University of Tokyo

"Todai" redirects here. For the restaurant chain, see Todai (restaurant).

The University of Tokyo (東京大学, Tōkyō daigaku; UTokyo, or Todai in Japanese) is a public research university in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1877 by the merger of several pre-westernisation era institutions such as the Shoheizaka Institute (founded in 1605) and Kaiseijo, it is the nation's oldest modern university.^[6]

University of Tokyo

東京大学 (Japanese)
Latin: Universitas Tociensis
Motto	志ある卓越。
Motto in English	Discover Excellence.
Type	research university
Established	April 12, 1877; 146 years ago (1877-04-12)
Academic affiliations	IARU AEARU AGS BESETOHA AALAU
Budget	280 billion JPY (US$2.54 billion) (2021)^[1]
President	Teruo Fujii
Academic staff	3,937 full-time (2022)^[2]
Total staff	11,487
Students	28,133 (2022)^[3] excluding research students and auditors
Undergraduates	13,962 (2022)^[4]
Postgraduates	14,171 (2022)^[5] including Professional degree courses
Location	Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan
Campus	Urban
Colours	Light Blue
Website	u-tokyo.ac.jp

UTokyo consists of 10 faculties, 15 graduate schools, and 11 affiliated research institutes.^[7] As of 2023, it has a total of 13,974 undergraduate students and 14,258 graduate students.^[7]

The majority of the university's educational and research facilities are concentrated within its three main Tokyo campuses: Hongo, Komaba, and Kashiwa.^[8] UTokyo also operates several smaller campuses throughout the Greater Tokyo Area. In addition, the university boasts over 60 facilities and offices spread across the Japanese archipelago and the world, each contributing uniquely to the university's activities. ^[9][10] UTokyo's total land holdings amount to 326 square kilometres (approximately 80,586 acres, 32,604 hetares, 0.1 per cent of Japan's total land area).^[11]

UTokyo boasts a distinguished network of alumni, faculty members, and researchers. As of 2021, UTokyo's alumni, faculty members and researchers include 17 prime ministers of Japan (out of 64), 18 Nobel Prize laureates, four Pritzker Prize laureates, five astronauts, and a Fields Medalist.^[12]

As of November 2023, UTokyo alumni held 139 seats in the National Diet, representing 19.5 per cent of the total 713 seats.^[13][14] Additionally, UTokyo alumni have founded some of Japan's largest companies, such as Toyota Motor^[15] and Hitachi.^[16] As of 2014, UTokyo alumni held chief executive positions at 47 of the Nikkei 225 companies, making it the top source of these high-level corporate leaders.^[17] This number includes Sony, MUFG, Mitsui Corp, Mitsubishi Corp, and Japan Post.^[18][19][20]

History

 

Akamon (the Red Gate), built in 1827

Founding

The University of Tokyo was chartered in 1877 under its current name (東京大學 Tokyo daigaku), by the Meiji government. It was founded as an amalgamation of older government schools for medicine, astronomy, and various other traditional and modern learning disciplines. In 1886, the university was renamed Imperial University (帝國大學, Teikoku daigaku), and it adopted the name Tokyo Imperial University (東京帝國大學, Tōkyō teikoku daigaku) in 1897, when another imperial university, namely Kyoto Imperial University, was founded using the war reparations from the First Sino-Japanese War.^[21]

 

UTokyo in 1910

By 1888, all faculties had completed their relocation to the former site of the Tokyo house of the Maeda family in Hongo, where they continue to operate today. Among the few remnants from before this relocation, the most significant is a gate called Akamon (赤門), which has become a widely recognised symbol of the university.

During its initial two decades as a modern institution, UTokyo greatly benefited from the contributions of European and American scholars, laying a solid foundation for high-quality education and research. In 1871, the Meiji Government made a decision about the direction of academic disciplines: engineering was to be learnt from the United Kingdom, mathematics, physics, and international law from France, while politics, economics, and medicine were to be guided by German expertise. Additionally, agriculture and commercial law knowledge was to be sourced from the United States.^[22]

Following this policy, UTokyo and its predecessor institutions sent their graduates to universities in these respective countries and also invited lecturers from there. This led to each faculty at UTokyo adopting distinct research and educational methodologies, reflecting of the academic customs of their respective model countries. However, by the 1880s, the Japanese government grew concerned over the influence of French republican and British constitutional monarchist ideals among the faculty and students of this premier educational establishment. Consequently, the Minister of Education, Takato Oki, instructed UTokyo to reduce the use of English as the language of instruction, and instead to switch to Japanese.^[23] This shift coincided with the return of UTokyo alumni who had completed their education in Europe, and these returnees began filling roles that were predominantly held by foreign scholars.

