line of Contact before the 2020 conflict.
  Other zones claimed by Artsakh.

The conflict soon escalated into ethnic cleansing and open warfare in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, as a result of which the region came under the control of an Armenia-allied de facto state, the Republic of Artsakh. The surrounding regions of Azerbaijan were occupied by the self-declared republic under the justification of a "security belt," which was intended to be exchanged for recognition of autonomous status from Azerbaijan.[3][4]

Negotiations took place sporadically over the following decades, during which a ceasefire generally prevailed between Armenia/Artsakh and Azerbaijan (albeit without peacekeeping forces). Turkey and Azerbaijan closed their borders to Armenia and took other diplomatic steps to isolate it. Meanwhile, the United Nations Security Council, OSCE Minsk Group, and other bodies made various statements and proposed dialogue initiatives, none of which were successful.

In the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijani forces, backed by Turkey, took control of the southern half of the region, including Shusha and Hadrut. Armenia was forced to concede additional territories to preserve Stepanakert and the northern half of the Republic of Artsakh under local Armenian control, protected by Russian peacekeepers. The political status of this reduced region was not specified in the ceasefire agreement. In the wake of a tightened blockade by Azerbaijan, in which the Lachin Corridor was closed, and subsequent Azerbaijani offensive on 19 September 2023, the Artsakh government surrendered and voted to disband itself, effective 1 January 2024,[5] although it later annulled this decree in exile for being unconstitutional.[6][7] But Armenia's prime-minister recognized Azerbaijan's sovereignty over Karabakh, and rejected the functioning of Nagorno-Karabakh government in exile in Armenia.[8]

Virtually all of the Karabakhi Armenian population fled to Armenia via the newly-reopened Lachin Corridor. Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship, Karabakh's Armenian residents did not trust Azerbaijan's guarantees of security due to the country's history of human rights abuses, Armenophobia, and lack of rights to ethnic minorities.[9][10][11]

The Republic of Artsakh was never recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia. For 30 years, international mediators and human rights organizations referred to the right of self-determination for the Armenian population.[12][13] Following the second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020, Azerbaijan refused any special status or autonomy to its ethnically Armenian residents.[14][15]

Political ties with Armenia edit

In the 2005 case of Chiragov and others v. Armenia, the European Court of Human Rights decided that "the Republic of Armenia, from the early days of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, has had a significant and decisive influence over the 'NKR', [Nagorno-Karabakh Republic] that the two entities are highly integrated in virtually all important matters and that this situation persists to this day."[16]

According to Human Rights Watch, "from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict, Armenia provided aid, weapons, and volunteers. Armenian involvement in Karabakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Karabakh."[17]

However, the government of Armenia has never formally recognized the sovereignty of Artsakh and since 2022, its leadership has made statements suggesting it is ready to recognize the region as part of Azerbaijan, causing outrage across various sectors of Nagorno-Karabakh, including in its government.[18]

Positions and statements edit

 
  Territory controlled by the Republic of Artsakh from 1994 to 2020
  Claimed by the Republic of Artsakh but controlled by Azerbaijan

The sovereign status of the Republic of Artsakh is not recognized by any United Nations member state (including Armenia), but has been recognized by Transnistria,[19] Abkhazia and South Ossetia; Transnistria is not recognized by any UN member state, while the latter two have international recognition from several UN member states. Armenia is currently in an ongoing negotiation with Artsakh, where the end goal is either Artsakh independence recognition or Artsakh integration with Armenia, whatever the people of Artsakh would prefer. Three UN Security Council Resolutions (853, 874, and 884) and United Nations General Assembly resolutions 49/13 and 57/298 refer to Nagorno-Karabakh as a region of Azerbaijan. None of these resolutions were passed under Chapter VII (Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression) of the Charter. Certain politicians and legal scholars have expressed the view that resolutions are only legally binding if they are made under Chapter VII of the Charter.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] However, it does not mean that binding force of the UN Security Council Resolutions (822, 853, 874, and 884) is called into question.The language of these four Resolutions indicates that they are "not mere recommendations or exhortations, but legally binding decisions."[31][32] According to a report prepared by British parliamentarian and rapporteur David Atkinson, presented to Political Affairs Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), "the borders of Azerbaijan were internationally recognised at the time of the country being recognised as independent state in 1991," and "the territory of Azerbaijan included the Nagorno-Karabakh region."[33]

The Resolution #1416, adopted by PACE in 2005, stated that "Considerable parts of the territory of Azerbaijan are still occupied by Armenian forces, still in control of the Nagorno-Karabakh region." The resolution further stated: "The Assembly reiterates that the occupation of foreign territory by a member state constitutes a grave violation of that state’s obligations as a member of the Council of Europe and reaffirms the right of displaced persons from the area of conflict to return to their homes safely and with dignity." Recalling the Resolutions 822, 853, 874, and 884 (all 1993) of the UN Security Council, PACE urged "the parties concerned to comply with them, in particular by refraining from any armed hostilities and by withdrawing military forces from any occupied territories." The resolution also called on "the Government of Azerbaijan to establish contact, without preconditions, with the political representatives of both communities from the Nagorno-Karabakh region regarding the future status of the region."[34]

The Council of Europe called on the Nagorno-Karabakh de facto authorities to refrain from staging one-sided "local self-government elections" in Nagorno-Karabakh. "These so-called 'elections' cannot be legitimate," stressed Council of Europe Committee of Ministers' Chairman and Liechtenstein Foreign Minister Ernst Walch, Parliamentary Assembly President Lord Russell-Johnston and Secretary General Walter Schwimmer. They recalled that following the 1991–1994 armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, a substantial part of the region's population was forced to flee their homes and are still living as displaced persons in those countries or as refugees abroad.[35] This position was reiterated by Walter Schwimmer, Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 4 August 2004 with regard to the next elections, staged in the province,[36] and by the Chair of the Council of Europe’s Committee of Ministers on 12 July 2007 with regard to the presidential elections organised in Nagorno-Karabakh.[37] On 21 May 2010 Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, stated: "I would like to recall that the European Union does not recognise the constitutional and legal framework within which the "parliamentary elections" in Nagorno Karabakh will be held this Sunday. This event should not prejudice the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".[38] OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs stated that "Although the Co-Chairs understand the need for the de facto authorities in NK to try to organize democratically the public life of their population with such a procedure, they underscore again that Nagorno-Karabakh is not recognized as an independent and sovereign state by any of their three countries, nor by any other country, including Armenia. The Co-Chairs consider that this procedure should not preempt the determination of the final legal status of Nagorno-Karabakh in the broader framework of the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".[39]

In January 2016, the PACE adopted the Resolution #2085 entitled "Inhabitants of frontier regions of Azerbaijan are deliberately deprived of water" which stated that "the occupation by Armenia of Nagorno-Karabakh and other adjacent areas of Azerbaijan creates similar humanitarian and environmental problems for the citizens of Azerbaijan living in the Lower Karabakh valley".[40] The resolution also requested "the immediate withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from the region" and "the Armenian authorities to cease using water resources as tools of political influence or an instrument of pressure".[41]

The European Union declared that "The European Union confirms its support for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and recalls that it does not recognise the independence of Nagorno Karabakh. The European Union cannot consider legitimate the 'presidential elections' that were scheduled to take place on 11 August 2002 in Nagorno Karabakh".[42] The European Union reiterated this position with regard to the presidential elections, held in the region in 2007.[43]

The US Department of State's annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006, released on 6 March 2007 stated that "Armenia continues to occupy the Azerbaijani territory of Nagorno-Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. During the year incidents along the militarized line of contact separating the sides again resulted in numerous casualties on both sides".[44]

A background paper prepared by the Directorate General of Political Affairs of the Council of Europe for the seminar "Youth and Conflict Resolution" (Strasbourg, 31 March – 2 April 2003) states, "The Armenian side maintains that the N-K independence referendum was conducted in accordance with the USSR law on the 'Procedure for Solving Issues of Secession of a Soviet Republic from the USSR' of 3 April 1990. Article 3 of this law provided autonomous regions within the Soviet republics with the right to determine independently, by referendum, whether they wished to remain within the USSR or join the republic seceding from the USSR. It would however seem that according to this law N-K would have the choice of two options – to remain within the USSR or to join independent Azerbaijan; N-K independence does not seem possible".[45]

According to the article in "The Journal of Conflict Resolution", the Armenian side "justified its claim by Article 70 of the Soviet Constitution, which affirms the right to self-determination of the peoples of the USSR. In fact, this recognition of the principle of self-determination is only part of a general declaratory statement about the nature of the Soviet federation: “The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an integral, federal, multi-national state formed on the principle of socialist federalism as a result of the free self-determination of nations and the voluntary association of equal Soviet Socialist Republics. The USSR embodies the state unity of the Soviet people and draws all its nations and nationalities together for the purpose of jointly building communism.” There is no mechanism, other than the right of the union republics to secede (Article 72 of the constitution), through which to express the right of self-determination".[46]

The actual declaration of establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic, issued on 2 September 1991, states that the republic is proclaimed pursuant to the USSR law of secession, and that it "enjoys the authorities given to Republics by the USSR Constitution and legislation and reserves the right to decide independently the issue of its state-legal status based on political consultations and negotiations with the leadership of Union and Republics." The Declaration further states that "the USSR Constitution and legislation, as well as other laws currently in force, which do not contradict the goals and principles of this Declaration and peculiarities of the Republic apply on the territory of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic, until the NKR Constitution and laws are adopted."[47]

However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan states that "according to this Law, in a Union republic containing autonomous republics, autonomous provinces and autonomous regions, the referendum had to be held separately in each autonomous unit, the people of which retained the right to decide independently the question of staying in the USSR or in the seceding Union republic, as well as to raise the question of their own state-legal status. It is important to emphasize that the secession of a Union republic from the USSR could be regarded valid only after the fulfillment of complicated and multi-staged procedure and, finally, the adoption of the relevant decision by the Congress of the USSR People's Deputies. However, until the Soviet Union ceased to exist as international person, the mentioned Law was without legal effect, since no Union republic, including Azerbaijan and Armenia, had used the procedure for secession stipulated in it".[48]

The OSCE Minsk Group has allowed the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (referring to it as the "leadership of Nagorny Karabakh"), as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan, to participate in the peace process as "parties to the conflict," and the Azerbaijani community of the region – as an "interested party". The Chairman of the CSCE Minsk Conference mentioned that "the terms 'party to the conflict' and 'leadership of Nagorny Karabakh' do not imply recognition of any diplomatic or political status under domestic or international law".[49][50] The Azerbaijani community is led by Tural Ganjaliyev, the head of the executive power of Shusha region.

At a 2007 press conference in Yerevan, Yuri Merzlyakov, the OSCE Minsk Group Russian Co-Chair stated, "At the press conference in Baku, I underlined that Nagorno Karabakh was a part of Azerbaijani SSR and not of Azerbaijan. I perfectly know that till 1917 Nagorno Karabakh was a part of the Russian Empire. The history is necessary in order to settle conflicts, but it is necessary to proceed from international law".[51] Meanwhile, on 10 June 2007 after US-Azerbaijani security consultations in Washington D.C., with Azerbaijani Deputy Foreign Minister Araz Azimov, Deputy Assistant Secretary of US Department of State, US Co-Chairman of OSCE Minsk group Matthew Bryza in a joint press conference announced: "In the circles of international law there is no universal formula for the supremacy of territorial integrity over the right of self-determination of people."[52] German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said in March 2023 that competing principles of territorial integrity and self-determination are "equally applicable" in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the Armenian-Azerbaijan border crisis.[53][54]

On 14 March 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed a non-binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7, with 100 abstentions, reaffirming Azerbaijan's territorial integrity, expressing support for that country's internationally recognized borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there. The resolution was supported mainly by members of the OIC and GUAM, both of which Azerbaijan is a member, as well as other nations facing breakaway regions. The resolution was opposed by all three co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group.

Armenia edit

Armenia does not officially recognize the sovereign status of Artsakh. Armenia's government has stated that it would unilaterally recognize Artsakh only as an option of last resort to be used only if Azerbaijan resorted to military activity.[55] In 2010, President Armen Sarkissian said "We wanted for Artsakh’s independence to be recognized as a result of the negotiations, and only after that Armenia would recognize it. At the same time, if the war goes on and there is no chance for the negotiations to resume, Armenia will most probably will have no choice but to recognize [Artsakh]...We believe that there is no military solution to this problem."[56] When the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War started, Prime Minister Pashinyan stated that the Armenian government was considering unilaterally recognizing the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh.[57][58] Responding to instances where Armenian farmers in Nagorno-Karabakh were killed or shot by Azerbaijani forces,[59][60][61][62] Pashinyan tweeted “Azerbaijan calls Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh ‘our citizens’ and, at the same time, shoots at them while they are doing agricultural work."[63]

In September 2021, Armenia submitted a complaint to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) accusing Azerbaijan of ethnic discrimination of Armenians in violation of Azerbaijan's obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD).[64] According to "responsibility to protect" (R2P), member states of the United Nations are obliged to intervene in cases of serious human rights issues. R2P is associated with the notion of "remedial secession," the justification for a minority population seceding from a country if it faces total annihilation within that country's borders.[64]

Azerbaijan edit

Azerbaijan does not officially recognize the Republic of Artsakh; however, in a 2016 interview, current Azerbaijani President Aliyev offered a status of "an autonomous republic" to Nagorno-Karabakh, if Armenian troops withdraw from the surrounding regions.[65][66] This was the first time that an Azerbaijani leader had used the word "republic" to refer to the Armenian-controlled enclave. The U.S. Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group praised these remarks as move to open "discussions on status."[67] However, since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan no longer promises any special status or autonomy to ethnic Armenians who live in Nagorno-Karabakh.

Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev previously said the region would receive “the highest [political] autonomy in the world” but after Azerbaijan's victory in the 2020 war, he and other Azerbaijan officials have completely rescinded the offer.[68][14][69] Azerbaijani officials deny that the conflict persists, claiming that the entity of Nagorno-Karabakh no longer exists and have threatened military action if the Artsakh government does not disband.[70][71][72]

Azerbaijani President Aliyev has said that "Armenians living in Karabakh must either accept Azerbaijani citizenship or look for another place to live"[73][74] and that "I am sure that the majority of the Armenian population living in Karabakh today is ready to accept Azerbaijani citizenship. It's just that these leeches, these wild animals, the separatists [referring to Artsakh government officials] don't allow it."[75][76] Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship, Armenian residents of Nagorno-Karabakh do not trust Azerbaijan's guarantees of security due to the country's history of human rights abuses, Armenophobia, and lack of rights to ethnic minorities.[77][78][14]

In its attempt to isolate the region, the Azerbaijani government blacklists individuals from humanitarian organizations and journalists who work in Artsakh.[79][80] As a result of this, the only international organizations who work within Artsakh are HALO and the ICRC.[81][82] The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders have called on Azerbaijan to allow international organizations, including United Nations agencies, to access the region.[83][84][85]

European Parliament edit

On 20 May 2010, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus", which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability, prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus.[86] The resolution "calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months, to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy, creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war-affected populations; condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used, and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire". The resolution also calls for withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan, accompanied by deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition, which will ensure the security of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented; and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Nagorno-Karabakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh should rapidly be abandoned. It also notes "that an interim status for Nagorno-Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region."[87]

In October 2013, the European Parliament adopted the Resolution on the European Neighbourhood Policy in which it is stated that the occupation by one country of the Eastern Partnership (which includes Armenia and Azerbaijan) of the territory of another "violates the fundamental principles and objectives of the Eastern Partnership and that the resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict should comply with UN Security Council resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884 of 1993 and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Minsk Group Basic Principles, enshrined in the L’Aquila joint statement of 10 July 2009".[88] This same document also states that "Parliament fully subscribes to the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and the right to self-determination of nations;"[89]

On 15 November 2017, the European Parliament adopted a resolution "reaffirming its support to the OSCE Minsk Group co-chairs' efforts to solve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and to their 2009 Basic Principles, which include territorial integrity, self-determination and the non-use of force".[90]

OSCE Minsk Group edit

On 26 June 2010, the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group's Co-Chair countries, France, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America made a joint statement, reaffirming their "commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict".[91]

Remedial secession edit

Various political analysts and international observers have emphasized self-determination for the indigenous Armenian population, both as an internationally recognized right and as a form of genocide prevention.[92][93][94][95] According to the principle of remedial secession, a group of people can unilaterally secede in order to protect themselves from the parent state's oppressive regime, a principal enacted by Kosovo to support its independence from Serbia. Various politicians and political analysts have argued that the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh may also be eligible for enacting remedial secession due to the extreme anti-Armenianism within Azerbaijan.[96][97][98][99][100]

Geoffrey Robertson, first president of the UN's War Crimes Court for Sierra Leone, listed the pogroms of Sumgait (1988) and Baku (1990), Operation Ring (1991), the Siege of Stepanakert (1991), and the Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh as incidents of "excessive discrimination and systematic violations" which justified remedial secession for Nagorno-Karabakh.[96]

Independence recognition efforts edit

Non-UN member states edit

Entity Date of recognition Notes
  Abkhazia 17 November 2006 Mutual recognition
  South Ossetia 1 December 2006 Mutual recognition
  Transnistria 4 July 2001 or before[101] Mutual recognition

Australia edit

In October 2012, the Australian state of New South Wales recognized Nagorno-Karabakh[102] however, the Australian foreign minister reaffirmed in November 2015 that the federal government of the Commonwealth of Australia does not, and supports Azerbaijan's claim to the state.[103] In 2017, The Australian Greens announced that they recognize the Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh).[104][105]

In October 2020, the New South Wales Legislative Assembly recognized Artsakh.[106] On 9 November 2020, the city of Willoughby recognized the independence of Artsakh.[107]

In February 2021, the state of South Australia recognized the independence of Artsakh.[108]

Canada edit

Following the outbreak of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Senator Leo Housakos called for a motion for Canada to recognize Nagorno-Karabakh as an independent country.[109]

On 5 November 2020, the city of Laval in Quebec recognized the independence of Artsakh.[110]

On 8 December 2020, the Senate of Canada rejected a motion on "condemning the Azerbaijani-Turkish aggression" and recognizing the independence of Artsakh.[111]

Czechia edit

On 27 October 2020, the municipal district of Řeporyje, Czechia recognized the independence of Artsakh.[112][113]

France edit

 
French Senate adopts resolution calling for recognition of the Republic of Artsakh. 25 November 2020

Independence of Artsakh is recognized by the cities of Alfortville,[114] Limonest,[115] and Vienne.[116] A Bill on recognition of the Artsakh Republic was submitted to the French National Assembly on 14 October 2020.[117]

On 6 November 2020, the Assembly of Corsica adopted a resolution on the recognition of the Artsakh Republic.[118]

On 18 November 2020, the Council of Paris, the legislative body governing Paris, recognized the independence of Artsakh and called on the French government to follow.[119]

On 21 November 2020, the city council of Saint-Étienne recognized the independence of Artsakh, while on the same date, the Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis called for the French government to recognize Artsakh.[120][121] On 24 November 2020, the city of Décines-Charpieu and the Grenoble-Alpes Métropole both called for the recognition of Artsakh by the French government.[122][123]

On 25 November 2020, the French Senate adopted a resolution calling for recognition of the independence of Artsakh.[124] However, following the resolution adopted by France's Senate, a French Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated “France does not recognize the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.”[125]

On 1 December 2020, the Asnières-sur-Seine and Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur municipal council's called on the French Government to recognize Artsakh.[126][127]

On 3 December 2020, the National Assembly of France adopted a resolution urging the French Government to recognize Artsakh.[128][129]

Between 17 and 21 December 2020, the commune of Issy-les-Moulineaux, the department of Hauts-de-Seine, and the cities of Sarcelles, Clamart, and Montpellier adopted resolutions calling for the recognition of Artsakh.[130][131][132][133][134] Meanwhile, the city of Valence recognized Artsakh's independence.[135]

Guatemala edit

The City Hall of Sayaxché, Guatemala has officially recognized the right to self-determination of the Armenians of Artsakh and is supporting the creation of a free and sovereign state.[136]

Italy edit

On 15 October 2020, the Italian city of Milan became the first ever large European city to recognize the Republic of Artsakh.[137] Recognitions by Palermo,[138] Asolo,[139] Cerchiara di Calabria,[140] and the Italian region of Lombardy[141] followed within a fortnight. On 4 November 2020, the city of Campobasso recognized Artsakh.[142] The following day, similar motions recognizing Artsakh was passed by the municipalities of Bleggio Superiore and Drena.[143]

On 18 November 2020, the city of Viareggio recognized Artsakh's independence.[144] On 19 November 2020, Aprilia and Pisa recognized the independence of Artsakh.[145][146] On 25 November 2020, the city of Schio recognized the independence of Artsakh.[147]

On 26 November 2020, the municipality of San Giorgio di Nogaro recognized the independence of Artsakh.[148] On 2 December 2020, the municipality of Malo announced its recognition of Artsakh, followed by the towns of Ariccia on 11 December 2020[149][150] and San Pietro Vernotico on 31 December 2020.[151]

On 2 April 2021, the municipality of San Vito dei Normanni recognized the independence of Artsakh.[152]

On 26 May 2021, the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria also recognized the Republic of Artsakh.[153] [154]

Spain edit

In September 2014, the Basque parliament adopted a motion supporting Nagorno-Karabakh's right to self-determination.[155]

On 22 October 2020, the Parliament of Catalonia adopted a motion supporting the Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire and the recognition of the Artsakh Republic.[156]

On 30 October 2020, the Catalan city of Amposta recognized the independence of Artsakh.[157]

On 6 November 2020, the city of Berga in Catalonia recognized the independence of Artsakh.[158] On 21 December 2020, Santa Pau recognized the sovereignty of Artsakh.[159]

United Kingdom edit

On 25 November 2020, the Derby City Council unanimously passed a resolution to recognize the independence of the Republic of Artsakh. The city of Derby thus becoming the first city in the United Kingdom to adopt such a resolution.[160]

U.S. states and communities edit

Main article: Artsakh–United States relations
 
U.S. states' recognition of Artsakh
Passed a bill recognizing
Artsakh 		Rejected a bill recognizing
Azerbaijani territorial integrity 		Rejected a bill recognizing
Artsakh 		Passed a bill recognizing
Azerbaijani territorial integrity
  California (May & August 2014)[161][162][dubious – discuss]
  Colorado (April 2019)[163]
  Georgia House of Representatives (March 2016)[164]
  Hawaii (March 2016)[165]
  Idaho (April 2021)[166]
  Louisiana (May 2013)[167]
  Maine (10 April 2013)[168] Receded (30 April 2013)[169]
  Massachusetts (August 2012)[170]
  Michigan (September 2017)[171]
  Minnesota (May 2020)[172]
  New Jersey (June 2021)[173]
  Rhode Island (May 2012)[174] 		  Hawaii (February 2014)[175]
  Kentucky (March 2016)[176]
  Mississippi (April 2014)[177]
  South Dakota (February 2014)[178]
  Tennessee (March 2014)[178]
  Wyoming (February 2014)[178] 		  Georgia Senate (March 2016)[179]

  Vermont (April 2014)[180]

  Arizona (January 2014)[181]
  New Mexico (February 2014)[182]

Before California recognized Nagorno-Karabakh in May 2014, three places within the state had already recognized it:

In addition, Highland is twinned with Lachin and Montebello is twinned with Stepanakert.[187]

On 20 April 2016, the city of Honolulu, Hawaii recognized Artsakh.[188][189] On 21 September 2016, the city of Denver, Colorado recognized the independence of Artsakh.[190][191]

In 2020, the Artsakh Republic was recognized by:

In 2021, the Artsakh Republic was recognized by:

Uruguay edit

On 13 November 2020, the legislature of Uruguay's Montevideo Department unanimously recognized the independence of the Republic of Artsakh.[207]

Status after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War edit

Since the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan has rescinded its offer of special status or autonomy to its indigenous Armenian residents and instead insists on their "integration" into Azerbaijan.[208][209] In 2023, Azerbaijani President Aliyev said that Armenian residents of Nagorno-Karabakh must be "reintegrated" as "normal citizen[s] of Azerbaijan" and that "the [special] status [for Armenians] went to hell. It failed; it was shattered to smithereens. It is not and will not be there. As long as I am president, there will be no status."[210] Aliyev also threatened military action if the Artsakh government does not disband.[72][211]

Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship, Artsakh residents do not trust Azerbaijan's guarantees of security due to the country's history of human rights abuses, Armenophobia, and lack of rights to ethnic minorities.[212][213][214] Various human rights observers, scholars specializing in genocide studies, and politicians consider the blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh to be a form of ethnic cleansing and warn of the risk of genocide.[215][216][217][218][219][220][221] Many international observers also do not consider Azerbaijan's claim that Artsakh Armenians can live safely under Aliyev’s regime to be credible.[222][223][224][225]

Caucasus expert, Laurence Broers wrote "the blockade [of Nagorno-Karabakh] renders irrelevant any talk of the civil integration of Karabakh Armenians. It vindicates the worst fears of the Karabakh Armenian population."[226] If Azerbaijan takes control over the region, political analysts predict that Azerbaijan will arbitrarily detain and torture civilians, under the pretext of their association with the Artsakh government or with previous wars.[227] At least two incidents of Azerbaijani forces detaining Armenian residents around Azerbaijan's military checkpoint have been confirmed.[228][229]

