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Indian Institutes of Technology

The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a network of engineering and technology institutions in India. Established in 1950, they are renowned for their academic excellence. They are under the ownership of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India and are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961. The Act declares them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers, duties, and framework for governance as the country's premier institutions in the field of technology.[2][3] The act currently lists twenty-three IITs.[4] Each IIT has autonomy and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council, which oversees their administration. The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio chairperson of the IIT Council.[5]

Indian Institutes of Technology
Other name
IIT or IITs (plural)
TypePublic Technical Institute
Established15 May 1950
(73 years ago)
 (1950-05-15)
Parent institution
Ministry of Education, Government of India
Budget9,661.50 crore (US$1.2 billion)
(FY2023–24 est.)[1]
Location
23 cities in India
LanguageEnglish
Websitewww.iitsystem.ac.in

List of all Indian Institutes of Technology edit

IITs and their locations, sorted by date of establishment [2][3][4][6][7]
No. Name Abbreviation Founded Converted as IIT State/UT Website
1 IIT Kharagpur IITKGP 1951 1951 West Bengal https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
2 IIT Bombay IITB 1958 1958 Maharashtra https://www.iitb.ac.in
3 IIT Madras IITM 1959 1959 Tamil Nadu https://www.iitm.ac.in
4 IIT Kanpur IITK 1959 1959 Uttar Pradesh https://www.iitk.ac.in
5 IIT Delhi IITD 1961 1961 Delhi https://home.iitd.ac.in
6 IIT Guwahati IITG 1994 1995 Assam https://www.iitg.ac.in
7 IIT Roorkee IITR 1847 2001[8] Uttarakhand https://www.iitr.ac.in
8 IIT Ropar IITRPR 2008 2008 Punjab https://www.iitrpr.ac.in/
9 IIT Bhubaneswar IITBBS 2008 2008 Odisha https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/
10 IIT Gandhinagar IITGN 2008 2008 Gujarat https://www.iitgn.ac.in/
11 IIT Hyderabad IITH 2008 2008 Telangana https://www.iith.ac.in
12 IIT Jodhpur IITJ 2008 2008 Rajasthan https://www.iitj.ac.in/
13 IIT Patna IITP 2008 2008 Bihar https://www.iitp.ac.in/
14 IIT Indore IITI 2009 2009 Madhya Pradesh https://www.iiti.ac.in
15 IIT Mandi IITMD 2009 2009 Himachal Pradesh https://www.iitmandi.ac.in
16 IIT Varanasi IIT BHU 1919 2012[9] Uttar Pradesh https://www.iitbhu.ac.in
17 IIT Palakkad IITPKD 2015[10] 2015 Kerala https://iitpkd.ac.in/
18 IIT Tirupati IITT 2015[11] 2015 Andhra Pradesh https://www.iittp.ac.in/
19 IIT Dhanbad IIT DHN 1926 2016[12] Jharkhand https://www.iitism.ac.in/
20 IIT Bhilai IITBH 2016[13] 2016 Chhattisgarh https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/
21 IIT Dharwad IITDH 2016[14] 2016 Karnataka https://iitdh.ac.in/
22 IIT Jammu IITJMU 2016[15] 2016 Jammu and Kashmir https://www.iitjammu.ac.in/
23 IIT Goa IIT GOA 2016[16] 2016 Goa https://iitgoa.ac.in/

History edit

 
The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of IIT Kharagpur.
 
Library at IIT BHU
 
IIT Guwahati, established in 1994
 
IIT Madras Research Park at Chennai

In the late 1940s, a 22-member committee, headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India, along the lines of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with affiliated secondary institutions.[17]

The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the Hijli Detention Camp in Kharagpur, West Bengal.[18] The name "Indian Institute of Technology" was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.[19]

On 15 September 1956, the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) Act, declaring it as an Institute of National Importance. Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India, in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956, said:[20]

Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India, representing India's urges, India's future in the making. This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India.

On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, four campuses were established at Bombay (1958), Madras (1959), Kanpur (1959), and Delhi (1961). The location of these campuses was chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance.[21] The Indian Institutes of Technology Act was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs.[2]

In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972, it was also proposed to convert the then IT-BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons, the desired conversion could not be achieved then.[22] IT-BHU had been taking admissions through Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE) for undergraduate courses and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) for postgraduate courses since 1972. Finally, in 2012 the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University was made a member of the IITs and renamed as IIT (BHU) Varanasi.[9]

Student agitations in the state of Assam made Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam. This led to the establishment of a sixth institution at Guwahati under the Assam Accord in 1994.

In 2001, the University of Roorkee was converted into IIT Roorkee.[8] Over the past few years, there have been several developments toward establishing new IITs. On 1 October 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced plans to create more IITs "by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential".[23] Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee, in November 2003, to guide the selection of the five institutions which would be converted into IITs. Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee, it was decided that new IITs should be spread throughout the country. When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance, 16 states demanded IITs. Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs,[24] only seven colleges were selected for final consideration.[25] Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India, although there has not been much progress in this regard.[26] Eventually in the 11th Five year plan, eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs.

From 2008 to 2009, eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar, Jodhpur, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna, Bhubaneswar, Ropar, and Mandi.

In 2015 to 2016, six new IITs in Tirupati, Palakkad, Dharwad, Bhilai, Goa, and Jammu, approved through a 2016 bill amendment, were founded, along with the conversion of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad into IIT , Dhanbad.[12]

The entire allocation by the central government for the 2017-18 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) was slightly over 70 billion (US$880 million). However, the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs.[27]

In June 2023, education officials of India and Tanzania announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of Zanzibar, as a satellite campus of IIT Madras. The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023.[28]

Organisational Structure edit

 
Organisational structure of IITs

The President of India is the ex officio Visitor,[29] and has residual powers. Directly under the President is the IIT Council, comprising minister-in-charge of technical education in the Union Government, the Chairmen of all IITs, the Directors of all IITs, the Chairman of the University Grants Commission, the Director General of CSIR, the Chairman of IISc, the Director of IISc, three members of Parliament, the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Education, and three appointees each of the Union Government, AICTE, and the Visitor.[30]

Under the IIT Council is the Board of Governors of each IIT. Under the Board of Governors is the Director, who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT.[31] Under the Director, in the organisational structure, comes the Deputy Director. Under the Director and the deputy director, come the Deans, Heads of Departments, Registrar, President of the Students' Council, and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee. The Registrar is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day-to-day operations.[31] Below the Heads of Department (HOD) are the faculty members (Professors, Associate Professors, and Assistant Professors). The Wardens come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee.[32]

The Institutes of Technology Act edit

The Institute of Technology Act (parliamentary legislation) gives legal status, including degree-granting powers, to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962. The Act also declares these institutes as Institutes of National Importance.

