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Radio City Music Hall

May 15, 2023

Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue and theater at 1260 Avenue of the Americas, within Rockefeller Center, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Nicknamed "The Showplace of the Nation", it is the headquarters for the Rockettes. Radio City Music Hall was designed by Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey in the Art Deco style.

Radio City Music Hall
"The Showplace of the Nation"
Radio City Music Hall in 2021
Location1260 Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue)
Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°45′35″N 73°58′45″W / 40.75972°N 73.97917°W / 40.75972; -73.97917Coordinates: 40°45′35″N 73°58′45″W / 40.75972°N 73.97917°W / 40.75972; -73.97917
OwnerTishman Speyer Properties[1]
OperatorMadison Square Garden Entertainment
TypeConcert hall, entertainment venue
Seating typeRaked
Capacity5,960
OpenedDecember 27, 1932; 90 years ago (1932-12-27)
Radio City Music Hall
New York City Landmark No. 0995, 1446
Area2 acres (0.8 ha)
ArchitectEdward Durell Stone
Donald Deskey
Architectural styleArt Deco
Part ofRockefeller Center (ID87002591)
NRHP reference No.78001880[2]
NYCL No.0995, 1446
Significant dates
Added to NRHPMay 8, 1978
Designated CPDecember 23, 1987
Designated NYCLMarch 28, 1978 (interior)[3]
April 23, 1985 (exterior)

Radio City Music Hall was built on a plot of land that was originally intended for a Metropolitan Opera House, although plans for the opera house were canceled in 1929. It opened on December 27, 1932, as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center. The 5,960-seat Music Hall was the larger of two venues built for Rockefeller Center's "Radio City" section, the other being Center Theatre; the "Radio City" name later came to apply only to the Music Hall. It was largely successful until the 1970s, when declining patronage nearly drove the theater to bankruptcy. Radio City Music Hall was designated a New York City Landmark in May 1978, and it was restored and allowed to remain open. The theater was extensively renovated in 1999.

Radio City's four-tiered auditorium was the world's largest when it opened. The theater also contains a variety of art. Although Radio City Music Hall was initially intended to host stage shows, within a year of its opening it was converted into a movie palace, hosting performances in a film-and-stage-spectacle format through the 1970s, and was the site of several movie premieres. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, it primarily hosted concerts, including by leading pop and rock musicians, and live stage shows such as the Radio City Christmas Spectacular. The Music Hall has also hosted televised events including the Grammy Awards, the Tony Awards, the Daytime Emmy Awards, the MTV Video Music Awards, the NFL Draft, as well as graduation ceremonies for New York University and Barnard College.

History

Buildings of Rockefeller Center
[Interactive fullscreen map]

Buildings and structures in Rockefeller Center:
1
1 Rockefeller Plaza
2
10 Rockefeller Plaza
3
La Maison Francaise
4
British Empire Building
5
30 Rockefeller Plaza
6
International Building
7
50 Rockefeller Plaza
8
1230 Avenue of the Americas
9
Radio City Music Hall
10
1270 Avenue of the Americas
11
75 Rockefeller Plaza
12
600 Fifth Avenue
13
608 Fifth Avenue
14
1271 Avenue of the Americas
15
1251 Avenue of the Americas
16
1221 Avenue of the Americas
17
1211 Avenue of the Americas

Development

Planning

The construction of Rockefeller Center occurred between 1932 and 1940.[a] on land that John D. Rockefeller Jr. leased from Columbia University.[6] The Rockefeller Center site was originally supposed to be occupied by a new opera house for the Metropolitan Opera.[7] By 1928, Benjamin Wistar Morris and designer Joseph Urban were hired to come up with blueprints for the house.[8] The new building was too expensive for the opera to fund by itself, and it needed an endowment;[9] the project ultimately gained the support of John D. Rockefeller Jr.[9][10] The planned opera house was canceled in December 1929 due to various issues,[11][12][13] but Rockefeller made a deal with RCA to develop Rockefeller Center as a mass media complex with four theaters.[14][15] This was later downsized to two theaters.[16][17]

Samuel Roxy Rothafel, a successful theater operator who was renowned for his domination of the city's movie theater industry,[18] joined the center's advisory board in 1930.[19][20][21] He offered to build two theaters: a large vaudeville "International Music Hall" on the northernmost block, with more than 6,200 seats, and the smaller 3,500-seat "RKO Roxy" movie theater on the southernmost block.[20][22][23] The idea for these theaters was inspired by Roxy's failed expansion of the 5,920-seat Roxy Theatre on 50th Street, one and a half blocks away.[24][25][26] The Music Hall was to have a single admission price of $2 per person.[23] Roxy also envisioned an elevated promenade between the two theaters,[27] but this was never published in any of the official blueprints.[20]

Design process

In September 1931, a group of NBC managers and architects toured Europe to find performers and look at theater designs.[22][28][29][30][31] However, the group did not find any significant architectural details that they could use in the Radio City theaters.[32] In any case, Roxy's friend Peter Clark turned out to have much more innovative designs for the proposed theaters than the Europeans did.[33]

Roxy had a list of design requests for the Music Hall.[34][35] First, he did not want the theater to have either a large balcony over the box seating or rows of box seating facing each other, as implemented in opera houses.[36] One alternative called for "a rather deep balcony" and a shallower second balcony, but would have obstructed views from the rear orchestra.[37][38] Consequently, the final plan used three tiers of balconies, cantilevered off the back wall.[36][37] Second, Roxy specified that the stage contain a central section with three parts so the sets could be changed easily.[30] Roxy wanted red seats because he believed it would make the theater successful,[36] and he wished for the auditorium to be oval in shape because contemporary wisdom held that oval auditoriums had better acoustic qualities.[34][39] Finally, he wanted to build at least 6,201 seats in the Music Hall so it would be larger than the Roxy Theatre. There were only 5,960 audience seats, but Roxy counted exactly 6,201 seats by including elevator stools, orchestra pit seats, and dressing-room chairs.[35] Roxy also wanted the theater to have an "intimate" design as well. According to architect Henry Hofmeister, a single level of steeply raked stadium seating would likely have been used in a larger auditorium, quoting a theatrical proverb: "A house divided against the performer cannot stand."[40]

Despite Roxy's specific requests for design features, the Music Hall's general design was determined by the Associated Architects, the architectural consortium that was designing the rest of Rockefeller Center.[30] The Music Hall was to be at the northwest corner of the Rockefeller Center complex, at the base of the 1270 Sixth Avenue office building; the theater's rear wall would have to support the offices above.[41] Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone[42] and interior designer Donald Deskey[43] in the Art Deco style.[44] Stone used Indiana Limestone for the facade, as with all the other buildings in Rockefeller Center, but he also included some distinguishing features. Three 90-foot-tall (27 m) signs with the theater's name were placed on the facade, while intricately ornamented fire escapes were installed on the walls facing 50th and 51st Streets. Inside, Stone designed 165-foot-long (50 m) Grand Foyer with a large staircase, balconies, and mirrors and commissioned Ezra Winter for the grand foyer's 2,400-square-foot (220 m2) mural, "Quest for the Fountain of Eternal Youth".[39][45] Deskey, meanwhile, was selected as part of a competition for interior designers for the Music Hall.[46] He had reportedly called Winter's painting "God-awful" and regarded the interior and exterior as not much better.[45] To make the Music Hall presentable in his opinion, Deskey designed upholstery and furniture that was custom to the theater. Deskey's plan was regarded the best of 35 submissions, and he ultimately used the rococo style in his interior design.[47]

Naming and construction

The International Music Hall evolved into a theater called Radio City Music Hall.[48] The names "Radio City" and "Radio City Music Hall" derive from one of the complex's first tenants, the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), which planned a mass media complex called Radio City on the west side of Rockefeller Center.[49] Over time, the appellation of "Radio City" devolved from describing the entire complex to just the complex's western section.[50] Radio City Music Hall was the only part of the complex that retained the name by 1937, and the name "Radio City" became shorthand for the theater.[51]

 
Interior view of auditorium

Construction on Radio City Music Hall started in December 1931,[52] and the theater topped out in August 1932.[53] Its construction set many records at the time, including the use of 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of copper wire and 200 miles (320 km) of brass pipe.[54] In November 1932, Russell Markert's précision dance troupe the Roxyettes (later to be known as the Rockettes) left the Roxy Theatre and announced that they would be moving to Radio City. By then, Roxy was busy adding music acts in preparation for the theater's opening at the end of the year.[55][56]

Opening

Radio City Music Hall opened to the public on December 27, 1932, with a lavish stage show featuring numbers including Ray Bolger, Ronnie Mansfield, Doc Rockwell, Martha Graham, The Mirthquakers, The Tuskegee Choir and Patricia Bowman.[34][57][58][59] The opening was meant to be a return to high-class variety entertainment.[60][61] However, Radio City's opening program flopped because the program was very long, spanning from 8 p.m. to 2 a.m. of the next day, and a multitude of acts were crammed onto the world's largest stage, ensuring that individual acts were lost in the cavernous hall. As the premiere went on, audience members, including John Rockefeller Jr, waited in the lobby or simply left early.[34][62] Some news reporters, tasked with writing reviews of the premiere, guessed the ending of the program because they left beforehand.[63]

Reviews ranged from furious to commiserate.[64] The film historian Terry Ramsaye wrote that "if the seating capacity of the Radio City Music Hall is precisely 6,200, then just exactly 6,199 persons must have been aware at the initial performance that they were eye witnesses to [...] the unveiling of the world's best 'bust'".[65] Set designer Robert Edmond Jones resigned in disappointment, and Graham was fired.[64] Despite the negative reviews of the performances, the theater's design was very well received.[66] One reviewer stated: "It has been said of the new Music Hall that it needs no performers; that its beauty and comforts alone are sufficient to gratify the greediest of playgoers."[67]

Conversion to movie house

Radio City's initial policy of live shows was so poorly received that, just two weeks after its opening, its managers announced that the theater would switch to showing feature films, accompanied by a spectacular stage show that Roxy had perfected.[68][69][70] The announcement came amid false rumors that the theater would close.[69][70] On January 11, 1933, after incurring a net operating loss of $180,000, Radio City became a movie and live-show house.[71][72] The first film shown on the giant screen was Frank Capra's The Bitter Tea of General Yen.[71][73] One critic said the same year that the Music Hall "is alone in carrying on the tradition of bigger things which underlay the whole project at the beginning".[74] William G. Van Schmus was hired as the theater's managing director that March, though he had never managed a theater before.[75] The top admission in the theater's first year was 40 cents during the day and 88 cents at night.[76]

Radio City became the premiere showcase for films from the RKO-Radio Studio, with Topaze being the first RKO film to play there in 1933.[77] Some of the films that premiered at Radio City Music Hall included King Kong (1933), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), To Kill a Mockingbird (1962), Mary Poppins (1964), and The Lion King (1994).[78] The New York Daily News said that, in total, the theater hosted the premieres of over 650 movies.[79] At the theater's peak, four complete performances were presented every day.[80]

1930s to 1950s

 
Seen from 51st Street

In addition to its movie screenings, Radio City hosted a "Holy Hour" for adherents of three religious faiths starting in 1933.[81] The theater started experimenting with operatic performances in May 1934.[82][83] The performances were so popular that Van Schmus decided to produce more opera shows to be performed four times a day.[83] Van Schmus subsequently hired Serge Sudeikin, Albert Johnson, and Boris Aronson as the theater's art directors, under senior producer Leon Leonidoff.[84] Early films at Radio City included Becky Sharp (1935), the first feature film to use three-strip Technicolor production;[85] a 1936 film version of the musical Show Boat;[86] and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937), Walt Disney's first full-length feature film.[87] The theater's non-cinematic events included a stage show about the history of lighting,[88] as well as a fundraiser for the Red Cross.[89] By January 1937, more than 25 million people had visited the theater over the previous four years, paying total admission of $17.5 million.[90]

Radio City was used for Easter worship services starting in 1940.[91] The next year, the theater hosted "the most elaborate benefit performance ever held in New York", a World War II fundraiser.[92] After Van Schmus died in January 1942,[75] G. S. Eysell took over as the managing director.[93] During this time, Radio City hosted films such as The Philadelphia Story (1940),[94] Sunny (1941),[95] The Valley of Decision (1945),[96] and The Late George Apley (1947).[97] Lines for the theater's Christmas show frequently stretched around the block. Performances by the Rockettes and a 60-member orchestra accompanied many live shows.[98] Ernö Rapée, who had headed Radio City's orchestra since its opening, continued to lead the theater's orchestra until he died in 1945.[99] Radio City continued to operate every day, although it sometimes closed briefly for part of the day. For example, it partially closed after U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt died in 1945 and again during a fuel shortage the next year.[100][101]

Alexander Smallens became the theater's musical director in 1947,[102] and Raymond Paige assumed that position three years later.[103] The theater's sound system was upgraded in mid-1953, enabling the venue to show 3D films without intermission.[104] Radio City disbanded its in-house male chorus in 1958, instead hiring choral acts from around the world.[105] The theater also hosted benefit parties for Big Brothers Inc. from 1953[106] to at least 1959.[107] Through the next decade, Radio City was successful regardless of the status of the city's economic, business, and entertainment sectors as a whole. It remained open even as other theaters such as the Paramount and the Roxy closed.[108][109][110] A committee led by Radio City's director, Russell V. Dowling, selected the theater's live acts and other performances.[111]

1960s and 1970s

 
View of Radio City's proscenium

Upon its 30th anniversary in 1962, Radio City had nearly 200 million total patrons to date, more than the entire U.S. population at the time.[111][112] The theater had shown 532 feature films to date; the most frequent actor was Cary Grant, who had appeared in 25 such films.[112] Even so, officials had intended to close down Radio City Music Hall in 1962, one of several such unheeded announcements.[113] Radio City closed temporarily in 1963 due to fears of a power failure, and the first full-day closure in its history took place on November 26, 1963, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[100][101] By 1964, Radio City had an estimated 5.7 million annual visitors, who paid ticket prices of between 99 cents and $2.75 (equivalent to between $7 and $19 in 2021).[109] The theater had evolved to show fewer adult-oriented films, instead choosing to show films for general audiences.[79][109] However, Radio City's operating costs were almost twice as high as those of smaller performance venues. In addition, with the loosening of regulations on explicit content, Radio City's audience was mostly relegated to families.[79]

Radio City was closed entirely for five days in March 1965 for its first full cleaning, which included changing the curtains and painting the ceiling.[100][108][114] While the seating areas and floors had been cleaned regularly, the walls and ceilings had never been thoroughly cleaned and had accumulated a layer of dirt measuring almost 1⁄4 inch (6.4 mm) thick.[101] Two or three hundred workers cleaned the theater around the clock,[115][116] and it reopened on March 8, 1965, with the film Dear Heart.[117] Repairs were also performed on the theater's organs during the nighttime.[118] Also in 1965, Will Irwin and Rayburn Wright replaced Raymond Paige as the theater's musical directors following the latter's death.[119] Russell V. Downing retired as Radio City's president in 1966 and was replaced by James F. Gould.[120] As president of the Music Hall, Gould expanded its programming to include events such as rock concerts and wrestling matches before he retired in 1973.[121] Radio City had its 200 millionth visitor in January 1967, a little less than two years after its renovation.[122][123]