2023 offensive and Dissolution of the Artsakh Republic edit

Main article: 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh

Following the Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh on 19 September 2023, Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024,[5] although later in exile it annulled this decree for being unconstitutional.[7] However Armenia's prime-minister Nikol Pashinyan publicly recognized Azerbaijani sovereignty over Karabakh and repeatedly stated that the Karabakh issue was closed for his administration. Pashinyan stated that there can only be one government in Armenia, and criticized attempts of the former NKR officials to present themselves as a government in exile, which he considered a "national security problem for Armenia" that the law enforcement needed to deal with.[230][231]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Volatile Core of the South Caucasus". 2023-03-04. from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh is one of four frozen conflicts that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Legally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan, it declared independence in 1991 and then defended that independence in a war with Azerbaijan that lasted until 1994. While it enjoys no international recognition of sovereignty, Nagorno-Karabakh has been de facto independent since its declaration and has been supported militarily and economically by neighboring Armenia.
  2. ^ "Conflicts in Transcaucasia". assembly.coe.int. from the original on 2021-05-11. Retrieved 2023-06-09. At the end of 1991 the parties were in stark confrontation after Azerbaijan abolished Nagorno-Karabakh's autonomous status and the latter declared independence after the plebiscite-referendum of 10 December 1991.
  3. ^ Episkopos, Mark (2020-12-20). "Nagorno-Karabakh and the Fresh Scars of War". The National Interest. from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The goal has long been to trade these territories, sometimes called the "security belt," in exchange for a robust autonomous status for Nagorno-Karabakh on the best possible terms.
  4. ^ Kucera, Joshua (2020-11-09). "In Nagorno-Karabakh, the Cycle of Ethnic Cleansing Continues". Foreign Policy. from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2023-06-09. Armenians originally envisaged the seizure of these territories as a temporary measure: a security belt and a bargaining chip to return to Azerbaijan in exchange for concessions in return, such as the recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh itself as Armenian.
  5. ^ a b "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 - Nagorno-Karabakh authorities". Reuters. 2023-09-28. from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
  6. ^ "Artsakh Leader Annuls Earlier Decree to Dissolve Government". Hetq.am. 2023-12-22. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  7. ^ a b AFP, Agence France Presse. "Karabakh Dissolution Not Valid, Says Separatist Leader". www.barrons.com. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
  8. ^ Stepanian, Ruzanna (28 March 2024). "Pashinian Slams, Warns Karabakh Leaders". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  9. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh blockade: Azerbaijani journalist speaks out". openDemocracy. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  10. ^ "Kennan Cable No. 81: What's at Stake in Nagorno-Karabakh: U.S. Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved 2023-04-04. The history of violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan, including the recent execution of Armenian prisoners of war and the sexual mutilation of female soldiers, give Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh little confidence in their safety...According to Freedom House, Azerbaijan's government "has worked to stifle public expressions of Talysh and Lezgin identity, among other targeted groups."
  11. ^ Vock, Ido (2023-06-08). "Fear and loathing in Armenia". New Statesman. Retrieved 2023-06-09. Azerbaijan says the territory's inhabitants can live as Azerbaijani citizens under its sovereignty, but Armenians treat these claims with derision. 'Azerbaijani dissidents say even Azerbaijanis do not enjoy their constitutional rights,' Tigran Grigoryan, head of the Regional Centre for Democracy and Security, an Armenian think tank, told me. 'So how can Armenians expect to?'
  12. ^ "Kennan Cable No. 81: What's at Stake in Nagorno-Karabakh: U.S. Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. from the original on 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2023-04-04. For nearly 30 years, they built a self-proclaimed independent republic with democratic elections, a free press, and a range of public institutions. Officially, it remained within the territorial boundaries of Azerbaijan, unrecognized by any foreign country, though international mediators made reference to the right of self-determination for local Armenians as part of ongoing peace talks.
  13. ^ "A Peace to End All Peace? Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So-Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan". Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention. 2023-05-23. from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The Lemkin Institute believes that, given the circumstances, the self-determination of the people of Artsakh is a form of genocide prevention in addition to a right recognized by the Charter of the United Nations and several human rights treaties and declarations, which has become part of international jus cogens. Self-determination is further a recognized right of all peoples under oppressive colonial regimes.
  14. ^ a b c Isayev, Heydar (April 20, 2022). "Azerbaijan quiet as Karabakh negotiations progress". eurasianet.org. from the original on 2023-01-02. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  15. ^ Vock, Ido (2023-06-08). "Fear and loathing in Armenia". New Statesman. from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2023-06-09. President Aliyev told Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to 'obey the laws of Azerbaijan [and] be a loyal and normal citizen of Azerbaijan'. He threatened that if the territory's separatist institutions were not dissolved, Azerbaijan would dissolve them by force and rejected the prospect of international protections for ethnic Armenians.
  16. ^ "Chiragov and Others v. Armenia". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  17. ^ "Human Rights Watch World Report 1995". Hrw.org. from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2012-05-06.
  18. ^ Shahverdyan, Lilit (2023-05-23). "PM says Armenia ready to recognize Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan". Eurasianet. from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2023-06-09. The National Assembly [of Artsakh], convened a special session on May 22 and adopted a statement blasting the Armenian leadership. 'Any statement by Nikol Pashinyan ignoring the sovereignty of the Republic of Artsakh, our people's right to self-determination and the fact of its implementation, as well as any document drafted on that basis is unacceptable and worthless to us,' it read. (Artsakh is an alternate Armenian name for Karabakh.)
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  20. ^ "Additionally it may be noted that the Security Council cannot adopt binding decisions under Chapter VI of the Charter" (De Hoogh, Andre. Obligations Erga Omnes and International Crimes, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 Jan 1996, p. 371).
  21. ^ "Council recommendations under Chapter VI are generally accepted as not being legally binding". (Magliveras, Konstantinos D. Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 Jan 1999, p. 113).
  22. ^ "Within the framework of Chapter VI the SC has at its disposal an 'escalation ladder' composed of several 'rungs' of wielding influence on the conflicting parties in order to move them toward a pacific solution... however, the pressure exerted by the Council in the context of this Chapter is restricted to non-binding recommendations". (Neuhold, Hanspeter. "The United Nations System for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes", in Cede, Franz & Sucharipa-Behrmann, Lilly. The United Nations, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 Jan 2001, p. 66).
  23. ^ "The responsibility of the Council with regard to international peace and security is specified in Chapters VI and VII. Chapter VI, entitled 'Pacific Settlements of Disputes', provides for action by the Council in case of international disputes or situations which do not (yet) post a threat to international peace and security. Herein its powers generally confined to making recommendations, the Council can generally not issue binding decisions under Chapter VI". (Schweigman, David. The Authority of the Security Council Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 Jan 2001, p. 33).
  24. ^ "Under Chapter VI, the Security Council may only make recommendations but not binding decisions on United Nations members". (Wallace-Bruce, Nii Lante. The Settlement of International Disputes, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1 Jan 1998, pp. 47–4 ).
  25. ^ "The UN distinguishes between two sorts of Security Council resolution. Those passed under Chapter Six deal with the peaceful resolution of disputes and entitle the council to make non-binding recommendations. Those under Chapter Seven give the council broad powers to take action, including warlike action, to deal with “threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression”. Such resolutions, binding on all UN members, were rare during the cold war. But they were used against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait. None of the resolutions relating to the Israeli-Arab conflict comes under Chapter Seven." Iraq, Israel and the United Nations: Double standards? 2008-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 10 October 2002.
  26. ^ "There are two sorts of security council resolution: those under 'chapter 6' are non-binding recommendations dealing with the peaceful resolution of disputes; those under 'chapter 7' give the council broad powers, including war, to deal with 'threats to the peace ... or acts of aggression'." Emmott, Bill. If Saddam steps out of line we must go straight to war 2023-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 25 November 2002.
  27. ^ "...there is a difference between the Security Council resolutions that Israel breaches (nonbinding recommendations under Chapter 6) and those Iraq broke (enforcement actions under Chapter 7)." Kristof, Nicholas D. Calling the Kettle Black 2023-01-13 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 25 February 2004.
  28. ^ "There is a hierarchy of resolutions... Chapter 6, under which all resolutions relating to the middle east have been issued, relates to the pacific resolution of disputes. Above that, there are the mandatory chapter 7 resolutions, which impose the clearest possible obligations, usually on a single state rather than on two or three states, which is what chapter 6 is there for. Chapter 7 imposes mandatory obligations on states that are completely out of line with international law and policy, and the United Nations has decided in its charter that the failure to meet those obligations may be met by the use of force." Straw, Jack. [1] House of Commons debates, Hansard, Column 32, 24 September 2002.
  29. ^ "There is another characteristic of these resolutions which deserves a mention, and that is that they are under chapter 7 of the United Nations charter. Chapter 7 has as its heading 'Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression'. This is the very serious chapter of United Nations rules, regulations, laws and principles, which the United Nations activates when they intend to do something about it. If the United Nations announces under chapter 7 that it intends to do something about a matter and it is not done, that will undermine the authority of the United Nations; that will render it ineffective. There are many other resolutions under other chapters. Resolution 242 gets a bit of a Guernsey here every now and then. Resolution 242 is under chapter 6, not chapter 7. It does not carry the same mandate and authority that chapter 7 carries. Chapter 6 is the United Nations trying to put up resolutions which might help the process of peace and it states matters of principle that are important for the world to take into consideration. Resolution 242 says that Israel should withdraw from territories that it has occupied. It also says that Israel should withdraw to secure and recognised boundaries and that the one is dependent upon the other. Resolution 242 says that, but it is not a chapter 7 resolution." Beazley, Kim, Waiting for blow-back (speech delivered in Parliament on 4 February 2003 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, The Sydney Morning Herald, 5 February 2003.
  30. ^ "There are several types of resolutions: Chapter 6 resolutions are decisions pursing [sic] the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, and put forward Council proposals on negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies, and other peaceful means. Chapter 7 resolutions are decisions for Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, involving use of force and sanctions, complete or partial interruption of economic relations, rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic radio and other means of communication and the severance of diplomatic relations. Resolutions passed under Chapter 7 of the Charter are binding on all UN members, who are required to give every assistance to any action taken by the Council, and refrain from giving any assistance to the country against which it is taking enforcement action." Iran dossier crosses the Atlantic: Where to from here? 2009-03-27 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Word document), Greenpeace position paper on Iran.
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External links edit

