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Wikipedia

College and university rankings

February 11, 2023

College and university rankings order the best institutions in higher education based on factors that vary depending on the ranking. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a single country, while others assess institutions worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria.

There is much debate about rankings' interpretation, accuracy, and usefulness.[1] The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. Further, it seems possible to game the ranking systems through excessive self-citations[2] or by researchers supporting each other in surveys. UNESCO has questioned whether rankings "do more harm than good", while acknowledging that "Rightly or wrongly, they are perceived as a measure of quality and so create intense competition between universities all over the world".[3]

Global rankings

See Regional and national rankings for university rankings within a particular region. Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following.

The three longest established and most influential global rankings are those produced by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS), Times Higher Education (THE) and Shanghai Ranking Consultancy (the Academic Ranking of World Universities; ARWU). All of these, along with other global rankings, primarily measure the research performance of universities rather than their teaching.[4][5][6][7][8][9] They have been criticized for being "largely based on what can be measured rather than what is necessarily relevant and important to the university",[8] and the validity of the data available globally has been questioned.[5] As of 2021, across the three most popular global rankings, "the majority of the top-ten globally ranked institutions are located in southern England, California, the Tri-State area (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut), and nearby Massachusetts."[10]

While some rankings attempt to measure teaching using metrics such as staff to student ratio, the Higher Education Policy Institute has pointed out that the metrics used are more closely related to research than teaching quality, e.g. "Staff to student ratios are an almost direct measure of research activity", and "The proportion of PhD students is also to a large extent an indication of research activity".[5] Inside Higher Ed similarly states "these criteria do not actually measure teaching, and none even come close to assessing the quality of impact".[4] Many rankings are also considered to contain biases towards the natural sciences and, due to the bibliometric sources used, towards publication in English-language journals.[8] Some rankings, including ARWU, also fail to make any correction for the sizes of institutions, so a large institution is ranked considerably higher than a small institution with the same quality of research.[5] Other compilers, such as Scimago and U.S. News & World Report, use a mix of size-dependent and size-independent metrics.[11][12]

Some compilers, notably QS, THE, and U.S. News, use reputational surveys. The validity of these has been criticized: "Most experts are highly critical of the reliability of simply asking a rather unrandom group of educators and others involved with the academic enterprise for their opinions";[4] "methodologically [international surveys of reputation] are flawed, effectively they only measure research performance and they skew the results in favor of a small number of institutions."[5]

However, despite the criticism, much attention is paid to global rankings, particularly ARWU, QS, and THE. Some countries, including Denmark and the Netherlands, use university rankings as part of points-based immigration programs, while others, such as Russia, automatically recognize degrees from higher-ranked universities. India's University Grants Commission requires foreign partners of Indian universities to be ranked in the top 500 of the THE or ARWU ranking, while Brazil's Science Without Borders program selected international partner institutions using the THE and QS rankings.[13]

Major international rankings

QS World University Rankings

Main article: QS World University Rankings

The QS World University Rankings are a ranking of the world's top universities produced by Quacquarelli Symonds published annually since 2004. In 2022, they ranked 1300 universities, with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Cambridge, Stanford University, University of Oxford, and Harvard University taking the top 5 spots.[14] According to Alexa Internet, it is the most widely viewed university ranking worldwide.[15]

The QS rankings should not be confused with the Times Higher Education World University Rankings. From 2004 to 2009 the QS rankings were published in collaboration with Times Higher Education and were known as the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings. In 2010 QS assumed sole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Education split from QS in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with Thomson Reuters. The QS rankings were previously published in the United States by U.S. News & World Report as the "World's Best Universities".[16] However, in 2014, U.S. News & World Report launched their own international university ranking titled "Best Global Universities". The inaugural ranking was published in October 2014.

The QS rankings use peer review data collected (in 2016) from 74,651 scholars and academics and 37,781 recruiters.[17][18] These two indicators are worth 40 percent and 10 percent of a university's possible score respectively. The QS rankings also incorporate citation per faculty member data from Scopus,[19] faculty/student ratios, and international staff and student numbers. The citations and faculty/student measures are worth 20 percent of an institution's total possible score and the international staff and student data five percent each. QS has published online material about its methodology.[20]

QS published the 2016 QS World University Rankings online on 5 September 2016. The rankings also appear in book form, and via media partners including The Guardian, U.S. News & World Report and The Chosun Ilbo.

QS has added to its main World University Rankings, starting in 2009 with the Asian University Rankings.[21] The QS Latin American University Rankings [22] and the QS World University Rankings by Subject [23] were published for the first time in 2011, as well as a faculty ranking worldwide,[24] Top 50 under 50 and Next 50 under 50 ranking [25] and graduate employment ranking.[26] QS now also publish regional rankings for the Arab Region, Emerging Europe and Central Asia, and the five BRICS nations.[27]

The subject rankings are intended to address the most frequent criticism of all world university ranking systems, that they contain too little material about specific subjects. These rankings have been drawn up on the basis of citations, academic peer review, and recruiter review, with the weightings for each dependent upon the culture and practice of the subject concerned. They are published in five clusters; engineering; biomedicine; the natural sciences; the social sciences; and the arts and humanities, and covered 42 subjects in 2016.[27] The QS rankings have been criticized for their commercial purpose [28] and can be manipulated by researchers from different universities agreeing to support each other in the surveys.

QS Asian University Rankings In 2009, Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) launched a department of the QS Asian University Rankings in partnership with The Chosun Ilbo newspaper in Korea. They rank the top 350 Asian universities and the ranking has now appeared eight times. They release an independent list of rankings each time, different from that of the QS World University Rankings. For three consecutive years up to the 2016/17 edition, the rankings was topped by the National University of Singapore.[29]

These rankings use some of the same criteria as the World University Rankings but they use other measures, such as incoming and outgoing exchange students as well. As the criteria and their weightings are different, the QS World university rankings and the QS Asian University rankings released in the same academic year are different.[30] QS published global universities ranking by different major in different countries, which has special reference value for international students, like Statistics & Operational Research program in China.[31]

QS Latin American University Rankings The QS Latin American University Rankings [32] were launched in 2011. They use academic opinion (30 percent), employer opinion (20 percent), publications per faculty member, citations per paper, academic staff with a PhD, faculty/student ratio, and web visibility (10 percent each) as measures. These criteria were developed in consultation with experts in Latin America, and the web visibility data comes from Webometrics. The 2016/17 edition of the ranking ranks the top 300 universities in the region, and showed that the University of São Paulo in Brazil is the region's top institution.[33]

Times Higher Education World University Rankings

Main article: Times Higher Education World University Rankings

From 2004 to 2009 Times Higher Education (THE), a British publication, published the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings in association with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS). THE published a table of the top 200 universities and QS ranked approximately 500 online, in book form, and via media partners.[34] On 30 October 2009, THE broke with QS and joined Thomson Reuters to provide a new set of world university rankings, called Times Higher Education World University Rankings. The 2015/16 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank the world's 800 best universities, while the 2016/17 installment will rank the world's top 980.[35]

On 3 June 2010, Times Higher Education revealed the methodology which they proposed to use when compiling the new world university rankings.[36] The new methodology included 13 separate performance indicators, an increase from the six measures employed between 2004 and 2009. After further consultation the criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the final ranking. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, a month earlier than previous years.[37] THE also kick-started THE 100 Under 50 ranking[38] and Alma Mater Index.[39]

The Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as "arguably the most influential".[40] Research published by professors at the University of Michigan in 2011 demonstrated that the early THES rankings were disproportionately influential in establishing the status order of world research universities.[41]

Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings

This ranking was published for the first time in March 2011.[42] The rankings are based on a survey of (for 2016) 10,323 academics from 133 countries, who are asked to talk the top universities in their field for teaching and for research.[43][44]

Academic Ranking of World Universities

Main article: Academic Ranking of World Universities

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) compiled originally by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University and now maintained by the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy, has provided annual global rankings of universities since 2003, making it the earliest of its kind. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions. Among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists (mathematics).[45] Harvard and Stanford have topped the ranking for years.[46] One of the primary criticisms of ARWU's methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects.[45][dubious – discuss][failed verification] Moreover, the ARWU is known for "relying solely on research indicators", and "the ranking is heavily weighted toward institutions whose faculty or alumni have won Nobel Prizes": it does not measure "the quality of teaching or the quality of humanities."[47]

Other global rankings

Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities

The Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities (ARTU)[48] is a meta-ranking that positions global universities based on World University Rankings by THE, QS, and ARWU. ARTU is produced by UNSW Sydney and published annually since 2019,[49] with retrospective rankings available for 2012 to 2018.[50] In 2022, ARTU ranked 418 universities and featured the Top 400 for publication, with Harvard and Stanford leading in equal first place.[48]

The criteria for ARTU is the sum of world rank across the 3 rankings (=THE+QS+ARWU) with universities excluded if they do not have a distinct rank in THE, QS, and ARWU.[51] Since 2012, United States has the highest number of ARTU Top 200 universities, while Switzerland has the most ARTU Top 200 universities per capita.[52]

New features in 2022 include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Research & Development (R&D) expenditure as modifiers to determine country level performance and return on investment. Hong Kong and Australia come out on top for GDP and R&D respectively for most ARTU Top 200 universities adjusted by these indicators.[52]

Academic Influence

Academic Influence[53] creates global as well as US-centric rankings of colleges, universities, and disciplinary programs by evaluating the combined influence of a school's faculty within and across fields of study.[54][55][56] Using machine-learning technology developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Academic Influence searches and collates open-source data from such massive publicly available data sources as Wikipedia, Wikidata, Crossref, Semantic Scholar, IPEDS, and BLS.[57] Academic Influence gives weight in its rankings to citations of peer-reviewed articles, chapters, and books by influential academics worldwide.[58] It thereby attempts to map and objectively measure the influence of a school's thought leadership through its students, faculty, staff, and alumni.[59] Academic Influence allows users to create rankings on the fly through its dynamic schools and people tools, which can be filtered by discipline, country, and period.[60] Tech entrepreneur and computer scientist Erik J. Larson co-founded Academic Influence.

Center for World University Rankings

The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) is based in the United Arab Emirates and publishes global university rankings measuring the quality of education and training for students as well as the prestige of the faculty members and the quality of their research. Samplings do not come from surveys and university data submissions.[61] Instead, the rankings rely more on outcome-based samplings, coupled with a Subject ranking in 227 subject categories. The Subject portion of the ranking is based on the number of research articles in top-tier journals with data obtained from Clarivate Analytics.[62] In the United States, the CWUR evaluates and ranks over 1,300 universities and 2,000 worldwide.