Tourism to New York City started to decline by 1969, which affected the theater's attendance.[110][124] Even in the early 1970s, Radio City had five million visitors a year, more than the Empire State Building and Statue of Liberty combined.[125] However, the proliferation of subtitled foreign movies had reduced attendance at Radio City.[108] Changes in film distribution made it difficult to secure exclusive bookings of many films, forcing Radio City's managers to show reruns.[126][127] Radio City preferred to show only family-friendly movies, which further limited their film choices.[124][125][126] As a result, popular films such as Chinatown, Blazing Saddles, and The Godfather Part II failed Radio City's screening criteria.[108] By 1972, Radio City had fired the performers' unions as well as six of the 36 Rockettes. The theater's management donated a painting by Stuart Davis to the Museum of Modern Art to reduce Radio City Music Hall's tax burden.[128] That October, Radio City was closed temporarily after officials could not reach an employment agreement with the theater's musicians.[129][130] Though the theater reopened a few days later,[131] this was the first time it had ever been closed due to staffing issues.[124]

Another labor dispute in 1973 forced Radio City to cut back its policy of mixed films and stage shows.[132][133] A total shutdown was only avoided when the musicians' union agreed to a three-year contract in which musicians would be paid for 38 weeks per year, rather than 52.[134] This allowed Radio City's managers to schedule other forms of live entertainment for the theater during the remaining 14 weeks.[124][133][135] These live shows were split into two periods of seven weeks.[110] Radio City's managers attempted to draw patrons by using the stage for rock concerts, pop festivals, and telecasts of boxing matches.[135] Nonetheless, the Music Hall continued to lose $600,000 a year by early 1975. It cost $55,000 a week just to rent the theater, plus another $20,000 for employee salaries.[124] There were just 3.5 million visitors annually, despite high attendance during Christmas, Easter, and the summer. Yet again, rumors spread that the venue would close, but Radio City's managers denied these claims.[110][124] Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that Radio City was still more popular than other visitor attractions, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Bronx Zoo.[136][137]

Bankruptcy and threat of closure

 
Radio City's grand foyer

In 1977, annual attendance reached an all-time low of 1.5 million,[138] a 70 percent decrease from the 5 million visitors reported in 1968.[139][140] The theater needed about 4 million annual visitors to break even.[141] By January 1978, Radio City was in debt,[142][143] and officials stated that it could not remain open after April.[135][142][144] Rockefeller Center president Alton Marshall announced that, due to a projected loss of $3.5 million for the upcoming year, Radio City Music Hall would close on April 12.[113][144][145] This came after the theater had lost $2.3 million in 1977.[144] Many of Radio City's regular patrons moved to the suburbs, and there was a lingering fear of crime in New York City.[127][144] A lack of family-friendly movies was also a factor in the planned closure.[127][141][144] One proposal included converting the theater into tennis courts, a shopping mall, an aquarium, a hotel, a theme park, or the American Stock Exchange.[135][138][146] Despite the potential tax benefits of preserving the theater, Rockefeller Center's managers were uninterested in saving Radio City, as they were focused on the site's real-estate development potential.[135] Huxtable claimed that the managers' approach was "singularly lacking in any creative or cultural sensitivities".[135][136]

Radio City Music Hall Ballet Company dance captain Rosemary Novellino formed the Showpeople's Committee to Save Radio City Music Hall.[147] Lieutenant governor Mary Anne Krupsak, who had once been a Rockette, was also involved in the preservation efforts.[137][147] The alliance made hundreds of calls to Rockefeller Center's manager; The New York Times described that the callers "jammed the switchboards" there.[148] The Rockettes also protested outside New York City Hall.[140] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) held public hearings on whether to designate the theater's interior as a city landmark in March 1978. Of more than 100 speakers, most argued in favor of landmark status, but Rockefeller Center president Alton G. Marshall said that "landmark designation may well be the last nail in the Music Hall's coffin."[135][149] In total, more than 100,000 people supported designating Radio City as a landmark.[137][150] The LPC designated the interior as a city landmark on March 28.[137][150][151]

Rockefeller Center Inc. filed a lawsuit to try to reverse the landmark designation, claiming that landmark status would be unattractive to potential investors, but the lawsuit was unsuccessful.[138][152] Rockefeller Center Inc. indicated that it would demolish the theater had it succeeded in overturning the landmark designation.[153] In April, just a few days before the planned closing date, the Urban Development Corporation (UDC) voted to create a nonprofit subsidiary to lease Radio City.[154][155] Plans for a 20-story mixed-use tower above Radio City were announced the same month, with rents from the proposed tower providing the necessary funds to keep the theater open.[137][143][156] An alternative involving transferring the theater's air rights to another building in the complex was also privately discussed.[157] The UDC and Rockefeller Center Inc. agreed on April 12 to keep Radio City open, just hours before it had been set to close.[137] On May 12, 1978, Radio City Music Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[158]

Radio City lost $2.3 million in the first ten months of 1978, despite the fact that a Frank Sinatra concert there had grossed more than $1.7 million. From April 13 to September 13, 1978, when the UDC operated the theater, losses totaled $1.2 million.[159][160] The plans for an office building above the theater were recommended in a draft study that was published in February 1979.[161] Davis Brody Associates had designed a 31-story office and hotel building that was to be cantilevered over the theater, with an entrance carved out of Radio City's Sixth Avenue lobby.[161][162] The office building was ultimately not built.[162] Robert F. Jani instead assumed control of Radio City's programming, with plans to restore the venue to its original condition.[139][163] The film-plus-stage-spectacle format ended at the theater on April 25, 1979, with the screening of The Promise.[80] The theater was closed immediately afterward for renovation.[164] It reopened with a ceremony on May 31, 1979.[163][165]

Late 20th century

 
Marquee in January 2008 during the Christmas Spectacular

After the theater reopened to the public, Radio City started creating its own music concerts. Previously, the theater had only hosted events created by external producer.[166] Time slots were set aside for movie screenings, but Radio City had mostly turned to stage shows.[79] By January 1980, Radio City was hosting shows such as the stage adaptation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs[167] and the Rockettes Spectacular.[168] However, the theatrical shows proved to be unpopular, so in 1983, the Radio City Music Hall shifted to creating music concerts and participating in the production of films and TV shows.[169] The parent company, Radio City Music Hall Productions (a subsidiary of Rockefeller Center Inc.), started creating or co-creating films and Broadway shows such as Legs and Brighton Beach Memoirs.[166]

By the early 1980s, the LPC was considering designating the original Rockefeller Center complex as a city landmark, including the exterior of Radio City Music Hall. In 1983, the LPC held hearings to determine how much of Rockefeller Center should be protected as a landmark.[170] The Rockefeller family and Columbia University acknowledged that the buildings were already symbolically landmarks, but their spokesman John E. Zuccotti recommended that only the block between 49th and 50th Streets be protected.[b] By contrast, almost everyone else who supported Rockefeller Center's landmark status recommended that the entire complex be landmarked.[172][173] The LPC granted landmark status to the exteriors of all of the original complex's buildings, including the previously unprotected exterior of Radio City Music Hall, on April 23, 1985.[174][175][c] Rockefeller Center's original buildings also became a National Historic Landmark in 1987.[176]

Radio City finally recorded a net gain of $2.5 million in 1985, its first profit in three decades. This was partly attributed to the addition of music concerts, which appealed toward younger viewers.[166] Radio City also started hosting televised events including the Grammy Awards, the Tony Awards, the Daytime Emmy Awards, the MTV Video Music Awards, and the NFL Draft.[78][d] A new golden curtain was installed at the main stage in January 1987. The curtain was the third one to be installed since Radio City's opening in 1932; it had last been replaced in 1965. Because of Radio City's historic status, the curtain had to be the same style, texture, and color as the previous curtains.[177]

In 1997, Radio City was leased to the Madison Square Garden Company (then known as Cablevision), providing funding to keep the Rockettes and the Christmas Spectacular at Radio City. In exchange, Cablevision would be able to renovate and manage the theater.[163][178] Radio City was closed on February 16, 1999,[179] for a comprehensive renovation.[180] During the closure, many components were cleaned, modernized, or replaced, including the curtains, seats, carpets, doorknobs, and light fixtures.[141][180] Workers installed a gold-silk curtain measuring 112 feet (34 m) wide, as well as 5,901 seats upholstered in salmon-colored fabric;[181] in addition, restoration company John Canning & Co. added over 90,000 square feet (8,400 m2) of gilding.[182] The renovation was originally projected to cost $25 million, but the cost increased to $70 million due to various additional tasks that surfaced during the extensive refurbishment.[181] Radio City received a $2.5 million tax break from the Empire State Development Corporation, which was meant to accommodate the expenditure of up to $66 million in renovation costs.[183] The theater reopened with a gala concert on October 4, 1999.[163][184]

Early 21st century

Radio City Music Hall announced a decision to remain open on March 12 and 13, 2020, amid a ban on gatherings of 500 or more in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[185] This decision initially stood in contrast to many other venues and public events in New York City, which had shut down.[186] Radio City decided to remain closed after March 13, with no set reopening date, since other venues had also closed indefinitely. This affected events like the 74th Tony Awards, originally scheduled for June 7 but was then postponed after Radio City's closure.[187][188] In early 2021, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that Radio City would be able to open with limited capacity that April.[189] Cuomo subsequently announced Radio City would reopen that June, without capacity limits or mask restrictions, but only to patrons who had received a COVID-19 vaccine.[190][191]

Development firm Tishman Speyer submitted proposals to the LPC to construct a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m2) rooftop terrace on Radio City Music Hall, as well as a pedestrian bridge to 1270 Avenue of the Americas. These plans dated from an original proposal for the theater that was never carried out.[192][193] The LPC approved the plans in March 2021. At the time, the terrace was scheduled to open in late 2021 and would only be usable by tenants of 1270 Avenue of the Americas and their guests.[194][195] The garden opened in September 2021.[196]

Architecture

Facade

 
Marquee seen from north, with subway entrance at left

Radio City Music Hall is on the east side of Sixth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets.[197][198] Located in a niche partially under 1270 Avenue of the Americas, the theater is housed under the building's first setback on the seventh floor.[199] An entrance to the New York City Subway's 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center station, served by the B, ​D, ​F, <F>, and ​M trains, is on Sixth Avenue directly adjacent to the north end of the marquee, within the same structure that houses Radio City Music Hall.[39]

Its exterior has a long marquee sign that wraps around the corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street, as well as narrower, seven-story-high signs on the north and south ends of the marquee's Sixth Avenue side; both signs display the theater's name in neon letters.[199] The main entrance to Radio City was placed at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street, underneath the marquee.[39] Although the theater's main entrance could have been placed anywhere along the Sixth Avenue frontage, the architects chose to place the entrance near the intersection of 50th Street, rather than in the middle of the block, because it was highly visible from the Broadway theater district to the west. Additionally, a corner site allowed the architects to place more doorways on the facade than a midblock site would have.[39][198]

 
Plaques

The theater's exterior also has visual features signifying its purpose. Above the entrance, Hildreth Meiere created six small bronze plaques of musicians playing different instruments, as well as three larger metal and enamel plaques signifying dance, drama, and song; these plaques denote the theater's theme.[200][201][202] At one point, a tennis court was located on the theater's rooftop garden.[203]

Interior

 
VIP room ("The Roxy Suite")

The interior contains a grand foyer, a large main auditorium, and stairs and elevators that lead to several mezzanines.[204][205][206] Designed by Edward Durell Stone,[42] the theater had Art Deco decoration, whose sharp lines represented a break with the traditional ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time.[43] Donald Deskey coordinated the interior design process and designed some of the wallpaper, furniture, and other decor in Radio City.[43] Deskey's geometric Art Deco designs incorporate glass, aluminum, chrome, bakelite, and leather;[98][207] these materials are used the theater's wall coverings, carpet, light fixtures, and furniture.[207] All of the theater's staircases were fitted with brass railings, an aspect of the Art Deco style.[208]

Deskey commissioned textile designers Marguerita Mergentime and Ruth Reeves to create carpet designs and designs for the fabrics covering the walls.[200][207] Reeves designed a carpet that contained musical motifs in "shades of red, brown, gold, and black",[208] but her design was replaced in 1999.[209] Mergentime also produced geometric designs of nature and musicians for the walls and carpets, which still exist.[210] Deskey also created his own carpet design consisting of "singing head" depictions, which still exists.[211] Rene Chambellan produced six "playful" bronze plaques of vaudeville characters, which are located in the lobby just above the entrances to the theater.[212] Henry Varnum Poor designed all of Radio City's ceramic fixtures, especially the lighting bases.[213]

Lobbies and grand foyer

 
Grand Foyer

The entrance to Radio City is at its southwestern corner, where there are adjacent ticket and advance sales lobbies. Both lobbies contain terrazzo floors and marble walls. The ticket lobby, accessible from Sixth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets, is the larger of the two lobbies. There are four brass ticket booths: one each on the northern and southern walls and two booths in the center.[214] Originally, six ticket booths were placed about 22 feet (6.7 m) from the main doors, dividing the lobby into corridors measuring 16 feet (4.9 m) wide. This permitted adequate traffic flow within the lobby while also making it difficult for crowds to congregate.[215] Large black pillars support a low, slightly coffered ceiling.[214] Circular light fixtures are set into the ceiling of the ticket lobby, within each of the slight indentations.[216] The advance sales lobby, accessible from 50th Street just east of Sixth Avenue, contains a single ticket booth on the eastern wall.[214][215] This location allowed the advance-sales booth to be distinguished from the general sales booths while also not blocking traffic flow.[215]

To the ticket lobby's east and the advance sales lobby's northeast is the elliptical grand foyer, whose four-story-high ceiling and dramatic artwork contrast with the compactness of the lobby.[208] The space is about 40 feet (12 m) deep and extends the width of the auditorium.[215] Two long, tubular chandeliers created by Edward F. Caldwell & Co. hang from the ceiling.[208][217] The northern side of the grand foyer contains Ezra Winter's mural. A grand staircase, leading up to the first-mezzanine foyer, runs along the northern wall next to Winter's mural.[200][215][218] Another set of stairs below the grand staircase descends from the northern side of the foyer to the main lounge one level below.[219] A smaller staircase to the first-mezzanine lounge runs along the southern wall, connecting to a curved extension of that level's balcony.[220] The southern and northern sides of the grand foyer, respectively leading to 50th and 51st Streets, contain shallow vestibules with red marble walls. The northern vestibule is used as the exit lobby, while the southern vestibule is an emergency exit.[214] The grand foyer's eastern wall contains openings from the first, second, and third mezzanine levels, and the western wall contains 50-foot-tall (15 m) mirrors within gold frames.[208] Eleven doors leading to the Music Hall's auditorium are also located on the grand foyer's eastern side.[219] Chambellan commissioned several plaques on the auditorium doors' exteriors, which resemble the vaudeville representations in the lobby and depict the types of performances in the Music Hall.[219][221]