    January 01, 1970
    political, status, nagorno, karabakh, political, status, nagorno, karabakh, remained, unresolved, from, declaration, independence, december, 1991, september, 2023, collapse, during, soviet, times, been, ethnic, armenian, autonomous, oblast, azerbaijan, soviet,. The political status of Nagorno Karabakh remained unresolved from its declaration of independence on 10 December 1991 1 2 to its September 2023 collapse During Soviet times it had been an ethnic Armenian autonomous oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union a conflict arose between local Armenians who sought to have Nagorno Karabakh join Armenia and local Azerbaijanis who opposed this Soviet era borders of Armenia Azerbaijan and Nagorno Karabakh Aftermath of the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war to stay under its control Agdam District to be evacuated by Armenia by 20 November Kalbajar District to be evacuated by Armenia by 25 November Lachin District to be evacuated by Armenia by 1 December Part of Nagorno Karabakh remaining under the control of Artsakh Lachin corridor with Russian peacekeepers The two access roads to Nagorno Karabakh All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked including transport connections between Nakhchivan and rest of Azerbaijan arrow s hypothetical location chosen by a Wikipedia user and not defined by the statement itself Line of Contact before the 2020 conflict Other zones claimed by Artsakh The conflict soon escalated into ethnic cleansing and open warfare in the First Nagorno Karabakh War as a result of which the region came under the control of an Armenia allied de facto state the Republic of Artsakh The surrounding regions of Azerbaijan were occupied by the self declared republic under the justification of a security belt which was intended to be exchanged for recognition of autonomous status from Azerbaijan 3 4 Negotiations took place sporadically over the following decades during which a ceasefire generally prevailed between Armenia Artsakh and Azerbaijan albeit without peacekeeping forces Turkey and Azerbaijan closed their borders to Armenia and took other diplomatic steps to isolate it Meanwhile the United Nations Security Council OSCE Minsk Group and other bodies made various statements and proposed dialogue initiatives none of which were successful In the Second Nagorno Karabakh War Azerbaijani forces backed by Turkey took control of the southern half of the region including Shusha and Hadrut Armenia was forced to concede additional territories to preserve Stepanakert and the northern half of the Republic of Artsakh under local Armenian control protected by Russian peacekeepers The political status of this reduced region was not specified in the ceasefire agreement In the wake of a tightened blockade by Azerbaijan in which the Lachin Corridor was closed and subsequent Azerbaijani offensive on 19 September 2023 the Artsakh government surrendered and voted to disband itself effective 1 January 2024 5 although it later annulled this decree in exile for being unconstitutional 6 7 But Armenia s prime minister recognized Azerbaijan s sovereignty over Karabakh and rejected the functioning of Nagorno Karabakh government in exile in Armenia 8 Virtually all of the Karabakhi Armenian population fled to Armenia via the newly reopened Lachin Corridor Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship Karabakh s Armenian residents did not trust Azerbaijan s guarantees of security due to the country s history of human rights abuses Armenophobia and lack of rights to ethnic minorities 9 10 11 The Republic of Artsakh was never recognized by any UN member state including Armenia For 30 years international mediators and human rights organizations referred to the right of self determination for the Armenian population 12 13 Following the second Nagorno Karabakh War in 2020 Azerbaijan refused any special status or autonomy to its ethnically Armenian residents 14 15 Contents 1 Political ties with Armenia 2 Positions and statements 2 1 Armenia 2 2 Azerbaijan 2 3 European Parliament 2 4 OSCE Minsk Group 3 Remedial secession 4 Independence recognition efforts 4 1 Non UN member states 4 2 Australia 4 3 Canada 4 4 Czechia 4 5 France 4 6 Guatemala 4 7 Italy 4 8 Spain 4 9 United Kingdom 4 10 U S states and communities 4 11 Uruguay 5 Status after the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War 6 2023 offensive and Dissolution of the Artsakh Republic 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksPolitical ties with Armenia editIn the 2005 case of Chiragov and others v Armenia the European Court of Human Rights decided that the Republic of Armenia from the early days of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict has had a significant and decisive influence over the NKR Nagorno Karabakh Republic that the two entities are highly integrated in virtually all important matters and that this situation persists to this day 16 According to Human Rights Watch from the beginning of the Karabakh conflict Armenia provided aid weapons and volunteers Armenian involvement in Karabakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive The Republic of Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to fight in Karabakh 17 However the government of Armenia has never formally recognized the sovereignty of Artsakh and since 2022 its leadership has made statements suggesting it is ready to recognize the region as part of Azerbaijan causing outrage across various sectors of Nagorno Karabakh including in its government 18 Positions and statements edit nbsp Territory controlled by the Republic of Artsakh from 1994 to 2020 Claimed by the Republic of Artsakh but controlled by Azerbaijan The sovereign status of the Republic of Artsakh is not recognized by any United Nations member state including Armenia but has been recognized by Transnistria 19 Abkhazia and South Ossetia Transnistria is not recognized by any UN member state while the latter two have international recognition from several UN member states Armenia is currently in an ongoing negotiation with Artsakh where the end goal is either Artsakh independence recognition or Artsakh integration with Armenia whatever the people of Artsakh would prefer Three UN Security Council Resolutions 853 874 and 884 and United Nations General Assembly resolutions 49 13 and 57 298 refer to Nagorno Karabakh as a region of Azerbaijan None of these resolutions were passed under Chapter VII Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression of the Charter Certain politicians and legal scholars have expressed the view that resolutions are only legally binding if they are made under Chapter VII of the Charter 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 However it does not mean that binding force of the UN Security Council Resolutions 822 853 874 and 884 is called into question The language of these four Resolutions indicates that they are not mere recommendations or exhortations but legally binding decisions 31 32 According to a report prepared by British parliamentarian and rapporteur David Atkinson presented to Political Affairs Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE the borders of Azerbaijan were internationally recognised at the time of the country being recognised as independent state in 1991 and the territory of Azerbaijan included the Nagorno Karabakh region 33 The Resolution 1416 adopted by PACE in 2005 stated that Considerable parts of the territory of Azerbaijan are still occupied by Armenian forces still in control of the Nagorno Karabakh region The resolution further stated The Assembly reiterates that the occupation of foreign territory by a member state constitutes a grave violation of that state s obligations as a member of the Council of Europe and reaffirms the right of displaced persons from the area of conflict to return to their homes safely and with dignity Recalling the Resolutions 822 853 874 and 884 all 1993 of the UN Security Council PACE urged the parties concerned to comply with them in particular by refraining from any armed hostilities and by withdrawing military forces from any occupied territories The resolution also called on the Government of Azerbaijan to establish contact without preconditions with the political representatives of both communities from the Nagorno Karabakh region regarding the future status of the region 34 The Council of Europe called on the Nagorno Karabakh de facto authorities to refrain from staging one sided local self government elections in Nagorno Karabakh These so called elections cannot be legitimate stressed Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Chairman and Liechtenstein Foreign Minister Ernst Walch Parliamentary Assembly President Lord Russell Johnston and Secretary General Walter Schwimmer They recalled that following the 1991 1994 armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan a substantial part of the region s population was forced to flee their homes and are still living as displaced persons in those countries or as refugees abroad 35 This position was reiterated by Walter Schwimmer Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 4 August 2004 with regard to the next elections staged in the province 36 and by the Chair of the Council of Europe s Committee of Ministers on 12 July 2007 with regard to the presidential elections organised in Nagorno Karabakh 37 On 21 May 2010 Catherine Ashton High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy stated I would like to recall that the European Union does not recognise the constitutional and legal framework within which the parliamentary elections in Nagorno Karabakh will be held this Sunday This event should not prejudice the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict 38 OSCE Minsk Group Co Chairs stated that Although the Co Chairs understand the need for the de facto authorities in NK to try to organize democratically the public life of their population with such a procedure they underscore again that Nagorno Karabakh is not recognized as an independent and sovereign state by any of their three countries nor by any other country including Armenia The Co Chairs consider that this procedure should not preempt the determination of the final legal status of Nagorno Karabakh in the broader framework of the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict 39 In January 2016 the PACE adopted the Resolution 2085 entitled Inhabitants of frontier regions of Azerbaijan are deliberately deprived of water which stated that the occupation by Armenia of Nagorno Karabakh and other adjacent areas of Azerbaijan creates similar humanitarian and environmental problems for the citizens of Azerbaijan living in the Lower Karabakh valley 40 The resolution also requested the immediate withdrawal of Armenian armed forces from the region and the Armenian authorities to cease using water resources as tools of political influence or an instrument of pressure 41 The European Union declared that The European Union confirms its support for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan and recalls that it does not recognise the independence of Nagorno Karabakh The European Union cannot consider legitimate the presidential elections that were scheduled to take place on 11 August 2002 in Nagorno Karabakh 42 The European Union reiterated this position with regard to the presidential elections held in the region in 2007 43 The US Department of State s annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 released on 6 March 2007 stated that Armenia continues to occupy the Azerbaijani territory of Nagorno Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories During the year incidents along the militarized line of contact separating the sides again resulted in numerous casualties on both sides 44 A background paper prepared by the Directorate General of Political Affairs of the Council of Europe for the seminar Youth and Conflict Resolution Strasbourg 31 March 2 April 2003 states The Armenian side maintains that the N K independence referendum was conducted in accordance with the USSR law on the Procedure for Solving Issues of Secession of a Soviet Republic from the USSR of 3 April 1990 Article 3 of this law provided autonomous regions within the Soviet republics with the right to determine independently by referendum whether they wished to remain within the USSR or join the republic seceding from the USSR It would however seem that according to this law N K would have the choice of two options to remain within the USSR or to join independent Azerbaijan N K independence does not seem possible 45 According to the article in The Journal of Conflict Resolution the Armenian side justified its claim by Article 70 of the Soviet Constitution which affirms the right to self determination of the peoples of the USSR In fact this recognition of the principle of self determination is only part of a general declaratory statement about the nature of the Soviet federation The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is an integral federal multi national state formed on the principle of socialist federalism as a result of the free self determination of nations and the voluntary association of equal Soviet Socialist Republics The USSR embodies the state unity of the Soviet people and draws all its nations and nationalities together for the purpose of jointly building communism There is no mechanism other than the right of the union republics to secede Article 72 of the constitution through which to express the right of self determination 46 The actual declaration of establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic issued on 2 September 1991 states that the republic is proclaimed pursuant to the USSR law of secession and that it enjoys the authorities given to Republics by the USSR Constitution and legislation and reserves the right to decide independently the issue of its state legal status based on political consultations and negotiations with the leadership of Union and Republics The Declaration further states that the USSR Constitution and legislation as well as other laws currently in force which do not contradict the goals and principles of this Declaration and peculiarities of the Republic apply on the territory of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic until the NKR Constitution and laws are adopted 47 However the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan states that according to this Law in a Union republic containing autonomous republics autonomous provinces and autonomous regions the referendum had to be held separately in each autonomous unit the people of which retained the right to decide independently the question of staying in the USSR or in the seceding Union republic as well as to raise the question of their own state legal status It is important to emphasize that the secession of a Union republic from the USSR could be regarded valid only after the fulfillment of complicated and multi staged procedure and finally the adoption of the relevant decision by the Congress of the USSR People s Deputies However until the Soviet Union ceased to exist as international person the mentioned Law was without legal effect since no Union republic including Azerbaijan and Armenia had used the procedure for secession stipulated in it 48 The OSCE Minsk Group has allowed the Nagorno Karabakh Republic referring to it as the leadership of Nagorny Karabakh as well as Armenia and Azerbaijan to participate in the peace process as parties to the conflict and the Azerbaijani community of the region as an interested party The Chairman of the CSCE Minsk Conference mentioned that the terms party to the conflict and leadership of Nagorny Karabakh do not imply recognition of any diplomatic or political status under domestic or international law 49 50 The Azerbaijani community is led by Tural Ganjaliyev the head of the executive power of Shusha region At a 2007 press conference in Yerevan Yuri Merzlyakov the OSCE Minsk Group Russian Co Chair stated At the press conference in Baku I underlined that Nagorno Karabakh was a part of Azerbaijani SSR and not of Azerbaijan I perfectly know that till 1917 Nagorno Karabakh was a part of the Russian Empire The history is necessary in order to settle conflicts but it is necessary to proceed from international law 51 Meanwhile on 10 June 2007 after US Azerbaijani security consultations in Washington D C with Azerbaijani Deputy Foreign Minister Araz Azimov Deputy Assistant Secretary of US Department of State US Co Chairman of OSCE Minsk group Matthew Bryza in a joint press conference announced In the circles of international law there is no universal formula for the supremacy of territorial integrity over the right of self determination of people 52 German Chancellor Olaf Scholz said in March 2023 that competing principles of territorial integrity and self determination are equally applicable in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict and the Armenian Azerbaijan border crisis 53 54 On 14 March 2008 the United Nations General Assembly passed a non binding resolution by a vote of 39 to 7 with 100 abstentions reaffirming Azerbaijan s territorial integrity expressing support for that country s internationally recognized borders and demanding the immediate withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories there The resolution was supported mainly by members of the OIC and GUAM both of which Azerbaijan is a member as well as other