Leiden Ranking

Main article: CWTS Leiden Ranking

The Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University maintains a European and worldwide ranking of the top 500 universities according including the number and impact of Web of Science-indexed publications per year. The rankings compare research institutions by taking into account differences in language, discipline and institutional size.[63] Multiple ranking lists are released according to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators, including the number of publications, citations-per-publication, and field-averaged impact per publication.[64]

Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities

Main article: Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities

The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities was produced until 2012 by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan (HEEACT).[65] The indicators were designed to measure both long-term and short-term research performance of research universities.

This project employed bibliometrics to analyze and rank the performance of the 500 top universities and the top 300 universities in six fields. HEEACT further provides subject rankings in science and technology fields. It also ranked the top 300 universities across ten science and technology fields.[66] The ranking included eight indicators. They were: articles published over the prior 11 years; citations of those articles, "current" articles, current citations, average citations, "H-index", number of "highly cited papers" and high impact journal articles. They represented three criteria of scientific papers performance: research productivity, research impact, and research excellence.

The 2007 ranking methodology was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools, and in response, HEEACT added assessment criteria.[67] The six field-based rankings are based on the subject categorization of WOS, including Agriculture & Environment Sciences (AGE), Clinical Medicine (MED), Engineering, Computing & Technology (ENG), Life Sciences (LIFE), Natural Sciences (SCI) and Social Sciences (SOC). The ten subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geosciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering (including Energy & Fuels), Materials Sciences, and Civil Engineering (including Environmental Engineering).[66] The ranking was produced by National Taiwan University since 2012 and also known as NTU Ranking.[68]

Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities

The ranking is empirical[69] and compiles a methodology that employs 10 different metrics. The criteria focused on academic papers, which indicate basic research performed at a university, and patent filings, which point to an institution's interest in protecting and commercializing its discoveries. Compiled by the Intellectual Property & Science business of Thomson Reuters, the list uses proprietary data and analysis tools.[70] The process cross-references the 500 academic and government organizations with the greatest number of published articles in scholarly journals as indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database against how many patents and patent equivalents each organization filed in the same period in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index. The remaining 70 institutions were mostly universities and were ranked using criteria such as frequency of patent applications granted, the number of filed patents, frequency of those patents being cited, as well as how many of their papers were cited by patents or co-authored by an industry author.[71] The ranking has the Asia-Pacific edition featuring top 75 institutions across the region [72] and top 25 most innovative governmental institutions in the world.[73]

Round University Ranking

Main article: Round University Ranking

Round University Ranking, or abbreviated RUR Rankings is a world university ranking, assessing effectiveness of 750 leading universities in the world based on 20 indicators distributed among 4 key dimension areas: teaching, research, international diversity, financial sustainability. The ranking has international coverage and is intended to become a tool of choice of the university for the key stakeholders of higher education: applicants, students, representatives of the academic community, university management. The RUR Rankings publisher is an independent RUR Rankings Agency,[74] geographically located in Moscow, Russia.[75] RUR is aimed to provide a transparent, comprehensive analytical system for benchmarking and evaluating universities across the borders to the widest possible audience: students, analysts, decision-makers in the field of higher education development both at individual institutional and at the national level.

SCImago Institutions Rankings

Main article: SCImago Institutions Rankings

The SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR)[76][77] since 2009 has published its international ranking of worldwide research institutions, the SIR World Report.[78] The SIR World Report is the work of the SCImago Research Group,[79] a Spain-based research organization consist of members from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Granada, Charles III University of Madrid, University of Alcalá, University of Extremadura and other education institutions in Spain.[80]

The ranking measures areas such as research output, international collaboration, normalized impact, and publication rate.[79]

U-Multirank

U-Multirank, a European Commission supported feasibility study, was undertaken to contribute to the European Commission objective of enhancing transparency about the different missions and the performance of higher education institutions and research institutes. At a press conference in Brussels on 13 May 2011, the U-Multirank was officially launched by Androulla Vassiliou, Commissioner for Higher Education and Culture saying: U-Multirank "will be useful to each participating higher education institution, as a planning and self-mapping exercise. By providing students with clearer information to guide their study choices, this is a fresh tool for more quality, relevance and transparency in European higher education."[81][82][83][84][85]

University Ranking by Academic Performance

Main article: University Ranking by Academic Performance

The University Ranking by Academic Performance,[86] abbreviated as URAP, was developed in the Informatics Institute[87] of Middle East Technical University. Since 2010, it has been publishing annual national and global[88] college and university rankings for top 2000 institutions. The scientometrics measurement of URAP is based on data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information via Web of Science and inCites. For global rankings, URAP employs indicators of research performance including the number of articles, citation, total documents, article impact total, citation impact total, and international collaboration. In addition to global rankings, URAP publishes regional rankings for universities in Turkey using additional indicators such as the number of students and faculty members obtained from Center of Measuring, Selection and Placement ÖSYM.

U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings

Main article: U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking

U.S. News & World Report's inaugural Best Global Universities ranking[89] was launched on 28 October 2014, and it was based on data and metrics provided by Thomson Reuters, and are thus methodologically different from the criteria traditionally used by U.S. News to rank American institutions. Universities are judged on factors such as global research reputation, publications, and the number of highly cited papers.[90] U.S. News also publishes region-specific and subject-specific global rankings based on this methodology.

The annual U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. As an increasing number of students are planning to enroll in universities outside of their own country, the Best Global Universities rankings – which focus specifically on schools' academic research and reputation overall and not on their separate undergraduate or graduate programs – can help those students accurately compare institutions around the world.

The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U.S. universities – which U.S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally. All universities can now benchmark themselves against schools in their own country and region, become more visible on the world stage and find top schools in other countries to consider collaborating with.

The overall Best Global Universities rankings encompass the top 750 institutions spread out across 57 countries – up from the top 500 universities in 49 countries ranked last year. The first step in producing these rankings, which are powered by Thomson Reuters InCitesTM research analytics solutions, involved creating a pool of 1,000 universities that was used to rank the top 750 schools.[91] In comparison with U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking,[92] the Global University Ranking is focused on the research power and faculty resources for students, while the National Ranking is only focused on undergraduate studies. Therefore, for graduate studies and international students, the Best Global Universities Ranking is a much better reference than National University Ranking.

Inside Higher Ed noted that U.S. News is entering into the international college and university rankings area that is already "dominated by three major global university rankings": the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the Academic Ranking of World Universities, and the QS World University Rankings.[93] U.S. News' chief data strategist Robert Morse stated: "We're well-known in the field for doing academic rankings so we thought it was a natural extension of the other rankings that we're doing."[93]

Morse pointed out that U.S. News as "the first American publisher to enter the global rankings space", given Times Higher Education and QS are both British, while the Academic Ranking of World universities is Chinese.[93]

University Ranking Organization

University Ranking Organization (UniversityRanking.Org), is a university ranking organization founded by teachers and academic facilitators dedicated to providing unbiased rankings for Colleges/Universities worldwide. Universities are ranked based on a proprietary algorithm (reputation, research, facility, faculty etc). The schools are ranked with their description and multimedia to facilitate school selection.

Webometrics

Main article: Webometrics Ranking of World Universities

The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities is produced by Cybermetrics Lab (CCHS), a unit of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), the main public research body in Spain. It offers information about more than 12,000 universities according to their web presence (an assessment of the scholarly contents, visibility, and impact of universities on the web). The ranking is updated every January and July.

The Webometrics Ranking or Ranking Web is built from a database of over 30,000 higher education institutions. The top 12,000 universities are shown in the main ranking and more are covered in regional lists.

The ranking started in 2004 and is based on a composite indicator that includes both the volume of the Web content and the visibility and impact of web publications according to the number of external links they received. A wide range of scientific activities appears exclusively on academic websites and is typically overlooked by bibliometric indicators.

Webometric indicators measure institutional commitment to Web publication. Webometric results show a high correlation with other rankings. However, North American universities are relatively common in the top 200, while small and medium-size biomedical institutions and German, French, Italian, and Japanese universities were less common in the top ranks. Possible reasons include publishing via independent research councils (CNRS, Max Planck, CNR) or the large amount of non-English Web content, which is less likely to be linked.

The Three University Missions

Main article: The_Three_University_Missions_Ranking

The Three University Missions Moscow International University Ranking (shortly MosIUR) is produced by Association of Rating Makers, a non-commercial organization based in Moscow. The Three University Missions ranking evaluates the quality of education, scientific work, and the universities' contribution to society. The ranking uses 17 criteria divided into three groups: Education, Research, and University and Society.

The shortlist of the Moscow International University Ranking aims to provide the widest possible representation of the leading multi-profile universities all over the world, the quota being assigned to each country with regard to the of the country’s contribution to global economy. MosIUR shortlists those universities that achieved leading positions in other global university rankings and/or national academic rankings listed in IREG Inventory of National Rankings, and, in some cases, also those universities showing the highest research productivity. MosIUR does not consider narrow-focused higher education institutions. The latest Moscow Ranking issue featured 1800 higher education institutions globally.

Specific rankings

Eduniversal

Main article: Eduniversal

This university ranking[94] is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG.[95][96] It ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions (the 5 continents).[97][98][99][100][101][102]

Human Resources & Labor Review

The Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) publishes a human competitiveness index & analysis annually by Asia First Media- now part of Destiny Media, previously ChaseCareer Network (ChaseCareer.Net). This system is based on Human Resources & Labour Review Indexes, the HRI and LRI, which measure the performance of top 300 universities' graduates.[103]

In 2004, a couple of educational institutions voiced concerns at several events in regard to the accuracy and effectiveness of ranking bodies or lists. The HRLR ranking was pioneered in late 2005 within a working group in response to those concerns. The team was founded in January 2007, in London, and started compiling and processing data, resulting in the first lists in 2007-2008.[103] The ranking concept is later being adopted for Alumni score on ARWU and many other rankings.