Pre-war period

Great Kanto Earthquake

 

UTokyo suffered immense damage in the Great Earthquake of 1923

On 1 September 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Kanto Plain, inflicting immense damage upon the university. This damage included the complete destruction of almost all main buildings, including the library, as well as the loss of precious scientific and historical samples and data stored in them.^[24][25] This led to a university-wide debate as to whether it should relocate to a larger site, such as Yoyogi, but ultimately, such plans were rejected. Instead, the university purchased additional land in its vicinity, which was still owned by the Maeda family, and expanded there.

The reconstruction of the university and its library was brought up in the fourth general assembly of the League of Nations in September 1923, where it was unanimously decided to provide support. The American philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. personally donated $2 million (approximately $36 million in 2023). The United Kingdom formed a committee led by former Prime Minister Earl Arthur Balfour, and made significant contributions, both financially and culturally. ^[26] A large portion of the buildings on Hongo Campus today were built during this reconstruction period, and their unique Collegiate Gothic style is known as Uchida Gothic (内田ゴシック) after Yoshikazu Uchida, the architect who designed them.^[27]

World War II

 

UTokyo alumni's central involvement in Japan's war efforts led the university to adopt a non-collaboration policy with military research after the war

In 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the American bases at Pearl Harbor and joined the World War II as an Axis power alongside Germany. By late 1943, as Japan faced significant defeats in the Pacific theatre, a decision was made to enlist university students studying humanities, sending them to battlefields. During the war, 1,652 students and alumni of UTokyo were killed, including those from varied civilian professions such as doctors, engineers, and diplomats, as well as those killed in action.^[28] They are commemorated in a memorial erected near the front gate of the Hongo Campus. Most students from faculties of engineering and science remained at university or worked as apprentice engineers, as the expertise of science and technology was deemed indispensable for the war effort.

The increased demand brought about by the war for engineers, especially in the fields of aeronautics, machinery, electronics, and shipbuilding, led to the establishment of the second faculty of engineering (第二工学部) at UTokyo in 1942. In the newly-built Chiba Campus, around 800 students were enrolled at one time, and pivotal military engineering research activities were conducted. It was closed in 1951, and as a successor organisation, the Institute of Industrial Science was established on the site of the former headquarters of the Third Infantry Regiment in Roppongi.^[29][30]

Leo Esaki, who was a student at the department of physics during the war, shared his memory of his university life in 2007: 'The day after the Tokyo Air Raid of 9 March 1945, during which more than 100 thousand citizens were killed, professor Tanaka conducted class as usual, without mentioning the war at all'.^[31] The buidings and facilities of UTokyo were largely immune from air raids, allowing education and research activities to continue.

Post-war period

During the American occupation era following Japan's defeat in World War II, the university dropped the word 'imperial' (帝国) from its name and returned to its original name, the University of Tokyo (東京大学). During this period, Japan's education system was reformed to align more with the American system. As a result, UTokyo merged with two Higher Schools, which were university preparatory boy's boarding schools and thus became a four-year university as it is today in 1949. It was also during this period that UTokyo first opened its doors to female students.

UTokyo Conflict

Main article: 1968–1969 Japanese university protests

The 1960s saw an intensification of student protests across the world, including the Anti-Vietnam War protests and the May 68 events in France. This zeitgeist of the era was prominently felt in Japan as well, symbolised by the 1960 Anpo protests, in which the death of a UTokyo student, Michiko Kamba, caused public outrage. In 1968, the Todai Funsou (東大紛争, UTokyo Conflict) began with medical students demanding improvements in internship conditions, in which medical students were forced to work long hours without being paid before being licensed as a doctor.

The conflict intensified with the indefinite strike decision by the students in January 1968 and escalated further following a clash between the students and faculty. Tensions peaked when radical students, most of whom were members of the Zenkyōtō (the All-Campus Joint Struggle Committees), occupied Yasuda Auditorium, leading the university to eventually call in riot police in June— a move seen as abandoning university autonomy. Efforts to resolve the situation began with the resignation of university executives and the appointment of Kato Ichiro as interim president, who started negotiations. The conflict largely ended in January 1969 after a full-scale police operation to remove the occupying students. This operation involved more than 8,500 riot police officers confronting students who fought back with Molotov cocktails and marble stones taken from the auditorium's interior.^[32] Prime Minister Eisaku Sato, an alumnus of UTokyo himself (Law, 1924), visited the university the day after the protesters in the auditorium were forcibly removed, and, in tears, decided to cancel that year's entrance exam. This led top highschool students to apply reluctantly to other universities such as Kyoto University and Hitotsubashi University, resulting in many applicants who would have been admitted to those universities under normal circumstances failing to gain admission.^[33] (In Japan, applicants are not allowed to apply to multiple prestigious national universities.) The aftermath saw 767 arrests, 616 prosecutions, and varied sentences, marking a turbulent chapter in the university's history.

