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Wikipedia

Gang rape

December 03, 2023

In scholarly literature and criminology, gang rape, also called serial gang rape, party rape, group rape, or multiple perpetrator rape,[1] is the rape of a single victim by two or more violators.[2] Gang rapes are forged on shared identity, religion, ethnic group, or race.[3][4][5] There are multiple motives for serial gang rapes, such as for sexual entitlement,[6] asserting sexual prowess,[6] war,[7][8][9][10] punishment,[6][11][12][13] and, in up to 30% of cases, for targeting racial minorities, religious minorities, or ethnic groups.[14]

Gang rapes can be part of genocidal rape or ethnic cleansing campaigns.

Gang rape in literature edit

Hebrew Bible edit

The Hebrew Bible documents two narratives of gang rapes: the infamous account of Sodom and the story of the Levite Concubine in Gibeah (presented as a doublet with mimicking literary structure to the former). Both instances result in the judgement of God through destruction and war respectively.

Perpetrator characteristics edit

Gang rapes are typically perpetrated by two or more men, and tend to have somewhat different characteristics than rapes by individuals. For instance, gang rapists tend to be younger[15] and are more often repeat offenders, and the gang is more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol.

Gang rapes are more violent on average compared to its individual counterpart, with significantly more severe sexual and non-sexual injuries to the victim. The gang members also typically dehumanize the victim more before and during the rape.[3][4][5] Gang rapes are almost always premeditated in their intent, target victim(s), social proof, and psychological causes.[16][17][clarification needed] Social factors such as civil wars, hate propaganda, and ethnic conflicts increase the rate of gang rape.[18][19]

Rape gang members often have a binding force such as the same race, or place of residence thereby forming a close-knit peer pressure group, encouraged by the behavior of their fellow criminals.[3][4][5] Gang rape can result from a group form of criminal spin, in which the group starts with less serious offenses which ultimately lead them to go well beyond their initial intention.

In a 2013 study based on 25-year crime data from US and Europe, between 10% and 20% of all rapes were gang rapes. Less than one in three gang rapes are reported, while less than 1 in 20 attempted but failed gang rapes are reported.[1]

Motives edit

Sexual entitlement and entertainment edit

A 2013 Lancet report found that among the motives for rape were sexual entitlement and seeking of entertainment. Associated factors in the crime included alcohol misuse, poverty, personal history of childhood victimization, need to prove heterosexual performance, dominance over women, and participation in gangs and related activities. As of September 2013, according to the report, most cases were not reported to law enforcement, and just 23% of single or multiple perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence.[6] The 1886 Mount Rennie rape case in Sydney, Australia falls in this category.

As an act of war edit

Main article: War rape

Gang rapes during civil wars and ethnic riots take added dimension of becoming a means of revenge, sending a message to the victims' community, inducing fear in the opponent, and creating a sense of solidarity among the soldiers or militants or the violent group.[7][20] At least 20,000 women were raped or gang raped and afterwards killed during the Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).

Major ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a campaign of gang rapes.[21] Rapes by Soviet soldiers and the Mahmudiyah rape and killings by American soldiers are examples of such war crimes.

The Congo war saw thousands of gang rapes every week, with each relief center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape with battering of women.[8][22] The Rwandan genocide of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers.[23] The Bosnian war during the 1990s saw a similar campaign of gang rapes.[9] In the 1990s, the Kashmir region which was a battlefield between Jihadists and the Indian armed forces also saw a number of gang rapes which were perpetrated by both sides of the conflict to instill fear in the population of each side.[24]

In the 2000s, civil war-torn countries such as Sudan, Afghanistan and Syria reported high rates of gang rapes by government soldiers, security forces, insurgents, and militias.[10][25][26][27] Similar incidents have been recorded in Libya,[28] and Mali.[29]

As punishment edit

See also: Corrective rape

A 2013 Lancet report on rape and gang rape in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Sri Lanka found that the crime was committed for various motives, including as a means to inflict punishment on the victim.[6]

Traditionally, the Cheyenne people of North America used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions.[11] A similar practice existed among the Munduruku people of South America.[12]

Among the Mpumalanga of South Africa, there are instances of gang rape as punishment.[13] In Argentina and Pakistan,[30] gang rape has been reported to have been ordered as punishment.

Religious or racial factors edit

Though having the same race or religion often acts as a binding force for creating a close-knit serial rape gangs,[3][4][5] studies reported that 30% of these shared-identity rape gangs specifically targeted people of another religion or race.[14]

Gang rape by country edit

This is an incomplete list of countries, where government or media have acknowledged the problem of gang rape.

A study found that the gang rapes involved more alcohol and drug use, night attacks and severe sexual assault outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer weapons than individual rapes.[31] Another study found that group sexual assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than individual sexual assaults and that victims of group sexual assaults were more likely to seek crisis and police services, to contemplate suicide and seek psychotherapy than those involved in individual assaults. The two groups were about the same in the amount of drug use and drinking during the assault.[32]

Porter and Alison have analyzed 739 gang rape cases from US and UK, and found over 20% of the gang rape victims died from injuries from the gang rape.[33] Gang rape is sometimes stereotyped in media as a crime of poor, minorities, or culture; however, gang rape incidence rates are high in wealthy college campuses, among non-minorities and every culture.[34]