The new HRLR ranking innovative methods sparked intense interest from many institutions and inspired several other ranking lists and scoring which are based on professional, alumni, executives, competitiveness, human capital-oriented aspects. Nevertheless, HRLR remains to be the leader in university ranking with innovative and comprehensive approaches, and not relying merely on those aforementioned aspects.[103]

Nature Index

Main article: Nature Index

The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles published in 68 science journals independently chosen by the scientific community as the journals scientists would most like to publish their best research in. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research reports of approximately 9,000 parent institutions worldwide presenting a page of output statistics for each institution along with information on institutions collaborating with the institution in the publication of Index articles. Each of the approximately 60,000 articles in the Index has a dedicated article page with social and mainstream media coverage tracked by Altmetric. League tables of the output of institutions can be generated on the fly on a global, regional, or country basis and by broad subject area as well as by article count and fractional article count.[104] Compare with other metrics of science (e.g., Impact Factor, h-index), Nature Index is the prominent scientific journal ranking with global reputation on original natural science and life science research.[105]

Professional Ranking of World Universities

Main article: Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities

In contrast to academic rankings, the Professional Ranking of World Universities established in 2007 by the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris measures the efficiency of each university at producing leading business professionals. Its main compilation criterion is the number of Chief Executive Officers (or equivalent) among the Fortune Global 500.[106] This ranking has been criticized for placing five French universities into the top 20.[107]

Defunct rankings

G-factor

G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of links only from other university websites, using Google search engine data. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each university's website from the combined perspectives of other institutions. It claims to be an objective peer review of a university through its website—in social network theory terminology, G-factor measures the centrality of each university's website in the network of university websites.[108]

Global University Ranking

Global University Ranking measures over 400 universities using the RatER, an autonomous, non-commercial, Russian rating agency supported by Russia's academic society.[109][110] The methodology pools universities from ARWU, HEEACT, Times-QS and Webometrics and a pool of experts formed by project officials and managers to determine the rating scales for indicators in seven areas. It considers academic performance, research performance, faculty expertise, resource availability, socially significant activities of graduates, international activities, and international opinion. Each expert independently evaluates these performance indicators for candidate universities. The rating is the average of the expert evaluations.[111] This ranking raised questions when it placed Russian Moscow State University in fifth place, ahead of Harvard and Cambridge.[107]

High Impact Universities: Research Performance Index

The High Impact Universities Research Performance Index (RPI) is a 2010 Australian initiative[112] that studies university research performance. The pilot project involved a trial of over 1,000 universities or institutions and 5,000 constituent faculties (in various disciplines) worldwide. The top 500 results for universities and faculties were reported on the project website.[112] The project promotes simplicity, transparency and fairness. The assessment analyzes research performance as measured by publications and citations. Publication and citation data are drawn from Scopus. The project uses standard bibliometric indicators, namely the 10-year g-index and h-index. RPI equally weighs contributions from the five faculties. The five faculty scores are normalized to place them onto a common scale. The normalized scores are then averaged to arrive at a final RPI.

Newsweek

In August 2006, the American magazine Newsweek published a ranking of the Top 100 Global Universities, using selected criteria from ARWU and the Times Higher Education-QS rankings, with the additional criterion of the number of volumes in the library. It formed part of a special issue including an article from Tony Blair, then prime minister of the UK, but has not been repeated. It considered openness and diversity as well as distinction in research. The ranking has been continued since its merger with The Daily Beast, and currently uses data from the Times Higher Education World Rankings, Webometrics world college rankings from public-research outlet Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas in Spain, and the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy in order to compile its results.[113]

Regional and national rankings

Regional and national rankings are carried out in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania.

Asia

QS's Asian University Rankings[114] use some of the same data as the QS World University Rankings alongside other material, such as the number of exchange students attending or traveling from each university. The rankings list the top 350 universities in Asia.[115] Similarly, the THE Asia University Rankings[116] "use the same 13 performance indicators as the THE World University Rankings, but they are recalibrated to reflect the attributes of Asia's institutions."

China

Main article: University rankings in China

University rankings in China are ordered by different standards and made by various organizations, including:

India

The National Institutional Ranking Framework is initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India, to rank all institutions of higher education in India. Magazines such as Youth Incorporated Magazine,[117] India Today, Outlook, Mint, The Week, Dataquest, Careers360 and Electronics For You conduct annual rankings for the major disciplines.

Japan

The Times Higher Education Supplement (The Thes) is publishing Japan University Rankings once a year, using a balanced scorecard approach, with 16 individual performance indicators combining to create an overall score that reflects the broad strength of an institution.[118] Data for the rankings come from a variety of sources. These include self-submitted data from the institutions as well as data gathered from Elsevier, Benesse Corporation, Nikkei Human Resources, the Japanese government and the Times Higher Education Academic Reputation Survey.[119]

On the other hand, some of the ranking systems in Japan rank universities by the difficulty of their entrance exams, called "Hensachi". One example of such a ranking is Going broke universities - Disappearing universities by Kiyoshi Shimano. In addition to this, there's the other example of rankigs using "Hensachi", GTZ. It is released by Benesse Corporation and describes to which deviation value class (S1 to D3) each university belongs.[120]

Japanese preparatory school Kawaijuku also released the Japan's Top 30 University Rankings in Natural Sciences and Technology for MEXT's GLOBAL 30 Project in 2001.[121]

Pakistan

Main article: Rankings of universities in Pakistan

Pakistan's Higher Education Commission annually ranks domestic universities.[122][123][124]

Philippines

See also: Higher education in the Philippines

Academic rankings in the Philippines are conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Commission on Higher Education, based on accreditations, academic designations and the average passing rates in board tests.[125][126]

South Korea

Korean Council for University Education, established in 2009, evaluates universities in South Korea.[127]

Europe

European Union

The European Commission compiled a list of the 22 universities in the EU with the highest scientific impact.[128] This ranking was compiled as part of the Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators,[129] prepared by the Directorate General for Science and Research of the European Commission in 2003 (updated 2004).[130] It only explicitly considers the European Union's top institutions, but comparisons with the rest of the world are provided in the full report. The report said, "University College London comes out on top in both publications (the number of scientific publications produced by the university) and citations (the number of times those scientific publications are cited by other researchers)" however the table lists the top scoring university as "Univ London" implying that the authors counted the scientific output of the entire University of London, rather than its constituent colleges.

In this ranking, the EU's top two universities were Cambridge and Oxford, as in the Jiao Tong and Times rankings. This ranking stresses the scientific quality of the institution, as opposed to its size or perceived prestige.[citation needed] Thus smaller, technical universities, such as Eindhoven (Netherlands) and the Technical University Munich (Germany) are ranked third and fourth, behind Cambridge, and followed by the University of Edinburgh. The report does not provide a direct comparison between EU and universities in the rest of the world, although it does compute a scientific impact score, which is measured against the world average.

In December 2008, the European Commission published a call for tenders, inviting bidders to design and test a new multi-dimensional university ranking system with global outreach. The first results of the envisaged pilot project were promised for the first half of 2011.[131]

Another approach to classify the European research area is offered by 'European Research Ranking'.[132] This ranking is based on publicly available data from the European Commissions project and funding database CORDIS to estimate the funding and networking performance of European research institutions.

Austria

Some Austrian universities, including all Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences, take part in the CHE University Ranking.[133]

Bulgaria

The Bulgarian University Ranking System, maintained by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, compares academic programs in accredited domestic higher education institutions.[134] The system ranks programs based on more than 50 indicators, such as teaching and learning conditions, scientific research, career development opportunities, prestige, and material resources.

Denmark

In Denmark, the think-tank CEPOS conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level and institution level, based on entry salary, career development, drop-out rates, and program completion rates.[135]

France

Eduniversal provides rankings of undergraduate and graduate degrees of French universities in some areas.

Le Nouvel Observateur occasionally offer rankings of "Grandes écoles" and their preparatory schools, the "Prépas", and of universities' undergraduate degrees in some areas.

Germany

Since 1998, the Centre for Higher Education (CHE) has published the CHE University Ranking, a comprehensive ranking of German and Austrian universities.

The CHE also publishes a "ResearchRanking" showing the research strengths of German universities. The CHE ResearchRanking is based on the research-related data of the University Ranking.

Ireland

The Sunday Times ranks Irish universities based on a mix of criteria, including secondary school examination scores, graduation rates, staff-student ratio, research efficiency, accommodation, nontraditional students, athletics and sports facilities.

Italy

Every year, the newspaper La Repubblica, in collaboration with CENSIS, compiles a ranking of Italian universities.[136] Furthermore, the ministerial Agency for the Evaluation of University and Research (ANVUR) publishes every five years a detailed analysis regarding the entirety of the higher education institutions in the country, with a range of grades from D to A.[137]

North Macedonia

The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) compiled a ranking of Macedonian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) commissioned by the country's Ministry of Education and Science in February 2011 and released it on 16 February 2012.[138] Nineteen qualified HEIs were included in the ranking. The ranking used 19 indicators of academic performance and competitiveness, covering major mission aspects of HEIs such as teaching, research and social service. It is the first university ranking in North Macedonia.[139]

Netherlands

Most Dutch universities take part in the CHE UniversityRanking.[133]

Poland

A popular ranking of Polish higher education institutions is annually published by education magazine Perspektywy.[140]

Romania

The Ad Astra association of Romanian scientists ranked Romanian universities in 2006 and 2007.[141]

Russian Federation

Several bodies rank Russian universities, including RIA Novosti / Forbes, independent rating agency RatER, Interfax (in cooperation with Ekho Moskvy) and the Russian journal Finance.

RIA Novosty / Forbes rankings are conducted under the supervision of Public Chamber of Russia in cooperation with State University – Higher School of Economics.[142] This ranking is considered the most objective system.[citation needed] It covers 476 higher education institutions and is based on the average score of the Unified State Examination that is required to enter a university. The ranking has separate subrankings for different subjects and clusters of universities.

RIA Novosty rankings do not align with other local and international rankings such as Academic Ranking of World Universities and QS World University Rankings which take into account inherited reputation from the Soviet Union.[142]

RatER publishes annual rankings based on representation of university graduates in governmental, education and business elite.[143]

Interfax annually ranks "classical" (or multi-faculty) universities and higher education institutions specialising in law.[144] Interfax' methodology quantifies several qualitative factors such as research, teaching standards, public opinion and social and international activity.

Finance produces an integrated ranking of higher education institutions specialising in economics and finance.[145] The Journal uses the average score of the Unified State Examination, the number of CFO graduates and the consolidated turnover of companies where graduate CFOs are employed.

Spain

National rankings for Spanish universities include the "50 carreras" (50 degrees) from the "El Mundo" newspaper, the CSIC or the IAIF ranking of the UCM.[citation needed]

Sweden

In Sweden, the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise (Svenskt Näringsliv) conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level, based on entry salary, career development, internationalization, and degree of academic-business collaboration.[146]

Switzerland

The swissUp Ranking ranked Swiss university and polytechnic students until 2004. The swissUp Ranking is no longer conducted. Some universities from the German-speaking part of Switzerland, such as ISFOA Lugano take part in the CHE UniversityRanking.

Turkey

The URAP Research Laboratory of the Middle East Technical University assesses academic output of Turkish universities, as well as about 300 institutes of higher education worldwide.[147] Their methodology focuses only on article and citation indicators in an attempt to minimize the impact of subjective data.