21st century

Women's education

 

A female student (Tokiko Kato) in the 1960s

Although the university first admitted female students in 1946, the student body has remained predominantly male since then. While it is said that the university alone cannot fully address this issue, as it is deep rooted in Japanese society,^[34] various attempts have been made to achieve a more equal gender ratio. In 2023, women made up 23 per cent of the freshers, the highest percentage in the university's history. ^[35] A quarter of graduate students were female in 2022, and the university is working to improve the percentage further both at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

International education

As one of Japan's premier educational institutions, it is widely agreed amongst UTokyo's faculty members and students that one of the university's primary roles is to provide comprehensive, high-quality tertiary education in the Japanese language. Shifting the primary language of teaching to English just for the sake of globalisation is believed to undermine the unique values only UTokyo can offer. However, since Japanese is predominantly spoken only in Japan, it is argued that the language barrier deters international students from applying. In fact, international students make up only one-sixth of the total student body. Thus, globalising its campuses is one of the key issues that UTokyo has been eager to address.

At the undergraduate level, there are mainly three routes for those who have not received their secondary education in Japanese to apply to UTokyo. First, individuals with high Japanese proficiency can apply through the special admissions process for students educated overseas (外国学校卒業学生特別選考).^[36] Students admitted via this route study alongside their peers who received secondary education in Japanese. International students who apply via this route sometimes spend a year studying the language at preparatory schools before matriculation. Second, there is an undergraduate programme called PEAK (Programs in English at Komaba), which accept applications based on international qualifications such as A-levels, SAT, and the International Baccalaureate. All modules in this programme are taught in English.^[37] However, learning Japanese is mandatory, and those confident in their Japanese ability can take modules taught in Japanese in other departments. Third, UTokyo offers various exchange programmes with universities worldwide.^[38] There are University-wide Student Exchange Programmes (USTEP) with universities such as Tsinghua University, Princeton University, National University of Singapore and Yale University.^[39] The College of Arts and Sciences has its own exchange programmes called KOMSTEP with universities such as University of Paris. ^[40] The Faculty of Engineering also has its own exchange programmes, whose partner institutions include Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, University of Cambridge, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.^[41]

•  
  Yasuda Auditorium, Hongo Campus
•  
  Institute for Solid State Physics, Kashiwa Campus
•  
  Faculty of Engineering Bldg.1, Hongo Campus
•  
  General Library, Hongo Campus
•  
  Sanshiro Pond, Hongo Campus
•  
  Komaba Campus
•  
  An aerial photo of Hongo Campus in 1936
•  
  Albert Einstein's visit to UTokyo in 1922

Reforms in the 21st century

 

UTokyo's Kamiokande project detected cosmic neutrinos for the first time in human history and later proved neutrinos have mass, resulting in Nobel Prizes in 2003 and 2015

When the British magazine Times Higher Education first published its world university rankings in partnership with QS in 2004, UTokyo was ranked 12th in the world. In the latest 2024 edition of the rankings, it is ranked 29th.^[42] QS, now has its own rankings, placed UTokyo at 28th.^[43] As these numbers suggest, there is a widely shared concern that the university is falling behind its counterparts in the world, and in the future it may struggle to provide a suitable environment for quality education and world-class research.^[44]

UTokyo faces a challenging reality. Japan's long-lasting economic downturn since the 1990s has led to Japanese companies less willing to invest in research and development than before.^[45] Additionally, the government's Management Expense Grant (運営費交付金) has been reduced by one per cent annually since 2004.^[46] This policy, ostensibly aimed at decreasing the university’s reliance on the grant and fostering greater independence, has been blamed as one of the main reasons for the decline in the university’s competitiveness.^[47]

 

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe was founded in Kashiwa in 2007

To address these challenges, UTokyo has implemented various reforms. In 2004, UTokyo Edge Capital Partners (UTEC) was established. This venture capital firm, affiliated with the university, supports entrepreneurship arising from UTokyo’s research and development, aiming to drive innovation across society.^[48] In 2006, the first phase of development was completed at Kashiwa Campus. Situated in the suburb of Kashiwa, this research-focused campus spans 405,313 square metres (100 acres) and has been at the forefront of advanced scientific research since its inception.^[49] In 2010, in an attempt to further internationalise and diversify its student body, the university increased its autumn enronlemnt opportunities for international students.^[50] UTokyo plans to increase the proportion of female faculty members to above a quarter by newly creating positions for 300 female lecturers by 2027.^[51]

