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Enthiran

March 21, 2023

Enthiran (transl. Robot) is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language science fiction action film written and directed by S. Shankar.[13] It is the first instalment in the Enthiran film series. The film stars Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan with Danny Denzongpa, Santhanam and Karunas in supporting roles. The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman while the dialogues, cinematography, editing and art direction were handled by Madhan Karky, R. Rathnavelu, Anthony and Sabu Cyril respectively. The story revolves around the struggle of a scientist K. Vaseegaran to control his android humanoid robot named Chitti, after Chitti's software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and exhibit human emotions. The project backfires when Chitti falls in love with Vaseegaran's girlfriend, Sana, and is manipulated by Bohra, a rival scientist, into becoming homicidal.

Enthiran
Theatrical release poster
Directed byS. Shankar
Written byS. Shankar
Sujatha
Produced byKalanithi Maran
Starring
CinematographyR. Rathnavelu
Edited byAnthony
Music byA. R. Rahman
Production
company
Distributed bySun Pictures
Release date
  • 1 October 2010 (2010-10-01)
Running time
177 minutes[Note 1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil
Budget₹150 crore[7]
Box officeest. ₹250—320 crore[12]

After being stalled in the development phase for nearly a decade, the film's principal photography began in 2008 and lasted two years. The film marked the debut of Legacy Effects studio (which was responsible for the film's prosthetic make-up and animatronics) in Indian cinema. Enthiran was released worldwide on 1 October 2010. Produced by Kalanithi Maran, it was India's most expensive film up to that point.

The film received generally positive reviews upon release. Critics were particularly appreciative of Shankar's direction, storyline, Rajinikanth's performance as Chitti, music, action sequences, production values and the visual effects by V. Srinivas Mohan. Enthiran emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film of 2010 and is the 51st highest-grossing Indian film of all time. It won two National Film Awards, three Filmfare Awards, seven Vijay Awards and two Screen Awards. Enthiran was followed by a standalone sequel, 2.0, which released in late 2018.

Plot

After a decade of research, scientist Vaseegaran invents a sophisticated android humanoid robot, assisted by Siva and Ravi, with an intent to commission the robot into the Indian Army. He christens the robot as Chitti upon his mother's advice and introduces it in a robotics conference in Chennai. Vaseegaran's girlfriend Sana, a medical student, seeks Chitti's help to prepare for her forthcoming examinations; it helps her cheat in her examinations and later, rescues her from a group of thugs in an electric locomotive. Vaseegaran's mentor, Professor Bohra, is covertly indulged in a mission to create similar android robots for a terrorist organisation, but so far has been unsuccessful. Leaders of the organisation threaten to murder Bohra if he fails to meet his deadline which causes him to seek the details pertaining to Chitti's neural schema intending to program his robots correctly.

Vaseegaran prepares Chitti for an evaluation at the Artificial Intelligence Research and Development (AIRD) institute, where a committee headed by Bohra would test Chitti and approve its commission into the army. During the evaluation, Bohra commands Chitti to stab Vaseegaran and desists it when it is about to do so proving that it is a liability, can be easily manipulated and thus, cannot be commissioned into the army. Later, Vaseegaran deploys Chitti to rescue people trapped in a burning colony to demonstrate that Chitti is capable of saving people. Chitti saves most of them including a naked girl who was bathing and out of shame for being filmed by the media, she flees and is hit by a truck that results in her death. Vaseegaran requests Bohra for a time period of one month to modify Chitti's neural schema that could help it manifest emotions, to which Bohra complies. As he sees no progress as the deadline nears, Vaseegaran humiliates Chitti, which becomes angry certifying that it can exhibit emotions.