Ukraine

Ukraine's Ministry of Education and Science performs official yearly university evaluations.[148] Zerkalo Nedeli newspaper published the top 200–ranked Ukrainian universities in 2007.[149] Kyiv Student Council ranks universities on criteria of student satisfaction.[150]

United Kingdom

Main article: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

There are three major rankings of universities in the United Kingdom published by commercial companies: The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, The Complete University Guide and The Guardian University Guide.[151] Since 2008, Times Higher Education has compiled a "Table of Tables"[152] which combines the results of the 3 national league tables. For 2017, the top 5 universities were Cambridge University, Oxford University, University of St Andrews, and Imperial College London and Durham University in joint fourth.[153]

The Research Excellence Framework was the successor to the Research Assessment Exercise in 2014. It is used by the UK government to evaluate the research quality of British universities and determine the distribution of future research funding. In 2014, the top five universities for research power as compiled by Research Fortnight were University of Oxford, University College London, University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh and University of Manchester.[154]

The Research Assessment Exercises (RAE) were the UK government's evaluation of research quality in British Universities. Each subject, called a unit of assessment, was ranked by a peer review panel. The rankings were used in the allocation of government funding. The last assessment was made in 2008. The RAE provided quality ratings for research across all disciplines. Panels used a standard scale for each submission. Ratings ranged from 1 to 5, according to the quantity of work that was judged to reach national or international levels of excellence. Participating institutions receive grants from one of the four higher education funding bodies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The top three universities in the 2008 RAE exercise were London School of Economics, Cambridge University and Oxford University.

The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) assesses undergraduate teaching. QAA is an independent body established by the UK's higher education institutions in 1997. QAA was under contract to the Higher Education Funding Council for England to assess quality for English universities. This replaced Teaching Quality Assessments (TQAs) which aimed to assess the administrative, policy and procedural framework within which teaching took place and did not directly assess teaching quality. This inspection-based system was replaced by a system of information provision, including a national student survey. QAA publishes scores which have been used by the league table industry. The first Teaching Excellence Framework is to be published in 2017; this is a rating system (giving gold, silver or bronze ratings to higher education providers) rather than a ranking as such.

North America

Canada

Main article: Rankings of universities in Canada

Maclean's, a Canadian news magazine, publishes an annual ranking of Canadian universities, called the Maclean's University Rankings.[155] Ranking criteria include student body characteristics, classes, faculty, finances, library, and reputation. The rankings are split into three categories: schools that focus on undergraduate studies with few to no graduate programs, schools that have both extensive undergraduate studies and an extensive selection of graduate programs and schools that have a professional medical program and a selection of graduate programs.[156]

The University of Calgary produced a formal study examining the ranking methodology, illuminating the factors that determined its rank and criticizing certain aspects of the methodology. The University of Alberta, the University of Toronto and University of Manitoba have expressed displeasure over the ranking system.[157]

A notable difference between rankings in the United States and Maclean's rankings, however, is that Maclean's excludes privately funded universities. However, the majority of Canada's institutions, including the best-known, are publicly funded.

Beginning in September 2006, over 20 Canadian universities, including several of the most prestigious and largest universities such as the University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, University of Alberta, Concordia University, McMaster University and Dalhousie University, jointly refused to participate.[158] University of Alberta president Indira Samarasekera wrote that Maclean's initially filed a "Freedom of Information" request but that it was "too late" for the universities to respond. Samarasekera further stated, "Most of [the universities] had already posted the data online, and we directed Maclean's staff to our Web sites. In instances where the magazine staff couldn't find data on our Web site, they chose to use the previous year's data."[159]

Mexico

Main article: Academic rankings of universities in Mexico
Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas
Main article: Mexican Universities Comparative Study

Mexican institutions have been compared in the Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM) produced within the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).[160] ECUM provides data on institutional participation in articles on ISI Web of Knowledge–indexed journals; faculty participation in each of Mexico's three-level National Researchers System (SNI[161]); graduate degrees within National Council of Science and Technology's (CONACYT) register of quality graduate programs;[162] and number of academic research bodies (cuerpos academicos) according to the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) program PROMEP.[163]

ECUM provides online access to data for 2007 and 2008 through ExECUM.[164] Institutional data can be visualized through three options:

  • A selection of the most prominent 58 universities (43 publics and 13 privates). This selection accounts for more than 60 percent of undergraduate and graduate enrollments. It includes public federal universities (UNAM, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Universidad del Ejército y la Fuerza Aérea, Colegio de México, Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro); 35 public state universities (UPES), and a group of private institutions that feature within ECUM's selected classification data.
  • Result tables for the top 20 institutions in each of the data labels in this study. These include some of the selected universities in addition to the rest of Mexico's higher education institutions, as well as institutes, centers and other research producing organizations.
  • A personalized selection from more than 600 institutions. These are classified by institutional type, institutional gatherings, by activity sector alphabetically.

ExECUM allows users to establish comparison types and levels which they consider relevant. Data is presented in raw form with virtually no derived indicators. Users can relate variables and build indicators according to their own analytical perspectives.

Based on this comparative study project, ECUM's creator, the Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional, published reports providing an analysis of the data for 2007 and 2008.[165][166][167]

United States

Main article: College and university rankings in the United States
See also: Law school rankings in the United States
College and university rankings in the United States order the best U.S. colleges and universities based on factors that vary depending on the ranking. Rankings are typically conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of wealth, excellence in research, selective admissions, and alumni success. There is also much debate about rankings' interpretation, accuracy, and usefulness.

Oceania

Australia

The Good Universities Guide and Excellence in Research for Australia annually rank domestic universities.[168][169]

South America

QS University Rankings: Latin America

QS Quacquarelli Symonds, in addition to their QS World University Rankings, publish an annual ranking of the top 300 universities in Latin America. The eighth instalment, released for the 2016/17 academic year, places the Universidade de São Paulo as the region's best university.[33]

Argentina

In Argentina the National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation ranks higher education programs by evaluation and accreditation.[170]

Brazil

Main article: Rankings of universities in Brazil

The latest ranking, the Ranking Universitário Folha (RUF) website (in Portuguese), was created by the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo. This ranking is based on the combination of four indicators: education quality, research quality, market assessment and an innovation indicator.

Chile

In Chile the "Comisión Nacional de Acreditación" (National Commission of Accreditation of the Universities) manages evaluation and accreditation. It also ranks universities according to accreditation levels.[171] Other commercial rankings are made by research magazines, including Qué Pasa and América Economía. Qué Pasa's ranking evaluates perception and quality following surveys of approximately 1,000 employers across the country.[172] América Economía's ranking considers quality of students, quality of teachers, rating of professors by student, research productivity, internationalization, integration with the community, student life quality and inclusion of students from lower social strata.[173]

Criticism

See also: Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)

Critics argue that rankings can divert universities' attention away from teaching and social responsibility towards the type of scientific research valued by indicators used for ranking exercises. There have also been concerns that by applying a limited set of criteria to world universities, and given the strong desire to feature in the top 200 universities, rankings actually encourage the homogenization of higher education institutions, making them less responsive and less relevant to their immediate contexts. The fact that rankings are also said to favour the advantage enjoyed by the 200 best-ranked institutions has important implications for equity.[174]

See also

Sources

  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?​, 54, UNESCO. UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.