In 2021, the newly-elected President Teruo Fujii announced the UTokyo Compass, a guiding framework for the university during his tenure, focusing on diversity, dialogue, and creating a better future.^[52] It emphasises the university's autonomy and creativity in a new era, advocating multifaceted perspectives on knowledge, people, and places. The Compass encourages dialogue throughout the university and society as a pivotal tool for understanding and questioning, fostering inclusivity, and tackling global challenges. In his announcement, he pledged to make UTokyo 'a university that anyone in the world would like to join'.^[53]

Student life

Entrance examination

 

A successful applicant rejoicing on the results day

UTokyo's entrance exam is regarded as the most selective in Japan. To apply, one must achieve high scores in the Common Test for University Admissions (共通テスト) in January, which is a standardised multiple-choice examination. UTokyo applicants are required to take at least seven subjects in this exam. Applicants for natural sciences must take two mathematics tests, Japanese (which includes modern language, classics, and Chinese classics), English (reading and listening comprehension), Sciences (two from Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Geology), and one Social Study subject (chosen from Geography, Japanese History, or World History). Humanities candidates must take two Social Studies subjects and one Science subject instead.^[54]

Based on the scores from the Common Test, approximately three times the number of the final admission slots are invited to take the main exam in late February. For this exam, science candidates are tested in Advanced Mathematics, English, Japanese, and two science subjects. Humanities candidates take Mathematics, English, Advanced Japanese, and two social studies subjects (options are Geography, Japanese History, World History). Some applicants are called upon to take an interview.^[55]

Successful candidates are notified on 10 March of the same year and are matriculated in April.

The junior division

 

Komaba Campus, where all undergraduates spend a year and a half

All freshers are matriculated at the College of Arts and Sciences at Komaba, a remnant of the time when the Komaba Campus was a separate boarding school, the First Higher School (第一高等学校), until 1949. ^[56] There, they spend the first one and a half years of their degrees. Students are required to study a foreign language they have never learnt for at least a year, with classes formed based on their choices. Popular languages include Chinese, French, German, Korean, Spanish, and Russian. These classes are meant to be places where students can interact with peers from different backgrounds and forge long-lasting friendships, especially since they spend a considerable amount of time together. There is a tradition where the previous year's class (uekura, 上クラ) invites the juniors to overnight orientation camps (ori gasshuku, オリ合宿) in early April.^[57]

Freshers typically have 30-40 contact hours per week, although science students often have longer hours due to a larger number of compulsory modules such as linear algebra, advanced calculus, quantum physics, biology, and practicals.

Komaba is also the hub of most student societies and unions, with facilities including several tennis, football, and baseball courts, and arenas. For societies that don't involve physical activities, there are also four dedicated buildings that can accommodate about 100 societies, a theatre, and a Japanese-style building.

Intense academic competition is common among students in the junior division, as they face matriculation to the senior division (Shingaku Sentaku, 進学選択, or colloquially Shinfuri, 進振り) in September of their second year, where they are assigned to departments based on their grades for the first one and a half years at Komaba.^[58] The Department of Information Science, the Faculty of Medicine, and the Department of Sociology are amongst the most selective departments in the Shingaku Sentaku.^[59]

The senior division

After completing the Shingaku Sentaku, second-year students matriculate into senior division departments to specialise in their chosen fields. With the exception of the senior division of the College of Arts and Sciences and the Department of Mathematics, which are located in Komaba, all other senior departments are situated in Hongo. Consequently, approximately 85 per cent of the students start a new chapter of their university life there.^[60]

 

One of the refectories in Hongo, situated underground

The Hongo Campus is located closer to the centre of Tokyo, providing access to more restaurants, cafes, and large museums in the vicinity. In addition to these, the campus itself boasts four refectories, eight restaurants, six cafes, five convenience stores, seven kiosks, two bookstores, a barber shop, and an underground gym, making it a comfortable place for students to spend time.^[61][62]

 

Yasuda Auditorium, the venue for graduation ceremonies

While students typically become busier with their studies in the senior division, they are encouraged to take modules from other faculties to develop interdisciplinary perspectives in addition to their major studies.

Students in the sciences often begin participating in research activities towards the beginning of their final year under the guidance of their supervisor and submit their thesis in January. Students in the humanities generally follow a similar path but are part of seminars (zemi, ゼミ) rather than laboratories.