Bangladesh edit

A 2013 Lancet study reports 1.9% of all rural men in Bangladesh have committed multiple perpetrator rape (gang rape) of a woman who was not a partner, compared to 1.4% urban men. 35% of those who have committed gang rapes against women have also committed additional rapes where the victim was a man. The motives of rape included a combination of reasons. Two thirds of the gang rape perpetrators claimed entertainment as their motive, 30% claimed they participated in gang rape out of anger and to inflict punishment on the victim, while 11% indicated the crime followed alcohol consumption.[6]

Brazil edit

In the state of Rio de Janeiro alone, over 6,000 rapes are reported every year (or about 37 per 100,000 people).[35] Nationwide, the rape rate varied between 26 and 32 per 100,000 women in 2009.[36] The arrest rates on rape complaints, was 4% in Rio.[35] About 19.6% of 2011 rapes were gang rapes.[37] In 2016, more than 30 men drugged and gang raped a 16-year-old girl and later posted photos and a video to boast about it online.[38][39]

Canada edit

Peer pressure and sexual aggression are among the cited reasons for the crime.[40][41] Since 1983, Canada does not track rape or gang rape statistics separately, but tracks and reports Sexual Assault Tier 3 which includes both rape and gang rape. The average Sexual Assault Tier 3 victim rate in Canada was 15 per 100,000 women, according to a 2013 Statistics Canada article about violence against women.[42]

China edit

See also: Yan Xiaoling – Fan Yanqiong case

A Lancet study reports, in an online survey of 980 Chinese men, 2.2% of them admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman. About 36% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 50% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both one partner as a single perpetrator as well as a non-partner during a gang rape, while 32% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists were in the 15–29 age group at the time they perpetrated the first rape.[6]

In July 2013, Li Tianyi, the son of Chinese general Li Shuangjiang, was charged with four other men to being part of a gang rape. This case raised significant public anger over seemingly privileged treatment of elite gang rape criminals.[43]

Egypt edit

See also: Mass sexual assault in Egypt and Rape in Egypt

Over two dozen gang rapes were reported during civil protests in Egypt from January to March 2013; however, activists claim that many more gang rapes often go unreported because most women are too ashamed to go to the police or even tell their relatives.[44][45]

During July 2013 at Tahrir Square, mobs assaulted and gang raped at least 46 women in 4 days.[46] A Dutch journalist was also gang-raped in Tahrir Square.[47][48] A similar gang rape and gang beating was reported by an American journalist in 2011. In a separate survey, over 90% of Egyptian women claimed to have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime.[49]

France edit

Further information: Ni Putes Ni Soumises and Rape in France

Between 5000 and 7000 gang rapes are reported in France every year.[50]

In banlieues organised gang-rapes are referred to as tournantes, or "pass-arounds".[51][52] One of the first people to bring public attention to the culture of gang rape was Samira Bellil, who published a book called Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang Rape Hell").[51][52]

In October 2012, two girls in Fontenay-sous-Bois on the outskirts of Paris reported experiencing daily gang rapes in the high-rise tower blocks, sometimes by scores of boys. One witness described 50 boys "queuing" to rape her.[53] 10 of the 14 defendants who were minors at the time of gang rape were acquitted, while the remaining 4 adults found guilty were given 0 to 12 months in prison. This case shocked the country.[53][54] In 2014, the case of a Canadian tourist allegedly gang raped by four police officers in Paris received international attention.[55][56]

Germany edit

Further information: Rape in Germany, Rape during the occupation of Germany, and New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany

India edit

As with other countries, India does not collect separate data on gang rapes.[citation needed] Rapes are also suggested to be underreported.[57][58]

The gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a public bus, on 12 December 2012 has focused international attention on India's legal system, especially laws pertaining to the protection of women. It sparked large protests across the capital of India, Delhi.[59] Several other case of child gang rapes have been also reported, such as the Kathua rape case.[60][61] The large scale protests resulted in amendments in rape laws in India by way of Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 and formation of "The Nirbhaya Fund", designed to be used for schemes by different states to ensure women's safety and security at public places, a one-stop centre for their grievances, a helpline and other measures.[62] There have been reports of gang rape of tourists in India.[63]

Indonesia edit

Reported cases of gang rape include Jakarta International School gang rape of a six-year-old,[64] gang rape of a Malaysian student in Indonesia,[65] and the Aceh gang rape case where the victim was charged with adultery when she reported the crime.[66]

A Lancet study[6] of Jakarta and Jayapura city on New Guinea island, found gang rape prevalence rate to be 2% and 6.8% of all Indonesian men respectively who, at some point in their lifetime, have committed multiple perpetrator rape. About 52% of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman, 64% of those who had committed gang rape had raped both partner as single perpetrator as well as non-partner during a gang rape, while 12% had gang raped a woman and raped a man. The study also found that 90% of the rapists in Indonesia were in the 15–29 age group when they committed their first rape.[6]

Iran edit

 
Public execution of Khomeyni Shahr gang rape case convicts (Iran)

Many incidents of gang rapes have been reported in Iran. In several cases, the police officials have blamed the victim for not wearing hijab, and in one case arresting the victim and two activists, who were trying to bring attention to the gang rape.[67][68]

While official statistics on reported and pending gang rapes in Iran are not published by the Iranian government, public hangings for gang rapes are routinely reported in Iranian newspapers.[69][70][71]

Malaysia edit

A 15-year-old schoolgirl in Ketereh, Kelantan, was gang raped by more than 30 men.[72][73] Malaysia reported about 3,000 rape cases in 2012, a rape incidence rate of about 10.7 rapes per 100,000 people. About 52% of these victims were less than 16 years old.[72] Like other nations, Malaysia does not segregate rape and gang rape cases.