nations facing breakaway regions The resolution was opposed by all three co chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group Armenia edit Armenia does not officially recognize the sovereign status of Artsakh Armenia s government has stated that it would unilaterally recognize Artsakh only as an option of last resort to be used only if Azerbaijan resorted to military activity 55 In 2010 President Armen Sarkissian said We wanted for Artsakh s independence to be recognized as a result of the negotiations and only after that Armenia would recognize it At the same time if the war goes on and there is no chance for the negotiations to resume Armenia will most probably will have no choice but to recognize Artsakh We believe that there is no military solution to this problem 56 When the Second Nagorno Karabakh War started Prime Minister Pashinyan stated that the Armenian government was considering unilaterally recognizing the independence of Nagorno Karabakh 57 58 Responding to instances where Armenian farmers in Nagorno Karabakh were killed or shot by Azerbaijani forces 59 60 61 62 Pashinyan tweeted Azerbaijan calls Armenians of Nagorno Karabakh our citizens and at the same time shoots at them while they are doing agricultural work 63 In September 2021 Armenia submitted a complaint to the International Court of Justice ICJ accusing Azerbaijan of ethnic discrimination of Armenians in violation of Azerbaijan s obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CERD 64 According to responsibility to protect R2P member states of the United Nations are obliged to intervene in cases of serious human rights issues R2P is associated with the notion of remedial secession the justification for a minority population seceding from a country if it faces total annihilation within that country s borders 64 Azerbaijan edit Azerbaijan does not officially recognize the Republic of Artsakh however in a 2016 interview current Azerbaijani President Aliyev offered a status of an autonomous republic to Nagorno Karabakh if Armenian troops withdraw from the surrounding regions 65 66 This was the first time that an Azerbaijani leader had used the word republic to refer to the Armenian controlled enclave The U S Co Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group praised these remarks as move to open discussions on status 67 However since the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War Azerbaijan no longer promises any special status or autonomy to ethnic Armenians who live in Nagorno Karabakh Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev previously said the region would receive the highest political autonomy in the world but after Azerbaijan s victory in the 2020 war he and other Azerbaijan officials have completely rescinded the offer 68 14 69 Azerbaijani officials deny that the conflict persists claiming that the entity of Nagorno Karabakh no longer exists and have threatened military action if the Artsakh government does not disband 70 71 72 Azerbaijani President Aliyev has said that Armenians living in Karabakh must either accept Azerbaijani citizenship or look for another place to live 73 74 and that I am sure that the majority of the Armenian population living in Karabakh today is ready to accept Azerbaijani citizenship It s just that these leeches these wild animals the separatists referring to Artsakh government officials don t allow it 75 76 Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship Armenian residents of Nagorno Karabakh do not trust Azerbaijan s guarantees of security due to the country s history of human rights abuses Armenophobia and lack of rights to ethnic minorities 77 78 14 In its attempt to isolate the region the Azerbaijani government blacklists individuals from humanitarian organizations and journalists who work in Artsakh 79 80 As a result of this the only international organizations who work within Artsakh are HALO and the ICRC 81 82 The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders have called on Azerbaijan to allow international organizations including United Nations agencies to access the region 83 84 85 European Parliament edit On 20 May 2010 the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus which states that EU must pursue a strategy to promote stability prosperity and conflict resolution in the South Caucasus 86 The resolution calls on the parties to intensify their peace talk efforts for the purpose of a settlement in the coming months to show a more constructive attitude and to abandon preferences to perpetuate the status quo created by force and with no international legitimacy creating in this way instability and prolonging the suffering of the war affected populations condemns the idea of a military solution and the heavy consequences of military force already used and calls on both parties to avoid any further breaches of the 1994 ceasefire The resolution also calls for withdrawal of Armenian forces from all occupied territories of Azerbaijan accompanied by deployment of international forces to be organised with respect of the UN Charter in order to provide the necessary security guarantees in a period of transition which will ensure the security of the population of Nagorno Karabakh and allow the displaced persons to return to their homes and further conflicts caused by homelessness to be prevented and states that the EU believes that the position according to which Nagorno Karabakh includes all occupied Azerbaijani lands surrounding Nagorno Karabakh should rapidly be abandoned It also notes that an interim status for Nagorno Karabakh could offer a solution until the final status is determined and that it could create a transitional framework for peaceful coexistence and cooperation of Armenian and Azerbaijani populations in the region 87 In October 2013 the European Parliament adopted the Resolution on the European Neighbourhood Policy in which it is stated that the occupation by one country of the Eastern Partnership which includes Armenia and Azerbaijan of the territory of another violates the fundamental principles and objectives of the Eastern Partnership and that the resolution of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict should comply with UN Security Council resolutions 822 853 874 and 884 of 1993 and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe OSCE Minsk Group Basic Principles enshrined in the L Aquila joint statement of 10 July 2009 88 This same document also states that Parliament fully subscribes to the principles of sovereignty territorial integrity and the right to self determination of nations 89 On 15 November 2017 the European Parliament adopted a resolution reaffirming its support to the OSCE Minsk Group co chairs efforts to solve the Nagorno Karabakh conflict and to their 2009 Basic Principles which include territorial integrity self determination and the non use of force 90 OSCE Minsk Group edit On 26 June 2010 the presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group s Co Chair countries France the Russian Federation and the United States of America made a joint statement reaffirming their commitment to support the leaders of Armenia and Azerbaijan as they finalize the Basic Principles for the peaceful settlement of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict 91 Remedial secession editVarious political analysts and international observers have emphasized self determination for the indigenous Armenian population both as an internationally recognized right and as a form of genocide prevention 92 93 94 95 According to the principle of remedial secession a group of people can unilaterally secede in order to protect themselves from the parent state s oppressive regime a principal enacted by Kosovo to support its independence from Serbia Various politicians and political analysts have argued that the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh may also be eligible for enacting remedial secession due to the extreme anti Armenianism within Azerbaijan 96 97 98 99 100 Geoffrey Robertson first president of the UN s War Crimes Court for Sierra Leone listed the pogroms of Sumgait 1988 and Baku 1990 Operation Ring 1991 the Siege of Stepanakert 1991 and the Blockade of Nagorno Karabakh as incidents of excessive discrimination and systematic violations which justified remedial secession for Nagorno Karabakh 96 Independence recognition efforts editNon UN member states edit Entity Date of recognition Notes nbsp Abkhazia 17 November 2006 Mutual recognition nbsp South Ossetia 1 December 2006 Mutual recognition nbsp Transnistria 4 July 2001 or before 101 Mutual recognition Australia edit In October 2012 the Australian state of New South Wales recognized Nagorno Karabakh 102 however the Australian foreign minister reaffirmed in November 2015 that the federal government of the Commonwealth of Australia does not and supports Azerbaijan s claim to the state 103 In 2017 The Australian Greens announced that they recognize the Republic of Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh 104 105 In October 2020 the New South Wales Legislative Assembly recognized Artsakh 106 On 9 November 2020 the city of Willoughby recognized the independence of Artsakh 107 In February 2021 the state of South Australia recognized the independence of Artsakh 108 Canada edit Following the outbreak of the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war Senator Leo Housakos called for a motion for Canada to recognize Nagorno Karabakh as an independent country 109 On 5 November 2020 the city of Laval in Quebec recognized the independence of Artsakh 110 On 8 December 2020 the Senate of Canada rejected a motion on condemning the Azerbaijani Turkish aggression and recognizing the independence of Artsakh 111 Czechia edit On 27 October 2020 the municipal district of Reporyje Czechia recognized the independence of Artsakh 112 113 France edit nbsp French Senate adopts resolution calling for recognition of the Republic of Artsakh 25 November 2020 Independence of Artsakh is recognized by the cities of Alfortville 114 Limonest 115 and Vienne 116 A Bill on recognition of the Artsakh Republic was submitted to the French National Assembly on 14 October 2020 117 On 6 November 2020 the Assembly of Corsica adopted a resolution on the recognition of the Artsakh Republic 118 On 18 November 2020 the Council of Paris the legislative body governing Paris recognized the independence of Artsakh and called on the French government to follow 119 On 21 November 2020 the city council of Saint Etienne recognized the independence of Artsakh while on the same date the Aix Marseille Provence Metropolis called for the French government to recognize Artsakh 120 121 On 24 November 2020 the city of Decines Charpieu and the Grenoble Alpes Metropole both called for the recognition of Artsakh by the French government 122 123 On 25 November 2020 the French Senate adopted a resolution calling for recognition of the independence of Artsakh 124 However following the resolution adopted by France s Senate a French Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated France does not recognize the self proclaimed Nagorno Karabakh Republic 125 On 1 December 2020 the Asnieres sur Seine and Metropole Nice Cote d Azur municipal council s called on the French Government to recognize Artsakh 126 127 On 3 December 2020 the National Assembly of France adopted a resolution urging the French Government to recognize Artsakh 128 129 Between 17 and 21 December 2020 the commune of Issy les Moulineaux the department of Hauts de Seine and the cities of Sarcelles Clamart and Montpellier adopted resolutions calling for the recognition of Artsakh 130 131 132 133 134 Meanwhile the city of Valence recognized Artsakh s independence 135 Guatemala edit The City Hall of Sayaxche Guatemala has officially recognized the right to self determination of the Armenians of Artsakh and is supporting the creation of a free and sovereign state 136 Italy edit On 15 October 2020 the Italian city of Milan became the first ever large European city to recognize the Republic of Artsakh 137 Recognitions by Palermo 138 Asolo 139 Cerchiara di Calabria 140 and the Italian region of Lombardy 141 followed within a fortnight On 4 November 2020 the city of Campobasso recognized Artsakh 142 The following day similar motions recognizing Artsakh was passed by the municipalities of Bleggio Superiore and Drena 143 On 18 November 2020 the city of Viareggio recognized Artsakh s independence 144 On 19 November 2020 Aprilia and Pisa recognized the independence of Artsakh 145 146 On 25 November 2020 the city of Schio recognized the independence of Artsakh 147 On 26 November 2020 the municipality of San Giorgio di Nogaro recognized the independence of Artsakh 148 On 2 December 2020 the municipality of Malo announced its recognition of Artsakh followed by the towns of Ariccia on 11 December 2020 149 150 and San Pietro Vernotico on 31 December 2020 151 On 2 April 2021 the municipality of San Vito dei Normanni recognized the independence of Artsakh 152 On 26 May 2021 the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria also recognized the Republic of Artsakh 153 154 Spain edit In September 2014 the Basque parliament adopted a motion supporting Nagorno Karabakh s right to self determination 155 On 22 October 2020 the Parliament of Catalonia adopted a motion supporting the Nagorno Karabakh ceasefire and the recognition of the Artsakh Republic 156 On 30 October 2020 the Catalan city of Amposta recognized the independence of Artsakh 157 On 6 November 2020 the city of Berga in Catalonia recognized the independence of Artsakh 158 On 21 December 2020 Santa Pau recognized the sovereignty of Artsakh 159 United Kingdom edit On 25 November 2020 the Derby City Council unanimously passed a resolution to recognize the independence of the Republic of Artsakh The city of Derby thus becoming the first city in the United Kingdom to adopt such a resolution 160 U S states and communities edit Main article Artsakh United States relations nbsp U S states recognition of Artsakh Passed a bill recognizingArtsakh Rejected a bill recognizingAzerbaijani territorial integrity Rejected a bill recognizingArtsakh Passed a bill recognizingAzerbaijani territorial integrity nbsp California May amp August 2014 161 162 dubious discuss nbsp Colorado April 2019 163 nbsp Georgia House of Representatives March 2016 164 nbsp Hawaii March 2016 165 nbsp Idaho April 2021 166 nbsp Louisiana May 2013 167 nbsp Maine 10 April 2013 168 Receded 30 April 2013 169 nbsp Massachusetts August 2012 170 nbsp Michigan September 2017 171 nbsp Minnesota May 2020 172 nbsp New Jersey June 2021 173 nbsp Rhode Island May 2012 174 nbsp Hawaii February 2014 175 nbsp Kentucky March 2016 176 nbsp Mississippi April 2014 177 nbsp South Dakota February 2014 178 nbsp Tennessee March 2014 178 nbsp Wyoming February 2014 178 nbsp Georgia Senate March 2016 179 nbsp Vermont April 2014 180 nbsp Arizona January 2014 181 nbsp New Mexico February 2014 182 Before California recognized Nagorno Karabakh in May 2014 three places within the state had already recognized it Fresno County April 2013 183 184 Highland November 2013 183 185 Los Angeles January 2014 186 In addition Highland is twinned with Lachin and Montebello is twinned with Stepanakert 187 On 20 April 2016 the city of Honolulu Hawaii recognized Artsakh 188 189 On 21 September 2016 the city of Denver Colorado recognized the independence of Artsakh 190 191 In 2020 the Artsakh Republic was recognized by Fitchburg Massachusetts 192 193 Fort Lee Borough 194 Glendale California 195 Fowler 196 Englewood Cliffs New Jersey 197 Clark County Nevada 198 Ridgefield New Jersey 199 Cliffside Park New Jersey 200 Orange County 201 In 2021 the Artsakh Republic was recognized by Twin Falls Idaho 202 West Hollywood 203 Burbank California 204 Oxford Ohio 205 Rancho Cordova California 206 Uruguay edit On 13 November 2020 the legislature of Uruguay s Montevideo Department unanimously recognized the independence of the Republic of Artsakh 207 Status after the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War editSince the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War Azerbaijan has rescinded its offer of special status or autonomy to its indigenous Armenian residents and instead insists on their integration into Azerbaijan 208 209 In 2023 Azerbaijani President Aliyev said that Armenian residents of Nagorno Karabakh must be reintegrated as normal citizen s of Azerbaijan and that the special status for Armenians went to hell It failed it was shattered to smithereens It is not and will not be there As long as I am president there will be no status 210 Aliyev also threatened military action if the Artsakh government does not disband 72 211 Despite being offered Azerbaijani citizenship Artsakh residents do not trust Azerbaijan s guarantees of security due to the country s history of human rights abuses Armenophobia and lack of rights to ethnic minorities 212 213 214 Various human rights observers scholars specializing in genocide studies and politicians consider the blockade of Nagorno Karabakh to be a form of ethnic cleansing and warn of the risk of genocide 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 Many international observers also do not consider Azerbaijan s claim that Artsakh Armenians can live safely under Aliyev s regime to be credible 222 223 224 225 Caucasus expert Laurence Broers wrote the blockade of Nagorno Karabakh renders irrelevant any talk of the civil integration of Karabakh