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February 11, 2023
college, university, rankings, order, best, institutions, higher, education, based, factors, that, vary, depending, ranking, some, rankings, evaluate, institutions, within, single, country, while, others, assess, institutions, worldwide, rankings, typically, c. College and university rankings order the best institutions in higher education based on factors that vary depending on the ranking Some rankings evaluate institutions within a single country while others assess institutions worldwide Rankings are typically conducted by magazines newspapers websites governments or academics In addition to ranking entire institutions specific programs departments and schools can be ranked Some rankings consider measures of wealth excellence in research selective admissions and alumni success Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise student options award numbers internationalization graduate employment industrial linkage historical reputation and other criteria There is much debate about rankings interpretation accuracy and usefulness 1 The expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field Further it seems possible to game the ranking systems through excessive self citations 2 or by researchers supporting each other in surveys UNESCO has questioned whether rankings do more harm than good while acknowledging that Rightly or wrongly they are perceived as a measure of quality and so create intense competition between universities all over the world 3 Contents 1 Global rankings 1 1 Major international rankings 1 1 1 QS World University Rankings 1 1 2 Times Higher Education World University Rankings 1 1 3 Academic Ranking of World Universities 1 2 Other global rankings 1 2 1 Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities 1 2 2 Academic Influence 1 2 3 Center for World University Rankings 1 2 4 Leiden Ranking 1 2 5 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 1 2 6 Reuters World s Top 100 Innovative Universities 1 2 7 Round University Ranking 1 2 8 SCImago Institutions Rankings 1 2 9 U Multirank 1 2 10 University Ranking by Academic Performance 1 2 11 U S News amp World Report Best Global Universities Rankings 1 2 12 University Ranking Organization 1 2 13 Webometrics 1 2 14 The Three University Missions 1 3 Specific rankings 1 3 1 Eduniversal 1 3 2 Human Resources amp Labor Review 1 3 3 Nature Index 1 3 4 Professional Ranking of World Universities 1 4 Defunct rankings 1 4 1 G factor 1 4 2 Global University Ranking 1 4 3 High Impact Universities Research Performance Index 1 4 4 Newsweek 2 Regional and national rankings 2 1 Asia 2 1 1 China 2 1 2 India 2 1 3 Japan 2 1 4 Pakistan 2 1 5 Philippines 2 1 6 South Korea 2 2 Europe 2 2 1 European Union 2 2 2 Austria 2 2 3 Bulgaria 2 2 4 Denmark 2 2 5 France 2 2 6 Germany 2 2 7 Ireland 2 2 8 Italy 2 2 9 North Macedonia 2 2 10 Netherlands 2 2 11 Poland 2 2 12 Romania 2 2 13 Russian Federation 2 2 14 Spain 2 2 15 Sweden 2 2 16 Switzerland 2 2 17 Turkey 2 2 18 Ukraine 2 2 19 United Kingdom 2 3 North America 2 3 1 Canada 2 3 2 Mexico 2 3 2 1 Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas 2 3 3 United States 2 4 Oceania 2 4 1 Australia 2 5 South America 2 5 1 QS University Rankings Latin America 2 5 2 Argentina 2 5 3 Brazil 2 5 4 Chile 3 Criticism 4 See also 5 Sources 6 Notes and referencesGlobal rankings EditSee Regional and national rankings for university rankings within a particular region Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings including the following The three longest established and most influential global rankings are those produced by Quacquarelli Symonds QS Times Higher Education THE and Shanghai Ranking Consultancy the Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU All of these along with other global rankings primarily measure the research performance of universities rather than their teaching 4 5 6 7 8 9 They have been criticized for being largely based on what can be measured rather than what is necessarily relevant and important to the university 8 and the validity of the data available globally has been questioned 5 As of 2021 across the three most popular global rankings the majority of the top ten globally ranked institutions are located in southern England California the Tri State area New York New Jersey Connecticut and nearby Massachusetts 10 While some rankings attempt to measure teaching using metrics such as staff to student ratio the Higher Education Policy Institute has pointed out that the metrics used are more closely related to research than teaching quality e g Staff to student ratios are an almost direct measure of research activity and The proportion of PhD students is also to a large extent an indication of research activity 5 Inside Higher Ed similarly states these criteria do not actually measure teaching and none even come close to assessing the quality of impact 4 Many rankings are also considered to contain biases towards the natural sciences and due to the bibliometric sources used towards publication in English language journals 8 Some rankings including ARWU also fail to make any correction for the sizes of institutions so a large institution is ranked considerably higher than a small institution with the same quality of research 5 Other compilers such as Scimago and U S News amp World Report use a mix of size dependent and size independent metrics 11 12 Some compilers notably QS THE and U S News use reputational surveys The validity of these has been criticized Most experts are highly critical of the reliability of simply asking a rather unrandom group of educators and others involved with the academic enterprise for their opinions 4 methodologically international surveys of reputation are flawed effectively they only measure research performance and they skew the results in favor of a small number of institutions 5 However despite the criticism much attention is paid to global rankings particularly ARWU QS and THE Some countries including Denmark and the Netherlands use university rankings as part of points based immigration programs while others such as Russia automatically recognize degrees from higher ranked universities India s University Grants Commission requires foreign partners of Indian universities to be ranked in the top 500 of the THE or ARWU ranking while Brazil s Science Without Borders program selected international partner institutions using the THE and QS rankings 13 Major international rankings Edit QS World University Rankings Edit Main article QS World University Rankings The QS World University Rankings are a ranking of the world s top universities produced by Quacquarelli Symonds published annually since 2004 In 2022 they ranked 1300 universities with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Cambridge Stanford University University of Oxford and Harvard University taking the top 5 spots 14 According to Alexa Internet it is the most widely viewed university ranking worldwide 15 The QS rankings should not be confused with the Times Higher Education World University Rankings From 2004 to 2009 the QS rankings were published in collaboration with Times Higher Education and were known as the Times Higher Education QS World University Rankings In 2010 QS assumed sole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Education split from QS in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with Thomson Reuters The QS rankings were previously published in the United States by U S News amp World Report as the World s Best Universities 16 However in 2014 U S News amp World Report launched their own international university ranking titled Best Global Universities The inaugural ranking was published in October 2014 The QS rankings use peer review data collected in 2016 from 74 651 scholars and academics and 37 781 recruiters 17 18 These two indicators are worth 40 percent and 10 percent of a university s possible score respectively The QS rankings also incorporate citation per faculty member data from Scopus 19 faculty student ratios and international staff and student numbers The citations and faculty student measures are worth 20 percent of an institution s total possible score and the international staff and student data five percent each QS has published online material about its methodology 20 QS published the 2016 QS World University Rankings online on 5 September 2016 The rankings also appear in book form and via media partners including The Guardian U S News amp World Report and The Chosun Ilbo QS has added to its main World University Rankings starting in 2009 with the Asian University Rankings 21 The QS Latin American University Rankings 22 and the QS World University Rankings by Subject 23 were published for the first time in 2011 as well as a faculty ranking worldwide 24 Top 50 under 50 and Next 50 under 50 ranking 25 and graduate employment ranking 26 QS now also publish regional rankings for the Arab Region Emerging Europe and Central Asia and the five BRICS nations 27 The subject rankings are intended to address the most frequent criticism of all world university ranking systems that they contain too little material about specific subjects These rankings have been drawn up on the basis of citations academic peer review and recruiter review with the weightings for each dependent upon the culture and practice of the subject concerned They are published in five clusters engineering biomedicine the natural sciences the social sciences and the arts and humanities and covered 42 subjects in 2016 27 The QS rankings have been criticized for their commercial purpose 28 and can be manipulated by researchers from different universities agreeing to support each other in the surveys QS Asian University Rankings In 2009 Quacquarelli Symonds QS launched a department of the QS Asian University Rankings in partnership with The Chosun Ilbo newspaper in Korea They rank the top 350 Asian universities and the ranking has now appeared eight times They release an independent list of rankings each time different from that of the QS World University Rankings For three consecutive years up to the 2016 17 edition the rankings was topped by the National University of Singapore 29 These rankings use some of the same criteria as the World University Rankings but they use other measures such as incoming and outgoing exchange students as well As the criteria and their weightings are different the QS World university rankings and the QS Asian University rankings released in the same academic year are different 30 QS published global universities ranking by different major in different countries which has special reference value for international students like Statistics amp Operational Research program in China 31 QS Latin American University Rankings The QS Latin American University Rankings 32 were launched in 2011 They use academic opinion 30 percent employer opinion 20 percent publications per faculty member citations per paper academic staff with a PhD faculty student ratio and web visibility 10 percent each as measures These criteria were developed in consultation with experts in Latin America and the web visibility data comes from Webometrics The 2016 17 edition of the ranking ranks the top 300 universities in the region and showed that the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil is the region s top institution 33 Times Higher Education World University Rankings Edit Main article Times Higher Education World University Rankings From 2004 to 2009 Times Higher Education THE a British publication published the annual Times Higher Education QS World University Rankings in association with Quacquarelli Symonds QS THE published a table of the top 200 universities and QS ranked approximately 500 online in book form and via media partners 34 On 30 October 2009 THE broke with QS and joined Thomson Reuters to provide a new set of world university rankings called Times Higher Education World University Rankings The 2015 16 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank the world s 800 best universities while the 2016 17 installment will rank the world s top 980 35 On 3 June 2010 Times Higher Education revealed the methodology which they proposed to use when compiling the new world university rankings 36 The new methodology included 13 separate performance indicators an increase from the six measures employed between 2004 and 2009 After further consultation the criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the final ranking THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010 a month earlier than previous years 37 THE also kick started THE 100 Under 50 ranking 38 and Alma Mater Index 39 The Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as arguably the most influential 40 Research published by professors at the University of Michigan in 2011 demonstrated that the early THES rankings were disproportionately influential in establishing the status order of world research universities 41 Times Higher Education World Reputation RankingsThis ranking was published for the first time in March 2011 42 The rankings are based on a survey of for 2016 10 323 academics from 133 countries who are asked to talk the top universities in their field for teaching and for research 43 44 Academic Ranking of World Universities Edit Main article Academic Ranking of World Universities The Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU compiled originally by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University and now maintained by the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy has provided annual global rankings of universities since 2003 making it the earliest of its kind ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions Among other criteria ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists mathematics 45 Harvard and Stanford have topped the ranking for years 46 One of the primary criticisms of ARWU s methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects 45 dubious discuss failed verification Moreover the ARWU is known for relying solely on research indicators and the ranking is heavily weighted toward institutions whose faculty or alumni have won Nobel Prizes it does not measure the quality of teaching or the quality of humanities 47 Other global rankings Edit Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities Edit The Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities ARTU 48 is a meta ranking that positions global universities based on World University Rankings by THE QS and ARWU ARTU is produced by UNSW Sydney and published annually since 2019 49 with retrospective rankings available for 2012 to 2018 50 In 2022 ARTU ranked 418 universities and featured the Top 400 for publication with Harvard and Stanford leading in equal first place 48 The criteria for ARTU is the sum of world rank across the 3 rankings THE QS ARWU with universities excluded if they do not have a distinct rank in THE QS and ARWU 51 Since 2012 United States has the highest number of ARTU Top 200 universities while Switzerland has the most ARTU Top 200 universities per capita 52 New features in 2022 include Gross Domestic Product GDP and Research amp Development R amp D expenditure as modifiers to determine country level performance and return on investment Hong Kong and Australia come out on top for GDP and R amp D respectively for most ARTU Top 200 universities adjusted by these indicators 52 Academic Influence Edit Academic Influence 53 creates global as well as US centric rankings of colleges universities and disciplinary programs by evaluating the combined influence of a school s faculty within and across fields of study 54 55 56 Using machine learning technology developed with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Academic Influence searches and collates open source data from such massive publicly available data sources as Wikipedia Wikidata Crossref Semantic Scholar IPEDS and BLS 57 Academic Influence gives weight in its rankings to citations of peer reviewed articles chapters and books by influential academics worldwide 58 It thereby attempts to map and objectively measure the