Nigeria edit

Nigeria reports thousands of gang rapes every year.[74][75] In 2011, the ABSU gang rape, in which the gang videotaped their crime, drew widespread attention and protests inside Nigeria.[76] The prevalence of group rape has been proposed as a significant contributor to spread of sexual diseases and AIDS.[77]

Pakistan edit

The 2013 National Crime Data report for Pakistan suggest a current rape rate of 8.4 women per 100,000 population, of which about 10% were gang rapes.[78]

In some cases, such as Mukhtar Mai gang rape in Muzaffargarh, village elder's council (jirga) in Pakistan have ordered that the girl in a family is gang-raped as a means of punishing her brother, and this punishment was then carried out in public with everyone watching.[79] In 2011, Pakistan's Supreme Court freed 5 men who committed the gang-rape because their action was on orders of the village council.[80][81] Other gang rape cases reported in 2013 include Bahawalpur gang rape,[82] Lahore gang rape,[83] Peshawar gang rape,[84] Karachi gang rape of a girl with polio,[85] among others.

In 2018, a trans woman from Peshawar was kidnapped and raped by eleven men, who filmed the assault and shared it on social media.[86]

Papua New Guinea edit

A Lancet study reports 14.1% of all men admitted to having committed gang rape (multiple perpetrator rape) of a non-partner woman sometime in their lifetime. 44% of these perpetrators had raped more than 1 woman over their lifetime.[6] In Papua New Guinea, 25% of the first rape was committed at a juvenile age less than 15, while in 70% of the cases the perpetrator's age was 15–29 at the time of first crime.

Saudi Arabia edit

Further information: Rape in Saudi Arabia

The Qatif rape case was a 2006 gang rape of a teenage girl by seven men. The justice received criticism because the victim was initially ordered to receive 200 lashes but the ruling was overturned by the monarch after backlash.[87][88][89]

South Africa edit

Further information: Sexual violence in South Africa

Gang rapes occur frequently in South Africa,[90] and in certain parts it is called jackrolling.[91] South Africa reported over 64,000 rapes in 2012, or about 127.5 women per 100,000 population.[92] With one woman raped every 4 minutes, South Africa has world's highest rape incidence rate per 100,000 women. Between 10% and 33% of all rapes are gang rapes involving three or more people. About 25% of youth near Johannesburg described gang rape as recreational and fun.[91][93]

In certain parts of South Africa where boys are often involved in gang rapes, rape rates are higher.[91] 40% of reported rape cases are on children below the age of 12.[94]

Vogelman and Lewis report 44% of rapists in South Africa have engaged in gang rape.[95] The National Institute of Crime Rehabilitation of South Africa claims only 1 out of 20 rapes are reported in South Africa, suggesting 1,300 women are raped every day.[96] A 2010 nationwide survey reported that about 27% of all South African men above the age of 18 have raped a woman in their lifetime one or more times, while 8.9% of all adult men have participated in a gang rape.[97] The gang rape prevalence rate varied significantly in different provinces of South Africa; for example, in Eastern Cape, 13.9% of men had gang raped a woman who was not a partner.[97]

In February 2013, a 17-year-old girl was gang raped, mutilated and left to die in a town near Cape Town. This led to widespread protests.

Spain edit

Reported gang rape cases include gang rape of a British tourist in Spain where one of the rapists (described by the victim as Arabic) was a 70-year-old man,[98] and gang rape in Huelva of a 13-year-old girl with a mental disability.[99]La Manada rape case[100]

Sweden edit

Main article: Rape in Sweden
See also: Immigration and crime § Sweden

In 2013, Forskning & Framsteg (FoF), a Swedish popular science magazine, published an article reporting that "The evidence suggests that gang rapes in Sweden is increasing - despite the decline in violent crime in general."[101] FoF went on to report that, "The increase, which primarily occurred in the 2000s, may have to do with "rape with multiple perpetrators" from 2004, classified as "serious crime", which means that more obscure cases fall into this category." FoF further reports that "National Council's investigator, Klara Hradilova-Selin, said that "developments could at least partly be interpreted in terms of an actual increase."[101] Although there are a number of other important reasons why we are seeing more reports, such as, Klara Hradilova-Selin goes on to say, "more women dare to go the police" and an "increased alcohol consumption".[101] Finally FoF goes on to report that in the 1990s "In the gang rape of three or more perpetrators 39 percent are foreign born."[101] The statistics for gang rapes were not investigated by Swedish authorities after 2006.[101]

On 21 January 2017, in Uppsala, Sweden, a group of Arab Facebook users allegedly gang-raped an unconscious woman for several hours.[102][103][104] The crime was stopped when viewers of the Facebook live feed realized what was happening and phoned the police, who entered the apartment and interrupted the crime still in progress.[105][106]

In March 2018, newspaper Expressen investigated gang rape court cases from the two preceding years and found that there were 43 men having been convicted. Their average age was 21 and 13 were under the age of 18 when the crime was committed. Of the convicted, 40 out of the 43 were either immigrants (born abroad) or born in Sweden to immigrant parents.[107] Another investigation by newspaper Aftonbladet found that of 112 men and boys convicted for gang rape since July 2012, 82 were born outside Europe. The median age of the victims was 15, while 7 out of 10 perpetrators were between 15 and 20.[108]