Armenians It vindicates the worst fears of the Karabakh Armenian population 226 If Azerbaijan takes control over the region political analysts predict that Azerbaijan will arbitrarily detain and torture civilians under the pretext of their association with the Artsakh government or with previous wars 227 At least two incidents of Azerbaijani forces detaining Armenian residents around Azerbaijan s military checkpoint have been confirmed 228 229 2023 offensive and Dissolution of the Artsakh Republic editMain article 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno Karabakh Following the Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno Karabakh on 19 September 2023 Artsakh agreed to dissolve itself by 1 January 2024 5 although later in exile it annulled this decree for being unconstitutional 7 However Armenia s prime minister Nikol Pashinyan publicly recognized Azerbaijani sovereignty over Karabakh and repeatedly stated that the Karabakh issue was closed for his administration Pashinyan stated that there can only be one government in Armenia and criticized attempts of the former NKR officials to present themselves as a government in exile which he considered a national security problem for Armenia that the law enforcement needed to deal with 230 231 See also edit nbsp Politics portal Armenian occupied territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations Foreign relations of Artsakh List of representative offices of Artsakh Madrid Principles Republic of Artsakh Visa policy of ArtsakhReferences edit Nagorno Karabakh The Volatile Core of the South Caucasus 2023 03 04 Archived from the original on 2023 05 25 Retrieved 2023 06 09 The Republic of Nagorno Karabakh is one of four frozen conflicts that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union Legally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan it declared independence in 1991 and then defended that independence in a war with Azerbaijan that lasted until 1994 While it enjoys no international recognition of sovereignty Nagorno Karabakh has been de facto independent since its declaration and has been supported militarily and economically by neighboring Armenia Conflicts in Transcaucasia assembly coe int Archived from the original on 2021 05 11 Retrieved 2023 06 09 At the end of 1991 the parties were in stark confrontation after Azerbaijan abolished Nagorno Karabakh s autonomous status and the latter declared independence after the plebiscite referendum of 10 December 1991 Episkopos Mark 2020 12 20 Nagorno Karabakh and the Fresh Scars of War The National Interest Archived from the original on 2023 03 24 Retrieved 2023 06 09 The goal has long been to trade these territories sometimes called the security belt in exchange for a robust autonomous status for Nagorno Karabakh on the best possible terms Kucera Joshua 2020 11 09 In Nagorno Karabakh the Cycle of Ethnic Cleansing Continues Foreign Policy Archived from the original on 2023 06 03 Retrieved 2023 06 09 Armenians originally envisaged the seizure of these territories as a temporary measure a security belt and a bargaining chip to return to Azerbaijan in exchange for concessions in return such as the recognition of Nagorno Karabakh itself as Armenian a b Nagorno Karabakh Republic will cease to exist from Jan 1 2024 Nagorno Karabakh authorities Reuters 2023 09 28 Archived from the original on 2023 09 28 Retrieved 2023 09 28 Artsakh Leader Annuls Earlier Decree to Dissolve Government Hetq am 2023 12 22 Retrieved 2024 01 02 a b AFP Agence France Presse Karabakh Dissolution Not Valid Says Separatist Leader www barrons com Retrieved 2024 01 02 Stepanian Ruzanna 28 March 2024 Pashinian Slams Warns Karabakh Leaders Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան Retrieved 1 April 2024 Nagorno Karabakh blockade Azerbaijani journalist speaks out openDemocracy Retrieved 2023 01 26 Kennan Cable No 81 What s at Stake in Nagorno Karabakh U S Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing Wilson Center www wilsoncenter org Retrieved 2023 04 04 The history of violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan including the recent execution of Armenian prisoners of war and the sexual mutilation of female soldiers give Armenians in Nagorno Karabakh little confidence in their safety According to Freedom House Azerbaijan s government has worked to stifle public expressions of Talysh and Lezgin identity among other targeted groups Vock Ido 2023 06 08 Fear and loathing in Armenia New Statesman Retrieved 2023 06 09 Azerbaijan says the territory s inhabitants can live as Azerbaijani citizens under its sovereignty but Armenians treat these claims with derision Azerbaijani dissidents say even Azerbaijanis do not enjoy their constitutional rights Tigran Grigoryan head of the Regional Centre for Democracy and Security an Armenian think tank told me So how can Armenians expect to Kennan Cable No 81 What s at Stake in Nagorno Karabakh U S Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing Wilson Center www wilsoncenter org Archived from the original on 2023 04 04 Retrieved 2023 04 04 For nearly 30 years they built a self proclaimed independent republic with democratic elections a free press and a range of public institutions Officially it remained within the territorial boundaries of Azerbaijan unrecognized by any foreign country though international mediators made reference to the right of self determination for local Armenians as part of ongoing peace talks A Peace to End All Peace Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention 2023 05 23 Archived from the original on 2023 05 31 Retrieved 2023 06 09 The Lemkin Institute believes that given the circumstances the self determination of the people of Artsakh is a form of genocide prevention in addition to a right recognized by the Charter of the United Nations and several human rights treaties and declarations which has become part of international jus cogens Self determination is further a recognized right of all peoples under oppressive colonial regimes a b c Isayev Heydar April 20 2022 Azerbaijan quiet as Karabakh negotiations progress eurasianet org Archived from the original on 2023 01 02 Retrieved 2023 01 02 Vock Ido 2023 06 08 Fear and loathing in Armenia New Statesman Archived from the original on 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2023 06 09 President Aliyev told Nagorno Karabakh Armenians to obey the laws of Azerbaijan and be a loyal and normal citizen of Azerbaijan He threatened that if the territory s separatist institutions were not dissolved Azerbaijan would dissolve them by force and rejected the prospect of international protections for ethnic Armenians Chiragov and Others v Armenia Refworld United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Archived from the original on 2017 12 14 Retrieved 2018 02 07 Human Rights Watch World Report 1995 Hrw org Archived from the original on 2012 08 05 Retrieved 2012 05 06 Shahverdyan Lilit 2023 05 23 PM says Armenia ready to recognize Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan Eurasianet Archived from the original on 2023 06 09 Retrieved 2023 06 09 The National Assembly of Artsakh convened a special session on May 22 and adopted a statement blasting the Armenian leadership Any statement by Nikol Pashinyan ignoring the sovereignty of the Republic of Artsakh our people s right to self determination and the fact of its implementation as well as any document drafted on that basis is unacceptable and worthless to us it read Artsakh is an alternate Armenian name for Karabakh In detail The foreign policy of Pridnestrovie Pridnestrovie net 2010 05 26 Archived from the original on 2008 05 11 Retrieved 2010 06 29 Additionally it may be noted that the Security Council cannot adopt binding decisions under Chapter VI of the Charter De Hoogh Andre Obligations Erga Omnes and International Crimes Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1 Jan 1996 p 371 Council recommendations under Chapter VI are generally accepted as not being legally binding Magliveras Konstantinos D Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1 Jan 1999 p 113 Within the framework of Chapter VI the SC has at its disposal an escalation ladder composed of several rungs of wielding influence on the conflicting parties in order to move them toward a pacific solution however the pressure exerted by the Council in the context of this Chapter is restricted to non binding recommendations Neuhold Hanspeter The United Nations System for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes in Cede Franz amp Sucharipa Behrmann Lilly The United Nations Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1 Jan 2001 p 66 The responsibility of the Council with regard to international peace and security is specified in Chapters VI and VII Chapter VI entitled Pacific Settlements of Disputes provides for action by the Council in case of international disputes or situations which do not yet post a threat to international peace and security Herein its powers generally confined to making recommendations the Council can generally not issue binding decisions under Chapter VI Schweigman David The Authority of the Security Council Under Chapter VII of the UN Charter Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1 Jan 2001 p 33 Under Chapter VI the Security Council may only make recommendations but not binding decisions on United Nations members Wallace Bruce Nii Lante The Settlement of International Disputes Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1 Jan 1998 pp 47 4 The UN distinguishes between two sorts of Security Council resolution Those passed under Chapter Six deal with the peaceful resolution of disputes and entitle the council to make non binding recommendations Those under Chapter Seven give the council broad powers to take action including warlike action to deal with threats to the peace breaches of the peace or acts of aggression Such resolutions binding on all UN members were rare during the cold war But they were used against Iraq after its invasion of Kuwait None of the resolutions relating to the Israeli Arab conflict comes under Chapter Seven Iraq Israel and the United Nations Double standards Archived 2008 05 18 at the Wayback Machine The Economist 10 October 2002 There are two sorts of security council resolution those under chapter 6 are non binding recommendations dealing with the peaceful resolution of disputes those under chapter 7 give the council broad powers including war to deal with threats to the peace or acts of aggression Emmott Bill If Saddam steps out of line we must go straight to war Archived 2023 01 13 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian 25 November 2002 there is a difference between the Security Council resolutions that Israel breaches nonbinding recommendations under Chapter 6 and those Iraq broke enforcement actions under Chapter 7 Kristof Nicholas D Calling the Kettle Black Archived 2023 01 13 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times 25 February 2004 There is a hierarchy of resolutions Chapter 6 under which all resolutions relating to the middle east have been issued relates to the pacific resolution of disputes Above that there are the mandatory chapter 7 resolutions which impose the clearest possible obligations usually on a single state rather than on two or three states which is what chapter 6 is there for Chapter 7 imposes mandatory obligations on states that are completely out of line with international law and policy and the United Nations has decided in its charter that the failure to meet those obligations may be met by the use of force Straw Jack 1 House of Commonsdebates Hansard Column 32 24 September 2002 There is another characteristic of these resolutions which deserves a mention and that is that they are under chapter 7 of the United Nations charter Chapter 7 has as its heading Action with respect to threats to the peace breaches of the peace and acts of aggression This is the very serious chapter of United Nations rules regulations laws and principles which the United Nations activates when they intend to do something about it If the United Nations announces under chapter 7 that it intends to do something about a matter and it is not done that will undermine the authority of the United Nations that will render it ineffective There are many other resolutions under other chapters Resolution 242 gets a bit of a Guernsey here every now and then Resolution 242 is under chapter 6 not chapter 7 It does not carry the same mandate and authority that chapter 7 carries Chapter 6 is the United Nations trying to put up resolutions which might help the process of peace and it states matters of principle that are important for the world to take into consideration Resolution 242 says that Israel should withdraw from territories that it has occupied It also says that Israel should withdraw to secure and recognised boundaries and that the one is dependent upon the other Resolution 242 says that but it is not a chapter 7 resolution Beazley Kim Waiting for blow back speech delivered in Parliament on 4 February 2003 Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Sydney Morning Herald 5 February 2003 There are several types of resolutions Chapter 6 resolutions are decisions pursing sic the Pacific Settlement of Disputes and put forward Council proposals on negotiation enquiry mediation conciliation arbitration judicial settlement resort to regional agencies and other peaceful means Chapter 7 resolutions are decisions for Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace involving use of force and sanctions complete or partial interruption of economic relations rail sea air postal telegraphic radio and other means of communication and the severance of diplomatic relations Resolutions passed under Chapter 7 of the Charter are binding on all UN members who are required to give every assistance to any action taken by the Council and refrain from giving any assistance to the country against which it is taking enforcement action Iran dossier crosses the Atlantic Where to from here Archived 2009 03 27 at the Wayback Machine Microsoft Word document Greenpeace position paper on Iran Chiragov and Others v Armenia Refworld United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Archived from the original on 2017 12 14 Retrieved 2018 01 15 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia South West Africa Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 1970 PDF p 53 para 113 Archived PDF from the original on 16 January 2018 Retrieved 15 January 2018 Mr David Atkinson United Kingdom European Democrat Group Rapporteur The conflict over the Nagorno Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference Archived 2012 12 05 at archive today Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 29 November 2004 Resolution 1416 The conflict over the Nagorno Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference Archived 2013 03 08 at the Wayback Machine adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 25 January 2005 Council of Europe urges Nagorno Karabakh to refrain from elections Archived 2012 07 06 at the Wayback Machine Council of Europe 24 August 2001 Council of Europe Secretary General on local self government elections in Nagorno Karabakh Archived 2012 11 13 at the Wayback Machine on Council of Europe website dated 8 August 2004 Chair of the Council of Europe s Committee of Ministers Declaration on the presidential elections to be held in Nagorno Karabakh on 19 July 2007 Wcd coe int Archived from the original on 2012 01 30 Retrieved 2012 05 06 Statement by High Representative Catherine Ashton on Nagorno Karabakh PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2011 08 11 Retrieved 2012 05 06 OSCE Press release OSCE Minsk Group Co Chairs issue statement Archived from the original on 2012 09 01 Retrieved 2012 12 31 Resolution 2085 Inhabitants of frontier regions of Azerbaijan are deliberately deprived of water Archived 2016 03 16 at the Wayback Machine 26 January 2016 Retrieved 17 March 2016 Resolution 2085 2016 Inhabitants of frontier regions of Azerbaijan are deliberately deprived of water Archived from the original on 2016 09 18 Retrieved 2016 09 16 Bulletin EU 7 8 2002 Common foreign and security policy 5 39 Archived 2008 12 11 at the Wayback Machine European Commission on 27 March 2003 Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union on presidential elections in Nagorno Karabakh on 19 July 2007 Eu2007 pt Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 Retrieved 2012 05 06 Armenia Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 Archived 2019 12 23 at the Wayback Machine Released by the United States Bureau of Democracy Human Rights and Labor 6 March 2007 Mr David Atkinson United Kingdom European Democrat Group Rapporteur The conflict over the Nagorno Karabakh region dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference Archived 2012 12 05 at archive today Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 29 November 2004 See the section AS POL 2004 24 Appendix IV 8 September 2004 subsection The legal side of the dispute Niall M Fraser Keith W Hipel John Jaworsky Ralph Zuljan A Conflict Analysis of the Armenian Azerbaijani Dispute The Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol 34 No 4 Dec 1990 pp 652 677 Declaration on Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Archived from the original on January 3 2008 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan Republic