The foyer connects to four elevators that serve the main lounge level through the third mezzanine level.[214][215] At ground level, a marble lobby for these elevators is to the west of the northern exit vestibule.[214] Chambellan also designed the elevator doors with reliefs of musicians in atypical representations.[214][222] The maple circular roundels inside the cabs were designed by Edward Trumbull and represent wine, women, and song.[210][214]

Each of the three mezzanine levels has a men's smoking room, a women's lounge, and men's and women's restrooms.[215][220] No two restrooms or lounges have the same design.[220] A 1932 New York Times article described the reasons for such varied designs: "Since the auditoriums, men's lobbies, smoking rooms and women's lounges are used for a few hours only, decorative schemes are appropriate in them that would be too dramatic for a home."[200]

Auditorium

 
View of stage and orchestra seating from mezzanine seating
 
View of mezzanine balconies from orchestra seating

Architectural critic Douglas Haskell said of the auditorium: "The focus is the great proscenium arch, over 60 feet [18 m] high and 100 feet [30 m] feet wide, a huge semi-circular void. From that the energy disperses, like a firmament the arched structure rises outward and forward. The 'ceiling', uniting sides and top in its one great curve, proceeds by successive broad bands, like the bands of northern lights."[39] In the theater's early years, the Federal Writers' Project noted that "nearly everything about the Music Hall is tremendous".[205] At the time, Radio City had the world's largest orchestra; the most expansive theater screen; the heaviest proscenium arch in a theater; and the "finest precision dancers", the Rockettes.[205]

Seating areas

The auditorium has around 5,960 seats.[36] Around 3,500 of these seats are at the ground-level orchestra, while the remaining seats are distributed among the three mezzanines.[23][219] The orchestra and mezzanine sections all contain reddish-brown plush seating throughout, as well as storage compartments under each seat, lights at the end of each row of seats, and more legroom space than in other theaters.[219] Six aisles extend the length of the orchestra level, dividing each row into sections of up to 14 seats. The aisles measure 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) wide at the rear, tapering to 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) at the center and 3 feet 4 inches (1.02 m) at the front.[223] A crossover aisle separates the front one-third of the orchestra from the rear two-thirds. Each row of seats was originally placed 2 feet 10 inches (0.86 m) apart, giving more legroom than in contemporary theaters.[224]

Radio City contains three mezzanines within the back wall of the auditorium,[225] as well as a main lounge in the basement.[219] Each of the mezzanines is shallow, and all three mezzanine levels are stacked on top of the rear orchestra.[30] Since the mezzanines are shallow, there is no need to have a crossover aisle, and only four aisles are provided.[224] Ramps on either side of the stage lead to the first mezzanine level, creating the impression of a stage encircling the orchestra.[30][37]

Other design features

The auditorium's ceiling contains eight telescoping bands, which Haskell described as the "northern lights".[219] Each of the bands' edges contains a 2-foot (0.61 m) overlap with the next band,[39][224] placed at 30-foot (9.1 m) intervals.[224] In Joseph Urban's original plans, the ceiling was to be coffered but, after the cancellation of the Opera House, designers proposed many different designs for the proposed Music Hall's ceiling. The current design was put forth by Raymond Hood, who derived his band-system idea from a book that Urban had written.[39] The arches are made of plaster and contain ridges every 6 feet (1.8 m). The original plans had been to build the arches themselves in a curved shape, but this would have concentrated the sound onto several small spots.[226] The walls are covered by intricate fabric silhouette patterns of performers and horses, which were created by Reeves.[227] The radiating arches of the proscenium unite the large auditorium, allowing a sense of intimacy and grandeur.[219] The ceiling arches also contain grilles that camouflage the air-conditioning system, amplifying equipment, and organ pipes.[198][219] The sound system could be controlled by a light organ in front of the orchestra pit.[198]

The Great Stage, designed by Peter Clark, measures 66.5 by 144 ft (20.3 by 43.9 m);[e] it is placed within a proscenium arch that resembles a setting sun.[33][228] Roxy reportedly envisioned the sunset design of the stage while traveling home from Europe on an ocean liner.[28] There are two stage curtains; the main one is made of steel and asbestos, which can part horizontally, while the plush curtain behind it has several horizontal sections that can be raised or lowered independently of each other.[219] The original curtain weighed three tons and measured 112 feet (34 m) wide by 78 feet (24 m) tall.[100] The center of the stage contains a rotating floor measuring 50 feet (15 m) across.[198][219] The floor is divided into three sections that can be lowered and raised either separately or in sync.[198] The orchestra pit, which could fit 75 musicians, was placed on a "bandwagon" that was lifted from the basement and could move vertically or longitudinally.[71][198] The bandwagon could also be lifted to the central opening. From the stage, it could be lowered back into the basement or moved to the side.[198]

There is a complex system of indirect cove lighting at the front of the stage, facing the audience. When Radio City first opened, it was equipped with all of the newest lighting innovations at the time, including lights that changed colors automatically and adjusted their own brightness based on different lighting levels in the theater.[39]

Main lounge

The main lounge in the basement is about twice the size of the grand foyer above it.[215] The walls are composed of black "permatex", which was a new material at the time of the Music Hall's construction. The ceiling has diamond-shaped light fixtures and is supported by six diamond-shaped piers, as well as three full-height piers of a similar shape that exist only for aesthetic purposes.[219] The lounge is decorated with several artworks (see § Art).[229] Deskey also designed the chrome furniture and the carpeting of the lounge.[213] The lounge also contained a passageway to the "Forum", along Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, where it linked with Rockefeller Center's other buildings.[215]

The landing for Radio City's elevator bank is located on the northern side of the main lounge. A marble wall with three large columns comprises the western side of the lounge. A hallway extends off the eastern side of the lounge and leads to a men's smoking room and a women's lounge, which both connect to restrooms of their respective genders.[213] The smoking room has a masculine theme with terrazzo floors, brown walls, and copper ceilings. The accompanying men's restroom has black-and-white tiles and simple geometric fixtures, which are duplicated in the men's restrooms on each mezzanine level.[230] The women's lounge is mostly designed with the same soft colors as Witold Gordon's "History of Cosmetics Mural", located on the room's walls, although the wall area not covered by the mural is painted beige. The attached women's restroom is similar to the men's restroom on the same floor but contains vertical cylindrical lighting, stools, and circular mirrors above aqua sinks.[220]

Offstage

 
Backstage hydraulic system

The offstage area of Radio City contains many rooms that allow all productions to be prepared on-site. The offstage rooms include a carpenter's studio, a scene shop, sewing rooms, dressing rooms for 600 people, a green room for performers' guests, and a dormitory.[39][231] Two elevators are placed on either side of the stage, as well as a circular staircase. The female performers' restrooms and dressing rooms are placed as close as possible to the stage, and the male performers' dressing rooms are placed on the opposite side of the stage. This was in conformance with Roxy's belief that "happy performers make successful shows".[198] Above the auditorium were two studios for Roxy, as well as a broadcast studio, rehearsal room, and two preview rooms.[215]

The elevator system was designed by Peter Clark and built by Otis Elevators. The elevator system was so advanced that the U.S. Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers; according to Radio City lore, during the war, government agents guarded the basement to hide the U.S. Navy's technological advantage.[232]

Art

 
"Goose Girl", by sculptor Robert Laurent

The public areas of Radio City feature the work of many Depression-era artists, who were commissioned by Deskey as part of his general design scheme.[233] The large 2,400-square-foot (220 m2) mural in the grand foyer, "Quest for the Fountain of Eternal Youth", was painted by Ezra Winter and depicts a fable from a Native American tribe in Oregon.[39][45][233][234][235] The murals on the wall of the grand lounge, which depict five eras of differing theater scenes, are collectively known as the "Phantasmagoria of the Theater" by Louis Bouche.[200][219][233][236][237] Three female nudes cast in aluminum were commissioned for the theater, but Roxy thought that they were inappropriate for a family venue.[238] Although the Rockefellers loved the sculptures, the only one that was displayed on opening night was "Goose Girl" by Robert Laurent, which is located on the first mezzanine and depicts a nude aluminum girl beside a slender aluminum goose.[239] Since opening night the other two sculptures have been put on display at Radio City. "Eve" by Gwen Lux is displayed in the southwest corner of the grand foyer,[236][240] and "Spirit of the Dance" by William Zorach is visible from the grand lounge.[213][233][236][241]

Each of the public restrooms have adjoining lounges that display various works of art.[242] The third-floor women's restroom contains the Panther Mural by Henry Billings, which is accompanied by Deskey's abstract wall coverings in the women's lounge.[200][243] The women's lounge on the second mezzanine houses Yasuo Kuniyoshi's oil painting of "larger-than-life botanical designs" along the entire wall,[200][244] which had originally been commissioned by Georgia O'Keeffe before she suffered a nervous breakdown and left the mural incomplete.[244][245] Deskey created a wall covering for the men's lounge on the second mezzanine, containing masculine icons and nicotine motifs.[246] He also designed the first-mezzanine women's lounge, a room full of mirrors with a blue-and-white carpet and frosted low-intensity lights.[247] Witold Gordon painted a map with caricatures and stereotypical motifs in the men's lounge on the same floor,[200][248] as well as a "History of Cosmetics Mural" in the women's lounge in the basement.[200][220][249] Stuart Davis created Men Without Women, a mural of masculine stereotypical pastimes in the basement-level men's lounge;[200][213][250][f] the work was donated to the Museum of Modern Art in 1975[138][252] and loaned back to the Music Hall in 1999.[250] Finally, Edward Buk Ulreich created a "Wild West Mural" on the third-mezzanine men's lounge.[200][233][253]

Organs

Radio City Music Hall has two Wurlitzer theatre organs. The organ in the main theatre is the largest instrument built by the Wurlitzer company. It consists of 58 ranks of pipes and 4,178 pipes, played from twin 4-manual consoles located to the left and right of the stage, which permits two organists to play the instrument simultaneously. The broadcast booth atop the theatre contains a smaller (3-manual, 14 rank) Wurlitzer organ, although it has been unplayable for some time.[254][255] Richard Leibert was Radio City's chief organist from its opening on December 27, 1932, until his retirement in 1971, at which time Raymond Bohr succeeded him. Both organ have been recorded extensively by Ashley Miller, Dick Leibert, Raymond Bohr, and Eddie Layton, and Leibert presented a daily program of organ music broadcast from the theater on the NBC Radio Network in the 1930s and 1940s.[256]

Usage

Concerts

Pink Floyd played at the Music Hall on March 17, 1973.[257] The Grateful Dead played eight shows over nine days in October 1980, culminating on Halloween; two of the shows from this run were released as the video Grateful Dead: Dead Ahead.[258] American new wave band Devo performed at Radio City Music Hall on October 31, 1981, during their New Traditionalists tour.[259] In the 1980s, Liberace grossed $2.5 million from 14 performances with a combined audience of 82,000, setting a box-office record for Radio City Music Hall at the time.[260] In 1986, the Norwegian group A-ha held two concerts there. [261]

Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett performed at Radio City as part of their Cheek to Cheek Tour on June 19–23, 2015.[262] The pair also performed on August 3 (Bennett's 95th birthday) and August 5, 2021, for Bennett's farewell concerts.[263] Adele also performed a one-night-only concert at the Music Hall, which was recorded on November 17, 2015, and broadcast on NBC on December 14, 2015.[264] In addition, Britney Spears performed at the theater for two sold-out shows as part of her Piece of Me Tour on July 23 and 24, 2018.[265] Christina Aguilera performed there for two sold out nights as part of the Liberation tour on October 3 and 4, 2018.[266] Mariah Carey performed to a sold-out crowd as part of her Caution World Tour on March 25, 2019.[267][268]

Shows

The Radio City Christmas Spectacular is an annual Christmas stage musical produced by MSG Entertainment, which operates the theater. A New York Christmas tradition since 1933,[269] it features the women's precision dance team known as the Rockettes.[270]

The Irish dance show Riverdance made its North American debut at the Music Hall in March 1996, breaking box-office records.[271][272] Radio City Music Hall also hosted the Cirque du Soleil show "Zarkana" from June 2011[273] to September 2012.[274]

Television

Radio City Music Hall has been used for televised game shows such as Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!. For two weeks in November 1988, the theater hosted Wheel of Fortune, which was taking its first road trip. Saturday Night Live announcer Don Pardo announced during the two weeks.[275] Radio City Music Hall was also the site for Jeopardy!'s four-thousandth episode in May 2002, at which time the show's Million Dollar Masters invitational tournament also occurred.[276] The theater hosted the show again in November 2007 for the nighttime show's 25th anniversary.[275] The Music Hall was used again in November 2006 for a 2-week Celebrity Jeopardy! event.[277]

David Letterman hosted the Late Night with David Letterman Sixth Anniversary Special at Radio City Music Hall in 1988, and did so again for the show's Tenth Anniversary Special in 1992.[278][279] The next year, Lyons Group (parent company of Barney & Friends at the time), taped a live stage show called Barney Live in New York City at the theater.[280] In February 1998, Radio City Music Hall was a setting for the Sesame Street music special Elmopalooza, with Jon Stewart, David Alan Grier and others with the cast of Sesame Street and the Muppets.[281][282][283]

In October 2001, the concert Come Together: A Night for John Lennon's Words and Music was simulcast live from the theater on The WB and TNT. The concert had been delayed following the September 11 attacks the month before.[284][285]

In 2013, it was announced that America's Got Talent would hold its live shows from the Radio City Music Hall starting with its eighth season that summer; it had held its live shows at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center for its seventh season to accommodate new judge Howard Stern. The move was also intended to take advantage of New York tax credits.[286] AGT would broadcast its live rounds from Radio City Music Hall until Stern's departure in 2016, after which the show moved to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles.[287]

Sports

 
The set for the 2010 NFL Draft at Radio City Music Hall

The first sports event at Radio City Music Hall was a boxing card headlined by Roy Jones Jr. and David Telesco that took place on January 15, 2000.[78][288] On April 13, 2013, Nonito Donaire faced Guillermo Rigondeaux in a boxing card held at Radio City Music Hall.[289]

In 2004, the WNBA's New York Liberty played six home games at Radio City while their then-regular home, Madison Square Garden, prepared to host the 2004 Republican National Convention.[78] The Liberty played their first game in front of 5,945 fans against the Detroit Shock in July 2004. Courtside seats were stage left and stage right along the baseline and the Rockettes performed at halftime.[290] The court from Madison Square Garden was moved to Radio City Music Hall during this time.[288]

Radio City Music Hall was the site of the NFL Draft between 2006 and 2014.[291][292] Prior to being held in the Music Hall, the NFL Draft had been hosted at other locations in New York City since 1965, but after the 2014 draft, the National Football League hosted the draft in a series of other cities nationwide.[292][293]

Awards ceremonies

As of 2022, The Broadway League has presented the Tony Awards, the annual ceremony for Broadway theatre, at Radio City Music Hall during most years since 1997.[294][g] The Music Hall has also hosted the Grammy Awards, the annual ceremony presented by the Recording Academy for music, six times. The theater's first Grammys was in 1980,[299] and its last Grammys was in 1998.[300] The MTV Video Music Awards have been hosted at the theater twelve times from 1984 to 2018.[301]