Academics edit

 
IIT Bombay
 
Central Library, IIT Roorkee

The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India.[33] While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around 100–200 million ($2–4 million) per year, the amount varies between 900–1300 million ($19–27 million) per year for each IIT.[25] Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni. The faculty-to-student ratio in the IITs is between 1:6 and 1:8.[34] The Standing Committee of IIT Council (SCIC) prescribes the lower limit for faculty-to-student ratio as 1:9, applied department wise. The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80% and provide scholarships to all Master of Technology students and Research Scholars (PhD) to encourage students for higher studies, per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee (1959–1961).[35] The cost borne by undergraduate students is around ₹180,000 per year.[36] Students from the OBC, ST, SC categories, female students as well as physically challenged students are also entitled to scholarships.[37][38]

The various IITs function autonomously, and their special status as Institutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of IITs, virtually free from both regional as well as student politics. Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements, free from bureaucratic hurdles. The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs (like faculty recruitment and curricula) but has representation on the IIT Council. The medium of instruction in all IITs is English.[39] The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals. The IITs and IISc, Bengaluru have taken an initiative along with Ministry of Education to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning. This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students.[40]

The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its Senate. This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives. Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate, the IITs have an academic senate. It controls and approves the curriculum, courses, examinations and results, and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters. The teaching, training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards.[41] The Director of an IIT is the ex-officio Chairman of the Senate.

All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation, with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance. The total marks (usually out of 100) form the basis of grades, with a grade value (out of 10) assigned to a range of marks. Sometimes, relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class. For each semester, the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance, by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses, with their respective credit points. Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative Grade Point Average (known as CGPA or CPI—Cumulative Performance Index).

Undergraduate education degrees edit

The Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment,[citation needed] although Bachelor of Science (BS) degree, dual degrees integrating Master of Science or Master of Arts are also offered. The BTech course is based on a 4-year program with eight semesters,[42] while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5-year programs with ten semesters. In all IITs, the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students, though in some IITs, a single department introduction-related course is also included.[43] The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers, Electronics, Mechanics, Chemistry, Electrical and Physics. At the end of the first year (the end of the first semester at IIT Madras, IIT Hyderabad, IIT Bhilai, IIT Palakkad, and IIT Roorkee), an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters.[44] Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict,[44] limited to the most meritorious students.

From the second year onward, the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments.[45] In addition to these, the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments to broaden their education. Separate compulsory courses from humanities and social sciences departments, and sometimes management courses are also enforced.[46] In the last year of their studies, most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT, though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly.[47]

Postgraduate education edit

Master's degrees and postgraduate diplomas edit

The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including Master of Technology (MTech), Master of Business Administration (MBA), and Master of Science (MSc). Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as Master of Design (M.Des.), the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology (PGDIT), Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST), Masters in City Planning (MCP), Master of Arts (MA), Postgraduate Diploma in intellectual property Law (PGDIPL), and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation & Management (PGDMOM).

Some of the IITs offer an M.S. (by research) program; the MTech and M.S. are similar to the US universities' non-thesis (course-based) and thesis (research-based) masters programs respectively. Admissions to master's programs in engineering are made using scores of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), while those to master's programs in science are made using scores of the Joint Admission Test for M.Sc. (JAM).

Several IITs have schools of management offering master's degrees in management or business administration.

In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St. Louis.[48]

Bachelors-Masters dual degrees edit

The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called "Dual Degree". It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation. It is completed in five years[49] as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech (two years).[50] Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system. These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute.

Doctoral edit

The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of their doctoral education programme. In it, the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the ins or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries. The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline. PhD candidates have to submit a dissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis. Teaching Assistantships (TA) and Research Assistantships (RA) are often provided.

The IITs, along with NITs and IISc, account for nearly 80% of all engineering PhDs in India.[51] IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory GATE score.[52][53]

Culture and student life edit

All the IITs provide on-campus residential facilities to the students, research scholars and faculty. The students live in hostels (sometimes referred to as halls) throughout their stay in the IIT. Students in all IITs must choose among National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS) and National Sports Organisation (NSO) in their first years.[54] All the IITs have sports grounds for basketball, cricket, football (soccer), hockey, volleyball, lawn tennis, badminton, athletics and swimming pools for aquatic events. Usually, the hostels also have their own sports grounds.

Moreover, an Inter IIT Sports Meet is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports.

Technical and cultural festivals edit

 
A concert at the 2012 Mood Indigo
 
Rocknite in Saarang at IIT Madras

All IITs organize annual technical festivals, typically lasting three or four days. The technical festivals are Shaastra (IIT Madras), Kshitij (IIT Kharagpur), Techfest (IIT Bombay), Technex (IIT-BHU Varanasi), Cognizance (IIT Roorkee), Concetto (IIT-ISM Dhanbad), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Nvision (IIT Hyderabad), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Amalthea, (IIT Gandhinagar), Techkriti (IIT Kanpur), Tryst (IIT Delhi), Techniche (IIT Guwahati), Wissenaire (IIT Bhubaneswar), Technunctus (IIT Jammu), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Fluxus (IIT Indore), Celesta (IIT Patna) and IGNUS (IIT Jodhpur). Most of them are organized in January or March. Techfest (IIT Bombay) is also one of the most popular and largest technical festivals in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved. It has been granted patronage from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) for providing a platform for students to showcase their talent in science and technology. Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student-managed event in the world to implement a formal Quality Management System, earning ISO 9001:2000 certification.[55] Kshitij, which is branded as a techno-management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management, is the largest of these festivals by sponsorship money.

Annual cultural festivals are also organized by the IITs and last three to four days. These include Thomso (IIT Roorkee), Kashiyatra (IIT BHU Varanasi), Alcheringa (IIT Guwahati), Exodia (IIT Mandi), Saarang and Paradox (annual fests of IIT Madras BTech and BS Degree respectively), Spring Fest (IIT Kharagpur, also known as SF), Rendezvous (IIT Delhi), Meraz (IIT Bhilai), Tirutsava (IIT Tirupati), Srijan, (earlier known as Saturnalia, IIT Dhanbad), Tarang (culfest) (previously Rave), Anwesha (IIT Patna), SPANDAN (IIT Jodhpur), Renao (IIT Jammu), Petrichor (IIT Palakkad), Blithchron (IIT Gandhinagar), ELAN (IIT Hyderabad), Alma Fiesta (IIT Bhubaneswar), Mood Indigo (IIT Bombay, also known as Mood-I), Antaragni (IIT Kanpur) and Zeitgeist (IIT Ropar).