Legal aspects of the Nagorny Karabakh conflict Archived from the original on October 7 2008 Letter Dated 1 October 1993 from the permanent representative to the United Nations addressed to the president of the Security Council Archived 23 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine PDF Recommendation 1251 1994 1 on the conflict in Nagorno Karabakh Archived 2013 03 08 at the Wayback Machine by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Yuri Merzlyakov I have stated in Baku that Karabakh was part of Azeri SSR and not of Azerbaijan Panarmenian net 2007 06 07 Archived from the original on 2009 09 21 Retrieved 2012 05 06 Matthew Bryza In the circles of international law there is no universal formula for the supremacy of territorial integrity over the right of self determination of people Armtown com Archived from the original on 2012 01 17 Retrieved 2012 05 06 Territorial integrity and self determination equal in Karabakh conflict Germany says CIVILNET 2023 03 03 Retrieved 2023 07 18 Bedevian Astghik 2023 03 02 German Leader Backs Karabakh s Right To Self Determination Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան in Armenian Retrieved 2023 07 18 Will Armenia Recognize the Independence of Nagorno Karabakh defactostates ut ee Archived from the original on 2022 12 23 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Incredible pain we are losing young bright patriotic young men who are fighting for the Fatherland President Armen Sarkissian met with European journalists Press releases Updates The President of the Republic of Armenia www president am Archived from the original on 2022 12 23 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Armenia considers officially recognizing independence of Nagorno Karabakh Pashinyan says armenpress am Archived from the original on 2020 10 02 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Publisher English 2020 09 30 Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan Arab Observer Arab Observer الأوبزرفر العربي Archived from the original on 2022 12 23 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Nagorno Karabakh civilian shot dead in apparent ceasefire violation OC Media 2021 10 11 Archived from the original on 2021 10 16 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Azerbaijani soldier kills civilian in Nagorno Karabakh report The Jerusalem Post JPost com Archived from the original on 2022 12 12 Retrieved 2022 12 23 amartikian 2021 12 05 Identity of the Azerbaijani serviceman who killed a civilian in Karabakh was established English Jamnews Archived from the original on 2022 12 11 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Body of killed civilian handed over to Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2022 12 11 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Mirror Spectator The Armenian Mirror Spectator The Armenian 2022 11 15 Armenian PM Reacts to Reported Shooting at Farmers in Karabakh The Armenian Mirror Spectator Archived from the original on 2022 12 12 Retrieved 2022 12 23 a b Makili Aliyev Kamal Sep 23 2021 Will international law help resolve the Karabakh conflict Eurasianet Archived from the original on May 18 2023 Retrieved May 18 2023 Status avtonomnoj respubliki maksimalnaya ustupka Alieva Radio Svoboda in Russian 18 October 2016 Retrieved 8 April 2024 Digging out of Deadlock in Nagorno Karabakh www crisisgroup org 2019 12 20 Archived from the original on 2020 10 29 Retrieved 2022 12 23 Aliyev s remarks on Karabakh s status must be discussed OSCE envoy PanARMENIAN Net Archived from the original on 2022 12 23 Retrieved 2022 12 23 de Waal Thomas 2021 09 27 The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict in its Fourth Decade CEPS p 9 Archived from the original on 2023 06 07 Retrieved 2023 07 06 Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev who had earlier offered the territory the highest autonomy in the world now says that there will be no offer of any territorial autonomy at all Vock Ido 2023 06 08 Fear and loathing in Armenia New Statesman Archived from the original on 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2023 06 09 President Aliyev told Nagorno Karabakh Armenians to obey the laws of Azerbaijan and be a loyal and normal citizen of Azerbaijan He threatened that if the territory s separatist institutions were not dissolved Azerbaijan would dissolve them by force and rejected the prospect of international protections for ethnic Armenians The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict in its Fourth Decade CEPS 2021 09 27 p 8 Archived from the original on 2023 06 07 Retrieved 2023 07 06 Azerbaijani officials including ones from Shusha say that Nagorny Karabakh or Mountainous Karabakh no longer exists as a concept Waal Thomas de 2022 05 30 Nagorno Karabakh in the Shadow of Ukraine Foreign Affairs ISSN 0015 7120 Archived from the original on 2023 05 09 Retrieved 2023 07 06 Baku now insists that Karabakh no longer exists as a territorial entity That is why Baku insists on not mentioning the name Karabakh in international communiques even though the November 2020 agreement signed by Aliyev mentions the zone of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict From its position of strength Azerbaijan hopes to quash the Karabakh Armenians desire not only for secession but also for self government a b Azerbaijani president gives ultimatum to Karabakh authorities Eurasianet 2023 05 30 Archived from the original on 2023 06 29 Retrieved 2023 07 05 The president of Azerbaijan has delivered an ultimatum to de facto authorities in Nagorno Karabakh disband your government or prepare for the consequences He suggested Baku could easily end Armenian administration of the region through military action Whoever does not want to become our citizen road is not closed it is open President Ilham Aliyev Trend Az 2023 01 10 Archived from the original on 2023 01 10 Retrieved 2023 01 11 Ilham Aliev armyanam Karabaha prinimajte grazhdanstvo Azerbajdzhana ili uezzhajte BBC News Russkaya sluzhba in Russian Archived from the original on 2023 01 12 Retrieved 2023 01 12 ahmedbeyli samira 2023 04 19 Ilham Aliyev Either they will live under the flag of Azerbaijan or they will leave English Jamnews Retrieved 2023 04 20 Ilham Aliyev was interviewed by Azerbaijan Television in city of Salyan Official web site of President of Azerbaijan Republic president az Archived from the original on 2023 05 12 Retrieved 2023 05 12 I am sure most of the Armenian population currently living in Karabakh is ready to accept Azerbaijani citizenship Simply put these leeches these predatory animals won t let them do that They won t let these people live comfortably having kept them as hostages for 30 years Nagorno Karabakh blockade Azerbaijani journalist speaks out openDemocracy Archived from the original on 2023 03 30 Retrieved 2023 01 26 Kennan Cable No 81 What s at Stake in Nagorno Karabakh U S Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing Wilson Center www wilsoncenter org Archived from the original on 2023 04 04 Retrieved 2023 04 04 The history of violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan including the recent execution of Armenian prisoners of war and the sexual mutilation of female soldiers give Armenians in Nagorno Karabakh little confidence in their safety According to Freedom House Azerbaijan s government has worked to stifle public expressions of Talysh and Lezgin identity among other targeted groups Azerbaijan Prevents Humanitarian Organizations Access to Karabakh Even After Putin s Call CIVILNET 2021 03 18 Retrieved 2023 06 06 List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied terrirtories of the Republic of Azerbaijan PDF mfa gov az 2020 09 10 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 10 04 Retrieved 2020 10 10 Kucera Joshua U S ends funding for Karabakh demining Eurasianet Most international organizations decline to operate in Karabakh because doing so usually results in being blacklisted by Azerbaijan Halo is the most prominent organization to buck that sanction de Waal Thomas 2021 09 27 The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict in its Fourth Decade CEPS p 8 Retrieved 2023 07 06 The continuing status dispute had immediate repercussions for the current Armenian residents of Nagorny Karabakh as Baku pressed to keep them isolated As before the only international organisation allowed access to the region is the ICRC Ensuring free and safe access through the Lachin Corridor European Assembly of the Council of Europe 2023 06 22 PDF The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe calls on Azerbaijan to invite a Council of Europe delegation to visit the Lachin corridor and Nagorno Karabakh for a fact finding mission to assess the situation on the ground It also calls on Azerbaijan to let other international organisations access the region including United Nations agencies in particular the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UNESCO After three month blockade RSF urges Azerbaijan and Russian peacekeepers to let reporters visit Nagorno Karabakh rsf org 10 March 2023 Retrieved 2023 03 11 Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments by Member States of the Council of Europe Monitoring Committee The honouring of obligations and commitments by Armenia Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 2023 03 21 we urge the Azerbaijani authorities to authorise an independent fact finding visit and to allow independent journalists to operate freely in the whole area cs cestina 2010 05 20 South Caucasus EU must help stabilise the region say MEPs Europarl europa eu Archived from the original on 2014 02 04 Retrieved 2012 05 06 cs cestina Texts adopted Thursday 20 May 2010 The need for an EU strategy for the South Caucasus P7 TA PROV 2010 0193 Europarl europa eu Archived from the original on 2012 06 22 Retrieved 2012 05 06 European Neighbourhood Policy working towards a stronger partnership EP s position on the 2012 progress reports Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine 23 October 2013 European Neighbourhood Policy working towards a stronger partnership EP s position on the 2012 progress reports SEE LINE Q Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine 23 October 2013 European Parliament recommendation of 15 November 2017 to the Council the Commission and the EEAS on the Eastern Partnership in the run up to the November 2017 Summit europarl europa eu Archived from the original on 2020 12 05 Retrieved 2020 12 03 G8 Summit Joint Statement On The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict by Dmitry Medvedev President Of The Russian Federation Barack Obama President Of The United States Of America and Nicolas Sarkozy President Of The French Republic whitehouse gov 2010 06 26 Archived from the original on 2017 02 05 Retrieved 2012 05 06 via National Archives Bedevian Astghik 2023 03 02 German Leader Backs Karabakh s Right To Self Determination Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան in Armenian Retrieved 2023 07 18 A Peace to End All Peace Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention 2023 05 30 Kennan Cable No 81 What s at Stake in Nagorno Karabakh U S Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing Wilson Center www wilsoncenter org Archived from the original on 2023 04 04 Retrieved 2023 04 04 For nearly 30 years they built a self proclaimed independent republic with democratic elections a free press and a range of public institutions Officially it remained within the territorial boundaries of Azerbaijan unrecognized by any foreign country though international mediators made reference to the right of self determination for local Armenians as part of ongoing peace talks A Peace to End All Peace Statement on the International Actors Sponsoring So Called Peace Negotiations Between Armenia and Azerbaijan Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention 2023 05 23 Archived from the original on 2023 05 31 Retrieved 2023 06 09 The Lemkin Institute believes that given the circumstances the self determination of the people of Artsakh is a form of genocide prevention in addition to a right recognized by the Charter of the United Nations and several human rights treaties and declarations which has become part of international jus cogens Self determination is further a recognized right of all peoples under oppressive colonial regimes a b Robertson Geoffrey 2023 08 01 Nagorno Karabakh s Right to Self Determination Genocide Studies International 15 1 45 59 doi 10 3138 GSI 2023 0011 ISSN 2291 1847 Remedial Secession and the Responsibility to Protect The Case of Nagorno Karabakh Opinio Juris 2020 12 23 Retrieved 2023 09 13 Avedian Vahagn 2022 06 22 Opinion The Question of Remedial Secession in the case of Nagorno Karabakh E International Relations Retrieved 2023 09 13 Rep Schiff Introduces Resolution to Recognize Artsakh s Independence and Condemn Azerbaijan s Aggression schiff house gov Retrieved 2023 09 13 Green Anna 2020 10 21 Remedial Rights in International Law and Their Relevance to Artsakh EVN Report Retrieved 2023 09 13 Protocol on Cooperation and Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Pridnestrovien Moldavian Republic and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4 July 2001 Archived from the original on 9 May 2021 Retrieved 5 October 2020 Australia s largest state recognizes independence of Nagorno Karabakh Republic News am 2012 10 25 Archived from the original on 2017 11 17 Retrieved 2017 11 16 EXP Question time in federal parliament 9News 30 November 2015 Archived from the original on 1 August 2018 Retrieved 30 November 2015 Australian Greens recognize the Republic of Artsakh armenpress am Archived from the original on 2017 12 23 Retrieved 2017 12 23 Australian Greens Party Recognizes Artsakh in Party Platform The Armenian Weekly 13 December 2017 Archived from the original on 11 June 2018 Retrieved 23 December 2017 Australia s New South Wales Legislative Assembly officially recognizes Artsakh independence news am Archived from the original on 2020 10 24 Retrieved 2021 01 12 Australian City of Willoughby Recognizes Artsakh torontohye ca 18 November 2020 Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 19 November 2020 Australia s South Wales Legislative Assembly officially recognizes Artsakh independence Archived from the original on 2021 02 03 Retrieved 2021 02 03 Sevuntis Leven October 20 2020 Senate motion calls on Canada to recognize independence of Nagorno Karabakh CBC News CBC Archived from the original on 10 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Canada s Laval city unanimously recognizes Karabakh independence news am Archived from the original on 2020 11 11 Retrieved 2021 01 12 Senator condemns Canada Senate s non recognition of motion over Artsakh independence armenpress am 9 December 2020 Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 Retrieved 9 December 2020 International recognition of the independence of the Artsakh Republic is a priority brusov am Archived from the original on 2021 04 24 Retrieved 2020 12 01 Luiza Seda Tadevosyanova War on Nagorno Karabakh Violations of international law cluster bombs and Czech weapons parlamentnilisty cz Archived from the original on 2020 11 07 Retrieved 2020 12 01 French city of Alfortville favors recognition of Artsakh by France Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 04 French city of Limonest recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 04 The Community Council of the French city of Vienne unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Bill on recognition of the Artsakh Republic submitted to the French National Assembly Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 10 29 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Corsican Assembly adopts resolution on recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 06 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Council of Paris calls for recognition of the Republic of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 18 Retrieved 2020 11 18 Saint Etienne France calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 21 Retrieved 2020 11 18 Aix Marseille Provence Metropolis calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 27 Retrieved 2020 11 30 French city of Decines Charpieu calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia 24 November 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 11 24 Retrieved 2020 11 27 Grenoble Alpes Metropole calls on France to recognize Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 24 Retrieved 2020 11 30 French Senate adopts resolution calling for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 25 Retrieved 2020 11 25 Karabakh Not Recognized By France Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն Ռադիոկայան Azatutyun 27 November 2020 Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 27 November 2020 Metropole Nice Cote d Azur France calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia December 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 04 24 Retrieved 2020 12 01 Asnieres sur Seine Council calls on France to recognize the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 01 Retrieved 2020 12 01 French National Assembly adopts resolution calling for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 03 Retrieved 2020 12 03 France s National Assembly Recognizes Artsakh horizonweekly ca 3 December 2020 Archived from the original on 2021 04 23 Retrieved 2020 12 03 French city of Issy les