influence of a school s thought leadership through its students faculty staff and alumni 59 Academic Influence allows users to create rankings on the fly through its dynamic schools and people tools which can be filtered by discipline country and period 60 Tech entrepreneur and computer scientist Erik J Larson co founded Academic Influence Center for World University Rankings Edit The Center for World University Rankings CWUR is based in the United Arab Emirates and publishes global university rankings measuring the quality of education and training for students as well as the prestige of the faculty members and the quality of their research Samplings do not come from surveys and university data submissions 61 Instead the rankings rely more on outcome based samplings coupled with a Subject ranking in 227 subject categories The Subject portion of the ranking is based on the number of research articles in top tier journals with data obtained from Clarivate Analytics 62 In the United States the CWUR evaluates and ranks over 1 300 universities and 2 000 worldwide Leiden Ranking Edit Main article CWTS Leiden Ranking The Centre for Science and Technology Studies at Leiden University maintains a European and worldwide ranking of the top 500 universities according including the number and impact of Web of Science indexed publications per year The rankings compare research institutions by taking into account differences in language discipline and institutional size 63 Multiple ranking lists are released according to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators including the number of publications citations per publication and field averaged impact per publication 64 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Edit Main article Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities was produced until 2012 by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan HEEACT 65 The indicators were designed to measure both long term and short term research performance of research universities This project employed bibliometrics to analyze and rank the performance of the 500 top universities and the top 300 universities in six fields HEEACT further provides subject rankings in science and technology fields It also ranked the top 300 universities across ten science and technology fields 66 The ranking included eight indicators They were articles published over the prior 11 years citations of those articles current articles current citations average citations H index number of highly cited papers and high impact journal articles They represented three criteria of scientific papers performance research productivity research impact and research excellence The 2007 ranking methodology was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools and in response HEEACT added assessment criteria 67 The six field based rankings are based on the subject categorization of WOS including Agriculture amp Environment Sciences AGE Clinical Medicine MED Engineering Computing amp Technology ENG Life Sciences LIFE Natural Sciences SCI and Social Sciences SOC The ten subjects include Physics Chemistry Mathematics Geosciences Electrical Engineering Computer Science Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering including Energy amp Fuels Materials Sciences and Civil Engineering including Environmental Engineering 66 The ranking was produced by National Taiwan University since 2012 and also known as NTU Ranking 68 Reuters World s Top 100 Innovative Universities Edit The ranking is empirical 69 and compiles a methodology that employs 10 different metrics The criteria focused on academic papers which indicate basic research performed at a university and patent filings which point to an institution s interest in protecting and commercializing its discoveries Compiled by the Intellectual Property amp Science business of Thomson Reuters the list uses proprietary data and analysis tools 70 The process cross references the 500 academic and government organizations with the greatest number of published articles in scholarly journals as indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database against how many patents and patent equivalents each organization filed in the same period in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index The remaining 70 institutions were mostly universities and were ranked using criteria such as frequency of patent applications granted the number of filed patents frequency of those patents being cited as well as how many of their papers were cited by patents or co authored by an industry author 71 The ranking has the Asia Pacific edition featuring top 75 institutions across the region 72 and top 25 most innovative governmental institutions in the world 73 Round University Ranking Edit Main article Round University Ranking Round University Ranking or abbreviated RUR Rankings is a world university ranking assessing effectiveness of 750 leading universities in the world based on 20 indicators distributed among 4 key dimension areas teaching research international diversity financial sustainability The ranking has international coverage and is intended to become a tool of choice of the university for the key stakeholders of higher education applicants students representatives of the academic community university management The RUR Rankings publisher is an independent RUR Rankings Agency 74 geographically located in Moscow Russia 75 RUR is aimed to provide a transparent comprehensive analytical system for benchmarking and evaluating universities across the borders to the widest possible audience students analysts decision makers in the field of higher education development both at individual institutional and at the national level SCImago Institutions Rankings Edit Main article SCImago Institutions Rankings The SCImago Institutions Rankings SIR 76 77 since 2009 has published its international ranking of worldwide research institutions the SIR World Report 78 The SIR World Report is the work of the SCImago Research Group 79 a Spain based research organization consist of members from the Spanish National Research Council CSIC University of Granada Charles III University of Madrid University of Alcala University of Extremadura and other education institutions in Spain 80 The ranking measures areas such as research output international collaboration normalized impact and publication rate 79 U Multirank Edit U Multirank a European Commission supported feasibility study was undertaken to contribute to the European Commission objective of enhancing transparency about the different missions and the performance of higher education institutions and research institutes At a press conference in Brussels on 13 May 2011 the U Multirank was officially launched by Androulla Vassiliou Commissioner for Higher Education and Culture saying U Multirank will be useful to each participating higher education institution as a planning and self mapping exercise By providing students with clearer information to guide their study choices this is a fresh tool for more quality relevance and transparency in European higher education 81 82 83 84 85 University Ranking by Academic Performance Edit Main article University Ranking by Academic Performance The University Ranking by Academic Performance 86 abbreviated as URAP was developed in the Informatics Institute 87 of Middle East Technical University Since 2010 it has been publishing annual national and global 88 college and university rankings for top 2000 institutions The scientometrics measurement of URAP is based on data obtained from the Institute for Scientific Information via Web of Science and inCites For global rankings URAP employs indicators of research performance including the number of articles citation total documents article impact total citation impact total and international collaboration In addition to global rankings URAP publishes regional rankings for universities in Turkey using additional indicators such as the number of students and faculty members obtained from Center of Measuring Selection and Placement OSYM U S News amp World Report Best Global Universities Rankings Edit Main article U S News amp World Report Best Global University Ranking U S News amp World Report s inaugural Best Global Universities ranking 89 was launched on 28 October 2014 and it was based on data and metrics provided by Thomson Reuters and are thus methodologically different from the criteria traditionally used by U S News to rank American institutions Universities are judged on factors such as global research reputation publications and the number of highly cited papers 90 U S News also publishes region specific and subject specific global rankings based on this methodology The annual U S News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally As an increasing number of students are planning to enroll in universities outside of their own country the Best Global Universities rankings which focus specifically on schools academic research and reputation overall and not on their separate undergraduate or graduate programs can help those students accurately compare institutions around the world The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U S universities which U S News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years stand globally All universities can now benchmark themselves against schools in their own country and region become more visible on the world stage and find top schools in other countries to consider collaborating with The overall Best Global Universities rankings encompass the top 750 institutions spread out across 57 countries up from the top 500 universities in 49 countries ranked last year The first step in producing these rankings which are powered by Thomson Reuters InCitesTM research analytics solutions involved creating a pool of 1 000 universities that was used to rank the top 750 schools 91 In comparison with U S News Best Colleges Ranking 92 the Global University Ranking is focused on the research power and faculty resources for students while the National Ranking is only focused on undergraduate studies Therefore for graduate studies and international students the Best Global Universities Ranking is a much better reference than National University Ranking Inside Higher Ed noted that U S News is entering into the international college and university rankings area that is already dominated by three major global university rankings the Times Higher Education World University Rankings the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the QS World University Rankings 93 U S News chief data strategist Robert Morse stated We re well known in the field for doing academic rankings so we thought it was a natural extension of the other rankings that we re doing 93 Morse pointed out that U S News as the first American publisher to enter the global rankings space given Times Higher Education and QS are both British while the Academic Ranking of World universities is Chinese 93 University Ranking Organization Edit University Ranking Organization UniversityRanking Org is a university ranking organization founded by teachers and academic facilitators dedicated to providing unbiased rankings for Colleges Universities worldwide Universities are ranked based on a proprietary algorithm reputation research facility faculty etc The schools are ranked with their description and multimedia to facilitate school selection Webometrics Edit Main article Webometrics Ranking of World Universities The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities is produced by Cybermetrics Lab CCHS a unit of the Spanish National Research Council CSIC the main public research body in Spain It offers information about more than 12 000 universities according to their web presence an assessment of the scholarly contents visibility and impact of universities on the web The ranking is updated every January and July The Webometrics Ranking or Ranking Web is built from a database of over 30 000 higher education institutions The top 12 000 universities are shown in the main ranking and more are covered in regional lists The ranking started in 2004 and is based on a composite indicator that includes both the volume of the Web content and the visibility and impact of web publications according to the number of external links they received A wide range of scientific activities appears exclusively on academic websites and is typically overlooked by bibliometric indicators Webometric indicators measure institutional commitment to Web publication Webometric results show a high correlation with other rankings However North American universities are relatively common in the top 200 while small and medium size biomedical institutions and German French Italian and Japanese universities were less common in the top ranks Possible reasons include publishing via independent research councils CNRS Max Planck CNR or the large amount of non English Web content which is less likely to be linked The Three University Missions Edit Main article The Three University Missions Ranking The Three University Missions Moscow International University Ranking shortly MosIUR is produced by Association of Rating Makers a non commercial organization based in Moscow The Three University Missions ranking evaluates the quality of education scientific work and the universities contribution to society The ranking uses 17 criteria divided into three groups Education Research and University and Society The shortlist of the Moscow International University Ranking aims to provide the widest possible representation of the leading multi profile universities all over the world the quota being assigned to each country with regard to the of the country s contribution to global economy MosIUR shortlists those universities that achieved leading positions in other global university rankings and or national academic rankings listed in IREG Inventory of National Rankings and in some cases also those universities showing the highest research productivity MosIUR does not consider narrow focused higher education institutions The latest Moscow Ranking issue featured 1800 higher education institutions globally Specific rankings Edit Eduniversal Edit Main article Eduniversal This university ranking 94 is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG 95 96 It ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions the 5 continents 97 98 99 100 101 102 Human Resources amp Labor Review Edit This section relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources College and university rankings news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Human Resources amp Labor Review HRLR publishes a human competitiveness index amp analysis annually by Asia First Media now part of Destiny Media previously ChaseCareer Network ChaseCareer Net This system is based on Human Resources amp Labour Review Indexes the HRI and LRI which measure the performance of top 300 universities graduates 103 In 2004 a couple of educational institutions voiced concerns at several events in regard to the accuracy and effectiveness of ranking bodies or lists The HRLR ranking was pioneered in late 2005 within a working group in response to those concerns The team was founded in January 2007 in London and started compiling and processing data resulting in the first lists in 2007 2008 103 The ranking concept is later being adopted for Alumni score on ARWU and many other rankings The new HRLR ranking innovative methods sparked intense interest from many institutions and inspired several other ranking lists and scoring which are based on professional alumni executives competitiveness human capital oriented aspects Nevertheless HRLR remains to be the leader in university ranking with innovative and comprehensive approaches and not relying merely on those aforementioned aspects 103 Nature Index Edit Main article Nature Index The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high quality scientific articles published in 68 science journals independently chosen by the scientific community as the journals scientists would most like to publish their best research in Updated monthly the Nature