Chitti, having read Sana's textbooks, helps Sana's pregnant friend Latha undergo a successful delivery which doctors declared as complicated. Consequently, Bohra lets Chitti pass the evaluation but warns Vaseegaran of impending problems. Sana kisses Chitti on its cheek as a gratitude but it ends up developing romantic feelings for her. Later, at Sana's birthday party, Chitti attempts to kiss her while dancing and is confronted by Vaseegaran and Sana, to whom it confesses that it is in love with her. They try to make Chitti understand that it is a machine and its love for Sana is against nature and how it is established. Broken, though convinced, Chitti leaves but Bohra instigates it against Vaseegaran and assures it that it is capable of giving everything to Sana, creating a conflict between Chitti and Vaseegaran. Later, Chitti deliberately fails in another evaluation being conducted by the Indian Army officials by talking off-topic. Humiliated by this act, Vaseegaran axes Chitti and the pieces are dumped into a landfill site.

Intending to retrieve Chitti, Bohra visits the site and takes it to his lab, albeit in a damaged state. Reconstructing Chitti with the help of Siva and Ravi, Bohra embeds in it a "red chip" that functions as a destructive program and transforms Chitti into a ruthless robot. Bohra discloses to Siva and Ravi that he has done it to ruin Vaseegaran and earn through Chitti, which meanwhile, gatecrashes Sana and Vaseegaran's wedding, abducts the former, injures Vaseegaran and murders several police officers. It then creates replicas of itself using Bohra's droids, intending to create an army, much to Bohra's chagrin. The latter holds Sana at knifepoint and threatens Chitti to delete his programs but three droids of Chitti's army capture Bohra, whom Chitti kills. Causing mayhem in the city using his army, Chitti conquers AIRD making it its residence and gathers supplies by destroying a number of shops. It tells Sana that it intends to marry her and produce a preprogrammed child of a human and a robot through her. Sana repudiates and falls unconscious while Vaseegaran infiltrates AIRD under guise of a droid and engages Sana to manipulate Chitti but the latter sees a drop of blood in Sana's room, which he deduces to be of Vaseegaran, finds him among the droids and attempts to kill him but police commandos intervene. A battle ensues between Chitti's army and the government personnel resulting in multiple casualties and property destruction. Vaseegaran apprehends Chitti using a magnetic wall and accesses its internal control panel and instructs the other droids to self-destruct. He later terminates the red chip, successfully converting it into its previous form.

In a court hearing, Vaseegaran is sentenced to death for the casualties and destruction but Chitti proves him innocent, demonstrating a recording of Bohra installing the chip into it. The court acquits Vaseegaran of all charges and orders Chitti to be dismantled. Distraught, Vaseegaran instructs Chitti to dismantle itself in his lab and it does so after bidding farewell to Sana, Latha and others and apologising to Sana and Vaseegaran.

Several years later, in 2030, Chitti is being exhibited in a museum and fascinates a child, who is on her school trip and asks her guide why it was dismantled. Chitti replies, "Naan sinthikka arambichen" (I started thinking).

Cast

I thought that playing Chitti the robot would be very difficult. He is a machine. His movements should not be like a human being's. We had to draw a line. If I deviated even slightly, Shankar would point it out and say I was being too human. After four to five days of shooting, we found a rhythm.

— Rajinikanth, on his experience of playing Chitti.[14]

Production

Development

In 1996, following the release of Indian, S. Shankar approached and pitched three storylines to Rajinikanth to consider for his next venture. This included scripts which would later become Sivaji: The Boss (2007), Enthiran (2010) and I (2015). Rajinikanth was sceptical and refused all three scripts at the time.[19] Following the completion of his first directorial venture in Hindi, Nayak (2001), Shankar announced his next project, Robot, which was to feature Kamal Haasan and Preity Zinta.[20][21] The film was to be produced by the now-defunct company Media Dreams, a division of Pentamedia Graphics.[21][22] The film was reported to be a futuristic techno-thriller set in Chennai in around 2200 or 3000.[23][24] Despite the completion of a photoshoot featuring Haasan and Zinta,[25] the project was shelved as a result of scheduling conflicts with Haasan.[26] Shankar consequently started work on Boys (2003).[21]

After Boys, Shankar began work on his next feature starring Vikram, which was initially reported by Rediff.com to be Robot revived,[27] but was later revealed as Anniyan (2005).[28][29] One month post the release of Sivaji: The Boss in June 2007, he approached Shah Rukh Khan for the lead in Robot.[30] Shankar had cast Priyanka Chopra in the lead opposite him.[31] Khan was about to produce it under his own banner, Red Chillies Entertainment, but in October the same year the project was officially aborted due to creative differences between him and Shankar.[30][32]