Gallery

  •  

    Statue Eve by Gwen Lux in the lobby

  •  

    Hydraulics pit beneath the Great Stage

  •  

    Underside of the Great Stage

  •  

    The backstage control room

  •  

    The elevator hydraulics controls

  •  

    The Grand Foyer with Christmas decorations for the Christmas Spectacular

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ 30 Rockefeller Plaza was the first building to start construction, in March 1932.[4] The last building was completed in 1940.[5]
  2. ^ Namely 1250 Avenue of the Americas, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, the British Empire Building, La Maison Francaise, the Channel Gardens, and the Lower Plaza[171]
  3. ^ The final exterior landmark designation covers 12 buildings as well as the Channel Gardens, Rockefeller Plaza, and Lower Plaza. These are 1230, 1250, and 1270 Avenue of the Americas; 1, 10, 30, 50, and 75 Rockefeller Plaza; the British Empire Building; the International Building; and La Maison Francaise. Radio City Music Hall was also added as an exterior landmark, and the lobbies of the International Building and 30 Rockefeller Plaza were also protected.[171]
  4. ^ The Grammys, which alternated between New York City and Hollywood, were moved to Hollywood in 2004, as have the Daytime Emmys, off and on, since 2006.
  5. ^ One source gives a width of 110 feet (34 m) and a depth of 60 feet (18 m).[198]
  6. ^ The mural was originally unnamed, but the Rockefeller Center Art Committee named it Men Without Women, after the Ernest Hemingway short-story collection that had been published the same year of the mural's commission.[251]
  7. ^ The awards ceremonies for 2011,[295] 2012,[296] and 2016 were hosted at the Beacon Theatre, another MSG venue.[297] The Gershwin Theatre hosted the 1999 awards[294] while the Winter Garden Theatre hosted the 2021 awards.[298]

Citations

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  2. ^ "National Register Information System – (#78001880)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978.
  4. ^ "First Steel Column Erected in 70-Story Rockefeller Unit". The New York Times. March 8, 1932. p. 43. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  5. ^ "Airline Building is Dedicated Here; Governors of 17 States Take Part by Pressing Keys" (PDF). The New York Times. October 16, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
  6. ^ Glancy 1992, p. 431.
  7. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 3.
  8. ^ Okrent 2003, p. 21.
  9. ^ a b Adams 1985, p. 13.
  10. ^ Krinsky 1978, pp. 31–32.
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  18. ^ Okrent 2003, p. 203.
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  30. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 5.
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  32. ^ Krinsky 1978, p. 66.
  33. ^ a b Okrent 2003, p. 215.
  34. ^ a b c d Balfour 1978, p. 94.
  35. ^ a b Okrent 2003, pp. 217–218.
  36. ^ a b c d Okrent 2003, p. 217.
  37. ^ a b c Hofmeister 1932, p. 357.
  38. ^ Hofmeister 1932, pp. 356–357.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 9.
  40. ^ Hofmeister 1932, p. 356.
  41. ^ Hofmeister 1932, pp. 355–356.
  42. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 7.
  43. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 10.
  44. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 1.
  45. ^ a b c Okrent 2003, p. 218.
  46. ^ Okrent 2003, p. 220.
  47. ^ Okrent 2003, pp. 220–221.
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  50. ^ Fitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Albany, NY: The Division. p. 12.
  51. ^ Miller, Moscrip (1937). "Mystery on Sixth Ave" (PDF). Screen & Radio Weekly. (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2017 – via Fultonhistory.com.
  52. ^ Adams 1985, p. 40.
  53. ^ "Facade 'Topped Out' In Rockefeller Unit; Last Stone Laid on Exterior of Music Hall – Work on Other Buildings Speeded" (PDF). The New York Times. August 11, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  54. ^ "Radio City buys 15,000 Miles of Copper Wire; Early Start Looms in Construction Work". The New York Times. August 18, 1931. p. 23. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  55. ^ Balfour 1978, p. 96.
  56. ^ Okrent 2003, pp. 235–236.
  57. ^ Okrent 2003, pp. 239–243.
  58. ^ "RALPH DUMKE, 64, PERFORMER, DEAD: Former Radio Star Was on Stage, in Films and on TV". The New York Times. January 6, 1964. p. 47.
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  61. ^ "Music Hall Marks New Era In Design; Many Traditions in Building of Theatres Cast Aside for Modern Devices" (PDF). The New York Times. December 28, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on April 3, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  62. ^ Okrent 2003, pp. 241–242.
  63. ^ Okrent 2003, p. 242.
  64. ^ a b Okrent 2003, p. 244.
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  67. ^ "World's Biggest Playhouse Opens". Literary Digest. 115: 16. January 14, 1933.
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  69. ^ a b "Radio Music Hall to Be Movie House; 6,200-Seat Theatre to Co on Popular Price Basis With Films and Stage Shows". The New York Times. January 6, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  70. ^ a b "Wednesday Set For Policy Shift In Radio City: Music Hall to Drop Lavish Show, Offer Film and Variety at Red need Prices RKO Roxy Change Later Rumors Persist, Are Denied Anew, House Will Close". New York Herald Tribune. January 6, 1933. p. 16. ProQuest 1114797421.
  71. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978, p. 19.
  72. ^ Balfour 1978, p. 95.
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Further reading