Index presents research reports of approximately 9 000 parent institutions worldwide presenting a page of output statistics for each institution along with information on institutions collaborating with the institution in the publication of Index articles Each of the approximately 60 000 articles in the Index has a dedicated article page with social and mainstream media coverage tracked by Altmetric League tables of the output of institutions can be generated on the fly on a global regional or country basis and by broad subject area as well as by article count and fractional article count 104 Compare with other metrics of science e g Impact Factor h index Nature Index is the prominent scientific journal ranking with global reputation on original natural science and life science research 105 Professional Ranking of World Universities Edit Main article Mines ParisTech Professional Ranking of World Universities In contrast to academic rankings the Professional Ranking of World Universities established in 2007 by the Ecole nationale superieure des mines de Paris measures the efficiency of each university at producing leading business professionals Its main compilation criterion is the number of Chief Executive Officers or equivalent among the Fortune Global 500 106 This ranking has been criticized for placing five French universities into the top 20 107 Defunct rankings Edit G factor Edit G factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of links only from other university websites using Google search engine data G factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each university s website from the combined perspectives of other institutions It claims to be an objective peer review of a university through its website in social network theory terminology G factor measures the centrality of each university s website in the network of university websites 108 Global University Ranking Edit Global University Ranking measures over 400 universities using the RatER an autonomous non commercial Russian rating agency supported by Russia s academic society 109 110 The methodology pools universities from ARWU HEEACT Times QS and Webometrics and a pool of experts formed by project officials and managers to determine the rating scales for indicators in seven areas It considers academic performance research performance faculty expertise resource availability socially significant activities of graduates international activities and international opinion Each expert independently evaluates these performance indicators for candidate universities The rating is the average of the expert evaluations 111 This ranking raised questions when it placed Russian Moscow State University in fifth place ahead of Harvard and Cambridge 107 High Impact Universities Research Performance Index Edit The High Impact Universities Research Performance Index RPI is a 2010 Australian initiative 112 that studies university research performance The pilot project involved a trial of over 1 000 universities or institutions and 5 000 constituent faculties in various disciplines worldwide The top 500 results for universities and faculties were reported on the project website 112 The project promotes simplicity transparency and fairness The assessment analyzes research performance as measured by publications and citations Publication and citation data are drawn from Scopus The project uses standard bibliometric indicators namely the 10 year g index and h index RPI equally weighs contributions from the five faculties The five faculty scores are normalized to place them onto a common scale The normalized scores are then averaged to arrive at a final RPI Newsweek Edit In August 2006 the American magazine Newsweek published a ranking of the Top 100 Global Universities using selected criteria from ARWU and the Times Higher Education QS rankings with the additional criterion of the number of volumes in the library It formed part of a special issue including an article from Tony Blair then prime minister of the UK but has not been repeated It considered openness and diversity as well as distinction in research The ranking has been continued since its merger with The Daily Beast and currently uses data from the Times Higher Education World Rankings Webometrics world college rankings from public research outlet Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas in Spain and the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy in order to compile its results 113 Regional and national rankings EditRegional and national rankings are carried out in Africa Asia Europe North America South America and Oceania Asia Edit QS s Asian University Rankings 114 use some of the same data as the QS World University Rankings alongside other material such as the number of exchange students attending or traveling from each university The rankings list the top 350 universities in Asia 115 Similarly the THE Asia University Rankings 116 use the same 13 performance indicators as the THE World University Rankings but they are recalibrated to reflect the attributes of Asia s institutions China Edit Main article University rankings in China University rankings in China are ordered by different standards and made by various organizations including BCUR by Shanghai Jiao Tong University Wu Shulian published in the name of the Chinese Academy of Management Science Netbig the higher education internet information company CUAA by Airuishen a company in the name of Chinese Universities Alumni Association etc India Edit The National Institutional Ranking Framework is initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India to rank all institutions of higher education in India Magazines such as Youth Incorporated Magazine 117 India Today Outlook Mint The Week Dataquest Careers360 and Electronics For You conduct annual rankings for the major disciplines Japan Edit The Times Higher Education Supplement The Thes is publishing Japan University Rankings once a year using a balanced scorecard approach with 16 individual performance indicators combining to create an overall score that reflects the broad strength of an institution 118 Data for the rankings come from a variety of sources These include self submitted data from the institutions as well as data gathered from Elsevier Benesse Corporation Nikkei Human Resources the Japanese government and the Times Higher Education Academic Reputation Survey 119 On the other hand some of the ranking systems in Japan rank universities by the difficulty of their entrance exams called Hensachi One example of such a ranking is Going broke universities Disappearing universities by Kiyoshi Shimano In addition to this there s the other example of rankigs using Hensachi GTZ It is released by Benesse Corporation and describes to which deviation value class S1 to D3 each university belongs 120 Japanese preparatory school Kawaijuku also released the Japan s Top 30 University Rankings in Natural Sciences and Technology for MEXT s GLOBAL 30 Project in 2001 121 Pakistan Edit Main article Rankings of universities in Pakistan Pakistan s Higher Education Commission annually ranks domestic universities 122 123 124 Philippines Edit See also Higher education in the Philippines Academic rankings in the Philippines are conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Commission on Higher Education based on accreditations academic designations and the average passing rates in board tests 125 126 South Korea Edit Korean Council for University Education established in 2009 evaluates universities in South Korea 127 Europe Edit European Union Edit The European Commission compiled a list of the 22 universities in the EU with the highest scientific impact 128 This ranking was compiled as part of the Third European Report on Science amp Technology Indicators 129 prepared by the Directorate General for Science and Research of the European Commission in 2003 updated 2004 130 It only explicitly considers the European Union s top institutions but comparisons with the rest of the world are provided in the full report The report said University College London comes out on top in both publications the number of scientific publications produced by the university and citations the number of times those scientific publications are cited by other researchers however the table lists the top scoring university as Univ London implying that the authors counted the scientific output of the entire University of London rather than its constituent colleges In this ranking the EU s top two universities were Cambridge and Oxford as in the Jiao Tong and Times rankings This ranking stresses the scientific quality of the institution as opposed to its size or perceived prestige citation needed Thus smaller technical universities such as Eindhoven Netherlands and the Technical University Munich Germany are ranked third and fourth behind Cambridge and followed by the University of Edinburgh The report does not provide a direct comparison between EU and universities in the rest of the world although it does compute a scientific impact score which is measured against the world average In December 2008 the European Commission published a call for tenders inviting bidders to design and test a new multi dimensional university ranking system with global outreach The first results of the envisaged pilot project were promised for the first half of 2011 131 Another approach to classify the European research area is offered by European Research Ranking 132 This ranking is based on publicly available data from the European Commissions project and funding database CORDIS to estimate the funding and networking performance of European research institutions Austria Edit Some Austrian universities including all Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences take part in the CHE University Ranking 133 Bulgaria Edit The Bulgarian University Ranking System maintained by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education compares academic programs in accredited domestic higher education institutions 134 The system ranks programs based on more than 50 indicators such as teaching and learning conditions scientific research career development opportunities prestige and material resources Denmark Edit In Denmark the think tank CEPOS conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level and institution level based on entry salary career development drop out rates and program completion rates 135 France Edit Eduniversal provides rankings of undergraduate and graduate degrees of French universities in some areas Le Nouvel Observateur occasionally offer rankings of Grandes ecoles and their preparatory schools the Prepas and of universities undergraduate degrees in some areas Germany Edit Since 1998 the Centre for Higher Education CHE has published the CHE University Ranking a comprehensive ranking of German and Austrian universities The CHE also publishes a ResearchRanking showing the research strengths of German universities The CHE ResearchRanking is based on the research related data of the University Ranking Ireland Edit The Sunday Times ranks Irish universities based on a mix of criteria including secondary school examination scores graduation rates staff student ratio research efficiency accommodation nontraditional students athletics and sports facilities Italy Edit Every year the newspaper La Repubblica in collaboration with CENSIS compiles a ranking of Italian universities 136 Furthermore the ministerial Agency for the Evaluation of University and Research ANVUR publishes every five years a detailed analysis regarding the entirety of the higher education institutions in the country with a range of grades from D to A 137 North Macedonia Edit The Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU compiled a ranking of Macedonian Higher Education Institutions HEIs commissioned by the country s Ministry of Education and Science in February 2011 and released it on 16 February 2012 138 Nineteen qualified HEIs were included in the ranking The ranking used 19 indicators of academic performance and competitiveness covering major mission aspects of HEIs such as teaching research and social service It is the first university ranking in North Macedonia 139 Netherlands Edit Most Dutch universities take part in the CHE UniversityRanking 133 Poland Edit A popular ranking of Polish higher education institutions is annually published by education magazine Perspektywy 140 Romania Edit The Ad Astra association of Romanian scientists ranked Romanian universities in 2006 and 2007 141 Russian Federation Edit Several bodies rank Russian universities including RIA Novosti Forbes independent rating agency RatER Interfax in cooperation with Ekho Moskvy and the Russian journal Finance RIA Novosty Forbes rankings are conducted under the supervision of Public Chamber of Russia in cooperation with State University Higher School of Economics 142 This ranking is considered the most objective system citation needed It covers 476 higher education institutions and is based on the average score of the Unified State Examination that is required to enter a university The ranking has separate subrankings for different subjects and clusters of universities RIA Novosty rankings do not align with other local and international rankings such as Academic Ranking of World Universities and QS World University Rankings which take into account inherited reputation from the Soviet Union 142 RatER publishes annual rankings based on representation of university graduates in governmental education and business elite 143 Interfax annually ranks classical or multi faculty universities and higher education institutions specialising in law 144 Interfax methodology quantifies several qualitative factors such as research teaching standards public opinion and social and international activity Finance produces an integrated ranking of higher education institutions specialising in economics and finance 145 The Journal uses the average score of the Unified State Examination the number of CFO graduates and the consolidated turnover of companies where graduate CFOs are employed Spain Edit National rankings for Spanish universities include the 50 carreras 50 degrees from the El Mundo newspaper the CSIC or the IAIF ranking of the UCM citation needed Sweden Edit In Sweden the Confederation of Swedish Enterprise Svenskt Naringsliv conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level based on entry salary career development internationalization and degree of academic business collaboration 146 Switzerland Edit The swissUp Ranking ranked Swiss university and polytechnic students until 2004 The swissUp Ranking is no longer conducted Some universities from the German speaking part of Switzerland such as ISFOA Lugano take part in the CHE UniversityRanking Turkey Edit The URAP Research Laboratory of the Middle East Technical University assesses academic output of Turkish universities as well as about 300 institutes of higher education worldwide 147 Their methodology focuses only on article and citation indicators in an attempt to minimize the impact of subjective data Ukraine Edit Ukraine s Ministry of Education and Science performs official yearly university evaluations 148 Zerkalo Nedeli newspaper published the top 200 ranked Ukrainian universities in 2007 149 Kyiv Student Council ranks universities on criteria of student satisfaction 150 United Kingdom Edit Main article Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom There are three major rankings of universities in the United Kingdom published by commercial companies The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide The Complete University Guide and The Guardian University Guide 151 Since 2008 Times Higher Education has compiled a Table of Tables 152 which combines the results of the 3 national league tables For 2017 the top 5 universities were Cambridge University Oxford University University of St Andrews and Imperial College London and Durham University in joint fourth 153 The Research Excellence Framework was the successor to the Research Assessment Exercise in 2014 It is used by the UK government to evaluate the research