Academic rankings edit

IITs have generally ranked above all other engineering colleges in India for Engineering. According to Outlook India's Top Engineering Colleges of 2017, the top four engineering colleges within India were IITs.[56] In 2019 QS World University Ranking, IIT Bombay ranked highest at 162, followed by IIT Delhi (172), IIT Madras (264), IIT Kanpur (283), IIT Kharagpur (295), IIT Roorkee (381) and IIT Guwahati (472).[57] In the 2022 NIRF rankings published by Ministry of Education, India, IIT Madras has been ranked 1st for seven consecutive years in the Engineering Category and for four consecutive years in the Overall Category.[58]

National and World Rankings of all IITs
Name 2023 NIRF[59] 2022 NIRF[60] 2021 NIRF[61] 2020 NIRF[62] 2019 NIRF[63] 2023 QS World[64] 2022 QS World[65] 2021 QS World[66] 2020 QS World[67] 2022 QS Asia[68] 2020 QS India[69] Times World[70] Times Asia[70]
IIT Madras 1 1 1 1 250 255 275 271 54 4 601-800 (2020) 125 (2020)
IIT Bombay 3 3 4 4 172 177 172 152 42 1 401-500 (2020) 69 (2020)
IIT Delhi 2 4 3 3 174 185 193 182 45 3 401-500 (2020) 67 (2020)
IIT Kanpur 4 5 6 6 264 277 350 291 64 6 601-800 (2020) 125 (2020)
IIT Kharagpur 6 6 5 5 270 280 314 281 60 5 401-500 (2020) 59 (2020)
IIT Roorkee 5 7 9 8 369 400 383 383 109 9 501-600 (2020) 83 (2020)
IIT Guwahati 7 8 7 9 384 395 470 491 119 10 601-800 (2020) 160 (2020)
IIT Hyderabad 8 16 17 22 581-590 N/A 224 15 601-800 (2021) 144 (2021)
IIT (BHU) Varanasi 15 28 26 28 N/A 281-290 N/A N/A N/A
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad 17 26 22 25 N/A 251-260 46 1001-1200 (2022) 201-250 (2021)
IIT Indore 14 30 23 N/A 396 178 13 401-500 (2022) 78 (2021)
IIT Mandi 33 82 67 44 N/A N/A N/A 1001-1200 (2022) N/A
IIT Ropar 22 31 39 29 N/A 261-270 25 351-400 (2022) 55 (2021)
IIT Gandhinagar 18 33 35 51 N/A 301-350 N/A 601-800 (2022) N/A
IIT Jodhpur 30 N/A
IIT Patna 41 51 54 58 N/A N/A N/A N/A 301-350 36 801-1000 (2022) 301-350 (2021)
IIT Bhubaneswar 47 58 56 46 801-1000 N/A N/A N/A 251-260 20 1001-1200 (2022) 251-300 (2021)
IIT Tirupati 59 N/A
IIT Palakkad 69 N/A
IIT Bhilai 81
IIT Dharwad 93
IIT Jammu 67
IIT Goa N/A


Discrimination edit

IITs failed to stem out caste and religion-based discrimination.Very little to none has been done to prevent discrimination on its campuses. [71] [72] [73][74][75][76]

Criticism edit

The IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia. Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and put heavy pressure on the student's body. Recently some prominent IITians have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs.[77][78]

With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades, the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers. A 2021 report by Comptroller and Auditor General of India criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research, faculty and student recruitment, students retention, as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays.[79][80]

In the recent past, the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention.[81]

Brain drain edit

Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia, a common notion is that it encourages brain drain. Until liberalisation started in the early 1990s, India experienced large scale emigration of IIT graduates to developed countries, especially to the United States. Since 1953, nearly twenty-five thousand IIT graduates have settled in the US.[82] Since the US benefited from subsidized education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers' money, critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless. Others support the emigration of graduates, arguing that the capital sent home by the IIT graduates has been a major source of the expansion of foreign exchange reserves for India, which, until the 1990s, had a substantial trade deficit.[citation needed] A 2023 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that among the top 1,000 JEE scorers, 36% migrated abroad, while for the top 100 scorers, the rate was 62%, primarily to the U.S. and for graduate school.[83]

This trend has been reversed somewhat (dubbed the reverse brain drain) as hundreds of IIT graduates, who have pursued further studies in the US, started returning to India in the 1990s.[84] The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s, with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70% at one time to around 30% in 2005.[84] This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the Indian economy and the opening of previously closed markets. Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment. Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries, and outsourcing of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India. Additionally, IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions.[85]

Entrance competition edit

The highly competitive examination in the form of IIT-JEE has led to the establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive, and specific preparation for the IIT-JEE for substantial fees. It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds. Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year.[86] According to some estimates, nearly 95% of all students who clear the IIT-JEE had joined coaching classes.[87] Indeed, this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago. In a January 2010 lecture at the Indian Institute of Science, the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges.[88] He also said that his parents, being old-fashioned, did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be "nonsense".[88]

In a documentary aired by CBS, Vinod Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems states, "The IITs probably are the hardest schools in the world to get into, to the best of my knowledge".[89] The documentary further concludes, "Put Harvard, MIT, and Princeton together, and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India" to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes.

Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields. This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community. The IIT-JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints.[90] After the change to the objective pattern of questioning, even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT-JEE decided to take the examination. Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes, it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes.[91] Some people (mostly IIT graduates) have criticized the changed pattern of the IIT-JEE. They reason that while IIT-JEE is traditionally used to test students' understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems, the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students.[92]

IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi, making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court has acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, for conducting the exams in Gujarati.[93] A second petition was made in October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust.[94] Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India.[95] IIT council recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which is effective from 2017 onwards.[96]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Rajguru; Pant, Ranjan (2003). IIT India's Intellectual Treasures. India: Indus Media. ISBN 0-9747393-0-8.
  • Kripalani, Manjeet; Engardio, Pete; Spiro, Leah Nathans (1998). . Bloomberg BusinessWeek (International ed.). Archived from the original on 18 February 1999.
  • Kirpal, Viney; Gupta, Meenakshi (1999). Equality Through Reservations. India: Vedams. ISBN 81-7033-526-4.
  • Deb, Sandipan (2004). The IITians. India: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-04986-7.
  • Rajguru, Suvarna (30 December 2005). . LittleINDIA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. Retrieved 27 August 2006.
  • Gates, Bill (17 January 2003). . Microsoft corporation. Archived from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
  • Bhagat, Chetan (2004). Five Point Someone - What not to do at IIT. India: Rupa & Co. ISBN 81-291-0459-8.
  • Agarwal, Rajeev (2013). What I Did Not Learn at IIT. India: Random House. ISBN 978-8-184-00486-1.
  • Subbarao, E.C. (2008). An Eye for Excellence – 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur. India: Harper Collins India. ISBN 978-81-7223-769-1.

External links edit

  • Official website IIT Council
  • The Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 (PDF)