The project was revived in January 2008 with Eros International and the London-based production company Ayngaran International willing to produce the film.[22] The state government of Tamil Nadu granted tax exemptions for films titled in Tamil, resulting in the new production being renamed Enthiran.[26] While Sujatha was originally assigned to write the dialogue for the film, Madhan Karky took over after Sujatha's death in February 2008.[25] In December 2008, Eros International withdrew from funding the project after financial difficulties caused by the box-office failure of Drona (2008) and Yuvvraaj (2008),[33] with the subsequent departure of Ayngaran International, which struggled with the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[34] The film's production and release rights were sold to Sun Pictures.[35]

Cast and crew

 
For their roles, Rajinikanth (left) and Rai (right) were paid ₹450 million and ₹60 million respectively.

In January 2008, Rajinikanth accepted the lead role in the film for a salary of ₹450 million (Indian rupees).[32][36][Note 2][14] Shankar rewrote the original script to suit Rajinikanth's acting style.[14] Although Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was Shankar's original choice for the female lead in 2001, she declined it owing to a busy schedule and was replaced by Zinta.[38] When Shankar revived the project with Rajinikanth,[32] contenders for the part included Deepika Padukone,[39] Shriya Saran and Rai, who was ultimately selected and paid ₹60 million.[40][41][Note 2] Rai's voice was dubbed by Savitha Reddy.[42][Note 3]

Several actors were considered for the role of Professor Bohra, including Amitabh Bachchan, J. D. Chakravarthy,[43] Sathyaraj and British actor Ben Kingsley,[44][45] but it was Danny Denzongpa who eventually received it, making Enthiran his first film in Tamil.[46] Dubbing for Denzongpa was provided by Kadhir.[47] Comedians Santhanam and Karunas were cast to portray Vaseegaran's assistants Siva and Ravi respectively.[48]

The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A. R. Rahman.[49] Vairamuthu, Pa. Vijay and Madhan Karky authored the lyrics for the songs.[49][50] Manoj Bharathiraja, son of filmmaker Bharathiraja, was signed on to be an assistant director after he approached Shankar.[45] Also working as assistant directors were Atlee,[51] Shree and Karthik G. Krish.[52][53] Sabu Cyril, in addition to being the film's art director, made a guest appearance as Shah, an interpreter between Bohra and the terrorist organisation.[17][54]

R. Rathnavelu was hired as the cinematographer after Ravi K. Chandran,[55] Nirav Shah and Tirru were considered.[56][57] Anthony was the film's editor.[58] Yuen Woo-ping, known for his work in The Matrix trilogy and the Kill Bill films, was selected to be the stunt co-ordinator, while Legacy Effects, a visual effects studio based in the United States, were in charge of the prosthetic make-up and animatronics in the film.[59] Munich-based film technical company, Panther, were responsible for the crane shots.[60][Note 4] The film's subtitle captioning was done by Rekha Haricharan.[61]

Costume design

Manish Malhotra and Mary E. Vogt were chosen to design the film's costumes.[62][Note 5] Fifty-seven costumes were used for Rai, including a "Mexican tribal" look that she sported during the filming of the "Kilimanjaro" segment.[63] According to make-up artist Banu, no prosthetics were used for Rajinikanth to avoid bothering him by withholding his time on set.[64] Additional make-up was by Vance Hartwell, an employee of Legacy Effects.[65]

The visual appearance of Chitti was based on the G.I. Joe action figures. For Chitti's "villain robot" look, its hair was spiked and brown coloured lenses were used for its eyes, whereas for its "good robot" look, green coloured lenses were used.[64] The wig used for Chitti's "villain robot" look had a silver streak in the middle, made out of Yak hair,[66] while its leather jacket was designed by Vogt.[66] To make Vaseegaran look mature, the team made Rajinikanth sport an Oakley beard.[Note 6] Suits made of copper were used for Chitti's costumes.[68]

Principal photography

 
The residential section of the Incan city of Machu Picchu, which features in the song, "Kilimanjaro".