quality of British universities and determine the distribution of future research funding In 2014 the top five universities for research power as compiled by Research Fortnight were University of Oxford University College London University of Cambridge University of Edinburgh and University of Manchester 154 The Research Assessment Exercises RAE were the UK government s evaluation of research quality in British Universities Each subject called a unit of assessment was ranked by a peer review panel The rankings were used in the allocation of government funding The last assessment was made in 2008 The RAE provided quality ratings for research across all disciplines Panels used a standard scale for each submission Ratings ranged from 1 to 5 according to the quantity of work that was judged to reach national or international levels of excellence Participating institutions receive grants from one of the four higher education funding bodies in England Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland The top three universities in the 2008 RAE exercise were London School of Economics Cambridge University and Oxford University The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education QAA assesses undergraduate teaching QAA is an independent body established by the UK s higher education institutions in 1997 QAA was under contract to the Higher Education Funding Council for England to assess quality for English universities This replaced Teaching Quality Assessments TQAs which aimed to assess the administrative policy and procedural framework within which teaching took place and did not directly assess teaching quality This inspection based system was replaced by a system of information provision including a national student survey QAA publishes scores which have been used by the league table industry The first Teaching Excellence Framework is to be published in 2017 this is a rating system giving gold silver or bronze ratings to higher education providers rather than a ranking as such North America Edit Canada Edit Main article Rankings of universities in Canada Maclean s a Canadian news magazine publishes an annual ranking of Canadian universities called the Maclean s University Rankings 155 Ranking criteria include student body characteristics classes faculty finances library and reputation The rankings are split into three categories schools that focus on undergraduate studies with few to no graduate programs schools that have both extensive undergraduate studies and an extensive selection of graduate programs and schools that have a professional medical program and a selection of graduate programs 156 The University of Calgary produced a formal study examining the ranking methodology illuminating the factors that determined its rank and criticizing certain aspects of the methodology The University of Alberta the University of Toronto and University of Manitoba have expressed displeasure over the ranking system 157 A notable difference between rankings in the United States and Maclean s rankings however is that Maclean s excludes privately funded universities However the majority of Canada s institutions including the best known are publicly funded Beginning in September 2006 over 20 Canadian universities including several of the most prestigious and largest universities such as the University of Toronto University of British Columbia University of Alberta Concordia University McMaster University and Dalhousie University jointly refused to participate 158 University of Alberta president Indira Samarasekera wrote that Maclean s initially filed a Freedom of Information request but that it was too late for the universities to respond Samarasekera further stated Most of the universities had already posted the data online and we directed Maclean s staff to our Web sites In instances where the magazine staff couldn t find data on our Web site they chose to use the previous year s data 159 Mexico Edit Main article Academic rankings of universities in Mexico Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas Edit Main article Mexican Universities Comparative Study Mexican institutions have been compared in the Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas ECUM produced within the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico UNAM 160 ECUM provides data on institutional participation in articles on ISI Web of Knowledge indexed journals faculty participation in each of Mexico s three level National Researchers System SNI 161 graduate degrees within National Council of Science and Technology s CONACYT register of quality graduate programs 162 and number of academic research bodies cuerpos academicos according to the Secretariat of Public Education SEP program PROMEP 163 ECUM provides online access to data for 2007 and 2008 through ExECUM 164 Institutional data can be visualized through three options A selection of the most prominent 58 universities 43 publics and 13 privates This selection accounts for more than 60 percent of undergraduate and graduate enrollments It includes public federal universities UNAM Instituto Politecnico Nacional Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Universidad Pedagogica Nacional Universidad del Ejercito y la Fuerza Aerea Colegio de Mexico Universidad Autonoma de Chapingo Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro 35 public state universities UPES and a group of private institutions that feature within ECUM s selected classification data Result tables for the top 20 institutions in each of the data labels in this study These include some of the selected universities in addition to the rest of Mexico s higher education institutions as well as institutes centers and other research producing organizations A personalized selection from more than 600 institutions These are classified by institutional type institutional gatherings by activity sector alphabetically ExECUM allows users to establish comparison types and levels which they consider relevant Data is presented in raw form with virtually no derived indicators Users can relate variables and build indicators according to their own analytical perspectives Based on this comparative study project ECUM s creator the Direccion General de Evaluacion Institucional published reports providing an analysis of the data for 2007 and 2008 165 166 167 United States Edit Main article College and university rankings in the United States See also Law school rankings in the United States College and university rankings in the United States order the best U S colleges and universities based on factors that vary depending on the ranking Rankings are typically conducted by magazines newspapers websites governments or academics In addition to ranking entire institutions specific programs departments and schools can be ranked Some rankings consider measures of wealth excellence in research selective admissions and alumni success There is also much debate about rankings interpretation accuracy and usefulness Oceania Edit Australia Edit The Good Universities Guide and Excellence in Research for Australia annually rank domestic universities 168 169 South America Edit QS University Rankings Latin America Edit QS Quacquarelli Symonds in addition to their QS World University Rankings publish an annual ranking of the top 300 universities in Latin America The eighth instalment released for the 2016 17 academic year places the Universidade de Sao Paulo as the region s best university 33 Argentina Edit In Argentina the National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation ranks higher education programs by evaluation and accreditation 170 Brazil Edit Main article Rankings of universities in Brazil The latest ranking the Ranking Universitario Folha RUF website in Portuguese was created by the newspaper Folha de S Paulo This ranking is based on the combination of four indicators education quality research quality market assessment and an innovation indicator Chile Edit In Chile the Comision Nacional de Acreditacion National Commission of Accreditation of the Universities manages evaluation and accreditation It also ranks universities according to accreditation levels 171 Other commercial rankings are made by research magazines including Que Pasa and America Economia Que Pasa s ranking evaluates perception and quality following surveys of approximately 1 000 employers across the country 172 America Economia s ranking considers quality of students quality of teachers rating of professors by student research productivity internationalization integration with the community student life quality and inclusion of students from lower social strata 173 Criticism EditSee also Criticism of college and university rankings North America Critics argue that rankings can divert universities attention away from teaching and social responsibility towards the type of scientific research valued by indicators used for ranking exercises There have also been concerns that by applying a limited set of criteria to world universities and given the strong desire to feature in the top 200 universities rankings actually encourage the homogenization of higher education institutions making them less responsive and less relevant to their immediate contexts The fact that rankings are also said to favour the advantage enjoyed by the 200 best ranked institutions has important implications for equity 174 See also EditMBA Programme rankings EduniversalSources Edit This article incorporates text from a free content work Licensed under CC BY SA IGO 3 0 license statement permission Text taken from Rethinking Education Towards a global common good 54 UNESCO UNESCO To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles please see this how to page For information on reusing text from Wikipedia please see the terms of use Notes and references Edit Marklein Mary Beth Rankings create perverse incentives Hazelkorn University World News University World News Retrieved 14 September 2016 Mussard Maxime James Alex Pappachen 26 July 2017 How to boost the ranking of your university using self citations An example of the weaknesses of university ranking systems Figshare doi 10 6084 m9 figshare 5245867 v1 S2CID 64850196 Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education Uses and Misuses www unesco org United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization Archived from the original on 17 November 2016 a b c Philip G Altbach 11 November 2010 The State of the Rankings Inside Higher Ed Retrieved 11 June 2017 a b c d e Bahram Bekhradnia 15 December 2016 International university rankings For good or ill PDF Higher Education Policy Institute Retrieved 26 May 2017 Ariel Zirulnick 16 September 2010 New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 11 June 2017 Andrew Marszal 4 October 2012 University rankings which world university rankings should we trust The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 Retrieved 11 June 2017 a b c Qiang Zha 4 December 2016 University Rankings in Perspective Inside Higher Ed Retrieved 11 June 2017 Olcay Gokcen Arkali Bulu Melih 1 October 2017 Is measuring the knowledge creation of universities possible A review of university rankings PDF Technological Forecasting and Social Change 123 153 160 doi 10 1016 j techfore 2016 03 029 Stack Michelle 2021 Introduction In Stack Michelle ed Global University Rankings and the Politics of Knowledge Toronto University of Toronto Press pp 3 21 ISBN 9781487530402 SIR Methodology Scimago Retrieved 11 June 2017 Robert Morse Alexis Krivian and Andrew Jackwin 24 October 2016 How U S News Calculated the Best Global Universities Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved 11 June 2017 Grete Luxbacher 10 September 2013 World university rankings how much influence do they really have The Guardian Retrieved 11 June 2017 QS World University Rankings 2022 2023 Top Universities QS Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved 8 January 2022 topuniversities com Competitive Analysis Marketing Mix and Traffic Alexa Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 Retrieved 2 May 2020 World s Best Universities usnews com Academic Survey Responses QS Intelligence Unit QS Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved 14 September 2016 2016 Employer Survey Responses QS Intelligence Unit QS Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved 14 September 2016 Scopus com Scopus com Retrieved 6 June 2012 QS World University Rankings QS Intelligence Unit Iu qs com Retrieved 6 June 2012 QS Asian University Rankings 2011 Topuniversities Retrieved 6 June 2012 QS World University Rankings Topuniversities Retrieved 6 June 2012 University Rankings Top Universities Retrieved 6 June 2012 QS World University Rankings by Subject 2017 QS University Rankings Top 50 Under 50 2015 5 November 2015 New Graduate Employability Ranking of Universities 25 November 2015 a b Regional Rankings Top Universities QS Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved 14 September 2016 Scrutiny of QS Rankings Retrieved 12 April 2019 QS University Rankings Asia 2016 Top Universities QS Quacquarelli Symonds 5 November 2015 Retrieved 14 September 2016 Asian University Rankings QS Asian University Rankings vs QS World University Rankings The methodology differs somewhat from that used for the QS World University Rankings QS China University Rankings2015 Retrieved 21 July 2015 QS Latin American University Rankings 2011 Top Universities 19 December 2012 Retrieved 30 November 2013 a b QS University Rankings Latin America 2016 Top Universities QS Quacquarelli Symonds 5 November 2015 Retrieved 14 September 2016 QS World University Rankings Top Universities Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 Retrieved 6 June 2012 Bothwell Ellie 17 August 2016 World University Rankings 2016 2017 launch date announced Times Higher Education Retrieved 14 September 2016 Baty Phil THE unveils broad rigorous new rankings methodology Times Higher Education Retrieved 16 September 2010 Baty Phil THE World Rankings set for release on 16 September Times Higher Education Retrieved 16 September 2010 100 Under 50 Rankings 2015 results 30 April 2015 THE Alma Mater Index 2017 who educates the global business elite 19 January 2017 Simon Beck Adrian Morrow 16 September 2010 Canada s universities make the grade globally The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on 13 February 2011 Anchoring Effects on World University Rankings Exploring Biases in Reputation Scores PDF World University Rankings 2012 2013 Times Higher Education Retrieved 30 November 2013 Sedghi Ami 9 March 2011 World s top 100 universities 2011 their reputations ranked by Times Higher Education The Guardian London Retrieved 26 March 2011 World Reputation Rankings 2016 methodology Times Higher Education 4 May 2016 Retrieved 14 September 2016 a b ARWU Ranking 2011 Methodology ShanghaiRanking com Retrieved 12 August 2012 ARWU Ranking Retrieved 8 January 2022 J Scott Armstrong Tad Sperry 1994 Business School Prestige Research versus Teaching PDF Energy amp Environment 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its 20th university rankings Vancouversun com 10 November 2010 Retrieved 6 June 2012 Schmidt S 2 September 2006 Universities continue to shun Maclean s ranks Archived 22 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine National Post CanWest News Service Retrieved 9 May 2009 Samarasekera Indira 2 April 2007 Rising Up Against Rankings Inside Higher Ed Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas ECUM ECUM has been produced by the Direccion General de Evaluacion Institucional DGEI at UNAM SNI Conacyt gob mx Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2012 Error Archived 22 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Cuerpos Academicos Promep sep gob mx Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2012 Explorador de datos del ECUM ExECUM Ecum unam mx Retrieved 6 June 2012 Direccion General de Evaluacion Institucional Dgei unam mx Retrieved 6 June 2012 Desempeno de Universidades Mexicanas en la Funcion de Investigacion Estudio Comparativo PDF Retrieved 6 June 2012 Estudio 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