  • Francisco, Charles. An Affectionate History of the World's Greatest Theatre, with special color photography by James Stewart Morcom and Vito Torelli, New York: Dutton, 1979. ISBN 0-525-18792-8.
  • Novellino-Mearns, Rosemary (March 31, 2015). Saving Radio City Music Hall: a dancer's true story. Teaneck, NJ. ISBN 978-0-9908556-3-7. OCLC 914168537.
  • "World's Biggest Stage Is a Marvel Of Mechanics". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. February 1933.
  • "World's Largest Theater in Rockefeller Center Will Seat Six Thousand Persons". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. August 1932.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radio City Music Hall.
Preceded by Venues of the
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May 15, 2023
radio, city, music, hall, entertainment, venue, theater, 1260, avenue, americas, within, rockefeller, center, midtown, manhattan, neighborhood, york, city, nicknamed, showplace, nation, headquarters, rockettes, designed, edward, durell, stone, donald, deskey, . Radio City Music Hall is an entertainment venue and theater at 1260 Avenue of the Americas within Rockefeller Center in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City Nicknamed The Showplace of the Nation it is the headquarters for the Rockettes Radio City Music Hall was designed by Edward Durell Stone and Donald Deskey in the Art Deco style Radio City Music Hall The Showplace of the Nation Radio City Music Hall in 2021Location1260 Avenue of the Americas Sixth Avenue Manhattan New York CityCoordinates40 45 35 N 73 58 45 W 40 75972 N 73 97917 W 40 75972 73 97917 Coordinates 40 45 35 N 73 58 45 W 40 75972 N 73 97917 W 40 75972 73 97917OwnerTishman Speyer Properties 1 OperatorMadison Square Garden EntertainmentTypeConcert hall entertainment venueSeating typeRakedCapacity5 960OpenedDecember 27 1932 90 years ago 1932 12 27 Radio City Music HallU S National Register of Historic PlacesU S Historic districtContributing propertyNew York City Landmark No 0995 1446Area2 acres 0 8 ha ArchitectEdward Durell StoneDonald DeskeyArchitectural styleArt DecoPart ofRockefeller Center ID87002591 NRHP reference No 78001880 2 NYCL No 0995 1446Significant datesAdded to NRHPMay 8 1978Designated CPDecember 23 1987Designated NYCLMarch 28 1978 interior 3 April 23 1985 exterior Radio City Music Hall was built on a plot of land that was originally intended for a Metropolitan Opera House although plans for the opera house were canceled in 1929 It opened on December 27 1932 as part of the construction of Rockefeller Center The 5 960 seat Music Hall was the larger of two venues built for Rockefeller Center s Radio City section the other being Center Theatre the Radio City name later came to apply only to the Music Hall It was largely successful until the 1970s when declining patronage nearly drove the theater to bankruptcy Radio City Music Hall was designated a New York City Landmark in May 1978 and it was restored and allowed to remain open The theater was extensively renovated in 1999 Radio City s four tiered auditorium was the world s largest when it opened The theater also contains a variety of art Although Radio City Music Hall was initially intended to host stage shows within a year of its opening it was converted into a movie palace hosting performances in a film and stage spectacle format through the 1970s and was the site of several movie premieres By the late 20th and early 21st centuries it primarily hosted concerts including by leading pop and rock musicians and live stage shows such as the Radio City Christmas Spectacular The Music Hall has also hosted televised events including the Grammy Awards the Tony Awards the Daytime Emmy Awards the MTV Video Music Awards the NFL Draft as well as graduation ceremonies for New York University and Barnard College Contents 1 History 1 1 Development 1 1 1 Planning 1 1 2 Design process 1 1 3 Naming and construction 1 2 Opening 1 3 Conversion to movie house 1 3 1 1930s to 1950s 1 3 2 1960s and 1970s 1 4 Bankruptcy and threat of closure 1 5 Late 20th century 1 6 Early 21st century 2 Architecture 2 1 Facade 2 2 Interior 2 2 1 Lobbies and grand foyer 2 2 2 Auditorium 2 2 2 1 Seating areas 2 2 2 2 Other design features 2 2 3 Main lounge 2 2 4 Offstage 2 3 Art 2 4 Organs 3 Usage 3 1 Concerts 3 2 Shows 3 3 Television 3 4 Sports 3 5 Awards ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory EditBuildings of Rockefeller Center Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Interactive fullscreen map viewtalkeditBuildings and structures in Rockefeller Center 1 1 Rockefeller Plaza2 10 Rockefeller Plaza3 La Maison Francaise4 British Empire Building5 30 Rockefeller Plaza6 International Building7 50 Rockefeller Plaza8 1230 Avenue of the Americas9 Radio City Music Hall10 1270 Avenue of the Americas11 75 Rockefeller Plaza12 600 Fifth Avenue13 608 Fifth Avenue14 1271 Avenue of the Americas15 1251 Avenue of the Americas16 1221 Avenue of the Americas17 1211 Avenue of the Americas Development Edit Planning Edit The construction of Rockefeller Center occurred between 1932 and 1940 a on land that John D Rockefeller Jr leased from Columbia University 6 The Rockefeller Center site was originally supposed to be occupied by a new opera house for the Metropolitan Opera 7 By 1928 Benjamin Wistar Morris and designer Joseph Urban were hired to come up with blueprints for the house 8 The new building was too expensive for the opera to fund by itself and it needed an endowment 9 the project ultimately gained the support of John D Rockefeller Jr 9 10 The planned opera house was canceled in December 1929 due to various issues 11 12 13 but Rockefeller made a deal with RCA to develop Rockefeller Center as a mass media complex with four theaters 14 15 This was later downsized to two theaters 16 17 Samuel Roxy Rothafel a successful theater operator who was renowned for his domination of the city s movie theater industry 18 joined the center s advisory board in 1930 19 20 21 He offered to build two theaters a large vaudeville International Music Hall on the northernmost block with more than 6 200 seats and the smaller 3 500 seat RKO Roxy movie theater on the southernmost block 20 22 23 The idea for these theaters was inspired by Roxy s failed expansion of the 5 920 seat Roxy Theatre on 50th Street one and a half blocks away 24 25 26 The Music Hall was to have a single admission price of 2 per person 23 Roxy also envisioned an elevated promenade between the two theaters 27 but this was never published in any of the official blueprints 20 Design process Edit In September 1931 a group of NBC managers and architects toured Europe to find performers and look at theater designs 22 28 29 30 31 However the group did not find any significant architectural details that they could use in the Radio City theaters 32 In any case Roxy s friend Peter Clark turned out to have much more innovative designs for the proposed theaters than the Europeans did 33 Roxy had a list of design requests for the Music Hall 34 35 First he did not want the theater to have either a large balcony over the box seating or rows of box seating facing each other as implemented in opera houses 36 One alternative called for a rather deep balcony and a shallower second balcony but would have obstructed views from the rear orchestra 37 38 Consequently the final plan used three tiers of balconies cantilevered off the back wall 36 37 Second Roxy specified that the stage contain a central section with three parts so the sets could be changed easily 30 Roxy wanted red seats because he believed it would make the theater successful 36 and he wished for the auditorium to be oval in shape because contemporary wisdom held that oval auditoriums had better acoustic qualities 34 39 Finally he wanted to build at least 6 201 seats in the Music Hall so it would be larger than the Roxy Theatre There were only 5 960 audience seats but Roxy counted exactly 6 201 seats by including elevator stools orchestra pit seats and dressing room chairs 35 Roxy also wanted the theater to have an intimate design as well According to architect Henry Hofmeister a single level of steeply raked stadium seating would likely have been used in a larger auditorium quoting a theatrical proverb A house divided against the performer cannot stand 40 Despite Roxy s specific requests for design features the Music Hall s general design was determined by the Associated Architects the architectural consortium that was designing the rest of Rockefeller Center 30 The Music Hall was to be at the northwest corner of the Rockefeller Center complex at the base of the 1270 Sixth Avenue office building the theater s rear wall would have to support the offices above 41 Radio City Music Hall was designed by architect Edward Durell Stone 42 and interior designer Donald Deskey 43 in the Art Deco style 44 Stone used Indiana Limestone for the facade as with all the other buildings in Rockefeller Center but he also included some distinguishing features Three 90 foot tall 27 m signs with the theater s name were placed on the facade while intricately ornamented fire escapes were installed on the walls facing 50th and 51st Streets Inside Stone designed 165 foot long 50 m Grand Foyer with a large staircase balconies and mirrors and commissioned Ezra Winter for the grand foyer s 2 400 square foot 220 m2 mural Quest for the Fountain of Eternal Youth 39 45 Deskey meanwhile was selected as part of a competition for interior designers for the Music Hall 46 He had reportedly called Winter s painting God awful and regarded the interior and exterior as not much better 45 To make the Music Hall presentable in his opinion Deskey designed upholstery and furniture that was custom to the theater Deskey s plan was regarded the best of 35 submissions and he ultimately used the rococo style in his interior design 47 Naming and construction Edit The International Music Hall evolved into a theater called Radio City Music Hall 48 The names Radio City and Radio City Music Hall derive from one of the complex s first tenants the Radio Corporation of America RCA which planned a mass media complex called Radio City on the west side of Rockefeller Center 49 Over time the appellation of Radio City devolved from describing the entire complex to just the complex s western section 50 Radio City Music Hall was the only part of the complex that retained the name by 1937 and the name Radio City became shorthand for the theater 51 Interior view of auditorium Construction on Radio City Music Hall started in December 1931 52 and the theater topped out in August 1932 53 Its construction set many records at the time including the use of 15 000 miles 24 000 km of copper wire and 200 miles 320 km of brass pipe 54 In November 1932 Russell Markert s precision dance troupe the Roxyettes later to be known as the Rockettes left the Roxy Theatre and announced that they would be moving to Radio City By then Roxy was busy adding music acts in preparation for the theater s opening at the end of the year 55 56 Opening Edit Radio City Music Hall opened to the public on December 27 1932 with a lavish stage show featuring numbers including Ray Bolger Ronnie Mansfield Doc Rockwell Martha Graham The Mirthquakers The Tuskegee Choir and Patricia Bowman 34 57 58 59 The opening was meant to be a return to high class variety entertainment 60 61 However Radio City s opening program flopped because the program was very long spanning from 8 p m to 2 a m of the next day and a multitude of acts were crammed onto the world s largest stage ensuring that individual acts were lost in the cavernous hall As the premiere went on audience members including John Rockefeller Jr waited in the lobby or simply left early 34 62 Some news reporters tasked with writing reviews of the premiere guessed the ending of the program because they left beforehand 63 Reviews ranged from furious to commiserate 64 The film historian Terry Ramsaye wrote that if the seating capacity of the Radio City Music Hall is precisely 6 200 then just exactly 6 199 persons must have been aware at the initial performance that they were eye witnesses to the unveiling of the world s best bust 65 Set designer Robert Edmond Jones resigned in disappointment and Graham was fired 64 Despite the negative reviews of the performances the theater s design was very well received 66 One reviewer stated It has been said of the new Music Hall that it needs no performers that its beauty and comforts alone are sufficient to gratify the greediest of playgoers 67 Conversion to movie house Edit Radio City s initial policy of live shows was so poorly received that just two weeks after its opening its managers announced that the theater would switch to showing feature films accompanied by a spectacular stage show that Roxy had perfected 68 69 70 The announcement came amid false rumors that the theater would close 69 70 On January 11 1933 after incurring a net operating loss of 180 000 Radio City became a movie and live show house 71 72 The first film shown on the giant screen was Frank Capra s The Bitter Tea of General Yen 71 73 One critic said the same year that the Music Hall is alone in carrying on the tradition of bigger things which underlay the whole project at the beginning 74 William G Van Schmus was hired as the theater s managing director that March though he had never managed a theater before 75 The top admission in the theater s first year was 40 cents during the day and 88 cents at night 76 Radio City became the premiere showcase for films from the RKO Radio Studio with Topaze being the first RKO film to play there in 1933 77 Some of the films that premiered at Radio City Music Hall included King Kong 1933 Breakfast at Tiffany s 1961 To Kill a Mockingbird 1962 Mary Poppins 1964 and The Lion King 1994 78 The New York Daily News said that in total the theater hosted the premieres of over 650 movies 79 At the theater s peak four complete performances were presented every day 80 1930s to 1950s Edit Seen from 51st Street In addition to its movie screenings Radio City hosted a Holy Hour for adherents of three religious faiths starting in 1933 81 The theater started experimenting with operatic performances in May 1934 82 83 The performances were so popular that Van Schmus decided to produce more opera shows to be performed four times a day 83 Van Schmus subsequently hired Serge Sudeikin Albert Johnson and Boris Aronson as the theater s art directors under senior producer Leon Leonidoff 84 Early films at Radio City included Becky Sharp 1935 the first feature film to use three strip Technicolor production 85 a 1936 film version of the musical Show Boat 86 and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 Walt Disney s first full length feature film 87 The theater s non cinematic events included a stage show about the history of lighting 88 as well as a fundraiser for the Red Cross 89 By January 1937 more than 25 million people had visited the theater over the previous four years paying total admission of 17 5 million 90 Radio City was used for Easter worship services starting in 1940 91 The next year the theater hosted the most elaborate benefit performance ever held in New York a World War II fundraiser 92 After Van Schmus died in January 1942 75 G S Eysell took over as the managing director 93 During this time Radio City hosted films such as The Philadelphia Story 1940 94 Sunny 1941 95 The Valley of Decision 1945 96 and The Late George Apley 1947 97 Lines for the theater s Christmas show frequently stretched around the block Performances by the Rockettes and a 60 member orchestra accompanied many live shows 98 Erno Rapee who had headed Radio City s orchestra since its opening continued to lead the theater s orchestra until he died in 1945 99 Radio City continued to operate every day although it sometimes closed briefly for part of the day For example it partially closed after U S president Franklin D Roosevelt died in 1945 and again during a fuel shortage the next year 100 101 Alexander Smallens became the theater s musical director in 1947 102 and Raymond Paige assumed that position three years later 103 The theater s sound system was upgraded in mid 1953 enabling the venue to show 3D films without intermission 104 Radio City disbanded its in house male chorus in 1958 instead hiring choral acts from around the world 105 The theater also hosted benefit parties for Big Brothers Inc from 1953 106 to at least 1959 107 Through the next decade Radio City was successful regardless of the status of the city s economic business and entertainment sectors as a whole It remained open even as other theaters such as the Paramount and the Roxy closed 108 109 110 A committee led by Radio City s director Russell V Dowling selected the theater s live acts and other performances 111 1960s and 1970s Edit View of Radio City s proscenium Upon its 30th anniversary in 1962 Radio City had nearly 200 million total patrons to date more than the entire U S population at the time 111 112 The theater had shown 532 feature films to date the most frequent actor was Cary Grant who had appeared in 25 such films 112 Even so officials had intended to close down Radio City Music Hall in 1962 one of several such unheeded announcements 113 Radio City closed temporarily in 1963 due to fears of a power failure and the first full day closure in its history took place on November 26 1963 following the assassination of John F Kennedy 100 101 By 1964 Radio City had an estimated 5 7 million annual visitors who paid ticket prices of between 99 cents and 2 75 equivalent to between 7 and 19 in 2021 109 The theater had evolved to show fewer adult oriented films instead choosing to show films for general audiences 79 109 However Radio City s operating costs were almost twice as high as those of smaller performance venues In addition with the loosening of regulations on explicit content Radio City s audience was mostly relegated to families 79 Radio City was closed entirely for five days in March 1965 for its first full cleaning which included changing the curtains and painting the ceiling 100 108 114 While the seating areas and floors had been cleaned regularly the walls and ceilings had never been thoroughly cleaned and had accumulated a layer of dirt measuring almost 1 4 inch 6 4 mm thick 101 Two or three hundred workers cleaned the theater around the clock 115 116 and it reopened on March 8 1965 with the film Dear Heart 117 Repairs were also performed on the theater s organs during the nighttime 118 Also in 1965 Will Irwin and Rayburn Wright replaced Raymond Paige as the theater s musical directors following the latter s death 119 Russell V Downing retired as Radio City s president in 1966 and was replaced by James F Gould 120 As president of the Music Hall Gould expanded its programming to include events such as rock concerts and wrestling matches before he retired in 1973 121 Radio City had its 200 millionth visitor in January 1967 a little less than two years after its renovation 122 123 Tourism to New York City started to decline by 1969 which affected the theater s attendance 110 124 Even in the early 1970s Radio City had five million visitors a year more than the Empire State Building and Statue of Liberty combined 125 However the proliferation of subtitled foreign movies had reduced attendance at Radio City 108 Changes in film distribution made it difficult to secure exclusive bookings of many films forcing Radio City s managers to show reruns 126 127 Radio City preferred to show only family friendly movies which further limited their film choices 124 125 126 As a result popular films such as Chinatown Blazing Saddles and The Godfather Part II failed Radio City s screening criteria 108 By 1972 Radio City had fired the performers unions as well as six of the 36 Rockettes The theater s management donated a painting by Stuart Davis to the Museum of Modern Art to reduce Radio City Music Hall s tax burden 128 That October Radio City was closed temporarily after officials could not reach an employment agreement with the theater s musicians 129 130 Though the theater reopened a few days later 131 this was the first time it had ever been closed due to staffing issues 124 Another labor dispute in 1973 forced Radio City to cut back its policy of mixed films and stage shows 132 133 A total shutdown was only avoided when the musicians union agreed to a three year contract in which musicians would be paid for 38 weeks per year rather than 52 134 This allowed Radio City s managers to schedule other forms of live entertainment for the theater during the remaining 14 weeks 124 133 135 These live shows were split into two periods of seven weeks 110 Radio City s managers attempted to draw patrons by using the stage for rock concerts pop festivals and telecasts of boxing matches 135 Nonetheless the Music Hall continued to lose 600 000 a year by early 