Graduation ceremonies take place towards the end of March. Approximately one-third of the graduates enter the workforce upon graduation, while the remainder continue their studies at graduate schools within UTokyo or at universities abroad.^[63]

Organisation

 

Teruo Fujii, the 31st president of UTokyo

UTokyo operates under a central administration system, with policies often determined by the administrative council led by the president.^[64] However, due to the university's history as an amalgamation of various institutions, each of the university's constituent colleges, faculties and institutes has its own administrative board. Today, UTokyo is organised into 10 faculties^[65] and 15 graduate schools.^[66]

The leader of UTokyo is known as the president (総長, socho) and it is not a ceremonial role. They are elected every six years by the university's board council from among the faculty members. The current president is Teruo Fujii, a scholar in applied microfluidics, who assumed the role in April 2021 and is expected to serve until March 2027.^[67]

Faculties and graduate schools

At the centre of UTokyo's research and education efforts are 10 faculties and their affiliated graduate schools. This organisational structure, introduced as a result of reforms in the 1990s, aims to maximise the outcomes of education and research by integrating them across undergraduate and graduate levels, rather than maintaining separate focuses for each.^[68]

Faculty	Founded	Locations	Affiliated graduate schools	Colour	Website
Law (法学部)	1871	Hongo	Graduate Schools for Law and Politics	Green	https://www.j.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/
Medicine (医学部)	1868	Hongo, Shirokane	Graduate School of Medicine	Red	https://www.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/
Engineering (工学部)	1871	Hongo, Kashiwa, KomabaII, Asano	Graduate School of Engineering, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology	White	https://www.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/foe
Letters (文学部)	1868	Hongo	Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology	None	https://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng/index.html
Science (理学部)	1877	Hongo, Komaba(maths)	Graduate School of Science, Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences	Benikaba	https://www.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/
Agriculture (農学部)	1886	Hongo (Yayoi)	Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences	Indigo	https://www.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/
Economics (経済学部)	1919	Hongo	Graduate School of Economics	Blue	https://www.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index-e.html
Arts and Science (教養学部)	1886	Komaba	Graduate School of Arts and Sciences	Black  and Yellow	https://www.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eng_site/
Education (教育学部)	1949	Hongo, Nakano	Graduate School of Education	Orange	https://www.p.u-tokyo.ac.jp/english/
Pharmaceutical Sciences (薬学部)	1958	Hongo	Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences	Enji	https://www.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/

In addition to the graduate schools affiliated with specific faculties, UTokyo also includes two independent graduate institutions: the Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies and the Graduate School of Public Policy (GraSPP).

Research institutes

Apart from the faculties and graduate schools, UTokyo hosts eleven affiliated research institutes. (附置研究所） These institutes serve as research hubs in their respective fields, aiming to widely disseminate their findings for societal benefit. Simultaneously, they function as educational institutions for the graduate schools.^[69][70][71]

Institute		Website
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute （大気海洋研究所）	Advances basic research on oceans and atmosphere, focusing on climate change and evolution of life, and offers graduate education.	link
Earthquake Research Institute （地震研究所）	Conducts basic research on earthquakes and volcanic phenomena, aiming at disaster prevention and mitigation.	link
Historiographical Institute （史料編纂所）	Focuses on collecting, researching, and editing historical documents, especially in the field of pre-modern Japanese history.	link
Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia (Formerly known as Institute of Oriental Culture) （東洋文化研究所）	Specialises in comprehensive studies of Asia, including humanities and social sciences, and collaborates internationally.	link
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research （宇宙線研究所）	Observes cosmic rays and particles for research in astrophysics and particle physics.	link
Institute for Solid State Physics （物性研究所）	Researches the properties of materials at the microscopic level, using advanced technologies such as quantum beams and supercomputers.	link
Institute of Industrial Science （生産技術研究所）	Engages in applied research integrating various fields of engineering, covering almost all aspects of engineering.	link
Institute of Medical Science （医科学研究所）	Focuses on diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases, aiming at innovative treatment methods including genomics and AI in healthcare.	link
Institute for Quantitative Biosciences （定量生命科学研究所）	Conducts advanced research in describing all life dynamics by physical quantities, incorporating fields such as mathematics, physics, and chemistry.	link
Institute of Social Science （社会科学研究所）	Aims at producing 'comprehensive knowledge' in social sciences, conducting joint research and providing an international platform for empirical social science research.	link
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology （先端科学技術研究センター）	Engages in interdisciplinary research in various fields such as materials, environment, information, and social sciences, aiming at pioneering new scientific and technological areas.	link