United Arab Emirates edit

In several cases in 2013, the courts of the UAE have sentenced the gang raped woman to prison under its laws. For example, a British woman, after she reported being gang raped by three men, was charged with the crime of drinking alcohol in UAE; an Arab woman was sentenced to one year in prison for illicit sex after she complained of gang rape; an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE, while a Norwegian woman was jailed for illicit sex when she reported rape by Arab men.[109] In another case, an 18-year Arab woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape inside a car by six men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term for consensual sex with multiple men.[110]

According to ABC News, a French teenage boy was gang raped by three Dubai men. The authorities demanded that the tourist confess he is gay and that he asked for sex. The boy insisted he was raped and diplomatic pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the gang members.[111]

United Kingdom edit

A number of gang rapes have taken place in the United Kingdom,[112] although the UK authorities had not separately collected data on gang rapes until the 2011 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre report on localised grooming entitled "Out of Mind, Out of Sight",[113] but which only deals with adolescent victims. However, Scotland Yard expressed concern in 2009 over the rise of 'gang sex attacks' in London, detailing an increase of 71 cases in 2003/2004 to 93 cases in 2008/2009.[114]

Media reports of gang rapes in the UK are often racially charged since late 2000.[115][116] This due to a particular pattern of repeated non-white perpetrated gang rapes in the metropolitan areas.[115] The Rochdale sex trafficking gang would later epitomise the phenomenon.[117] The Home Office report of 2013 described these cases as '[showing] a particular model... of organised, serious exploitation and abuse that involves predominantly Pakistani-heritage men grooming and abusing predominantly white British girls.'[118] The report stresses that the Government does not believe 'localised grooming' is intrinsic of any culture, religion, and or race, despite acknowledging the phenomenon.

In March 2014, Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker described "ground breaking work" to identify women and girls who can get drawn into gangs. "Girls associated with gangs can face sexual violence and we have provided £1.2m for 13 Young People's Advocates to support those at risk," he said on the launch of a report by the Centre for Social Justice (CSJ), a think-tank established in 2002 by Iain Duncan Smith, another Cabinet minister. Baker said the government had set up a network of more than 70 people with experience of dealing with gangs to work with 33 of the worst affected areas of the country, including 20 in London. In one case cited by the CSJ report, a schoolgirl was abducted and sexually assaulted by nine males because she criticised a gang member. The report found that girls as young as eight were being used to carry drugs while female gang members in their teens were being pressured to have sex with boys as young as 10 to initiate males into gangs. A 2014 report by the Office of the Children's Commissioner suggested that almost 2,500 children had been known to be victims of child sexual exploitation by gangs and groups.[119]

In July 2018 Home Secretary Sajid Javid ordered research into the particular characteristics of grooming gangs.[120] However, as of March 2020 this report has not been released with the Home Office claiming it is ‘not in public interest’ to release the findings.[121]

United States edit

The US reports about 85,000 rapes a year, or an average of 27.3 rapes per 100,000 population.[122] There is a rape in the US every 6.2 minutes.[123] As with other countries, the US does not collect separate data on gang rapes; Vogelman and Lewis estimate 25% of all rapes in the US are gang rapes.[96] Another source indicates 21.8% of American rapes are gang rapes.[124] A Roger Williams University study estimates from survey of crime data that 16% of all male rapists in the US participated in a gang rape crime.[125]

A 15-year-old girl in Chicago was gang raped on Facebook live in 2017 while watched by over 40 people.[126] On a separate occasion, two teens, one 15 years old and one 16, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, were gang raped by over 11 men.[127]

Some examples of gang rapes reported in local media in 2013 include the Cleveland, Texas gang rape,[128] Richmond gang rape,[129] Vanderbilt University gang rape,[130] New Orleans gang rape,[131] St Paul gang rape,[132] Miami gang rape/murder,[133] among others.

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Durham, Meenakshi G. (February 2013). ""Vicious assault shakes Texas town": the politics of gender violence in The New York Times' coverage of a schoolgirl's gang rape". Journalism Studies. 14 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2012.657907. S2CID 141709189.
  • Finnegan, Michael (September 26, 2018). "Third accuser Julie Swetnick alleges Kavanaugh attended 1982 party where she was gang-raped". Los Angeles Times.