1975 It cost 55 000 a week just to rent the theater plus another 20 000 for employee salaries 124 There were just 3 5 million visitors annually despite high attendance during Christmas Easter and the summer Yet again rumors spread that the venue would close but Radio City s managers denied these claims 110 124 Architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable wrote that Radio City was still more popular than other visitor attractions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art the American Museum of Natural History and the Bronx Zoo 136 137 Bankruptcy and threat of closure Edit Radio City s grand foyer In 1977 annual attendance reached an all time low of 1 5 million 138 a 70 percent decrease from the 5 million visitors reported in 1968 139 140 The theater needed about 4 million annual visitors to break even 141 By January 1978 Radio City was in debt 142 143 and officials stated that it could not remain open after April 135 142 144 Rockefeller Center president Alton Marshall announced that due to a projected loss of 3 5 million for the upcoming year Radio City Music Hall would close on April 12 113 144 145 This came after the theater had lost 2 3 million in 1977 144 Many of Radio City s regular patrons moved to the suburbs and there was a lingering fear of crime in New York City 127 144 A lack of family friendly movies was also a factor in the planned closure 127 141 144 One proposal included converting the theater into tennis courts a shopping mall an aquarium a hotel a theme park or the American Stock Exchange 135 138 146 Despite the potential tax benefits of preserving the theater Rockefeller Center s managers were uninterested in saving Radio City as they were focused on the site s real estate development potential 135 Huxtable claimed that the managers approach was singularly lacking in any creative or cultural sensitivities 135 136 Radio City Music Hall Ballet Company dance captain Rosemary Novellino formed the Showpeople s Committee to Save Radio City Music Hall 147 Lieutenant governor Mary Anne Krupsak who had once been a Rockette was also involved in the preservation efforts 137 147 The alliance made hundreds of calls to Rockefeller Center s manager The New York Times described that the callers jammed the switchboards there 148 The Rockettes also protested outside New York City Hall 140 The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission LPC held public hearings on whether to designate the theater s interior as a city landmark in March 1978 Of more than 100 speakers most argued in favor of landmark status but Rockefeller Center president Alton G Marshall said that landmark designation may well be the last nail in the Music Hall s coffin 135 149 In total more than 100 000 people supported designating Radio City as a landmark 137 150 The LPC designated the interior as a city landmark on March 28 137 150 151 Rockefeller Center Inc filed a lawsuit to try to reverse the landmark designation claiming that landmark status would be unattractive to potential investors but the lawsuit was unsuccessful 138 152 Rockefeller Center Inc indicated that it would demolish the theater had it succeeded in overturning the landmark designation 153 In April just a few days before the planned closing date the Urban Development Corporation UDC voted to create a nonprofit subsidiary to lease Radio City 154 155 Plans for a 20 story mixed use tower above Radio City were announced the same month with rents from the proposed tower providing the necessary funds to keep the theater open 137 143 156 An alternative involving transferring the theater s air rights to another building in the complex was also privately discussed 157 The UDC and Rockefeller Center Inc agreed on April 12 to keep Radio City open just hours before it had been set to close 137 On May 12 1978 Radio City Music Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places 158 Radio City lost 2 3 million in the first ten months of 1978 despite the fact that a Frank Sinatra concert there had grossed more than 1 7 million From April 13 to September 13 1978 when the UDC operated the theater losses totaled 1 2 million 159 160 The plans for an office building above the theater were recommended in a draft study that was published in February 1979 161 Davis Brody Associates had designed a 31 story office and hotel building that was to be cantilevered over the theater with an entrance carved out of Radio City s Sixth Avenue lobby 161 162 The office building was ultimately not built 162 Robert F Jani instead assumed control of Radio City s programming with plans to restore the venue to its original condition 139 163 The film plus stage spectacle format ended at the theater on April 25 1979 with the screening of The Promise 80 The theater was closed immediately afterward for renovation 164 It reopened with a ceremony on May 31 1979 163 165 Late 20th century Edit Marquee in January 2008 during the Christmas Spectacular After the theater reopened to the public Radio City started creating its own music concerts Previously the theater had only hosted events created by external producer 166 Time slots were set aside for movie screenings but Radio City had mostly turned to stage shows 79 By January 1980 Radio City was hosting shows such as the stage adaptation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 167 and the Rockettes Spectacular 168 However the theatrical shows proved to be unpopular so in 1983 the Radio City Music Hall shifted to creating music concerts and participating in the production of films and TV shows 169 The parent company Radio City Music Hall Productions a subsidiary of Rockefeller Center Inc started creating or co creating films and Broadway shows such as Legs and Brighton Beach Memoirs 166 By the early 1980s the LPC was considering designating the original Rockefeller Center complex as a city landmark including the exterior of Radio City Music Hall In 1983 the LPC held hearings to determine how much of Rockefeller Center should be protected as a landmark 170 The Rockefeller family and Columbia University acknowledged that the buildings were already symbolically landmarks but their spokesman John E Zuccotti recommended that only the block between 49th and 50th Streets be protected b By contrast almost everyone else who supported Rockefeller Center s landmark status recommended that the entire complex be landmarked 172 173 The LPC granted landmark status to the exteriors of all of the original complex s buildings including the previously unprotected exterior of Radio City Music Hall on April 23 1985 174 175 c Rockefeller Center s original buildings also became a National Historic Landmark in 1987 176 Radio City finally recorded a net gain of 2 5 million in 1985 its first profit in three decades This was partly attributed to the addition of music concerts which appealed toward younger viewers 166 Radio City also started hosting televised events including the Grammy Awards the Tony Awards the Daytime Emmy Awards the MTV Video Music Awards and the NFL Draft 78 d A new golden curtain was installed at the main stage in January 1987 The curtain was the third one to be installed since Radio City s opening in 1932 it had last been replaced in 1965 Because of Radio City s historic status the curtain had to be the same style texture and color as the previous curtains 177 In 1997 Radio City was leased to the Madison Square Garden Company then known as Cablevision providing funding to keep the Rockettes and the Christmas Spectacular at Radio City In exchange Cablevision would be able to renovate and manage the theater 163 178 Radio City was closed on February 16 1999 179 for a comprehensive renovation 180 During the closure many components were cleaned modernized or replaced including the curtains seats carpets doorknobs and light fixtures 141 180 Workers installed a gold silk curtain measuring 112 feet 34 m wide as well as 5 901 seats upholstered in salmon colored fabric 181 in addition restoration company John Canning amp Co added over 90 000 square feet 8 400 m2 of gilding 182 The renovation was originally projected to cost 25 million but the cost increased to 70 million due to various additional tasks that surfaced during the extensive refurbishment 181 Radio City received a 2 5 million tax break from the Empire State Development Corporation which was meant to accommodate the expenditure of up to 66 million in renovation costs 183 The theater reopened with a gala concert on October 4 1999 163 184 Early 21st century Edit Radio City Music Hall announced a decision to remain open on March 12 and 13 2020 amid a ban on gatherings of 500 or more in response to the COVID 19 pandemic in New York City 185 This decision initially stood in contrast to many other venues and public events in New York City which had shut down 186 Radio City decided to remain closed after March 13 with no set reopening date since other venues had also closed indefinitely This affected events like the 74th Tony Awards originally scheduled for June 7 but was then postponed after Radio City s closure 187 188 In early 2021 New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced that Radio City would be able to open with limited capacity that April 189 Cuomo subsequently announced Radio City would reopen that June without capacity limits or mask restrictions but only to patrons who had received a COVID 19 vaccine 190 191 Development firm Tishman Speyer submitted proposals to the LPC to construct a 24 000 square foot 2 200 m2 rooftop terrace on Radio City Music Hall as well as a pedestrian bridge to 1270 Avenue of the Americas These plans dated from an original proposal for the theater that was never carried out 192 193 The LPC approved the plans in March 2021 At the time the terrace was scheduled to open in late 2021 and would only be usable by tenants of 1270 Avenue of the Americas and their guests 194 195 The garden opened in September 2021 196 Architecture EditFacade Edit Marquee seen from north with subway entrance at left Radio City Music Hall is on the east side of Sixth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets 197 198 Located in a niche partially under 1270 Avenue of the Americas the theater is housed under the building s first setback on the seventh floor 199 An entrance to the New York City Subway s 47th 50th Streets Rockefeller Center station served by the B D F lt F gt and M trains is on Sixth Avenue directly adjacent to the north end of the marquee within the same structure that houses Radio City Music Hall 39 Its exterior has a long marquee sign that wraps around the corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street as well as narrower seven story high signs on the north and south ends of the marquee s Sixth Avenue side both signs display the theater s name in neon letters 199 The main entrance to Radio City was placed at the corner of Sixth Avenue and 50th Street underneath the marquee 39 Although the theater s main entrance could have been placed anywhere along the Sixth Avenue frontage the architects chose to place the entrance near the intersection of 50th Street rather than in the middle of the block because it was highly visible from the Broadway theater district to the west Additionally a corner site allowed the architects to place more doorways on the facade than a midblock site would have 39 198 Plaques The theater s exterior also has visual features signifying its purpose Above the entrance Hildreth Meiere created six small bronze plaques of musicians playing different instruments as well as three larger metal and enamel plaques signifying dance drama and song these plaques denote the theater s theme 200 201 202 At one point a tennis court was located on the theater s rooftop garden 203 Interior Edit VIP room The Roxy Suite The interior contains a grand foyer a large main auditorium and stairs and elevators that lead to several mezzanines 204 205 206 Designed by Edward Durell Stone 42 the theater had Art Deco decoration whose sharp lines represented a break with the traditional ornate rococo ornament associated with movie palaces at the time 43 Donald Deskey coordinated the interior design process and designed some of the wallpaper furniture and other decor in Radio City 43 Deskey s geometric Art Deco designs incorporate glass aluminum chrome bakelite and leather 98 207 these materials are used the theater s wall coverings carpet light fixtures and furniture 207 All of the theater s staircases were fitted with brass railings an aspect of the Art Deco style 208 Deskey commissioned textile designers Marguerita Mergentime and Ruth Reeves to create carpet designs and designs for the fabrics covering the walls 200 207 Reeves designed a carpet that contained musical motifs in shades of red brown gold and black 208 but her design was replaced in 1999 209 Mergentime also produced geometric designs of nature and musicians for the walls and carpets which still exist 210 Deskey also created his own carpet design consisting of singing head depictions which still exists 211 Rene Chambellan produced six playful bronze plaques of vaudeville characters which are located in the lobby just above the entrances to the theater 212 Henry Varnum Poor designed all of Radio City s ceramic fixtures especially the lighting bases 213 Lobbies and grand foyer Edit Grand Foyer The entrance to Radio City is at its southwestern corner where there are adjacent ticket and advance sales lobbies Both lobbies contain terrazzo floors and marble walls The ticket lobby accessible from Sixth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets is the larger of the two lobbies There are four brass ticket booths one each on the northern and southern walls and two booths in the center 214 Originally six ticket booths were placed about 22 feet 6 7 m from the main doors dividing the lobby into corridors measuring 16 feet 4 9 m wide This permitted adequate traffic flow within the lobby while also making it difficult for crowds to congregate 215 Large black pillars support a low slightly coffered ceiling 214 Circular light fixtures are set into the ceiling of the ticket lobby within each of the slight indentations 216 The advance sales lobby accessible from 50th Street just east of Sixth Avenue contains a single ticket booth on the eastern wall 214 215 This location allowed the advance sales booth to be distinguished from the general sales booths while also not blocking traffic flow 215 To the ticket lobby s east and the advance sales lobby s northeast is the elliptical grand foyer whose four story high ceiling and dramatic artwork contrast with the compactness of the lobby 208 The space is about 40 feet 12 m deep and extends the width of the auditorium 215 Two long tubular chandeliers created by Edward F Caldwell amp Co hang from the ceiling 208 217 The northern side of the grand foyer contains Ezra Winter s mural A grand staircase leading up to the first mezzanine foyer runs along the northern wall next to Winter s mural 200 215 218 Another set of stairs below the grand staircase descends from the northern side of the foyer to the main lounge one level below 219 A smaller staircase to the first mezzanine lounge runs along the southern wall connecting to a curved extension of that level s balcony 220 The southern and northern sides of the grand foyer respectively leading to 50th and 51st Streets contain shallow vestibules with red marble walls The northern vestibule is used as the exit lobby while the southern vestibule is an emergency exit 214 The grand foyer s eastern wall contains openings from the first second and third mezzanine levels and the western wall contains 50 foot tall 15 m mirrors within gold frames 208 Eleven doors leading to the Music Hall s auditorium are also located on the grand foyer s eastern side 219 Chambellan commissioned several plaques on the auditorium doors exteriors which resemble the vaudeville representations in the lobby and depict the types of performances in the Music Hall 219 221 The foyer connects to four elevators that serve the main lounge level through the third mezzanine level 214 215 At ground level a marble lobby for these elevators is to the west of the northern exit vestibule 214 Chambellan also designed the elevator doors with reliefs of musicians in atypical representations 214 222 The maple circular roundels inside the cabs were designed by Edward Trumbull and represent wine women and song 210 214 Each of the three mezzanine levels has a men s smoking room a women s lounge and men s and women s restrooms 215 220 No two restrooms or lounges have the same design 220 A 1932 New York Times article described the reasons for such varied designs Since the auditoriums men s lobbies smoking rooms and women s lounges are used for a few hours only decorative schemes are appropriate in them that would be too dramatic for a home 200 Auditorium Edit View of stage and orchestra seating from mezzanine seating View of mezzanine balconies from orchestra seating Architectural critic Douglas Haskell said of the auditorium The focus is the great proscenium arch over 60 feet 18 m high and 100 feet 30 m feet wide a huge semi circular void From that the energy disperses like a firmament the arched structure rises outward and forward The ceiling uniting sides and top in its one great curve proceeds by successive broad bands like the bands of northern lights 39 In the theater s early years the Federal Writers Project noted that nearly everything about the Music Hall is tremendous 205 At the time Radio City had the world s largest orchestra the most expansive theater screen the heaviest proscenium arch in a theater and the finest precision dancers the Rockettes 205 Seating areas Edit The auditorium has around 5 960 seats 36 Around 3 500 of these seats are at the ground level orchestra while the remaining seats are distributed among the three mezzanines 23 219 The orchestra and mezzanine sections all contain reddish brown plush seating throughout as well as storage compartments under each seat lights at the end of each row of seats and more legroom space than in other theaters 219 Six aisles extend the length of the orchestra level dividing each row into sections of up to 14 seats The aisles measure 6 feet 3 inches 1 91 m wide at the rear tapering to 5 feet 10 inches 1 78 m at the center and 3 feet 4 inches 1 02 m at the front 223 A crossover aisle separates the front one third of the orchestra from the rear two thirds Each row of seats was originally placed 2 feet 10 inches 0 86 m apart giving more legroom than in contemporary theaters 224 Radio City contains three mezzanines within the back wall of the auditorium 225 as well as a main lounge in the basement 219 Each of the mezzanines is shallow and all three mezzanine levels are stacked on top of the rear orchestra 30 Since the mezzanines are shallow there is no need to have a crossover aisle and only four aisles are provided 224 Ramps on either side of the stage lead to the first mezzanine level creating the impression of a stage encircling the orchestra 30 37 Other design features Edit The auditorium s ceiling contains eight telescoping bands which Haskell described as the northern lights 219 Each of the bands edges contains a 2 foot 0 61 m overlap with the next band 39 224 placed at 30 foot 9 1 m intervals 224 In Joseph Urban s original plans the ceiling was to be coffered but after the cancellation of the Opera House designers proposed many different designs for the proposed Music Hall s ceiling The current design was put forth by Raymond Hood who derived his band system idea from a book that Urban had written 39 The arches are made of plaster and contain ridges every 6 feet 1 8 m The original plans had been to build the arches themselves in a curved shape but this would have concentrated the sound onto several small spots 226 The walls are covered by intricate fabric silhouette patterns of performers and horses which were created by Reeves 227 The radiating arches of the proscenium unite the large auditorium allowing a sense of intimacy and grandeur 219 The ceiling arches also contain grilles that camouflage the air conditioning system amplifying equipment and organ pipes 198 219 The sound system could be controlled by a light organ in front of the orchestra pit 198 The Great Stage designed by Peter Clark measures 66 5 by 144 ft 20 3 by 43 9 m e it is placed within a proscenium arch that resembles a setting sun 33 228 Roxy reportedly envisioned the sunset design of the stage while traveling home from Europe on an ocean liner 28 There are two stage curtains the main one is made of steel and asbestos which can part horizontally while the plush curtain behind it has several horizontal sections that can be raised or lowered independently of each other 219 The original curtain weighed three tons and measured 112 feet 34 m wide by 78 feet 24 m tall 100 The center of the stage