Moulineaux calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 19 Retrieved 2020 12 21 Council of French Hauts de Seine Department adopts statement in support of Artsakh Armenpress am Archived from the original on 2020 10 31 Retrieved 2020 12 21 The French city of Sarcelles has adopted a resolution on the situation in Artsakh 1lurer am 17 December 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 12 17 Retrieved 2020 12 21 City Council of Clamart France calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 17 Retrieved 2020 12 21 Montpellier City Council adopts resolution calling on France to recognize Artsakh Armenpress am Archived from the original on 2020 12 30 Retrieved 2020 12 21 French city of Valence calls for recognition of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 21 Retrieved 2020 12 21 Guatemala s Sayaxche recognizes right to self determination of people of Artsakh armenpress am Archived from the original on 2020 11 04 Retrieved 2020 11 04 City of Milan urges Italian authorities to recognize the Republic of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on October 18 2020 Retrieved October 19 2020 Italian city of Palermo recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 03 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Il Comune di Asolo fa un piccolo grande passo verso il riconoscimento della Repubblica armena di Artsakh QDP il Quotidiano del Piave notizie dell Alta Marca Trevigiana in Italian 2020 10 30 Archived from the original on 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 04 ALBO PRETORIO DIGITALE Comune di Cerchiara di Calabria www servizipubblicaamministrazione it Archived from the original on 2021 01 21 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Italy s Lombardy recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 03 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Municipal Council of Campobasso recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 17 Retrieved 2020 11 21 More Italian cities officially recognize Artsakh as independent country Armenpress am Archived from the original on 2020 11 18 Retrieved 2020 12 21 Municipality of Viareggio Italy recognizes the independence of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 11 25 Retrieved 2020 11 25 Italian community of Aprilia has recognized the independence of the Artsakh Republic 1lurer am 19 November 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 11 20 Retrieved 2020 11 19 City of Pisa recognizes the independence of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 11 19 Retrieved 2020 11 20 Italian city of Schio calls on authorities to recognize the Republic of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 11 25 Retrieved 2020 11 25 Municipality of San Giorgio di Nogaro Italy recognizes the independence of Artsakh and the Armenian Genocide armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 11 26 Retrieved 2020 11 27 Municipality of Malo Italy recognizes the independence of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 12 02 Retrieved 2020 12 02 Municipality of Ariccia Italy recognizes the independence of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2021 02 18 Retrieved 2020 12 12 San Pietro Vernotico Italy recognizes Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2021 01 02 Retrieved 2021 01 04 Italian city of San Vito dei Normanni recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2021 04 05 Retrieved 2021 04 05 Fazio Maurizio De 2021 05 28 Reggio la Citta Metropolitana riconosce la Repubblica dell Artsakh e il genocidio del popolo Armeno Calabria News in Italian Archived from the original on 2021 05 28 Retrieved 2021 05 29 La Citta Metropolitana di Reggio Calabria riconosce la Repubblica dell Artsakh e il Genocidio del Popolo Armeno ReggioTV in Italian Archived from the original on 2021 06 02 Retrieved 2021 05 29 Basque Parliament Supports Artsakh s Self Determination Asbarez 12 September 2014 Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 Retrieved 12 September 2014 Catalan Parliament Supports Artsakh s Independence Armradio 22 October 2020 Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 Retrieved 28 November 2020 Catalan city of Amposta recognizes the independence of Artsakh Armradio 10 November 2020 Archived from the original on 1 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Catalonian city of Berga recognizes Artsakh independence Asbarez 10 November 2020 Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Spanish town of Santa Pau recognizes the independence of Artsakh Armradio 21 December 2020 Archived from the original on 19 December 2020 Retrieved 21 December 2020 Derby becomes the first city in UK to recognizes the independence of Artsakh armradio am Archived from the original on 2020 11 27 Retrieved 2020 11 27 White Jeremy B 8 May 2014 Capitol Alert California Assembly calls for Nagorno Karabakh Republic Fresno Bee Archived from the original on May 8 2014 Mason Melanie 5 May 2014 Calif lawmakers to weigh in on dispute between Armenia Azerbaijan LA Times Archived from the original on 13 May 2014 Retrieved 8 May 2014 Colorado Senate Recognizes Artsakh Commemorates Armenian Genocide Asbarez com 2019 04 24 Archived from the original on 2021 04 24 Retrieved 2019 04 24 Georgia House Recognizes Independence of Nagorno Karabakh Republic Asbarez March 3 2016 Archived from the original on December 23 2016 Retrieved March 4 2016 State of Hawaii Recognizes Independence of Nagorno Karabakh Republic Massis Post 29 March 2016 Archived from the original on 24 April 2021 Retrieved 30 March 2016 The State of Idaho recognizes the Republic of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia 2021 04 23 Archived from the original on 2021 04 23 Retrieved 2021 04 23 Official Journal of the Senate of the State of Louisiana PDF senate la gov Archived PDF from the original on 2016 04 29 Retrieved 2013 05 31 Joint Resolution Memorializing the President of the United States and the United States Congress to Support the Independence of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic www mainelegislature org State of Maine Archived from the original on 2013 09 30 Retrieved 2013 04 10 Maine State Legislature HP 987 Archived from the original on 13 April 2021 Retrieved 8 Jan 2021 Massachusetts State Legislature Calls For Recognition Of Nagorno Karabakh RFE RL 2012 Radiofreeeurope Radioliberty Archived from the original on 2016 06 09 Retrieved 2013 04 10 Hairenik 2017 09 28 Michigan Recognizes Artsakh Independence The Armenian Weekly Archived from the original on 2017 09 28 Retrieved 2017 10 06 SR 197 Status in the Senate for the 91st Legislature 2019 2020 www revisor mn gov Retrieved 2023 10 03 State Of New Jersey Recognizes Artsakh Condemns Turkish Azerbaijani Aggression Zartonk Media 30 June 2021 Archived from the original on 30 June 2021 Retrieved 30 June 2021 Rhode Island Legislature Calls For Nagorno Karabakh Recognition RFE RL 2012 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 18 May 2012 Archived from the original on 2016 07 21 Retrieved 2012 12 31 Hawaii State Legislature www capitol hawaii gov Archived from the original on 2022 08 15 Retrieved 2022 08 15 Kentucky State Senate Withdraws Pro Azerbaijani Resolution Asbarez March 7 2016 Archived from the original on April 24 2021 Retrieved April 4 2016 Mississippi Senate rejected pro Azerbaijani resolution Times am April 10 2014 Archived from the original on May 29 2014 Retrieved May 28 2014 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b c Pro Azerbaijani forces failed passing anti Armenian resolution in Tennessee Panorama am March 26 2014 Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved May 28 2014 Georgia General Assembly www legis ga gov Archived from the original on 2022 08 15 Retrieved 2022 08 15 Laura Krantz April 10 2014 Vermont Senate bows out of international squabble Brattleboro Reformer Archived from the original on May 29 2014 Retrieved May 28 2014 Arizona Legislature supports Azerbaijan s territorial integrity Consulate General of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Los Angeles January 30 2014 Archived from the original on December 12 2020 Retrieved April 4 2016 Sabina Ahmadova February 14 2014 Senate of U S State of New Mexico adopts resolution on Azerbaijan Trend News Agency Archived from the original on December 27 2019 Retrieved April 4 2016 a b Azerbaijan Protests California Town s Recognition of Nagorno Karabakh RIA Novosti December 6 2013 Archived from the original on December 11 2013 Retrieved February 17 2014 In the matter of 98th anniversary of armenian genocide and independent of nagomo Karabakh Republic PDF www2 co fresno ca us Archived from the original PDF on 2014 02 21 The US City of Highland Recognizes Nagorno Karabakh Armenian News Tert am Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 Retrieved 2017 11 16 Los Angeles city council recognizes the independence of Nagorno Karabakh Republic ARKA News Agency January 29 2014 Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 Wright Pam Montebello s newest Sister City program has come under fire from an ambassador for the Republic of Azerbaijan Whittier Daily News November 19 2005 11 states and many cities of the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh 17 October 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 12 12 Retrieved 2020 11 21 Council of US City and County of Honolulu adopts resolution on supporting NKR efforts artsakhpress am Archived from the original on 2022 08 16 Retrieved 2022 08 16 Denver Colorado Recognizes Artsakh in Proclamation on Armenian Independence ancawr org 7 October 2016 Archived from the original on 2020 11 27 Retrieved 2020 11 18 Denver Recognizes Artsakh in Proclamation on Armenia s Independence Armenian National Committee of America 2016 10 07 Archived from the original on 2022 08 16 Retrieved 2022 08 16 ANCA ER honors activists and friends raises unprecedented 150 000 in virtual gathering Armenian Weekly 3 March 2021 Archived from the original on 2022 08 29 Monahan Daniel 21 October 2020 Fitchburg Mayor makes proclamation in support of Armenia Sentinel amp Enterprise Archived from the original on 2022 08 29 New Jersey s Borough of Fort Lee recognizes Artsakh s independence Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 04 Retrieved 2020 11 04 City of Glendale recognizes the Republic of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 02 Retrieved 2020 11 04 The US city of Fowler has recognized the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 01 Retrieved 2020 11 04 Mayor of Englewood Cliffs New Jersey Recognizes Artsakh Armenianweekly com 5 November 2020 Archived from the original on 2020 11 09 Retrieved 2020 11 10 Clark County Nevada officially recognizes Artsakh Armenianweekly com Archived from the original on 2020 11 17 Retrieved 2020 11 18 Borough of Ridgefield New Jersey recognizes the Republic of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 11 25 Retrieved 2020 11 25 Cliffside Park New Jersey recognizes Artsakh condemns Azerbaijani Turkish attacks Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 06 Retrieved 2020 11 27 Orange County Board of Supervisors recognizes Artsakh condemns Azerbaijani aggression Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2020 12 09 Retrieved 2020 12 09 Twin Falls Idaho recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2021 01 05 Retrieved 2021 01 05 City of West Hollywood recognizes the independence of Artsakh Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2021 01 20 Retrieved 2021 01 20 City of Burbank Unanimously Adopts Resolution Recognizing the Independent Republic of Artsakh 3 March 2021 Archived from the original on 2021 03 03 Retrieved 2021 03 03 City of Oxford Ohio recognizes Artsakh 23 March 2021 Archived from the original on 2021 04 15 Retrieved 2021 04 15 Rancho Cordova Calif Recognizes Artsakh s Independence Asbarez May 19 2021 Archived from the original on May 19 2021 Retrieved May 19 2021 Montevideo recognizes the independence of Artsakh Archived from the original on 13 November 2020 Retrieved 13 November 2020 Isayev Heydar April 20 2022 Azerbaijan quiet as Karabakh negotiations progress eurasianet org Retrieved 2023 01 02 Vock Ido 2023 06 08 Fear and loathing in Armenia New Statesman Retrieved 2023 06 09 President Aliyev told Nagorno Karabakh Armenians to obey the laws of Azerbaijan and be a loyal and normal citizen of Azerbaijan He threatened that if the territory s separatist institutions were not dissolved Azerbaijan would dissolve them by force and rejected the prospect of international protections for ethnic Armenians Isayev Heydar Shahverdyan Lilit 2023 08 04 More false starts in Azerbaijan Karabakh talks Eurasianet Aghayev Ismi Avetisyan Ani 2023 03 07 Nagorno Karabakh claims Azerbaijan offered integration or tougher measures OC Media Retrieved 2023 03 07 Nagorno Karabakh blockade Azerbaijani journalist speaks out openDemocracy Retrieved 2023 01 26 Kennan Cable No 81 What s at Stake in Nagorno Karabakh U S Interests and the Risk of Ethnic Cleansing Wilson Center www wilsoncenter org Retrieved 2023 04 04 The history of violence against Armenians in Azerbaijan including the recent execution of Armenian prisoners of war and the sexual mutilation of female soldiers give Armenians in Nagorno Karabakh little confidence in their safety According to Freedom House Azerbaijan s government has worked to stifle public expressions of Talysh and Lezgin identity among other targeted groups Vock Ido 2023 06 08 Fear and loathing in Armenia New Statesman Retrieved 2023 06 09 Azerbaijan says the territory s inhabitants can live as Azerbaijani citizens under its sovereignty but Armenians treat these claims with derision Azerbaijani dissidents say even Azerbaijanis do not enjoy their constitutional rights Tigran Grigoryan head of the Regional Centre for Democracy and Security an Armenian think tank told me So how can Armenians expect to Genocide Warning Azerbaijan and Nagorno Karabakh Genocide Watch 23 September 2022 retrieved 3 January 2023 Genocide Warning Nagorno Karabakh 120 000 people are under siege Retrieved 2022 12 28 Red Flag Alert for Genocide Azerbaijan Update 4 Lemkin Institute Archived from the original on 2023 02 27 Retrieved 2022 12 22 Chidiac Gerry 2023 02 09 World stands by in the face of the Second Armenian Genocide Troy Media Retrieved 2023 02 13 Rhodes January 2023 01 31 Museum Statement Artsakh Crisis Illinois Holocaust Museum Archived from the original on 2023 05 04 Retrieved 2023 05 04 Gregorian Alin K 2022 12 20 Difficult Road Ahead for Karabakh and Armenia The Armenian Mirror Spectator Retrieved 2023 04 01 Azerbaijani activists end Nagorno Karabakh sit in as Baku tightens grip on region POLITICO 2023 04 28 Retrieved 2023 05 04 France s foreign minister has joined international observers in warning of the risk of ethnic cleansing in the breakaway region Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low www intellinews com 2023 07 31 Retrieved 2023 08 01 Boy Ann Dorit 18 January 2023 Blockade in the Southern Caucasus There Is Every Reason to Expect More Violence This Year Der Spiegel Retrieved 19 January 2023 In Other News Reaching the Breaking Point CIVILNET 2023 07 31 Retrieved 2023 07 31 Hauer Neil 2023 07 31 Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low www intellinews com Retrieved 2023 08 01 Khachatryan s detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh it will detain and torture them arbitrarily using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave Arrests with linkages to the past wars local army or the Karabakh government would quality almost all local men for detentions wrote Olesya Vartanyan International Crisis Group s senior analyst for the South Caucasus The detainees can expect torture or worse as the Armenian prisoners of war following the 2020 war conflict experienced In Other News Reaching the Breaking Point CIVILNET 2023 07 31 Retrieved 2023 07 31 Hauer Neil 2023 07 31 Karabakh blockade reaches critical point as food supplies run low www intellinews com Retrieved 2023 08 01 Khachatryan s detention confirms the fears of many Karabakh Armenians that if Azerbaijan assumes control over Karabakh it will detain and torture them arbitrarily using their participation in one or more of the wars as justification This criteria extends to nearly every male resident of the small enclave Arrests with linkages to the past wars local army or the Karabakh government would quality almost all local men for detentions wrote Olesya Vartanyan International Crisis Group s senior analyst for the South Caucasus The detainees can expect torture or worse as the Armenian prisoners of war following the 2020 war conflict experienced Shahverdyan Lilit Isayev Heydar 2023 07 31 Azerbaijan arrests Nagorno Karabakh resident during medical evacuation for war crime Eurasianet Azerbaijan arrests Nagorno Karabakh resident for war crimes OC Media 2023 07 30 Retrieved 2023 08 01 Stepanian Ruzanna 28 March 2024 Pashinian Slams Warns Karabakh Leaders Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան Retrieved 1 April 2024 Stepanian Ruzanna 29 March 2024 Karabakh Figures Reject Pashinian s Threats Ազատ Եվրոպա Ազատություն ռադիոկայան Retrieved 1 April 2024 External links editGovernment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Political status of Nagorno Karabakh amp oldid 1218699221 Independence recognition efforts, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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