indian, institutes, technology, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, iits, network, engineering, technology, institutions, india, established, 1950, they, renowned, their, academic, excellence, they, under, ownership, ministry, education, government, . IIT redirects here For other uses see IIT disambiguation The Indian Institutes of Technology IITs are a network of engineering and technology institutions in India Established in 1950 they are renowned for their academic excellence They are under the ownership of the Ministry of Education of the Government of India and are governed by the Institutes of Technology Act 1961 The Act declares them as Institutes of National Importance and lays down their powers duties and framework for governance as the country s premier institutions in the field of technology 2 3 The act currently lists twenty three IITs 4 Each IIT has autonomy and is linked to others through a common council called the IIT Council which oversees their administration The Minister of Education of India is the ex officio chairperson of the IIT Council 5 Indian Institutes of TechnologyOther nameIIT or IITs plural TypePublic Technical InstituteEstablished15 May 1950 73 years ago 1950 05 15 Parent institutionMinistry of Education Government of IndiaBudget 9 661 50 crore US 1 2 billion FY2023 24 est 1 Location23 cities in IndiaLanguageEnglishWebsitewww wbr iitsystem wbr ac wbr in MadrasDelhiGuwahatiKanpurKharagpurBombayRoorkeeVaranasiBhubaneswarGandhinagarHyderabadIndoreJodhpurMandiPatnaRoparPalakkadGoaBhilaiTirupatiJammuDharwadDhanbadclass notpageimage Location of the 23 IITs Contents 1 List of all Indian Institutes of Technology 2 History 3 Organisational Structure 3 1 The Institutes of Technology Act 4 Academics 4 1 Undergraduate education degrees 4 2 Postgraduate education 4 2 1 Master s degrees and postgraduate diplomas 4 2 2 Bachelors Masters dual degrees 4 3 Doctoral 5 Culture and student life 5 1 Technical and cultural festivals 6 Academic rankings 7 Discrimination 8 Criticism 8 1 Brain drain 8 2 Entrance competition 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksList of all Indian Institutes of Technology editIITs and their locations sorted by date of establishment 2 3 4 6 7 No Name Abbreviation Founded Converted as IIT State UT Website1 IIT Kharagpur IITKGP 1951 1951 West Bengal https www iitkgp ac in2 IIT Bombay IITB 1958 1958 Maharashtra https www iitb ac in3 IIT Madras IITM 1959 1959 Tamil Nadu https www iitm ac in4 IIT Kanpur IITK 1959 1959 Uttar Pradesh https www iitk ac in5 IIT Delhi IITD 1961 1961 Delhi https home iitd ac in6 IIT Guwahati IITG 1994 1995 Assam https www iitg ac in7 IIT Roorkee IITR 1847 2001 8 Uttarakhand https www iitr ac in8 IIT Ropar IITRPR 2008 2008 Punjab https www iitrpr ac in 9 IIT Bhubaneswar IITBBS 2008 2008 Odisha https www iitbbs ac in 10 IIT Gandhinagar IITGN 2008 2008 Gujarat https www iitgn ac in 11 IIT Hyderabad IITH 2008 2008 Telangana https www iith ac in12 IIT Jodhpur IITJ 2008 2008 Rajasthan https www iitj ac in 13 IIT Patna IITP 2008 2008 Bihar https www iitp ac in 14 IIT Indore IITI 2009 2009 Madhya Pradesh https www iiti ac in15 IIT Mandi IITMD 2009 2009 Himachal Pradesh https www iitmandi ac in16 IIT Varanasi IIT BHU 1919 2012 9 Uttar Pradesh https www iitbhu ac in17 IIT Palakkad IITPKD 2015 10 2015 Kerala https iitpkd ac in 18 IIT Tirupati IITT 2015 11 2015 Andhra Pradesh https www iittp ac in 19 IIT Dhanbad IIT DHN 1926 2016 12 Jharkhand https www iitism ac in 20 IIT Bhilai IITBH 2016 13 2016 Chhattisgarh https www iitbhilai ac in 21 IIT Dharwad IITDH 2016 14 2016 Karnataka https iitdh ac in 22 IIT Jammu IITJMU 2016 15 2016 Jammu and Kashmir https www iitjammu ac in 23 IIT Goa IIT GOA 2016 16 2016 Goa https iitgoa ac in History edit nbsp The office of the Hijli Detention Camp served as the first academic building of IIT Kharagpur nbsp Library at IIT BHU nbsp IIT Guwahati established in 1994 nbsp IIT Madras Research Park at ChennaiMain article History of Indian Institutes of Technology In the late 1940s a 22 member committee headed by Nalini Ranjan Sarkar recommended the establishment of these institutions in various parts of India along the lines of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT with affiliated secondary institutions 17 The first Indian Institute of Technology was founded in May 1950 at the site of the Hijli Detention Camp in Kharagpur West Bengal 18 The name Indian Institute of Technology was adopted before the formal inauguration of the institute on 18 August 1951 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 19 On 15 September 1956 the Parliament of India passed the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Act declaring it as an Institute of National Importance Jawaharlal Nehru first Prime Minister of India in the first convocation address of IIT Kharagpur in 1956 said 20 Here in the place of that Hijli Detention Camp stands the fine monument of India representing India s urges India s future in the making This picture seems to me symbolically of the changes coming to India On the recommendations of the Sarkar Committee four campuses were established at Bombay 1958 Madras 1959 Kanpur 1959 and Delhi 1961 The location of these campuses was chosen to be scattered throughout India to prevent regional imbalance 21 The Indian Institutes of Technology Act was amended to reflect the addition of new IITs 2 In the tenth meeting of IIT Council in 1972 it was also proposed to convert the then IT BHU into an IIT and a committee was appointed by IIT Council for the purpose but because of political reasons the desired conversion could not be achieved then 22 IT BHU had been taking admissions through Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination IIT JEE for undergraduate courses and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering GATE for postgraduate courses since 1972 Finally in 2012 the Institute of Technology Banaras Hindu University was made a member of the IITs and renamed as IIT BHU Varanasi 9 Student agitations in the state of Assam made Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi promise the creation of a new IIT in Assam This led to the establishment of a sixth institution at Guwahati under the Assam Accord in 1994 In 2001 the University of Roorkee was converted into IIT Roorkee 8 Over the past few years there have been several developments toward establishing new IITs On 1 October 2003 Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced plans to create more IITs by upgrading existing academic institutions that have the necessary promise and potential 23 Subsequent developments led to the formation of the S K Joshi Committee in November 2003 to guide the selection of the five institutions which would be converted into IITs Based on the initial recommendations of the Sarkar Committee it was decided that new IITs should be spread throughout the country When the government expressed its willingness to correct this regional imbalance 16 states demanded IITs Since the S K Joshi Committee prescribed strict guidelines for institutions aspiring to be IITs 24 only seven colleges were selected for final consideration 25 Plans are also reported to open IITs outside India although there has not been much progress in this regard 26 Eventually in the 11th Five year plan eight states were identified for establishment of new IITs From 2008 to 2009 eight new IITs were set up in Gandhinagar Jodhpur Hyderabad Indore Patna Bhubaneswar Ropar and Mandi In 2015 to 2016 six new IITs in Tirupati Palakkad Dharwad Bhilai Goa and Jammu approved through a 2016 bill amendment were founded along with the conversion of Indian School of Mines Dhanbad into IIT Dhanbad 12 The entire allocation by the central government for the 2017 18 budget for all Indian Institutes of Technology IITs was slightly over 70 billion US 880 million However the aggregate money spent by Indian students for tertiary education in the United States was about six times more than what the central government spends on all IITs 27 In June 2023 education officials of India and Tanzania announced that the first foreign IIT campus would be established on the Tanzanian autonomous territory of Zanzibar as a satellite campus of IIT Madras The campus is scheduled to begin offering classes in October 2023 28 Organisational Structure edit nbsp Organisational structure of IITsThe President of India is the ex officio Visitor 29 and has residual powers Directly under the President is the IIT Council comprising minister in charge of technical education