December 03, 2023
gang, rape, scholarly, literature, criminology, gang, rape, also, called, serial, gang, rape, party, rape, group, rape, multiple, perpetrator, rape, rape, single, victim, more, violators, forged, shared, identity, religion, ethnic, group, race, there, multiple. In scholarly literature and criminology gang rape also called serial gang rape party rape group rape or multiple perpetrator rape 1 is the rape of a single victim by two or more violators 2 Gang rapes are forged on shared identity religion ethnic group or race 3 4 5 There are multiple motives for serial gang rapes such as for sexual entitlement 6 asserting sexual prowess 6 war 7 8 9 10 punishment 6 11 12 13 and in up to 30 of cases for targeting racial minorities religious minorities or ethnic groups 14 Gang rapes can be part of genocidal rape or ethnic cleansing campaigns Contents 1 Gang rape in literature 1 1 Hebrew Bible 2 Perpetrator characteristics 3 Motives 3 1 Sexual entitlement and entertainment 3 2 As an act of war 3 3 As punishment 3 4 Religious or racial factors 4 Gang rape by country 4 1 Bangladesh 4 2 Brazil 4 3 Canada 4 4 China 4 5 Egypt 4 6 France 4 7 Germany 4 8 India 4 9 Indonesia 4 10 Iran 4 11 Malaysia 4 12 Nigeria 4 13 Pakistan 4 14 Papua New Guinea 4 15 Saudi Arabia 4 16 South Africa 4 17 Spain 4 18 Sweden 4 19 United Arab Emirates 4 20 United Kingdom 4 21 United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingGang rape in literature editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it July 2020 Hebrew Bible edit The Hebrew Bible documents two narratives of gang rapes the infamous account of Sodom and the story of the Levite Concubine in Gibeah presented as a doublet with mimicking literary structure to the former Both instances result in the judgement of God through destruction and war respectively Perpetrator characteristics editGang rapes are typically perpetrated by two or more men and tend to have somewhat different characteristics than rapes by individuals For instance gang rapists tend to be younger 15 and are more often repeat offenders and the gang is more likely to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol Gang rapes are more violent on average compared to its individual counterpart with significantly more severe sexual and non sexual injuries to the victim The gang members also typically dehumanize the victim more before and during the rape 3 4 5 Gang rapes are almost always premeditated in their intent target victim s social proof and psychological causes 16 17 clarification needed Social factors such as civil wars hate propaganda and ethnic conflicts increase the rate of gang rape 18 19 Rape gang members often have a binding force such as the same race or place of residence thereby forming a close knit peer pressure group encouraged by the behavior of their fellow criminals 3 4 5 Gang rape can result from a group form of criminal spin in which the group starts with less serious offenses which ultimately lead them to go well beyond their initial intention In a 2013 study based on 25 year crime data from US and Europe between 10 and 20 of all rapes were gang rapes Less than one in three gang rapes are reported while less than 1 in 20 attempted but failed gang rapes are reported 1 Motives editSexual entitlement and entertainment edit A 2013 Lancet report found that among the motives for rape were sexual entitlement and seeking of entertainment Associated factors in the crime included alcohol misuse poverty personal history of childhood victimization need to prove heterosexual performance dominance over women and participation in gangs and related activities As of September 2013 update according to the report most cases were not reported to law enforcement and just 23 of single or multiple perpetrator rapes that were reported by the victims ended in prison sentence 6 The 1886 Mount Rennie rape case in Sydney Australia falls in this category As an act of war edit Main article War rape Gang rapes during civil wars and ethnic riots take added dimension of becoming a means of revenge sending a message to the victims community inducing fear in the opponent and creating a sense of solidarity among the soldiers or militants or the violent group 7 20 At least 20 000 women were raped or gang raped and afterwards killed during the Nanjing Massacre also known as the Rape of Nanking during the Second Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 Major ethnic conflicts and wars within the last 50 years have witnessed a campaign of gang rapes 21 Rapes by Soviet soldiers and the Mahmudiyah rape and killings by American soldiers are examples of such war crimes The Congo war saw thousands of gang rapes every week with each relief center reporting 10 or more daily victims of gang rape with battering of women 8 22 The Rwandan genocide of 1994 witnessed numerous gang rapes by soldiers 23 The Bosnian war during the 1990s saw a similar campaign of gang rapes 9 In the 1990s the Kashmir region which was a battlefield between Jihadists and the Indian armed forces also saw a number of gang rapes which were perpetrated by both sides of the conflict to instill fear in the population of each side 24 In the 2000s civil war torn countries such as Sudan Afghanistan and Syria reported high rates of gang rapes by government soldiers security forces insurgents and militias 10 25 26 27 Similar incidents have been recorded in Libya 28 and Mali 29 As punishment edit See also Corrective rape A 2013 Lancet report on rape and gang rape in Bangladesh China Cambodia Indonesia Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka found that the crime was committed for various motives including as a means to inflict punishment on the victim 6 Traditionally the Cheyenne people of North America used gang rape as punishment for female transgressions 11 A similar practice existed among the Munduruku people of South America 12 Among the Mpumalanga of South Africa there are instances of gang rape as punishment 13 In Argentina and Pakistan 30 gang rape has been reported to have been ordered as punishment Religious or racial factors edit Though having the same race or religion often acts as a binding force for creating a close knit serial rape gangs 3 4 5 studies reported that 30 of these shared identity rape gangs specifically targeted people of another religion or race 14 Gang rape by country editThis is an incomplete list of countries where government or media have acknowledged the problem of gang rape A study found that the gang rapes involved more alcohol and drug use night attacks and severe sexual assault outcomes and less victim resistance and fewer weapons than individual rapes 31 Another study found that group sexual assaults were more violent and had greater resistance from the victim than individual