For Sabu Cyril's sets, Shankar required approximately twice as much studio floor space as for his previous film. After rejecting Ramoji Film City for technical reasons, Enthiran's producer, Kalanithi Maran, took six months to set up three air-conditioned studio floors on land in Perungudi owned by Sun TV Network.[69] Filming began on 15 February 2008 at AVM Studios in Chennai.[57] After the initial stages of filming, Shankar and Rathnavelu toured the world for three weeks, scouting for exotic filming locations.[70] They visited Austria, Germany, Peru, Brazil and Argentina, looking for a backdrop to shoot the "Kilimanjaro" and "Kadhal Anukkal" segments,[71] eventually deciding on Peru and Brazil.[72][73] "Kilimanjaro" was filmed at the ruins of the Incan city of Machu Picchu in Peru, with some 100 Brazilian extras.[71][72] It was choreographed by Raju Sundaram and supervised by Fernando Astete, director of the Machu Picchu archaeological park.[72][74] "Kadhal Anukkal" was filmed in Lençóis Maranhenses National Park in northeastern Brazil.[73]

The filming for Chitti's introduction to the international robotics conference was completed in December 2008 at Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering and Vellore Institute of Technology, where more than 400 students were used as extras.[75][76] Further footage was shot over five days at the Ennore Port on the Mitsui O.S.K. Lines car carrier, Neptune Ace.[77] An action sequence where Chitti saves Sana from thugs was filmed in Lonavla, under the supervision of the action choreographer Peter Hein.[78] Scenes featuring Rajinikanth as Chitti were captured over five days at the Perungudi Dump Yard in Chennai.[79] Sabu Cyril told Uma Kannan of The New Indian Express that the sets for the climax sequence, which was filmed at Mayajaal, consisted of a tar road and glass buildings which rose to 65 feet (20 m), and that aluminium composite panels, reported to have cost ₹50 million, were also used to design the sets.[80][81][Note 7]

The set for "Arima Arima", a sequence choreographed by Prabhu Deva,[82] was designed and constructed by Cyril at Ramoji Film City.[80] Filming of the number took place over 22 days in April 2009.[82] Junior artists were employed by Rathnavelu to wear masks of Rajinikanth.[83] For the sequence entitled "Irumbile Oru Irudhaiyam", choreographed by Remo D'Souza and featuring Rai and Rajinikanth as Chitti,[84] three different sets were used: one of copper, one of gold and one in silver.[80] The musical number, which was filmed in AVM Studios for eight days, was the last portion of the film's principal photography. D'Souza incorporated the popping style of street dances, but encountered difficulties in performing the dance movements in tandem with the robot, and with the restrictions created by the rigid costumes.[84] Principal photography ended on 7 July 2010.[85]

Visual effects

Impressed with the film's script, V. Srinivas Mohan became the visual effects supervisor in December 2007. He asked Shankar to increase the filming schedules by six months to include pre-production requirements.[86][87] Both Mohan and Shankar visited several visual effects companies, including the New Zealand-based Weta Digital and the United States-based Industrial Light & Magic, Cafe FX and Tippett Studio before partnering with Legacy Effects.[86][88] The original Eros-Ayngaran visual effects budget was ₹700 million,[Note 2] but after Sun Pictures took over production, it was significantly reduced to ₹200 million.[Note 2] As a result, the visual effects team had to omit and alter some sequences, making Chitti wear sunglasses for most of the film to reduce the cost and difficulty of animating his eyes.[89]

After a series of previsualisation tests, including a scene in which Chitti jumps on a train to save Sana, Mohan eventually decided to use the technique in 40 out of the 60 visual effects scenes featured in the film,[86] consisting of 2,000 takes.[90] Further previsualisation supervision was conducted by P. C. Sanath of Firefly Creative Studios, a visual effects company based in Hyderabad. 3D storyboards were constructed using 3D animation programs for every scene in the film and were shot from different angles.[87] In an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu, Mohan said all the pre-production work took one-and-a-half years to complete.[90]