in the Union Government the Chairmen of all IITs the Directors of all IITs the Chairman of the University Grants Commission the Director General of CSIR the Chairman of IISc the Director of IISc three members of Parliament the Joint Council Secretary of Ministry of Education and three appointees each of the Union Government AICTE and the Visitor 30 Under the IIT Council is the Board of Governors of each IIT Under the Board of Governors is the Director who is the chief academic and executive officer of the IIT 31 Under the Director in the organisational structure comes the Deputy Director Under the Director and the deputy director come the Deans Heads of Departments Registrar President of the Students Council and Chairman of the Hall Management Committee The Registrar is the chief administrative officer of the IIT and overviews the day to day operations 31 Below the Heads of Department HOD are the faculty members Professors Associate Professors and Assistant Professors The Wardens come under the Chairman of the Hall Management Committee 32 The Institutes of Technology Act edit Main article Institutes of Technology Act The Institute of Technology Act parliamentary legislation gives legal status including degree granting powers to the Indian Institutes of Technology IITs It was notified in the gazette as Act Number 59 of 1961 on 20 December 1961 and came into effect on 1 April 1962 The Act also declares these institutes as Institutes of National Importance Academics edit nbsp IIT Bombay nbsp Central Library IIT RoorkeeSee also Education in India The IITs receive comparatively higher grants than other engineering colleges in India 33 While the total government funding to most other engineering colleges is around 100 200 million 2 4 million per year the amount varies between 900 1300 million 19 27 million per year for each IIT 25 Other sources of funds include student fees and research funding from industry and contributions from the alumni The faculty to student ratio in the IITs is between 1 6 and 1 8 34 The Standing Committee of IIT Council SCIC prescribes the lower limit for faculty to student ratio as 1 9 applied department wise The IITs subsidize undergraduate student fees by approximately 80 and provide scholarships to all Master of Technology students and Research Scholars PhD to encourage students for higher studies per the recommendations of the Thacker Committee 1959 1961 35 The cost borne by undergraduate students is around 180 000 per year 36 Students from the OBC ST SC categories female students as well as physically challenged students are also entitled to scholarships 37 38 The various IITs function autonomously and their special status as Institutes of National Importance facilitates the smooth running of IITs virtually free from both regional as well as student politics Such autonomy means that IITs can create their curricula and adapt rapidly to the changes in educational requirements free from bureaucratic hurdles The government has no direct control over internal policy decisions of IITs like faculty recruitment and curricula but has representation on the IIT Council The medium of instruction in all IITs is English 39 The electronic libraries allow students to access online journals and periodicals The IITs and IISc Bengaluru have taken an initiative along with Ministry of Education to provide free online videos of actual lectures of different disciplines under National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning This initiative is undertaken to make quality education accessible to all students 40 The academic policies of each IIT are decided by its Senate This comprises all professors of the IIT and student representatives Unlike many Western universities that have an elected senate the IITs have an academic senate It controls and approves the curriculum courses examinations and results and appoints committees to look into specific academic matters The teaching training and research activities of the institute are periodically reviewed by the senate to maintain educational standards 41 The Director of an IIT is the ex officio Chairman of the Senate All the IITs follow the credits system of performance evaluation with proportional weighting of courses based on their importance The total marks usually out of 100 form the basis of grades with a grade value out of 10 assigned to a range of marks Sometimes relative grading is done considering the overall performance of the whole class For each semester the students are graded on a scale of 0 to 10 based on their performance by taking a weighted average of the grade points from all the courses with their respective credit points Each semester evaluation is done independently and then the weighted average over all semesters is used to calculate the cumulative Grade Point Average known as CGPA or CPI Cumulative Performance Index Undergraduate education degrees edit The Bachelor of Technology BTech degree is the most common undergraduate degree in the IITs in terms of student enrollment citation needed although Bachelor of Science BS degree dual degrees integrating Master of Science or Master of Arts are also offered The BTech course is based on a 4 year program with eight semesters 42 while the Dual Degree and Integrated courses are 5 year programs with ten semesters In all IITs the first year of BTech and Dual Degree courses are marked by a common course structure for all the students though in some IITs a single department introduction related course is also included 43 The common courses include the basics from most of the departments like Computers Electronics Mechanics Chemistry Electrical and Physics At the end of the first year the end of the first semester at IIT Madras IIT Hyderabad IIT Bhilai IIT Palakkad and IIT Roorkee an option to change departments is given to meritorious students based on their performance in the first two semesters 44 Few such changes ultimately take place as the criteria for them are usually strict 44 limited to the most meritorious students From the second year onward the students study subjects exclusively from their respective departments 45 In addition to these the students have to take compulsory advanced courses from other departments to broaden their education Separate compulsory courses from humanities and social sciences departments and sometimes management courses are also enforced 46 In the last year of their studies most of the students are placed into industries and organisations via the placement process of the respective IIT though some students opt out of this either when going for higher studies or when they take up jobs by applying to the companies directly 47 Postgraduate education edit Master s degrees and postgraduate diplomas edit The IITs offer several postgraduate programs including Master of Technology MTech Master of Business Administration MBA and Master of Science MSc Some IITs offer specialised graduate programmes such as Master of Design M Des the Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology PGDIT Masters in Medical Science and Technology MMST Masters in City Planning MCP Master of Arts MA Postgraduate Diploma in intellectual property Law PGDIPL and the Postgraduate Diploma in Maritime Operation amp Management PGDMOM Some of the IITs offer an M S by research program the MTech and M S are similar to the US universities non thesis course based and thesis research based masters programs respectively Admissions to master s programs in engineering are made using scores of the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering GATE while those to master s programs in science are made using scores of the Joint Admission Test for M Sc JAM Several IITs have schools of management offering master s degrees in management or business administration In April 2015 IIT Bombay launched the first U S India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St Louis 48 Bachelors Masters dual degrees edit The IITs also offer an unconventional BTech and MTech integrated educational program called Dual Degree It integrates undergraduate and postgraduate studies in selected areas of specialisation It is completed in five years 49 as against six years in conventional BTech four years followed by an MTech two years 50 Integrated Master of Science programs are also offered at few IITs which integrates the Undergraduate and Postgraduate studies in Science streams in a single degree program against the conventional university system These programs were started to allow its graduates to complete postgraduate studies