sexual assaults and that victims of group sexual assaults were more likely to seek crisis and police services to contemplate suicide and seek psychotherapy than those involved in individual assaults The two groups were about the same in the amount of drug use and drinking during the assault 32 Porter and Alison have analyzed 739 gang rape cases from US and UK and found over 20 of the gang rape victims died from injuries from the gang rape 33 Gang rape is sometimes stereotyped in media as a crime of poor minorities or culture however gang rape incidence rates are high in wealthy college campuses among non minorities and every culture 34 Bangladesh edit A 2013 Lancet study reports 1 9 of all rural men in Bangladesh have committed multiple perpetrator rape gang rape of a woman who was not a partner compared to 1 4 urban men 35 of those who have committed gang rapes against women have also committed additional rapes where the victim was a man The motives of rape included a combination of reasons Two thirds of the gang rape perpetrators claimed entertainment as their motive 30 claimed they participated in gang rape out of anger and to inflict punishment on the victim while 11 indicated the crime followed alcohol consumption 6 Brazil edit This section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information March 2015 In the state of Rio de Janeiro alone over 6 000 rapes are reported every year or about 37 per 100 000 people 35 Nationwide the rape rate varied between 26 and 32 per 100 000 women in 2009 36 The arrest rates on rape complaints was 4 in Rio 35 About 19 6 of 2011 rapes were gang rapes 37 In 2016 more than 30 men drugged and gang raped a 16 year old girl and later posted photos and a video to boast about it online 38 39 Canada edit Peer pressure and sexual aggression are among the cited reasons for the crime 40 41 Since 1983 Canada does not track rape or gang rape statistics separately but tracks and reports Sexual Assault Tier 3 which includes both rape and gang rape The average Sexual Assault Tier 3 victim rate in Canada was 15 per 100 000 women according to a 2013 Statistics Canada article about violence against women 42 China edit See also Yan Xiaoling Fan Yanqiong case A Lancet study reports in an online survey of 980 Chinese men 2 2 of them admitted to having committed gang rape multiple perpetrator rape of a non partner woman About 36 of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman 50 of those who had committed gang rape had raped both one partner as a single perpetrator as well as a non partner during a gang rape while 32 had gang raped a woman and raped a man The study also found that 90 of the rapists were in the 15 29 age group at the time they perpetrated the first rape 6 In July 2013 Li Tianyi the son of Chinese general Li Shuangjiang was charged with four other men to being part of a gang rape This case raised significant public anger over seemingly privileged treatment of elite gang rape criminals 43 Egypt edit See also Mass sexual assault in Egypt and Rape in Egypt Over two dozen gang rapes were reported during civil protests in Egypt from January to March 2013 however activists claim that many more gang rapes often go unreported because most women are too ashamed to go to the police or even tell their relatives 44 45 During July 2013 at Tahrir Square mobs assaulted and gang raped at least 46 women in 4 days 46 A Dutch journalist was also gang raped in Tahrir Square 47 48 A similar gang rape and gang beating was reported by an American journalist in 2011 In a separate survey over 90 of Egyptian women claimed to have experienced sexual violence in their lifetime 49 France edit Further information Ni Putes Ni Soumises and Rape in France Between 5000 and 7000 gang rapes are reported in France every year 50 In banlieues organised gang rapes are referred to as tournantes or pass arounds 51 52 One of the first people to bring public attention to the culture of gang rape was Samira Bellil who published a book called Dans l enfer des tournantes In Gang Rape Hell 51 52 In October 2012 two girls in Fontenay sous Bois on the outskirts of Paris reported experiencing daily gang rapes in the high rise tower blocks sometimes by scores of boys One witness described 50 boys queuing to rape her 53 10 of the 14 defendants who were minors at the time of gang rape were acquitted while the remaining 4 adults found guilty were given 0 to 12 months in prison This case shocked the country 53 54 In 2014 the case of a Canadian tourist allegedly gang raped by four police officers in Paris received international attention 55 56 Germany edit Further information Rape in Germany Rape during the occupation of Germany and New Year s Eve sexual assaults in Germany India edit As with other countries India does not collect separate data on gang rapes citation needed Rapes are also suggested to be underreported 57 58 The gang rape of a 23 year old student on a public bus on 12 December 2012 has focused international attention on India s legal system especially laws pertaining to the protection of women It sparked large protests across the capital of India Delhi 59 Several other case of child gang rapes have been also reported such as the Kathua rape case 60 61 The large scale protests resulted in amendments in rape laws in India by way of Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013 and formation of The Nirbhaya Fund designed to be used for schemes by different states to ensure women s safety and security at public places a one stop centre for their grievances a helpline and other measures 62 There have been reports of gang rape of tourists in India 63 Indonesia edit Reported cases of gang rape include Jakarta International School gang rape of a six year old 64 gang rape of a Malaysian student in Indonesia 65 and the Aceh gang rape case where the victim was charged with adultery when she reported the crime 66 A Lancet study 6 of Jakarta and Jayapura city on New Guinea island found gang rape prevalence rate to be 2 and 6 8 of all Indonesian men respectively who at some point in their lifetime have committed multiple perpetrator rape About 52 of the perpetrators had raped more than one woman 64 of those who had committed gang rape had raped both partner as single perpetrator as well as non partner during a gang rape while 12 had gang raped a woman and raped a man The study also found that 90 of the rapists in Indonesia were in the 15 29 age group when they committed their first rape 6 Iran edit nbsp Public execution of Khomeyni Shahr gang rape case convicts Iran Many incidents of gang rapes have been reported in Iran In several cases the police officials have blamed the victim for not wearing hijab and in one case arresting the victim and two activists who were trying to bring attention