Rathnavelu used the 435 Xtreme camera and also wrote a 1,600-page manual, in which he listed all the possible angles from where he could film the characters Rajinikanth played.[91][92] Legacy Effects and the Hong Kong-based visual effects companies Kinomotive Studios and Menfond Electronics took responsibility for the film's CGI work.[90] To create the robots with Rajinikanth's appearance, a complete scan of his face in 3D digital format in all possible lighting conditions was conducted using the Doom Light Stage,[Note 8] so that his face could be replicated on the mannequins.[87] The technique, according to Shankar, was previously used in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008).[94] The robot Chitti featured in the film was a mannequin made by a Legacy Effects team of 100 technicians in Los Angeles. For every robotic mannequin used, six puppeteers were employed to control the mannequin's movements.[90]

Themes and influences

Enthiran focuses on the battle between man and machine.[95] Despite Shankar's claim that Enthiran was a purely original idea,[25] it has been compared to Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein, owing to the similar personae of Chitti and Frankenstein's monster, both of whom turn against their respective creators.[96][97] K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake, in their book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas, noted the similarity between the two works, arguing that Chitti was "manipulated by Bohra to become a Frankenstein-like figure".[98] Writing for The A.V. Club, Genevieve Koski observed, "The plot of Enthiran is essentially Frankenstein via [Isaac] Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics."[13]

Director and film critic Sudhish Kamath called Enthiran "a superhero film, a sci-fi adventure, a triangular love story with a hint of the Ramayana", while remarking that Enthiran's similarities to The Terminator (1984) were "more than obvious. Not just visually—where we see the Superstar with one human eye and one scarred metallic eye but also intentionally spelt out when the bad robot announces that he has created Terminators." Kamath compared two of the film's robots to C-3PO and R2-D2, droids from the Star Wars film series, which was referenced in Enthiran when Vaseegaran refers to one of his creations as "R2".[99] The film was noted to have similarities with the 2002 Kannada film Hollywood which had its lead actor playing three roles – one of which was a scientist and another was a humanoid robot invented by that scientist which falls in love with the girlfriend of his creator.[100]

Although Shankar initially claimed that Enthiran would be made for all audiences, including those lacking computer literacy,[101] the film is influenced by and makes references to many scientific principles relating to the fields of engineering, computer science and robotics, including terabytes and Asimov's laws of robotics.[102] Visual references are made to the science books A Briefer History of Time (2005) and Freakonomics (2005).[36] In his book Visual Perception and Cultural Memory: Typecast and Typecast(e)ing in Malayalam Cinema, Sujith Kumar Parayil notes the similarities between Kalabhavan Mani's role in the film to the one Mani played in the Malayalam film Sallapam (1996).[103]

Music

Main article: Enthiran (soundtrack)

For Enthiran's soundtrack and score, A. R. Rahman made use of the Continuum Fingerboard, an instrument he had experimented with previously in the song "Rehna Tu" from Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra's drama film Delhi-6 (2009).[104] The film also marked the debut of Rahman's daughter Khatija as a playback singer.[105]

The soundtrack album to Enthiran was released on 31 July 2010 at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[106] The original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions were released by Think Music, while the dubbed Hindi version was released by Venus Music.[107] Think Music purchased the release rights of the original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions of the album for ₹70 million.[108][Note 7] The album of the film's dubbed Telugu version, Robo, was released on 6 August 2010, while its dubbed Hindi version, Robot, was released on 14 August 2010.[109][110] After the second day of release, the album's original Tamil version reached the number one position in the Top 10 World Albums chart on iTunes, making it the first Tamil album to do so.[111][112]