from IIT rather than having to go to another institute Doctoral edit The IITs also offer the Doctor of Philosophy degree PhD as part of their doctoral education programme In it the candidates are given a topic of academic interest by the ins or have to work on a consultancy project given by the industries The duration of the program is usually unspecified and depends on the specific discipline PhD candidates have to submit a dissertation as well as provide an oral defence for their thesis Teaching Assistantships TA and Research Assistantships RA are often provided The IITs along with NITs and IISc account for nearly 80 of all engineering PhDs in India 51 IITs now allow admission in PhD programs without the mandatory GATE score 52 53 Culture and student life editAll the IITs provide on campus residential facilities to the students research scholars and faculty The students live in hostels sometimes referred to as halls throughout their stay in the IIT Students in all IITs must choose among National Cadet Corps NCC National Service Scheme NSS and National Sports Organisation NSO in their first years 54 All the IITs have sports grounds for basketball cricket football soccer hockey volleyball lawn tennis badminton athletics and swimming pools for aquatic events Usually the hostels also have their own sports grounds Moreover an Inter IIT Sports Meet is organised annually where participants from all 23 IITs contest for the General Championship Trophy in 13 different sports Technical and cultural festivals edit nbsp A concert at the 2012 Mood Indigo nbsp Rocknite in Saarang at IIT MadrasFurther information List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs All IITs organize annual technical festivals typically lasting three or four days The technical festivals are Shaastra IIT Madras Kshitij IIT Kharagpur Techfest IIT Bombay Technex IIT BHU Varanasi Cognizance IIT Roorkee Concetto IIT ISM Dhanbad Tirutsava IIT Tirupati Nvision IIT Hyderabad Meraz IIT Bhilai Amalthea IIT Gandhinagar Techkriti IIT Kanpur Tryst IIT Delhi Techniche IIT Guwahati Wissenaire IIT Bhubaneswar Technunctus IIT Jammu Exodia IIT Mandi Fluxus IIT Indore Celesta IIT Patna and IGNUS IIT Jodhpur Most of them are organized in January or March Techfest IIT Bombay is also one of the most popular and largest technical festivals in Asia in terms of participants and prize money involved It has been granted patronage from the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO for providing a platform for students to showcase their talent in science and technology Shaastra holds the distinction of being the first student managed event in the world to implement a formal Quality Management System earning ISO 9001 2000 certification 55 Kshitij which is branded as a techno management festival due to its emphasis on both technology and management is the largest of these festivals by sponsorship money Annual cultural festivals are also organized by the IITs and last three to four days These include Thomso IIT Roorkee Kashiyatra IIT BHU Varanasi Alcheringa IIT Guwahati Exodia IIT Mandi Saarang and Paradox annual fests of IIT Madras BTech and BS Degree respectively Spring Fest IIT Kharagpur also known as SF Rendezvous IIT Delhi Meraz IIT Bhilai Tirutsava IIT Tirupati Srijan earlier known as Saturnalia IIT Dhanbad Tarang culfest previously Rave Anwesha IIT Patna SPANDAN IIT Jodhpur Renao IIT Jammu Petrichor IIT Palakkad Blithchron IIT Gandhinagar ELAN IIT Hyderabad Alma Fiesta IIT Bhubaneswar Mood Indigo IIT Bombay also known as Mood I Antaragni IIT Kanpur and Zeitgeist IIT Ropar Academic rankings editIITs have generally ranked above all other engineering colleges in India for Engineering According to Outlook India s Top Engineering Colleges of 2017 the top four engineering colleges within India were IITs 56 In 2019 QS World University Ranking IIT Bombay ranked highest at 162 followed by IIT Delhi 172 IIT Madras 264 IIT Kanpur 283 IIT Kharagpur 295 IIT Roorkee 381 and IIT Guwahati 472 57 In the 2022 NIRF rankings published by Ministry of Education India IIT Madras has been ranked 1st for seven consecutive years in the Engineering Category and for four consecutive years in the Overall Category 58 National and World Rankings of all IITs Name 2023 NIRF 59 2022 NIRF 60 2021 NIRF 61 2020 NIRF 62 2019 NIRF 63 2023 QS World 64 2022 QS World 65 2021 QS World 66 2020 QS World 67 2022 QS Asia 68 2020 QS India 69 Times World 70 Times Asia 70 IIT Madras 1 1 1 1 250 255 275 271 54 4 601 800 2020 125 2020 IIT Bombay 3 3 4 4 172 177 172 152 42 1 401 500 2020 69 2020 IIT Delhi 2 4 3 3 174 185 193 182 45 3 401 500 2020 67 2020 IIT Kanpur 4 5 6 6 264 277 350 291 64 6 601 800 2020 125 2020 IIT Kharagpur 6 6 5 5 270 280 314 281 60 5 401 500 2020 59 2020 IIT Roorkee 5 7 9 8 369 400 383 383 109 9 501 600 2020 83 2020 IIT Guwahati 7 8 7 9 384 395 470 491 119 10 601 800 2020 160 2020 IIT Hyderabad 8 16 17 22 581 590 N A 224 15 601 800 2021 144 2021 IIT BHU Varanasi 15 28 26 28 N A 281 290 N A N A N AIIT ISM Dhanbad 17 26 22 25 N A 251 260 46 1001 1200 2022 201 250 2021 IIT Indore 14 30 23 N A 396 178 13 401 500 2022 78 2021 IIT Mandi 33 82 67 44 N A N A N A 1001 1200 2022 N AIIT Ropar 22 31 39 29 N A 261 270 25 351 400 2022 55 2021 IIT Gandhinagar 18 33 35 51 N A 301 350 N A 601 800 2022 N AIIT Jodhpur 30 N AIIT Patna 41 51 54 58 N A N A N A N A 301 350 36 801 1000 2022 301 350 2021 IIT Bhubaneswar 47 58 56 46 801 1000 N A N A N A 251 260 20 1001 1200 2022 251 300 2021 IIT Tirupati 59 N AIIT Palakkad 69 N AIIT Bhilai 81IIT Dharwad 93IIT Jammu 67IIT Goa N ADiscrimination editIITs failed to stem out caste and religion based discrimination Very little to none has been done to prevent discrimination on its campuses 71 72 73 74 75 76 Criticism editThe IITs have faced criticism from within and outside academia Major concerns include allegations that they encourage brain drain and that their stringent entrance examinations encourage coaching colleges and put heavy pressure on the student s body Recently some prominent IITians have also questioned the quality of teaching and research in IITs 77 78 With the tripling the number of IITs in recent decades the newly created institutes have struggled to establish themselves compared to their peers A 2021 report by Comptroller and Auditor General of India criticized the newer IITs for not meeting targets for research faculty and student recruitment students retention as well as for being beset with infrastructure delays 79 80 In the recent past the number of student suicides has attracted significant attention 81 Brain drain edit Among the criticisms of the IIT system by the media and academia a common notion is that it encourages brain drain Until liberalisation started in the early 1990s India experienced large scale emigration of IIT graduates to developed countries especially to the United States Since 1953 nearly twenty five thousand IIT graduates have settled in the US 82 Since the US benefited from subsidized education in IITs at the cost of Indian taxpayers money critics say that subsidising education in IITs is useless Others support the emigration of graduates arguing that the capital sent home by the IIT graduates has been a major source of the expansion of foreign exchange reserves for India which until the 1990s had a substantial trade deficit citation needed A 2023 study by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that among the top 1 000 JEE scorers 36 migrated abroad while for the top 100 scorers the rate was 62 primarily to the U S and for graduate school 83 This trend has been reversed somewhat dubbed the reverse brain drain as hundreds of IIT graduates who have pursued further studies in the US started returning to India in the 1990s 84 The extent of intellectual loss receded substantially over the 1990s and 2000s with the percentage of students going abroad dropping from as high as 70 at one time to around 30 in 2005 84 This is largely attributed to the liberalization of the Indian economy and the opening of previously closed markets Government initiatives are encouraging IIT students into entrepreneurship programs and are increasing foreign investment Emerging scientific and manufacturing industries and outsourcing of technical jobs from North America and Western Europe have created opportunities for aspiring graduates in India Additionally IIT alumni are giving back generously to their parent institutions 85 Entrance competition edit The highly competitive examination in the form of IIT JEE has led to the establishment of a large number of