to the gang rape 67 68 While official statistics on reported and pending gang rapes in Iran are not published by the Iranian government public hangings for gang rapes are routinely reported in Iranian newspapers 69 70 71 Malaysia edit A 15 year old schoolgirl in Ketereh Kelantan was gang raped by more than 30 men 72 73 Malaysia reported about 3 000 rape cases in 2012 a rape incidence rate of about 10 7 rapes per 100 000 people About 52 of these victims were less than 16 years old 72 Like other nations Malaysia does not segregate rape and gang rape cases Nigeria edit Nigeria reports thousands of gang rapes every year 74 75 In 2011 the ABSU gang rape in which the gang videotaped their crime drew widespread attention and protests inside Nigeria 76 The prevalence of group rape has been proposed as a significant contributor to spread of sexual diseases and AIDS 77 Pakistan edit The 2013 National Crime Data report for Pakistan suggest a current rape rate of 8 4 women per 100 000 population of which about 10 were gang rapes 78 In some cases such as Mukhtar Mai gang rape in Muzaffargarh village elder s council jirga in Pakistan have ordered that the girl in a family is gang raped as a means of punishing her brother and this punishment was then carried out in public with everyone watching 79 In 2011 Pakistan s Supreme Court freed 5 men who committed the gang rape because their action was on orders of the village council 80 81 Other gang rape cases reported in 2013 include Bahawalpur gang rape 82 Lahore gang rape 83 Peshawar gang rape 84 Karachi gang rape of a girl with polio 85 among others In 2018 a trans woman from Peshawar was kidnapped and raped by eleven men who filmed the assault and shared it on social media 86 Papua New Guinea edit A Lancet study reports 14 1 of all men admitted to having committed gang rape multiple perpetrator rape of a non partner woman sometime in their lifetime 44 of these perpetrators had raped more than 1 woman over their lifetime 6 In Papua New Guinea 25 of the first rape was committed at a juvenile age less than 15 while in 70 of the cases the perpetrator s age was 15 29 at the time of first crime Saudi Arabia edit Further information Rape in Saudi Arabia The Qatif rape case was a 2006 gang rape of a teenage girl by seven men The justice received criticism because the victim was initially ordered to receive 200 lashes but the ruling was overturned by the monarch after backlash 87 88 89 South Africa edit Further information Sexual violence in South Africa Gang rapes occur frequently in South Africa 90 and in certain parts it is called jackrolling 91 South Africa reported over 64 000 rapes in 2012 or about 127 5 women per 100 000 population 92 With one woman raped every 4 minutes South Africa has world s highest rape incidence rate per 100 000 women Between 10 and 33 of all rapes are gang rapes involving three or more people About 25 of youth near Johannesburg described gang rape as recreational and fun 91 93 In certain parts of South Africa where boys are often involved in gang rapes rape rates are higher 91 40 of reported rape cases are on children below the age of 12 94 Vogelman and Lewis report 44 of rapists in South Africa have engaged in gang rape 95 The National Institute of Crime Rehabilitation of South Africa claims only 1 out of 20 rapes are reported in South Africa suggesting 1 300 women are raped every day 96 A 2010 nationwide survey reported that about 27 of all South African men above the age of 18 have raped a woman in their lifetime one or more times while 8 9 of all adult men have participated in a gang rape 97 The gang rape prevalence rate varied significantly in different provinces of South Africa for example in Eastern Cape 13 9 of men had gang raped a woman who was not a partner 97 In February 2013 a 17 year old girl was gang raped mutilated and left to die in a town near Cape Town This led to widespread protests Spain edit Reported gang rape cases include gang rape of a British tourist in Spain where one of the rapists described by the victim as Arabic was a 70 year old man 98 and gang rape in Huelva of a 13 year old girl with a mental disability 99 La Manada rape case 100 Sweden edit Main article Rape in Sweden See also Immigration and crime Sweden In 2013 Forskning amp Framsteg FoF a Swedish popular science magazine published an article reporting that The evidence suggests that gang rapes in Sweden is increasing despite the decline in violent crime in general 101 FoF went on to report that The increase which primarily occurred in the 2000s may have to do with rape with multiple perpetrators from 2004 classified as serious crime which means that more obscure cases fall into this category FoF further reports that National Council s investigator Klara Hradilova Selin said that developments could at least partly be interpreted in terms of an actual increase 101 Although there are a number of other important reasons why we are seeing more reports such as Klara Hradilova Selin goes on to say more women dare to go the police and an increased alcohol consumption 101 Finally FoF goes on to report that in the 1990s In the gang rape of three or more perpetrators 39 percent are foreign born 101 The statistics for gang rapes were not investigated by Swedish authorities after 2006 101 On 21 January 2017 in Uppsala Sweden a group of Arab Facebook users allegedly gang raped an unconscious woman for several hours 102 103 104 The crime was stopped when viewers of the Facebook live feed realized what was happening and phoned the police who entered the apartment and interrupted the crime still in progress 105 106 In March 2018 newspaper Expressen investigated gang rape court cases from the two preceding years and found that there were 43 men having been convicted Their average age was 21 and 13 were under the age of 18 when the crime was committed Of the convicted 40 out of the 43 were either immigrants born abroad or born in Sweden to immigrant parents 107 Another investigation by newspaper Aftonbladet found that of 112 men and boys convicted for gang rape since July 2012 82 were born outside Europe The median age of the victims was 15 while 7 out of 10 perpetrators were between 15 and 20 108 United Arab Emirates edit In several cases in 2013 the courts of the UAE have sentenced the gang raped woman to prison under its laws For example a British woman after she reported being gang raped by three men was charged with the crime of drinking alcohol in UAE an Arab woman was sentenced to one year in prison for illicit sex after she complained of gang rape an Australian woman was similarly sentenced to jail after she reported gang rape in the UAE while a Norwegian woman was jailed for illicit sex when she reported rape by Arab men 109 In another case an 18 year Arab woman