UTokyo Institutes For Advanced Study (UTIAS)

UTokyo Institutes For Advanced Study (UTIAS) started in January 2011. Its primary objective is to improve academic excellence and foster an internationalised research environment. There are four UTIAS institutes as of November 2023:^[72]

Institute		Website
Tokyo College	Established in February 2019 to collaboratively explore the future of humanity and Earth. Engages in interdisciplinary research on themes such as the digital revolution, Earth's limits, Japan's future, future humanities, and the future of life. It also acts as a host institution for visiting professors, including Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba Group. ^[73]^[74]	link
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe	Focuses on fundamental questions about the universe, including dark energy, dark matter, and unified theories, with interdisciplinary approaches involving mathematics, physics, and astronomy.	link
International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN)	Established in October 2017 to create a new field of 'Neurointelligence'. Integrating life sciences, medicine, linguistics, mathematics, and information science, it chiefly aims to further understand human intelligence, and utilise the outcomes to overcome mental illnesses, and develop new types of AI based on brain functioning.	link
The University of TOkyo Pandemic preparedness, Infection and Advanced research center (UTOPIA)	Established in October 2022, its aim is to equip the society with resilience against future pandemics through fundamental research in infectious diseases, immunity. It takes multi-disciplinary approaches involving immunology, structural biology, AI, and social sciences, and aims to develop systems for quickly providing effective and safe vaccines and treatments in emergencies.	link

UTokyo library system

Main article: University of Tokyo Library

 

Reading room, General Library (Hongo)

The University of Tokyo Library System consists of three comprehensive libraries located on the main campuses—Hongo, Komaba, and Kashiwa—along with 27 other field-specific libraries operated by various faculties and research institutes.^[75] As of 2023, the UTokyo library boasts a collection of over 9.9 million books and numerous materials of historical importance.^[76] This extensive collection ranks it as the second-largest library in Japan, surpassed only by the National Diet Library, which holds a collection of approximately 46.8 million books.^[77] It also subscribes to about 170,000 journals, contributing to research activities throughout the university.

The headquarters of the library is situated in the General Library at Hongo, which underwent thorough renovation in the late 2010s. It now features a 46-metre-deep automated storage capable of housing approximately 3 million books.^[78]

Museums

•  
  Nikko Botanical Garden
•  
  An Egyptian Horus sculpture
•  
  UMUT
•  
  Exhibition in UMUT
•  
  The University Museum, circa 1900

UTokyo operates eight museums, three of which fall under the purview of the University Museum (UMUT) (東京大学総合研究博物館, Tōkyō daigaku sōgō kenkyū hakubutsukan). These museums play a crucial role in sharing significant findings from the university's research activities and showcasing its valuable collections with the public. They are also responsible for the preservation and maintenance of these collections.

Museum		Location	Operator	Website
University Museum	The largest university museum in Japan, it has amassed over three million academic materials since 1877. It has hosted numerous planned exhibitions in addition to its permanent exhibition.	Hongo	UMUT	Link
INTERMEDIATHEQUE	A joint venture with Japan Post, it's housed in the JP Tower in Marunouchi and focuses on interdisciplinary experimentation, showcasing scientific and cultural heritage.	JP Tower, Marunouchi, Chiyoda	UMUT/Japan Post	Link
University Museum, Koishikawa Annex	Located in one of the University of Tokyo's oldest buildings, it displays architectural models and photographs documenting the construction of various famous structures from around the world.	Koishikawa botanical garden	UMUT	Link
Komaba Museum	Combining an art and a natural science museum, it features collaborative exhibitions that transcend the boundaries of liberal arts and science.	Komaba	College of Arts and Sciences	Link
Museum of Health and Medicine	Provides information about health and medicine.	Hongo	Faculty of Medicine	Link
Medical Science Museum	Aims to preserve and display historical medical materials, offering a tranquil environment for visitors to reflect on the past, present, and future of medical science.	Shirokanedai	Institute of Medical Sciences	Link
Farm Museum	Located in a renovated dairy barn in the Tanashi University Farm, it showcases farming implements and other agricultural artefacts.	Tanashi farm	Faculty of Agriculture
Agricultural Museum	Displays items related to agriculture, including artefacts such as Hachiko's internal organs.	Yayoi	Faculty of Agriculture

Apart from the aforementioned museums, UTokyo operates several other public facilities, the most notable of which are two botanical gardens managed by the Faculty of Science: Koishikawa and Nikko. These gardens, renowned for their diverse botanical collections and historical significance, offer unique educational and recreational opportunities for visitors and researchers.