coaching institutes throughout the country that provide intensive and specific preparation for the IIT JEE for substantial fees It is argued that this favours students from specific regions and richer backgrounds Some coaching institutes say that they have individually coached nearly 800 successful candidates year after year 86 According to some estimates nearly 95 of all students who clear the IIT JEE had joined coaching classes 87 Indeed this was the case regarding preparation for IIT entrance exams even decades ago In a January 2010 lecture at the Indian Institute of Science the 2009 Nobel laureate in Chemistry Venkatraman Ramakrishnan revealed that he failed to get a seat at any of the Indian engineering and medical colleges 88 He also said that his parents being old fashioned did not believe in coaching classes to prepare for the IIT entrance exam and considered them to be nonsense 88 In a documentary aired by CBS Vinod Khosla co founder of Sun Microsystems states The IITs probably are the hardest schools in the world to get into to the best of my knowledge 89 The documentary further concludes Put Harvard MIT and Princeton together and you begin to get an idea of the status of IIT in India to depict the competition as well as demand for the elite institutes Not all children are of a similar aptitude level and may be skilled in different paradigms and fields This has led to criticism of the way the examinations are conducted and the way a student is forced in the Indian community The IIT JEE format was restructured in 2006 following these complaints 90 After the change to the objective pattern of questioning even the students who initially considered themselves not fit for subjective pattern of IIT JEE decided to take the examination Though the restructuring was meant to reduce the dependence of students on coaching classes it led to an increase in students registering for coaching classes 91 Some people mostly IIT graduates have criticized the changed pattern of the IIT JEE They reason that while IIT JEE is traditionally used to test students understanding of fundamentals and their ability to apply them to solve tough unseen problems the current pattern does not stress much on the application part and might lead to a reduced quality of students 92 IIT JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi making it harder for students with regional languages as their main language In September 2011 the Gujarat High Court has acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad for conducting the exams in Gujarati 93 A second petition was made in October by Navsari s Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust 94 Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil In the petition it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India 95 IIT council recommended major changes in entrance examination structure which is effective from 2017 onwards 96 See also editIndian Institutes of Management IIMs Indian Institutes of Information Technology IIITs National Institutes of Technology NITs National Institute of Design NID References edit Kalita Bishal 1 February 2022 Higher Education Budget For Next Financial Year At Rs 40 828 Cr 6 46 More Than 2021 22 NDTV 3 14pm IST Retrieved 1 February 2022 a b c The Institutes of Technology Act 1961 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 24 May 2005 Retrieved 14 May 2006 a b IIT Act As amended till 2012 PDF YouTube Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 Retrieved 10 September 2012 a b Problem of plenty As IITs multiply the brand value diminishes Hindustan Times 29 June 2015 Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 Retrieved 25 July 2015 IIT Council Portal Retrieved 12 June 2015 Gazette Notification of the Bill PDF 29 June 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 5 April 2013 Retrieved 2 July 2012 Institute History Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur IIT Kharaggpur Archived from the original on 20 April 2008 Retrieved 22 October 2008 a b Information notification University of Roorkee to IIT Roorkee The Institutes of Technology Amendment Act 2002 PDF The eGazette of India Archived PDF from the original on 2 January 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2020 a b Information notification IT BHU to IIT BHU Varanasi The Institutes of Technology Amendment Bill 2011 PDF The eGazette of India Archived PDF from the original on 2 January 2021 Retrieved 7 September 2020 JEE Advanced 2015 IIT Bombay announces that four new IITs will admit students from this session Prepsure com Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 Retrieved 12 June 2015 IIT Tirupati all set to begin classes from Aug 5 The Hindu 25 June 2015 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 28 January 2023 a b Information notification ISM Dhanbad to IIT ISM Dhanbad The Institutes of Technology Amendment Bill 2016 PDF The eGazette of India Archived PDF from the original on 2 January 2021 Retrieved 12 August 2016 Chhattisgarh to open IIT campus in Bhilai The Indian Express 14 January 2016 Archived from the original on 9 December 2019 Retrieved 14 January 2016 Dharwad will host first IIT of Karnataka The Times of India 9 September 2015 Archived from the original on 15 February 2020 Retrieved 9 September 2015 IIT Jammu to be set up at Chak Bhalwal Business Standard India Press Trust of India 23 April 2015 Archived from the original on 9 December 2019 Retrieved 12 June 2015 Failure to identify land likely to delay setting up of IIT in Goa The Times of India 29 April 2015 Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 Retrieved 12 June 2015 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 13 August 2007 Archived from the original on 13 August 2007 Retrieved 7 September 2019 Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951 The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today The Times of India Retrieved 18 December 2017 Inaugurated In Kharagpur In 1951 The First Indian Institute of Technology Turns 66 Today The Times of India 18 August 2017 Retrieved 7 September 2019 Institute History 14 May 2006 Archived from the original on 8 July 2006 Retrieved 14 May 2006 See more IIT in references below Under Final selection the third paragraph Minutes of the 10th Meeting of IIT council PDF iitsystem ac in 17 January 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 17 January 2015 Retrieved 16 June 2023 Upadhyaya Yogesh K 23 March 2005 The making of new IITs Rediff com Retrieved 14 May 2006 Upadhyaya Yogesh K 18 August 2005 The march of the new IITs Rediff com Retrieved 14 May 2006 a b Upadhyaya Yogesh K 25 May 2005 New IITs A long journey ahead Rediff com Archived from the original on 7 December 2019 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Times News Network 1 May 2005 Desi IITs in pardes conditions apply The Economic Times Bennett Coleman and Co Ltd Archived from the original on 2 May 2007 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Indian students spend USD 6 54 billion in US near three times more than FDI flow from North America Business News www youtube com tamilneet Retrieved 4 March 2019 Iftikhar Fareeha 6 July 2023 First IIT campus outside India to come up in Tanzania s Zanzibar Hindustan Times Retrieved 7 July 2023 Visitor of the Institute IIT Kharagpur 18 November 2005 Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 IIT Council IIT Kharagpur 18 November 2005 Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 a b Organisational Structure IIT Kharagpur 18 November 2005 Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 Organizational Structure Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 3 March 2006 Archived from the original on 22 September 2007 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Performance based funding of IITs PDF IISc 10 February 2004 p 3 Archived PDF from the original on 13 November 2018 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Rajguru Suvarna 30 December 2005 What makes the IITs so chic LittleINDIA Archived from the original on 3 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Natarajan R The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India PDF CAGS 2005 Conference Canadian Association for Graduate Studies p 12 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Kakodkar panel suggests steep hike in tuition fee at IITs The Indian Express 14 May 2011 Retrieved 31 May 2011 IIT fee more than doubled total waiver for SC ST disabled poor The Economic Times m economictimes com Retrieved 2 December 2022 IIT fee more