contains a rotating floor measuring 50 feet 15 m across 198 219 The floor is divided into three sections that can be lowered and raised either separately or in sync 198 The orchestra pit which could fit 75 musicians was placed on a bandwagon that was lifted from the basement and could move vertically or longitudinally 71 198 The bandwagon could also be lifted to the central opening From the stage it could be lowered back into the basement or moved to the side 198 There is a complex system of indirect cove lighting at the front of the stage facing the audience When Radio City first opened it was equipped with all of the newest lighting innovations at the time including lights that changed colors automatically and adjusted their own brightness based on different lighting levels in the theater 39 Main lounge Edit The main lounge in the basement is about twice the size of the grand foyer above it 215 The walls are composed of black permatex which was a new material at the time of the Music Hall s construction The ceiling has diamond shaped light fixtures and is supported by six diamond shaped piers as well as three full height piers of a similar shape that exist only for aesthetic purposes 219 The lounge is decorated with several artworks see Art 229 Deskey also designed the chrome furniture and the carpeting of the lounge 213 The lounge also contained a passageway to the Forum along Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets where it linked with Rockefeller Center s other buildings 215 The landing for Radio City s elevator bank is located on the northern side of the main lounge A marble wall with three large columns comprises the western side of the lounge A hallway extends off the eastern side of the lounge and leads to a men s smoking room and a women s lounge which both connect to restrooms of their respective genders 213 The smoking room has a masculine theme with terrazzo floors brown walls and copper ceilings The accompanying men s restroom has black and white tiles and simple geometric fixtures which are duplicated in the men s restrooms on each mezzanine level 230 The women s lounge is mostly designed with the same soft colors as Witold Gordon s History of Cosmetics Mural located on the room s walls although the wall area not covered by the mural is painted beige The attached women s restroom is similar to the men s restroom on the same floor but contains vertical cylindrical lighting stools and circular mirrors above aqua sinks 220 Offstage Edit Backstage hydraulic system The offstage area of Radio City contains many rooms that allow all productions to be prepared on site The offstage rooms include a carpenter s studio a scene shop sewing rooms dressing rooms for 600 people a green room for performers guests and a dormitory 39 231 Two elevators are placed on either side of the stage as well as a circular staircase The female performers restrooms and dressing rooms are placed as close as possible to the stage and the male performers dressing rooms are placed on the opposite side of the stage This was in conformance with Roxy s belief that happy performers make successful shows 198 Above the auditorium were two studios for Roxy as well as a broadcast studio rehearsal room and two preview rooms 215 The elevator system was designed by Peter Clark and built by Otis Elevators The elevator system was so advanced that the U S Navy incorporated identical hydraulics in constructing World War II aircraft carriers according to Radio City lore during the war government agents guarded the basement to hide the U S Navy s technological advantage 232 Art Edit Goose Girl by sculptor Robert Laurent The public areas of Radio City feature the work of many Depression era artists who were commissioned by Deskey as part of his general design scheme 233 The large 2 400 square foot 220 m2 mural in the grand foyer Quest for the Fountain of Eternal Youth was painted by Ezra Winter and depicts a fable from a Native American tribe in Oregon 39 45 233 234 235 The murals on the wall of the grand lounge which depict five eras of differing theater scenes are collectively known as the Phantasmagoria of the Theater by Louis Bouche 200 219 233 236 237 Three female nudes cast in aluminum were commissioned for the theater but Roxy thought that they were inappropriate for a family venue 238 Although the Rockefellers loved the sculptures the only one that was displayed on opening night was Goose Girl by Robert Laurent which is located on the first mezzanine and depicts a nude aluminum girl beside a slender aluminum goose 239 Since opening night the other two sculptures have been put on display at Radio City Eve by Gwen Lux is displayed in the southwest corner of the grand foyer 236 240 and Spirit of the Dance by William Zorach is visible from the grand lounge 213 233 236 241 Each of the public restrooms have adjoining lounges that display various works of art 242 The third floor women s restroom contains the Panther Mural by Henry Billings which is accompanied by Deskey s abstract wall coverings in the women s lounge 200 243 The women s lounge on the second mezzanine houses Yasuo Kuniyoshi s oil painting of larger than life botanical designs along the entire wall 200 244 which had originally been commissioned by Georgia O Keeffe before she suffered a nervous breakdown and left the mural incomplete 244 245 Deskey created a wall covering for the men s lounge on the second mezzanine containing masculine icons and nicotine motifs 246 He also designed the first mezzanine women s lounge a room full of mirrors with a blue and white carpet and frosted low intensity lights 247 Witold Gordon painted a map with caricatures and stereotypical motifs in the men s lounge on the same floor 200 248 as well as a History of Cosmetics Mural in the women s lounge in the basement 200 220 249 Stuart Davis created Men Without Women a mural of masculine stereotypical pastimes in the basement level men s lounge 200 213 250 f the work was donated to the Museum of Modern Art in 1975 138 252 and loaned back to the Music Hall in 1999 250 Finally Edward Buk Ulreich created a Wild West Mural on the third mezzanine men s lounge 200 233 253 Organs Edit Radio City Music Hall has two Wurlitzer theatre organs The organ in the main theatre is the largest instrument built by the Wurlitzer company It consists of 58 ranks of pipes and 4 178 pipes played from twin 4 manual consoles located to the left and right of the stage which permits two organists to play the instrument simultaneously The broadcast booth atop the theatre contains a smaller 3 manual 14 rank Wurlitzer organ although it has been unplayable for some time 254 255 Richard Leibert was Radio City s chief organist from its opening on December 27 1932 until his retirement in 1971 at which time Raymond Bohr succeeded him Both organ have been recorded extensively by Ashley Miller Dick Leibert Raymond Bohr and Eddie Layton and Leibert presented a daily program of organ music broadcast from the theater on the NBC Radio Network in the 1930s and 1940s 256 Usage EditConcerts Edit Pink Floyd played at the Music Hall on March 17 1973 257 The Grateful Dead played eight shows over nine days in October 1980 culminating on Halloween two of the shows from this run were released as the video Grateful Dead Dead Ahead 258 American new wave band Devo performed at Radio City Music Hall on October 31 1981 during their New Traditionalists tour 259 In the 1980s Liberace grossed 2 5 million from 14 performances with a combined audience of 82 000 setting a box office record for Radio City Music Hall at the time 260 In 1986 the Norwegian group A ha held two concerts there 261 Lady Gaga and Tony Bennett performed at Radio City as part of their Cheek to Cheek Tour on June 19 23 2015 262 The pair also performed on August 3 Bennett s 95th birthday and August 5 2021 for Bennett s farewell concerts 263 Adele also performed a one night only concert at the Music Hall which was recorded on November 17 2015 and broadcast on NBC on December 14 2015 264 In addition Britney Spears performed at the theater for two sold out shows as part of her Piece of Me Tour on July 23 and 24 2018 265 Christina Aguilera performed there for two sold out nights as part of the Liberation tour on October 3 and 4 2018 266 Mariah Carey performed to a sold out crowd as part of her Caution World Tour on March 25 2019 267 268 Shows Edit The Radio City Christmas Spectacular is an annual Christmas stage musical produced by MSG Entertainment which operates the theater A New York Christmas tradition since 1933 269 it features the women s precision dance team known as the Rockettes 270 The Irish dance show Riverdance made its North American debut at the Music Hall in March 1996 breaking box office records 271 272 Radio City Music Hall also hosted the Cirque du Soleil show Zarkana from June 2011 273 to September 2012 274 Television Edit Radio City Music Hall has been used for televised game shows such as Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy For two weeks in November 1988 the theater hosted Wheel of Fortune which was taking its first road trip Saturday Night Live announcer Don Pardo announced during the two weeks 275 Radio City Music Hall was also the site for Jeopardy s four thousandth episode in May 2002 at which time the show s Million Dollar Masters invitational tournament also occurred 276 The theater hosted the show again in November 2007 for the nighttime show s 25th anniversary 275 The Music Hall was used again in November 2006 for a 2 week Celebrity Jeopardy event 277 David Letterman hosted the Late Night with David Letterman Sixth Anniversary Special at Radio City Music Hall in 1988 and did so again for the show s Tenth Anniversary Special in 1992 278 279 The next year Lyons Group parent company of Barney amp Friends at the time taped a live stage show called Barney Live in New York City at the theater 280 In February 1998 Radio City Music Hall was a setting for the Sesame Street music special Elmopalooza with Jon Stewart David Alan Grier and others with the cast of Sesame Street and the Muppets 281 282 283 In October 2001 the concert Come Together A Night for John Lennon s Words and Music was simulcast live from the theater on The WB and TNT The concert had been delayed following the September 11 attacks the month before 284 285 In 2013 it was announced that America s Got Talent would hold its live shows from the Radio City Music Hall starting with its eighth season that summer it had held its live shows at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center for its seventh season to accommodate new judge Howard Stern The move was also intended to take advantage of New York tax credits 286 AGT would broadcast its live rounds from Radio City Music Hall until Stern s departure in 2016 after which the show moved to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles 287 Sports Edit The set for the 2010 NFL Draft at Radio City Music Hall The first sports event at Radio City Music Hall was a boxing card headlined by Roy Jones Jr and David Telesco that took place on January 15 2000 78 288 On April 13 2013 Nonito Donaire faced Guillermo Rigondeaux in a boxing card held at Radio City Music Hall 289 In 2004 the WNBA s New York Liberty played six home games at Radio City while their then regular home Madison Square Garden prepared to host the 2004 Republican National Convention 78 The Liberty played their first game in front of 5 945 fans against the Detroit Shock in July 2004 Courtside seats were stage left and stage right along the baseline and the Rockettes performed at halftime 290 The court from Madison Square Garden was moved to Radio City Music Hall during this time 288 Radio City Music Hall was the site of the NFL Draft between 2006 and 2014 291 292 Prior to being held in the Music Hall the NFL Draft had been hosted at other locations in New York City since 1965 but after the 2014 draft the National Football League hosted the draft in a series of other cities nationwide 292 293 Awards ceremonies EditAs of 2022 update The Broadway League has presented the Tony Awards the annual ceremony for Broadway theatre at Radio City Music Hall during most years since 1997 294 g The Music Hall has also hosted the Grammy Awards the annual ceremony presented by the Recording Academy for music six times The theater s first Grammys was in 1980 299 and its last Grammys was in 1998 300 The MTV Video Music Awards have been hosted at the theater twelve times from 1984 to 2018 301 Gallery Edit Statue Eve by Gwen Lux in the lobby Hydraulics pit beneath the Great Stage Underside of the Great Stage The backstage control room The elevator hydraulics controls The Grand Foyer with Christmas decorations for the Christmas SpectacularSee also EditPortals Architecture National Register of Historic Places New York City Theatre List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 14th to 59th StreetsReferences EditNotes Edit 30 Rockefeller Plaza was the first building to start construction in March 1932 4 The last building was completed in 1940 5 Namely 1250 Avenue of the Americas 30 Rockefeller Plaza the British Empire Building La Maison Francaise the Channel Gardens and the Lower Plaza 171 The final exterior landmark designation covers 12 buildings as well as the Channel Gardens Rockefeller Plaza and Lower Plaza These are 1230 1250 and 1270 Avenue of the Americas 1 10 30 50 and 75 Rockefeller Plaza the British Empire Building the International Building and La Maison Francaise Radio City Music Hall was also added as an exterior landmark and the lobbies of the International Building and 30 Rockefeller Plaza were also protected 171 The Grammys which alternated between New York City and Hollywood were moved to Hollywood in 2004 as have the Daytime Emmys off and on since 2006 One source gives a width of 110 feet 34 m and a depth of 60 feet 18 m 198 The mural was originally unnamed but the Rockefeller Center Art Committee named it Men Without Women after the Ernest Hemingway short story collection that had been published the same year of the mural s commission 251 The awards ceremonies for 2011 295 2012 296 and 2016 were hosted at the Beacon Theatre another MSG venue 297 The Gershwin Theatre hosted the 1999 awards 294 while the Winter Garden Theatre hosted the 2021 awards 298 Citations Edit Rockefeller Center Tishman Speyer Properties Archived from the original on November 16 2010 Retrieved November 21 2009 National Register Information System 78001880 National Register of Historic Places National Park Service July 9 2010 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 First Steel Column Erected in 70 Story Rockefeller Unit The New York Times March 8 1932 p 43 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 16 2022 Retrieved November 15 2017 Airline Building is Dedicated Here Governors of 17 States Take Part by Pressing Keys PDF The New York Times October 16 1940 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 16 2022 Retrieved November 21 2017 Glancy 1992 p 431 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 3 Okrent 2003 p 21 a b Adams 1985 p 13 Krinsky 1978 pp 31 32 Rockefeller Site For Opera Dropped PDF The New York Times December 6 1929 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 16 2022 Retrieved November 10 2017 Balfour 1978 p 11 Krinsky 1978 pp 16 48 50 Okrent 2003 pp 137 138 Rockefeller Plans Huge Culture Centre PDF The New York Times June 14 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 15 2017 Adams 1985 p 45 Okrent 2003 p 177 Okrent 2003 p 203 Balfour 1978 p 91 a b c Okrent 2003 p 213 Krinsky 1978 p 64 a b Krinsky 1978 p 65 a b c Hofmeister 1932 p 355 Adams 1985 p 46 Balfour 1978 p 92 Gilligan Edmund November 29 1932 Roxy Presents New Mood PDF The New York Sun p 20 Retrieved November 11 2017 via Fultonhistory com Brock H I April 5 1931 Problems Confronting the Designers of Radio City PDF The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 28 2017 a b Balfour 1978 p 93 Okrent 2003 p 214 a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 5 Radio City Leaders Plan Foreign Tour PDF The New York Times September 11 1931 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 25 2017 Krinsky 1978 p 66 a b Okrent 2003 p 215 a b c d Balfour 1978 p 94 a b Okrent 2003 pp 217 218 a b c d Okrent 2003 p 217 a b c Hofmeister 1932 p 357 Hofmeister 1932 pp 356 357 a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 9 Hofmeister 1932 p 356 Hofmeister 1932 pp 355 356 a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 7 a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 10 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 1 a b c Okrent 2003 p 218 Okrent 2003 p 220 Okrent 2003 pp 220 221 World s Largest Theater in Rockefeller Center Will Seat Six Thousand Popular Mechanics August 1932 p 252 Archived from the original on August 18 2020 Retrieved August 6 2012 Rockefeller Plans Huge Culture Centre 4 Theatres in 350 000 000 5th Av Project A huge theatrical venture which will exploit television music radio talking pictures and plays will be erected it was disclosed last night on the site assembled by John D Rockefeller Jr between Fifth and PDF The New York Times June 14 1930 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 15 2017 Fitch James Marston Waite Diana S 1974 Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center A Historic critical Estimate of Their Significance Albany NY The Division p 12 Miller Moscrip 1937 Mystery on Sixth Ave PDF Screen amp Radio Weekly Archived PDF from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 10 2017 via Fultonhistory com Adams 1985 p 40 Facade Topped Out In Rockefeller Unit Last Stone Laid on Exterior of Music Hall Work on Other Buildings Speeded PDF The New York Times August 11 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 14 2017 Radio City buys 15 000 Miles of Copper Wire Early Start Looms in Construction Work The New York Times August 18 1931 p 23 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 14 2020 Balfour 1978 p 96 Okrent 2003 pp 235 236 Okrent 2003 pp 239 243 RALPH DUMKE 64 PERFORMER DEAD Former Radio Star Was on Stage in Films and on TV The New York Times January 6 1964 p 47 Jack Anderson April 27 1999 Patricia Bowman a Ballerina Who Linked Two Eras of Dance The New York Times Archived from the original on April 19 2021 Retrieved April 21 2021 Mount Vernon Shares Glory at Opening of Radio City Music Hall in New York PDF Daily Argus Mount Vernon New York December 28 1932 p 16 Retrieved November 10 2017 via Fultonhistory com Music Hall Marks New Era In Design Many Traditions in Building of Theatres Cast Aside for Modern Devices PDF The New York Times December 28 1932 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved November 12 2017 Okrent 2003 pp 241 242 Okrent 2003 p 242 a b Okrent 2003 p 244 Ramsaye Terry January 14 1933 Static in Radio City Motion Picture Herald p 11 Retrieved November 28 2017 via Internet Archive Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 18 World s Biggest Playhouse Opens Literary Digest 115 16 January 14 1933 Allen Kelcey January 9 1933 Amusements New Prices For Radio Music Hall Women s Wear Daily Vol 46 no 5 pp 18 19 ProQuest 1654365272 a b Radio Music Hall to Be Movie House 6 200 Seat Theatre to Co on Popular Price Basis With Films and Stage Shows The New York Times January 6 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 a b Wednesday Set For Policy Shift In Radio City Music Hall to Drop Lavish Show Offer Film and Variety at Red need Prices RKO Roxy Change Later Rumors Persist Are Denied Anew House Will Close New York Herald Tribune January 6 1933 p 16 ProQuest 1114797421 a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 1978 p 19 Balfour 1978 p 95 Hall Mordaunt January 12 1933 Radio City Music Hall Shows a Melodrama of China as Its First Pictorial Attraction The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 15 2017 Retrieved December 14 2017 Furnas J C July 16 1933 Radio City Music Hall Holds To Tradition of Bigger Things New York Herald Tribune p D3 ProQuest 1114562757 a b Wm G Van Schmus Theatre Head Dies The New York Times January 15 1942 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Glover William December 23 1962 Radio City Music Hall Still Tops in Opulence The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution p 13D ProQuest 1635682023 More than 8 000 000 Attended Radio City Houses in First Year Motion Picture Herald January 20 1934 p 27 Retrieved April 30 2018 a b c d Wang Vivian January 5 2018 New York Today The Many Lives of Radio City Music Hall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 9 2020 Retrieved December 15 2018 a b c d O Haire Patricia March 26 1982 Radio City hits half century New York Daily News pp 104 106 112 via newspapers com a b Radio City Music Hall in New York NY Cinema Treasures September 23 2014 Archived from the original on