withdrew her complaint of gang rape inside a car by six men when the prosecution threatened her with a long jail term for consensual sex with multiple men 110 According to ABC News a French teenage boy was gang raped by three Dubai men The authorities demanded that the tourist confess he is gay and that he asked for sex The boy insisted he was raped and diplomatic pressure led to the arrest and conviction of the gang members 111 United Kingdom edit A number of gang rapes have taken place in the United Kingdom 112 although the UK authorities had not separately collected data on gang rapes until the 2011 Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre report on localised grooming entitled Out of Mind Out of Sight 113 but which only deals with adolescent victims However Scotland Yard expressed concern in 2009 over the rise of gang sex attacks in London detailing an increase of 71 cases in 2003 2004 to 93 cases in 2008 2009 114 Media reports of gang rapes in the UK are often racially charged since late 2000 115 116 This due to a particular pattern of repeated non white perpetrated gang rapes in the metropolitan areas 115 The Rochdale sex trafficking gang would later epitomise the phenomenon 117 The Home Office report of 2013 described these cases as showing a particular model of organised serious exploitation and abuse that involves predominantly Pakistani heritage men grooming and abusing predominantly white British girls 118 The report stresses that the Government does not believe localised grooming is intrinsic of any culture religion and or race despite acknowledging the phenomenon In March 2014 Crime Prevention Minister Norman Baker described ground breaking work to identify women and girls who can get drawn into gangs Girls associated with gangs can face sexual violence and we have provided 1 2m for 13 Young People s Advocates to support those at risk he said on the launch of a report by the Centre for Social Justice CSJ a think tank established in 2002 by Iain Duncan Smith another Cabinet minister Baker said the government had set up a network of more than 70 people with experience of dealing with gangs to work with 33 of the worst affected areas of the country including 20 in London In one case cited by the CSJ report a schoolgirl was abducted and sexually assaulted by nine males because she criticised a gang member The report found that girls as young as eight were being used to carry drugs while female gang members in their teens were being pressured to have sex with boys as young as 10 to initiate males into gangs A 2014 report by the Office of the Children s Commissioner suggested that almost 2 500 children had been known to be victims of child sexual exploitation by gangs and groups 119 In July 2018 Home Secretary Sajid Javid ordered research into the particular characteristics of grooming gangs 120 However as of March 2020 this report has not been released with the Home Office claiming it is not in public interest to release the findings 121 United States edit The US reports about 85 000 rapes a year or an average of 27 3 rapes per 100 000 population 122 There is a rape in the US every 6 2 minutes 123 As with other countries the US does not collect separate data on gang rapes Vogelman and Lewis estimate 25 of all rapes in the US are gang rapes 96 Another source indicates 21 8 of American rapes are gang rapes 124 A Roger Williams University study estimates from survey of crime data that 16 of all male rapists in the US participated in a gang rape crime 125 A 15 year old girl in Chicago was gang raped on Facebook live in 2017 while watched by over 40 people 126 On a separate occasion two teens one 15 years old and one 16 in La Crosse Wisconsin were gang raped by over 11 men 127 Some examples of gang rapes reported in local media in 2013 include the Cleveland Texas gang rape 128 Richmond gang rape 129 Vanderbilt University gang rape 130 New Orleans gang rape 131 St Paul gang rape 132 Miami gang rape murder 133 among others See also edit nbsp Crime portalFiction about gang rape Sodom and Gomorrah Types of rapeReferences edit a b Ullman S E 2013 11 Multiple perpetrator rape victimization Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape A Multidisciplinary Response to an International Problem Miranda A H Horvath Jessica Woodhams Editors 4 Chapter 11 ISBN 978 0415500449 Neumann Stephani Gang Rape Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities Sex Crimes and Paraphilia Hickey Eric W 397 407 a b c d Ullman Sarah 1999 A comparison of gang and individual rape incidents Violence and victims 14 2 pp 123 133 a b c d Porter L E amp Alison L J 2001 A Partially Ordered Scale of Influence in Violent Group Behavior An Example From Gang Rape Small Group Research 32 4 pp 475 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09 09 at the Wayback Machine Teenager gang raped on Facebook live while dozens watched and did nothing Archived from the original on 2022 01 25 Retrieved 2018 01 29 JUNGEN ANNE 2 La Crosse teens charged in gang rape of 2 girls inside South Side garage Archived from the original on 2018 01 05 Retrieved 2018 01 04 Defendant in Cleveland gang rape case gets life sentence Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on 2013 09 27 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Gafni Matthias Richmond gang rape main participant sentenced to 32 years San Jose Mercury News Mercurynews com Archived from the original on 2013 10 14 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Goldgeier Kathy 23 June 2017 Third Former Vanderbilt Football Player Found Guilty in Rape of Unconscious Student NPR Archived from the original on 5 July 2020 Retrieved 4 July 2020 St Tammany Parish Sheriff s Office 4 men found guilty in gang rape of 15 year old in St Tammany The Times Picayune Archived from the original on 2013 10 16 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Gurnonegurnon Emily 2013 07 15 Teen in St Paul gang rape gets more than three years St Paul Pioneer Press Archived from the original on 2022 01 25 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Ringleader of gang rape murder sentenced to death WSVN Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved 2013 11 05 Further reading editDurham Meenakshi G February 2013 Vicious assault shakes Texas town the politics of gender violence in The New York Times coverage of a schoolgirl s gang rape Journalism Studies 14 1 1 12 doi 10 1080 1461670X 2012 657907 S2CID 141709189 Finnegan Michael September 26 2018 Third accuser Julie Swetnick alleges Kavanaugh attended 1982 party where she was gang raped Los Angeles Times Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gang rape amp oldid 1187164318, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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