than doubled total waiver for SC ST disabled poor the Economic Times B Tech Ordinances iitm ac in Retrieved 7 April 2016 NPTEL The Hindu Chennai India 9 March 2009 Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2011 Prabhu S S September November 2000 Engineering Education in a Flux Report of the Review Committee IIT Kanpur Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Structure of B Tech Programme Ordinance No 3 Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 Structure of B Tech Programme Ordinance under R 4 2 Class Committee Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 a b Structure of B Tech Programme Ordinance under R 5 0 Change of Branch Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 Structure of B Tech Programme Ordinance under R 2 0 ii Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 Structure of B Tech Programme Ordinance under R 2 0 iii Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 Retrieved 7 January 2007 BTech Ordinances Senate Ordinances IIT Madras Archived from the original on 17 May 2006 Retrieved 26 May 2006 First U S India joint EMBA program begins Global 23 April 2015 Retrieved 25 January 2020 Ordinance under Ordinance No 3 Archived 17 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine Natarajan R The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India PDF CAGS 2005 Conference Canadian Association for Graduate Studies p 6 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Natarajan R The Evolution of Postgraduate Engineering Education and Research in India PDF CAGS 2005 Conference Canadian Association for Graduate Studies p 25 Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2005 Getting Admission to PhD Seats in IITs gets simplified Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 17 September 2013 Students of central institutes can join PhD in IITs without GATE The Times of India 17 September 2013 Retrieved 12 June 2015 Different academic programmes at IIT Director s Report PDF IIT Madras 8 May 2005 p 36 Archived from the original PDF on 15 May 2006 Retrieved 26 May 2006 Top 100 Engineering Colleges in 2017 Outlook India 6 July 2017 Retrieved 2 June 2018 Top Universities Top Universities Archived from the original on 21 June 2020 Retrieved 6 January 2019 IIT Madras emerges as the Undisputed Leader in Higher Education in India IIT Madras Press and News 15 July 2022 Retrieved 22 July 2022 National Institute Ranking Framework NIRF 2023 Engineering Rankings nirfindia org 5 June 2023 Retrieved 3 July 2023 National Institute Ranking Framework NIRF 2022 Engineering Rankings nirfindia org 15 July 2022 Retrieved 22 July 2022 MoE National Institute Ranking Framework NIRF www nirfindia org Retrieved 5 December 2021 MHRD National Institute Ranking Framework NIRF nirfindia org Retrieved 4 August 2020 MHRD National Institute Ranking Framework NIRF nirfindia org Retrieved 10 February 2019 QS World University Rankings 2023 Top Universities Retrieved 12 June 2022 QS World University Rankings 2022 Top Universities Retrieved 5 December 2021 QS World University Rankings 2019 Top Universities 29 May 2018 Archived from the original on 8 June 2018 Retrieved 6 January 2019 QS World University Rankings 2018 Top Universities 1 February 2017 Archived from the original on 9 June 2017 Retrieved 6 January 2019 Asia University Rankings 2022 Top Universities Retrieved 10 December 2021 QS India University Rankings 2020 Top Universities Retrieved 10 December 2021 a b Search Times Higher Education THE 27 September 2021 Retrieved 10 December 2021 https www outlookindia com national how caste discrimination plagues iits news 311553 Lakshman Abhinay 7 September 2023 Caste discrimination survey in IIT Delhi commenced and withdrawn The Hindu Stress dropouts suicides Unravelling IIT s casteism problem 28 March 2023 Religious and caste exclusivity at premier institutions continue to other minority students The Times of India Two Dalit Students Suicides in Two Months Highlight Institutionalised Discrimination at IITs The IITs have a long history of systematically othering Dalit students 17 February 2019 IIT IIM faculty not world class Jairam Ramesh India Education Review 24 May 2011 Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 Retrieved 12 November 2012 Poor quality of students entering IITs Narayana Murthy The Times of India The Times of India Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on the Performance Audit of Setting up of new Indian Institutes of Technology IITs PDF Report Ministry of Education 2021 Report 20 Retrieved 6 February 2022 India s tech innovation engines must raise their game Nature 601 7894 483 484 26 January 2022 Bibcode 2022Natur 601 483 doi 10 1038 d41586 022 00154 y PMID 35082427 S2CID 246297398 Suicides at IITS not due to academic stress alone 13 May 2017 Friedman Thomas L 2006 The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty first Century US Farrar Straus and Giroux pp 104 105 ISBN 0 374 29288 4 Choudhury Prithwiraj Ganguli Ina Gaule Patrick June 2023 Top Talent Elite Colleges and Migration Evidence from the Indian Institutes of Technology National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series Cambridge Massachusetts doi 10 3386 w31308 Retrieved 10 June 2023 a b Trend of brain drain on reverse to India Hindustan Times Indo Asian News Service 7 March 2006 Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 Retrieved 17 March 2009 How IITs are tapping into their robust alumni network for funding Business Today in Hindi 5 April 2022 Retrieved 2 December 2022 Successful students in IIT JEE 2005 Brilliant Tutorials Archived from the original on 21 April 2007 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Idichandy V G 11 October 2005 Why the IIT JEE pattern was changed Rediff com Retrieved 14 May 2006 a b Nobel laureate Venkat Ramakrishnan failed IIT medical entrance tests The Times of India Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 12 June 2015 Imported from India CBS News 19 June 2003 Change in IIT JEE pattern from academic year 2006 Education4India com Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Rukmini Shrinivasan amp Hemali Chhapia 31 March 2006 3 lakh students to vie for IIT entry this year The Times of India Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Retrieved 14 May 2006 Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey 4 May 2005 Crack the IIT code it s too easy The Times of India Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Retrieved 30 May 2006 Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati The Times of India 21 September 2011 Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati The Times of India 21 October 2011 Archived from the original on 7 January 2014 Retrieved 28 October 2011 Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil Deccan Chronicle Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 Retrieved 20 January 2012 Changes in IIT Entrance Examination Structure Further reading editRajguru Pant Ranjan 2003 IIT India s Intellectual Treasures India Indus Media ISBN 0 9747393 0 8 Kripalani Manjeet Engardio Pete Spiro Leah Nathans 1998 INDIA S WHIZ KIDS Inside the Indian Institutes of Technology s star factory Bloomberg BusinessWeek International ed Archived from the original on 18 February 1999 Kirpal Viney Gupta Meenakshi 1999 Equality Through Reservations India Vedams ISBN 81 7033 526 4 Deb Sandipan 2004 The IITians India Penguin Books ISBN 0 670 04986 7 Rajguru Suvarna 30 December 2005 What makes the IITs so chic LittleINDIA Archived from the original on 3 September 2006 Retrieved 27 August 2006 Gates Bill 17 January 2003 Bill Gates Speech Transcript Indian Institute of Technology 50th Anniversary Celebration Keynote Microsoft corporation Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 Retrieved 29 April 2008 Bhagat Chetan 2004 Five Point Someone What not to do at IIT India Rupa amp Co ISBN 81 291 0459 8 Agarwal Rajeev 2013 What I Did Not Learn at IIT India Random House ISBN 978 8 184 00486 1 Subbarao E C 2008 An Eye for Excellence 50 innovative years of IIT Kanpur India Harper Collins India ISBN 978 81 7223 769 1 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Indian Institutes of Technology nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Institutes of Technology Official website IIT Council The Institutes of Technology Act 1961 PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indian Institutes of Technology amp oldid 1193485214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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