The Tamil album was officially released on 31 July 2010, which coincided with a promotional event held at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[113] Co-hosted by Vivek and Punnagai Poo Gheetha, the event was attended by most of the film's cast and crew members, including Kalanithi Maran, S. Shankar, Rajinikanth, Aishwarya Rai, A. R. Rahman, Santhanam, Karunas, Vairamuthu, R. Rathnavelu, Anthony, Sabu Cyril, and Yogi B. Other invited guests were Dayanidhi Maran, Radha Ravi, Vadivelu, Shriya Saran, Jayam Ravi, Ramya Krishnan, S. A. Chandrasekhar, Aishwarya and Soundarya Rajinikanth, Krish, and Sangeetha Arvind. Furthermore, Silambarasan, Vijayalakshmi, and Poorna were part of stage performances. The release event of the Telugu version, titled Robo, was held in Hyderabad on 6 August 2010, which was attended by Chiranjeevi, D. Ramanaidu, Mohan Babu, Srinu Vaitla, Kajal Aggarwal, and Kamna Jethmalani.[114] The Hindi version, titled Robot, was released by Venus [115] on 14 August 2010, in a function held in Mumbai. The event was attended by Amitabh Bachchan, Jaya Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan, along with the crew of the film.[116][117]

Release

Enthiran was released on 1 October 2010. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as Robot and in Telugu as Robo and later in Kannada as Bombat Robo.[118][119][120] The film was released in 2,250 theatres worldwide, including 500 theatres in Tamil Nadu,[121] 350 theatres in Andhra Pradesh,[121] 128 theatres in Kerala,[122] 23 theatres in Karnataka, and 750 theatres in North India.[112][123] With an estimated budget of ₹1.32—1.62 billion,[124][Note 9][Note 7] Enthiran was India's most expensive film up to that point,[126][127] surpassing the Hindi film Blue (2009), which was filmed on a budget of ₹750 million.[128][Note 10]

Enthiran became the first Tamil film to be released at the Colosseum kino, a Norwegian theatre complex in Oslo,[129] and it was screened at the 21st Bath Film Festival, held in the United Kingdom in 2011.[130] Additionally, a version of the film, edited to a running length of two hours, was released in Japan in May 2012, and later screened at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival, where it won a special award under the section "Winds of Asia–Middle East".[131][132] By public demand, the original, unedited version was later released in that country.[133]

Marketing and distribution

The first poster for Enthiran was released on 8 September 2008.[134] The film's trailer was released on 11 September 2010, at the Sathyam Cinemas theatre complex in Chennai.[135] To promote Enthiran, AGS Entertainment organised a festival from 25 September 2010 until its release date, in which they screened popular films of Rajinikanth at the company's theatre in Villivakkam.[136] In Coimbatore, the Department of Posts printed 100,000 post cards advertising the film.[137] Sun Pictures invested a total of ₹500 million on promotional activities.[36][Note 7]

Advance bookings for the film began two weeks before the release date in the United States. In the Jackson Heights neighbourhood in New York, tickets were sold out within ten minutes of going on sale.[138] In Kerala the distribution rights were sold for ₹50 million,[139][Note 7] while in Karnataka they were sold for ₹100 million.[140][Note 7] The distribution rights in Mumbai were sold to Shringar Films.[141] In the United Kingdom, Enthiran was released by Ayngaran International, while Robot was released by B4U Network.[2] DVD marketing in India was handled by Moser Baer;[142] Ayngaran International released the two-DVD set of the film in early 2011.[143]

Plagiarism allegations

The novelist Aarur Thamizhnadan made a complaint with the Chennai Metropolitan Police against the filmmakers in November 2010, stating that the producers plagiarised his 1996 novel Jugiba.[144][145] Thamizhnadan demanded ₹10 million[Note 7] from the director and producers for damages and filed a case against Kalanithi Maran.[146][147] In June 2011, the Madras High Court dismissed the case after a petition filed by Maran denying the allegation was approved.[147] The case continued, and in early 2021, after failing several times to show up in court, Shankar was issued a non-bailable warrant.[148]

Reception

Box office

The daily newspaper Business Line reported that Enthiran grossed ₹580 million from all versions in the opening weekend,[149][Note 7] and The Economic Times stated it netted ₹1.17 billion by the end of its opening week.[150][Note 7] According to a February 2015 report by Hindustan Times, the film has grossed ₹2.56 billion worldwide in its lifetime.[151] Indo-Asian News Service stated in July 2015 that the film grossed ₹2.90 billion from both its original and its dubbed versions.[152][Note 7] Enthiran became the top-earning Indian film of 2010 ahead of My Name Is Khan and Dabangg and became the highest-grossing Tamil film of all time at that point.[153][154]