Koishikawa Botanical Garden

Established in 1684, this botanical garden has been operated by UTokyo since its foundation as a modern university in 1877.^[79] It was in this garden that in 1894 Hirase Sakugoro the discovered spermatozoids of the ginkgo, proving that gymnosperms produce sperm cells. The garden is designated as a National Monument (名勝, meishō) and is open to the public for an admission fee of 500 yen (free for UTokyo students and faculty). ^[80]

Nikko Botanical Garden

Opened in 1902 as an annex to the Koishikawa Garden, this facility is located in the highland resort town of Nikko and primarily focuses on alpine plants. It has become a popular tourist destination in Nikko and is accessible to the public with an admission fee of 500 yen.^[81]

Notable research

Since its foundation in 1877 as a modern university, UTokyo has conducted numerous research projects across various fields, achieving notable outcomes. Below are some widely-recognised research endeavours conducted by individuals affiliated with UTokyo at the time of their research.

• In 1904, Hantaro Nagaoka, an alumnus and professor in the Department of Physics, devised the Saturnian model of the atom. Contrasting with J. J. Thomson's then-popular plum pudding model, Nagaoka's model proposed an atomic structure with a heavy nucleus at the centre and electrons revolving around it.^[82] Although this model assumed a far larger nucleus than in reality, it inspired Ernest Rutherford's Rutherford model.^[83]
• Teiji Takagi, an alumnus and professor of the Department of Mathematics, proved the Takagi existence theorem in the 1910s. Alongside significant contributions to algebraic number theory, he also introduced the Blancmange curve, a well-known example of a self-affine curve.

•  

  Ito Integral (blue) of a Brownian motion (red)

  In 1951, Kiyoshi Ito, as a doctoral student in the Department of Mathematics, pioneered the theory of stochastic integration and stochastic differential equations, now known as Itô calculus. This theory is best known for its application in mathematical finance, namely in the Black–Scholes equation for option values.

•  

  Proton-proton reaction

  On 23 February 1987, the Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment observatory, part of the Department of Physics, detected cosmic neutrinos for the first time in human history. This discovery significantly contributed to proving that the sun's energy is generated from hydrogen atoms combining into helium(proton-proton reaction chain). Masatoshi Koshiba, leader of this research group, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.^[84] In 1998, an expanded version of this neutrino observatory detected neutrino oscillation, demonstrating that the 'lepton flavour' of neutrinos changes. This discovery, proving that neutrinos have mass, led to Takaaki Kajita receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2015.^[85]

Academic rankings and reputation

University rankings

THE World^[86]	General	29
QS World^[87]	General	28
ARWU World^[88]	Research	27

UTokyo is considered to be the most selective and prestigious university in Japan and is counted as one of the best universities in the world.^[6][89][90]

• Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked UTokyo 29th in the world in 2023.^[91]
• QS World University Rankings^[92] ranked UTokyo 28th in the world in 2023.
• The Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings 2022 ranked UTokyo 10th in the world (2nd in Asia).
• Nature Index ranked UTokyo 6th in 2015 and 8th in 2017 in its Annual Tables, which measure the largest contributors to papers published in world's 82 leading journals.^[93][94][95]
• In the Nature Index Annual Tables 2021, UTokyo was ranked 8th based on 1,308 Natural science research treatises published by the university. In the field of physical science treatises, it ranked second in the world among universities.^[96]

• In 2019, The University of Tokyo ranked 24th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.^[97]
• In 2017, Times Higer Education's Alma Mater Index ranked UTokyo 16th in the world. This index ranked universities according to how many qualifications they have awarded to chief executives of companies that appear in Fortune magazine’s Fortune Global 500.^[98]

• In 2023, Newsweek recognised the UTokyo Hospital as the 17th best hospital in the world (2nd in Asia after Singapore General Hospital, 1st in Japan). ^[99]

Sites

Hongo campus

Main article: Hongō campus

The main Hongo campus occupies the former estate of the Maeda family, Edo period feudal lords of Kaga Province.^[100] One of the university's best known landmarks, Akamon (the Red Gate), is a relic of this era. The symbol of the university is the ginkgo leaf, from the trees found throughout the area. The Hongo campus also hosts UTokyo's annual May Festival.^[101]

•  
  Akamon (the Red Gate)
•  
  Faculty of Medicine Bldg.2
•  
  General Library
•  
  The inside of the General Library
•  
  The Experimental Tank
•  
  Building one, Shared by the Faculties of Law and Letters

Komaba Campus

Main article: University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus

The Komaba Campus, serving as the educational hub for the first two years of undergraduate studies, provides general education to around 6,000 first and second year students. The campus, also home to the Graduate Schools of Arts, Sciences, and Mathematical Sciences, boasts advanced research facilities. As a recognised "center of excellence," it supports about 450 senior division students in the College of Arts and Sciences and 1,400 graduate students across various disciplines.