October 19 2019 Retrieved November 7 2019 Three Faiths Hold Holy Hour Today Rabbi Lyons Dr Cadman and Ex Gov Smith to Address Meeting in Radio City The New York Times April 2 1933 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Opera for Radio City Madama Butterfly to Open at Music Hall Thursday The New York Times May 8 1934 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 a b World s Largest Playhouse Announces Artistic Ventures Radio City Music Hall in New York Sets Up Formidable Array of Concert Artists With Which Picture Theater Will Have to Compete The Washington Post March 31 1935 p SS2 ISSN 0190 8286 ProQuest 150614493 Music Hall Engages Three Art Directors Soudeikine Johnson and Aronson Will Assist in Production of Stage Presentations The New York Times March 27 1935 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 19 2020 Retrieved April 1 2022 Sennwald Andre June 14 1935 The Screen The Radio City Music Hall Presents Becky Sharp the First Full Length Three Color Photoplay The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 29 2021 Retrieved April 1 2022 Nugent Frank S May 15 1936 The Screen A Bravo for Universal s Splendid Film Edition of Show Boat at the Radio City Music Hall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 30 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Nugent Frank S January 14 1938 The Screen in Review The Music Hall Presents Walt Disney s Delightful Fantasy Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Other New Films at Capitol and Criterion The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 15 2018 Retrieved April 1 2022 Progress of Light Show Radio City Music Hall to Exhibit Development From Candle Era The New York Times February 3 1936 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Debutantes to Sell Flowers for Relief Young Matrons to Assist in Aid for Red Cross at Radio City Music Hall Tonight The New York Times February 11 1937 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Allen Kelcey January 4 1937 Amusements Radio City Music Hall s Great Success Women s Wear Daily Vol 54 no 1 p 18 ProQuest 1699899072 Thousands Attend Services At Dawn Largest of City s Crowds Is Gathering of 8 000 in Radio City Music Hall The New York Times April 10 1944 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Midnight Dawn Show Is Staged To Aid Britain More Than 25 000 Raised at Elaborate Benefit in Radio City Music Hall New York Herald Tribune February 22 1941 p 4 ProQuest 1335110117 Eysell Chosen As Radio City Music Hall Head Former Assistant Succeeds to Posts of Van Schmus Who Died Last Wednesday New York Herald Tribune January 20 1942 p 12 ProQuest 1263518435 Churchill Douglas W December 26 1940 Screen News Here and in Hollywood The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Screen News Here and in Hollywood Whistling in the Dark Selected by Metro for Remake With S Sylvan Simon Directing The New York Times June 12 1941 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Crowther Bosley May 4 1945 The Screen in Review The Valley of Decision With Greer Carson and Gregory Peck Makes Its Appearance at the Radio City Music Hall The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 13 2021 Retrieved April 1 2022 Crowther Bosley March 21 1947 The Screen in Review The Late George Apley Based on Novel by Marquand New Bill at Radio City Music Hall Ronald Colman Is Starred The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 a b Marshall 2005 p 128 Erno Rapee Dies Noted Musician Head of Orchestra at Radio City Music Hall Composer of Song Hits in Films Presented Mahler Work Conducted in Europe The New York Times June 27 1945 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 a b c d Lucchese Sam F February 21 1965 Radio City Music Hall Closing for Face Lifting Decorators Will Hustle To Finish Job in 5 Days The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution p 9D ProQuest 1636139395 a b c Gold Fingered Men Working at Music Hall The New York Times March 2 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 Smallens to Make Debut In Radio City Music Hall New York Herald Tribune September 10 1947 p 22 ProQuest 1322171637 Named Musical Director Of Radio City Music Hall The New York Times July 15 1950 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 3 D Without Intermission At Radio City Music Hall Boxoffice Vol 63 no 10 July 4 1953 p 28 ProQuest 1529195749 Music Hall Drops Its Male Chorus The New York Times May 29 1958 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 1 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Movie Show Dec 17 For Big Brothers Women Active in Organization Take Over Block of Seats at Music Hall for Benefit The New York Times November 19 1953 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Big Brothers Inc Plans a Benefit At Music Hall Proceeds of Film Dec 10 and 11 Will Assist Work for Needy Boys The New York Times November 1 1959 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 a b c d Okrent 2003 p 429 a b c Theater Still Finds Key to Success in Its Program Formula The New York Times December 10 1964 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 a b c d Radio City Music Hall Treasure of Memories The Atlanta Constitution February 2 1975 p 16F ProQuest 1557739308 a b Radio City Music Hall Has 30th Birthday Boxoffice Vol 82 no 11 January 7 1963 p 11 ProQuest 1670970339 a b Glover William December 23 1962 Radio City Music Hall Still Tops in Opulence The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution p 13D ProQuest 163568202 a b Radio City Music Hall will close Press and Sun Bulletin Binghamton NY January 5 1978 p 17 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 via newspapers com Music Hall Plans A 5 Day Shutdown Ceiling Paint Job and Change of Curtain Set March 1 5 The New York Times February 5 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Music Hall to Reopen After 5 Days Repairs The New York Times March 6 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 New Radio City Music Hall To Open Saturday New York Amsterdam News March 6 1965 p 15 ProQuest 226669039 Crowther Bosley March 8 1965 Screen Dear Heart Is at Music Hall Geraldine Page Plays Old Maid Postmaster The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 Radio City Organ Gets Repairs in Off Hours The New York Times December 16 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Music Hall Chooses Two to Replace Paige The New York Times September 15 1965 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Canby Vincent January 21 1966 Russell Downing Music Hall President to Retire Leaving Film Theater After 32 Years His Successor Will Be James F Gould The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 James Gould Retiring Jan 31 As President of Music Hall The New York Times January 8 1973 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 Mr 200 Million Walks Music Hall s Red Carpet The New York Times January 6 1967 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 Radio City Music Hall Has Its 200 Millionth Patron Boxoffice Vol 90 no 13 January 16 1967 p 10 ProQuest 1705101675 a b c d e f Shales Tom March 2 1975 Radio City Music Hall Alive and Still Shakily Kicking Radio City Music Hall Alive and Still Shakily Kicking The Washington Post p 109 ISSN 0190 8286 ProQuest 146437533 a b Pinkerton W Stewart Jr May 4 1971 Memory Lane Radio City Music Hall Still knocks Em Dead With a 1933 Formula Vast Theater Lavish Sets Rockettes and Bland Flicks Lure New Yorkers Others But the Critics Wonder Why Memory Lane Radio City Music Hall Still Knocks Em Dead Wall Street Journal p 1 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133598886 a b Gelmis Joseph August 31 1970 Exhibitionists and the Games They Play New York Magazine p 56 Retrieved January 18 2013 a b c Jaynes Gregory January 6 1978 No Hope Seen For Music Hall To Stay Open The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 8 2022 Retrieved July 8 2022 Okrent 2003 pp 429 430 Radio City Music Hall Shuts Labor Woes Cited Wall Street Journal October 12 1972 p 26 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133725999 Dispute Shuts Music Hall Newsday October 12 1972 p 11 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 via newspapers com Radio City Will Reopen Talks Set on Labor Pact Wall Street Journal October 13 1972 p 18 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133612232 Gent George September 5 1973 Music Hall Seeks Cutback of Shows The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2018 Retrieved April 2 2022 a b Radio City Music Hall Extends Pacts 5 Days Wall Street Journal September 14 1973 p 29 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133757177 Music Hall Orchestra Accepts Cut in Annual Work Guarantee The New York Times September 18 1973 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 2 2022 Retrieved April 2 2022 a b c d e f g Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 581 a b Huxtable Ada Louise March 19 1978 Architecture View The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 8 2022 Retrieved July 8 2022 a b c d e f Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 582 a b c d Okrent 2003 p 430 a b Shepard Richard F April 19 1979 Music Hall to Be Restored The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 13 2017 Retrieved December 12 2017 a b Threatens Demolition of the Music Hall Rockettes Kick Up a Storm in City Hall Routine New York Daily News March 15 1978 pp 5 26 via newspapers com a b c Marshall 2005 p 131 a b Oelsner Lesley January 7 1978 Efforts to Save Music Hall Started The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 23 2017 a b Ferretti Fred April 7 1978 Agreement Reached On Radio City Tower The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 23 2017 a b c d e Grover Stephen January 6 1978 Radio City Music Hall to End Career Of 45 Years April 12 Wurlitzer Lavish Productions To Become Memories Due To Movie Theater s Losses Wall Street Journal p 24 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 134278234 M A Farber January 5 1978 Radio City Music Hall to Close After Easter Show Koch Is Told The New York Times p A1 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 3 2017 Retrieved November 23 2017 Schumach Murry January 8 1978 Nostalgia Draws Music Hall Crowds Despite Cold The New York Times p 29 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on September 3 2017 Retrieved February 12 2017 a b Grantz Roberta B Cook Joy March 14 1978 Music Hall Krupsak blames regime for woes New York Post p 8 Lt Gov Mary Ann Krupsak leading the fight to save Radio City Music Hall said today she was convinced there has been a policy by Rockefeller Center to let Radio City Music Hall go downhill She said a study showed that the management over the past 10 years had stacked the deck against the theater placing a disproportionate tax burden management costs and other expenses on the 6500 seat theater to show it no longer was economically viable as a movie house Oelsner Leslie January 7 1978 Public and Private Efforts to Save Radio City Music Hall Are Started The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Radio City Debated by Landmarks Unit The New York Times March 15 1978 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 8 2022 Retrieved July 8 2022 a b McDowell Edwin March 29 1978 Interior of Music Hall Designated As Landmark Despite Objections The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 17 2019 Retrieved July 8 2022 It s a Landmark Decision for Radio City Music Hall New York Daily News March 29 1978 p 668 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 via newspapers com Huxtable Ada Louise April 22 1979 Architecture View The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 13 2017 Retrieved December 12 2017 Hollie Pamela G May 5 1978 Center Seeks Permit to Demolish Radio City if Rescue Plans Fail The New York Times p B4 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 123727492 Agreement With U D C Keeps Music Hall Open Indefinitely The New York Times April 13 1978 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 23 2017 Radio City Music Hall Reprieved by Accord Has New Management Wall Street Journal April 11 1978 p 45 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 134245334 Morehouse Ward III April 12 1978 An upbeat at Radio City Music Hall Plan for saving landmark includes temporary financing office tower The Christian Science Monitor p 5 ProQuest 512040308 Fried Joseph P December 26 1978 3 Plans Weighed By State to Keep Music Hall Open The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 23 2017 Radio City in National Register The New York Times May 13 1978 p 26 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 17 2020 Retrieved January 23 2021 The City Radio City Deficit Put at 2 3 Million Kneller Resigns As College President Tram Runs Again 6 000 City Workers Reported Underpaid 3 Policemen Indicted Police Blotter The New York Times November 29 1978 p B3 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 123584948 Pictures Politicians Phoney Aid Cited Radio City Music Hall Deficit Ongoing Even Sinatra A Loss Variety Vol 293 no 4 November 29 1978 p 5 ProQuest 1401341921 a b Radio City Tower Urged The New York Times February 11 1979 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved July 8 2022 a b Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 pp 582 583 a b c d Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 583 Radio City Chandeliers Become Party Lights The New York Times April 27 1979 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 13 2017 Retrieved December 12 2017 Goldberger Paul June 1 1979 Music Hall Arches Theater Incarnate The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on July 8 2022 Retrieved July 8 2022 a b c Morgan Thomas March 27 1986 Snow White To Rock Radio City Diversifies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 28 2018 Retrieved December 28 2018 Cohen Marcia October 14 1979 Heigh Ho Heigh Ho Here Comes a Staged Snow White The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved April 1 2022 Leogrande Ernest January 15 1980 Music Hall gets a lift New York Daily News p 198 Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved December 28 2018 via newspapers com Holden Stephen September 10 1983 Radio City Shifts Focus To Pop Music Concerts The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 28 2018 Retrieved December 28 2018 Lake Katharine April 18 1983 Rockefeller Center landmarking proposed New York Daily News p 106 Archived from the original on March 13 2022 Retrieved March 13 2022 via newspapers com a b Glancy 1992 p 425 Dunlap David W September 21 1983 Rockefeller Center a Jewel but Is All of It a Landmark The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 14 2022 Retrieved February 14 2022 Wiener Caryn Eve September 21 1983 6 Block Landmark Viewed as Too Costly Newsday p 25 Archived from 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Piece by Piece a Faded Icon Regains Its Art Deco Glow The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 a b Collins Glenn October 10 1999 Travel Advisory Live From Radio City The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Radio City Music Hall John Canning amp Co Pristin Terry January 30 1999 For Radio City Restoration a 2 5 Million Sales Tax Break The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 Look Divine Radio City restored reopened amp radiant New York Daily News October 5 1999 p 7 Archived from the original on December 16 2018 Retrieved December 15 2018 via newspapers com Slattery Denis Shahrigian Shant Greene Leonard Gov Cuomo bans public events with more than 500 people to fight coronavirus Mayor de Blasio declares state of emergency in NYC nydailynews com Archived from the original on April 5 2020 Retrieved March 13 2020 Durkin Erin Eisenberg Amanda March 12 2020 City in state of emergency as coronavirus outlook becomes more dire Politico PRO Archived from the original on April 3 2022 Retrieved March 13 2020 The 74th Annual Tony Awards to Be Postponed Tony Awards March 25 2020 Archived from the original on March 25 2020 Retrieved March 25 2020 McPhee Ryan March 25 2020 2020 Tony Awards Put on Hold as Coronavirus Pandemic Causes Broadway Shutdown Playbill Archived from the original on March 25 2020 Retrieved March 25 2020 Brennan Dick March 3 2021 Road To Reopening New York City Arts And Entertainment Venues Allowed To Reopen At 33 Capacity Beginning April 2 CBS New York Archived from the original on March 21 2021 Retrieved March 19 2021 Stevens Matt Ferre Sadurni Luis May 17 2021 Radio City Music Hall to Reopen to Maskless Vaccinated Full Houses The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on May 25 2021 Retrieved May 25 2021 Chung Jen May 17 2021 Radio City 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June 12 2016 Tony Awards Hail Hamilton and Denounce Hate The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 24 2022 Retrieved February 24 2022 Paulson Michael September 26 2021 The Tonys are back Here s what to expect and how to watch the show The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved March 20 2022 Grammy Awards Return To New York on Feb 25 The New York Times October 23 1980 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved March 20 2022 Plitt Amy January 24 2018 Prepare for these Midtown streets to be closed during the Grammys Curbed NY Archived from the original on November 9 2020 Retrieved March 20 2022 Honeycutt Shante April 17 2018 MTV VMAs to Return to Radio City Music Hall for 2018 Billboard Archived from the original on March 20 2022 Retrieved March 20 2022 Sources Edit Adams Janet 1985 Rockefeller Center Designation Report PDF Report City of New York New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Archived from the original PDF on November 7 2017 Balfour Alan 1978 Rockefeller Center Architecture as Theater McGraw Hill Inc ISBN 978 0070034808 Federal Writers Project 1939 New York City Guide New York Random House ISBN 978 1 60354 055 1 Reprinted by Scholarly Press 1976 often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City Glancy Dorothy J January 1 1992 Preserving Rockefeller Center 24 Urb Law 423 Santa Clara University School of Law Archived from the original on March 7 2014 Retrieved November 22 2017 Hofmeister Henry April 1932 V The International Music Hall PDF The Architectural Forum Vol LVI no 4 pp 355 360 Archived PDF from the original on February 12 2022 Retrieved February 12 2022 Krinsky Carol H 1978 Rockefeller Center Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 502404 3 Archived from the original on May 27 2020 Retrieved December 24 2017 Marshall Bruce 2005 Building New York The Rise and Rise of the Greatest City on Earth Universe ISBN 0 7893 1362 6 OCLC 61915976 Okrent Daniel 2003 Great Fortune The Epic of Rockefeller Center Vol 56 Penguin Books ISBN 978 0142001776 Radio City Music Hall PDF Report New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission March 28 1978 Archived PDF from the original on November 16 2017 Retrieved November 22 2017 Roussel Christine May 17 2006 The Art of Rockefeller Center New York W W Norton amp Company ISBN 978 0 3930 6082 9 Stern Robert A M Fishman David Tilove Jacob 2006 New York 2000 Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium New York Monacelli Press ISBN 978 1 58093 177 9 OCLC 70267065 OL 22741487M Further reading EditFrancisco Charles An Affectionate History of the World s Greatest Theatre with special color photography by James Stewart Morcom and Vito Torelli New York Dutton 1979 ISBN 0 525 18792 8 Novellino Mearns Rosemary March 31 2015 Saving Radio City Music Hall a dancer s true story Teaneck NJ ISBN 978 0 9908556 3 7 OCLC 914168537 World s Biggest Stage Is a Marvel Of Mechanics Popular Science Bonnier Corporation February 1933 World s Largest Theater in Rockefeller Center Will Seat Six Thousand Persons Popular Mechanics Hearst Magazines August 1932 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radio City Music Hall Official website Radio City Music Hall at Cinema Treasures Radio City Music Hall collection of the papers of James Stewart Morcom and John William Keck 1926 1994 held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Radio City Music Hall collection of the designs of James Stewart Morcom and John William Keck 1933 1979 held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division New York Public Library for the Performing ArtsPreceded byJacob K Javits Convention Center Venues of the NFL Draft2006 2014 Succeeded byAuditorium Theatre Portals New York City Music Classical Music National Register of Historic Places Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Radio City Music Hall amp oldid 1154226387, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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