As of January 2018, Enthiran is the fourth-highest-grossing South Indian film of all time after Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), Baahubali: The Beginning (2015),[155][156] and Kabali (2016).[157] Box Office India estimated that Enthiran netted ₹1.95 billion across India with the Tamil version netting ₹1.20 billion, the Telugu version netting ₹530 million and the Hindi version netting ₹220 million.[158][159][Note 7] The website estimated the overseas earnings of the film (including its dubbed versions) at approximately $12 million as of November 2010 with the Tamil version grossing $11 million and the remaining $1 million coming in from the Telugu and Hindi versions.[153] Enthiran collected ₹1.05 billion in Tamil Nadu alone,[160][Note 7] a record it held for seven years before being surpassed by Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), which grossed ₹1.526 billion.[161][Note 7]

In Japan, the film grossed $407,438, including $370,697 for the Hindi version and $36,741 for the Tamil version.[162]

Critical response

Enthiran has received a rating of 67% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on twelve reviews, with a rating of 5.6/10.[163]

India

Enthiran received positive reviews from critics in India, with praise particularly directed at Rathnavelu's cinematography, Cyril's art direction, Srinivas Mohan's visual effects and Rajinikanth's performance as Chitti.[164][165] Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and believed it had the "best special effects ever seen in a Tamil film" and that it was "one of the most entertaining Tamil films—across all languages—ever made."[166] Both Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India and Kaveree Bamzai of India Today rated the film four out of five stars. Kazmi called it "the perfect getaway film".[167] Bamzai praised Rajinikanth's acting in the film and said, "Rajni tells us why robot sapiens are superior to homo sapiens".[168]

Both Anupama Chopra of NDTV and Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff.com gave Enthiran a rating of three-and-a-half stars out of five. Chopra criticised the film's portions in the second half, describing them as "needlessly stretched and cacophonous", but concluded her review by saying, "Robot rides on Rajinikanth's shoulders and he never stoops under the burden. Aided by snazzy clothes, make-up and special effects, he makes Chitti endearing."[169] Srinivasan, however, said that Shankar "strikes the balance between science fiction and masala quotient." She concluded that, "Whichever way you look at it, Endhiran [sic] is one of those rare films that give you just enough material to pull you in, and enjoy yourself."[170] Rajeev Masand of News18 gave a rating of three out of five stars and said, "In the end, it's the fantastic special effects and an inspired performance from Rajnikant [sic] that keeps the film fresh."[171]

Mayank Shekhar, writing for Hindustan Times, rated it three stars and said, "Leave aside jokes running on the Internet. This film, just a few feet too long, is fine entertainment by itself."[172] Malini Mannath of The New Indian Express noted Enthiran for having "An engaging script, brilliant special effects, and a debonair hero who still carries his charisma effortlessly."[96] Karthik Subramanian of The Hindu observed that actors "tend to get lost in special effects movies." He believed it was not the case in Enthiran: "Rajinikanth and [Aishwarya Rai] carry the movie on their shoulders, and considering the fact that much of the acting must have been in front of green screens, one has to say that nothing looks artificial right through."[173] In contrast, Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times rated it two out of five stars, writing that "Shankar's work slips into a loud, overdramatic and exaggerated mess".[174]

International

Lisa Tsering from The Hollywood Reporter said, "Rajinikanth is such a badass that Chuck Norris is afraid of him." She praised the filming locations, especially the "Kilimanjaro" song sequence, but criticised the length of the film's climax portions.[175] Genevieve Koski from The A. V. Club believed that Enthiran was "pretty good" and concluded that "if you prefer elaborate costumes and dance music mixed in with your killer-robot action, expect to enjoy up to an hour of Enthiran."[13] Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle called Enthiran "the best apocalyptic sci-fi-romcom-melodrama-dance-off date movie of the year."[176]