•  
  Komaba Campus Building 1
•  
  Auditorium 900
•  
  Main Refectory
•  
  The Institute of Industrial Science
•  
  Research Centre for Advanced Science and Technology

Kashiwa Campus

The Kashiwa Campus specialises in postgraduate education and research. It houses the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences along with advanced research institutes such as the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the Institute for Solid State Physics, the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, and the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, equipped with extensive facilities and services.

•  
  The Kashiwa Campus boasts 100 acres of land
•  
  The institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), Kasiwa
•  
  A test track for the new generation of railway technology runs across the campus
•  
  A former Tokyo Metro series 01 coach is used as a railway technology testbed
•  
  The Kashiwa II Campus (20 acres) houses accomodation and athletic facilities for the students and faculty of the Kashiwa Campus

Shirokanedai Campus

The relatively small Shirokanedai Campus^[102] hosts the Institute of Medical Science of the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), which is entirely dedicated to postgraduate studies. The campus is focused on genome research, including among its facilities the Human Genome Center (HGC), which have at its disposal the largest supercomputer in the field.^[103]

 

The main building of the Shirokanedai Campus

Other sites

•  
  Koishikawa Botanical Garden, Tokyo
•  
  Norikura Solar Observatory
•  
  Kemigawa Athletic Ground, Chiba
•  
  Chichibu Forest, Faculty of Agriculture, Saitama
•  
  KAGRA gravitational wave telescope, Gifu
•  
  Atacama Observatory, Mount Chajnator, Chile
•  
  Kemigawa Seminar House, Chiba
•  
  Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, Iwate, after the Tsunami of 11 March 2011
•  
  Nikko Botanical Garden, Tochigi

Notable people

Main article: List of University of Tokyo people

See also: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Tokyo

Nobel laureates

•  
  Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968
•  
  Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973
•  
  Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974
•  
  Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994
•  
  Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002
•  
  Yoichiro Nambu, Physics, 2008
•  
  Ei-ichi Negishi, Chemistry, 2010
•  
  Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015
•  
  Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016
•  
  Syukuro Manabe, Physics, 2021

Other notable people

•  
  Kiyoshi Itō, mathematician
•  
  Chie Nakane, Social Anthropologist
•  
  Teiji Takagi, mathematician
•  
  Hantaro Nagaoka, physicist
•  
  Kiichiro Toyoda, founder of Toyota Motors
•  
  Masako, Empress of Japan
•  
  Kazuo Ueda, Governor of Bank of Japan
•  
  Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, King of Nepal
•  
  Yuji Iwasawa, judge of International Court of Justice and Yoko Kamikawa, Minister for foreign affairs
•  
  Yoji Totsuka, physicist
•  
  Dhan Gopal Mukerji, writer
•  
  Namihei Odaira, the founder of Hitachi
•  
  Osamu Dazai, writer
•  
  Kitasato Shibasaburō, physician and bacteriologist
•  
  Kikunae Ikeda, chemist
•  
  Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan
•  
  Kenichiro Yoshida, CEO of Sony
•  
  Iemasa Tokugawa, duke, diplomat
•  
  Moi Meng Ling, virologist
•  
  Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan

See also

•  Tokyo portal

• Earthquake engineering
• Imperial College of Engineering
• International Journal of Asian Studies – published in association with the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, University of Tokyo
• Kikuchi Dairoku
• Koishikawa Botanical Gardens
• Nikko Botanical Garden
• The University of Tokyo Library
• The University Museum, The University of Tokyo

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Further reading

• Kato, Mariko, "Todai still beckons nation's best, brightest but goals diversifying", Japan Times, August 11, 2009, p. 3.
• Kersten, Rikki. "The intellectual culture of postwar Japan and the 1968–1969 University of Tokyo Struggles: Repositioning the self in postwar thought." Social Science Japan Journal 12.2 (2009): 227–245.
• Marshall, Byron K. Academic Freedom and the Japanese Imperial University, 1868–1939 (University of California Press, 1992).
• Takashi, Tachibana, and Richard H. Minear. Tokyo University and the War (2017), on world war II; online.

External links

  Media related to University of Tokyo at Wikimedia Commons

• University of Tokyo

35°42′48″N 139°45′44″E / 35.71333°N 139.76222°E / 35.71333; 139.76222