Roger Moore, writing for the Orlando Sentinel, gave a mixed review, evaluating it as a "melodramatic kitschy Indian musical about a robot built for national defense but who discovers his human side."[177] Following the film's screening at the Mumbai International Film Festival, American film director Oliver Stone praised Enthiran's originality.[178] Conversely, Joe Leydon of Variety believed that Shankar "riffs on everything" from Frankenstein to The Terminator, but suggested that the film was an "overwhelming mash-up of American-style, f/x-driven sci-fi spectacle and a Bollywood musical."[179]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Enthiran

At the 58th National Film Awards, Enthiran won for Best Special Effects and Best Production Design.[180] It won in three categories at the 58th Filmfare Awards South for Best Cinematographer, Best Art Director and Best Costume Design.[181] At the 5th Vijay Awards, it was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven, including Best Villain and Favourite Hero for Rajinikanth, Favourite Film and Favourite Director.[182] At the 17th Screen Awards, the film won awards under the Best Special Effects and Spectacular Cutting Edge Technology categories.[183] However, the film missed out on being the official Indian submission for the Academy Awards since the jury noted out that it had sequences lifted from four American films.[184]

Legacy

In a personal appreciation letter to Shankar following the film's release, the director K. Balachander described Shankar as India's James Cameron, Enthiran as India's Avatar (2009) and Sun Pictures as India's Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.[185] Enthiran was the only Tamil film featured on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) list of the 50 best films of 2010.[186] The film was also included as a case study in a postgraduate elective course of the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, "Contemporary Film Industry: A Business Perspective".[186]

Scenes from Enthiran, particularly one known as the "Black Sheep" scene,[Note 11] have been parodied in subsequent films, including Mankatha (2011),[188][189] Osthe (2011),[190] Singam II (2013),[191] Ya Ya (2013),[192] I (2015) with the same director,[193] as well as in the Telugu films Dookudu (2011)[194] and Nuvva Nena (2011).[195][Note 12] In the film, Chitti often introduces himself by stating the clock rate of his central processing unit, which is 1 terahertz (1012 hertz), and his random-access memory limit, which is 1 zettabyte (1021 bytes). This introduction dialogue, which is spoken by Chitti as "Hi, I'm Chitti, speed 1 terahertz, memory 1 zettabyte" became popular.[87][199] Rajinikanth featured in a cameo role as Chitti in the science-fiction film Ra.One (2011).[200]

On Rajinikanth's 64th birthday, an agency named Minimal Kollywood Posters designed posters of Rajinikanth's films, in which the Minion characters from the Despicable Me franchise are dressed as Rajinikanth. The digital art was hand drawn on a digital pad by Gautham Raj. One of the posters depicted a mutated Minion, reminiscent of Chitti's "villain robot" look in Enthiran.[201] In March 2015, Kamath, in his review of the science fiction film Chappie, compared its eponymous lead character to Chitti in terms of learning human emotions.[202] While promoting Avengers: Endgame in India director Joe Russo, said that the sequence in Enthiran where numerous clones of Chitti come together to form a giant python inspired a similar scene in Avengers: Infinity War's predecessor Age of Ultron (2015) where the titular antagonist, Ultron and his clones come together to form a gigantic version of himself, but that the scene was cut from the final version of the film to accommodate its runtime.[203][204]

Standalone sequel

Main article: 2.0 (film)

In September 2015, writer B. Jeyamohan announced that the pre-production stage of a standalone sequel to Enthiran was "going on in full swing" and that principal photography would commence once Rajinikanth finished filming for Kabali, by the end of that year.[205] Nirav Shah would be the cinematographer and A. R. Rahman would return as music director, while Muthuraj would handle the art direction. The sequel would be shot in 3D, unlike its predecessor which was shot in 2D and converted to 3D in post-production.[206] Titled 2.0, the film entered production in December 2015 and was released worldwide on 29 November 2018 in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi languages.[207] Rajinikanth reprised his roles as Vaseegaran and Chitti,[208] with the additional cast played by Akshay Kumar and Amy Jackson.[209][210]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The British Board of Film Classification and Amazon.com gives the runtime as 166 minutes and 177 minutes respectively.[1][2]
  2. ^ a b c d The average exchange rate in 2008 was 49.82 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[37]
  3. ^ In an interview with Geety Sahgal of The Indian Express, Shankar stated that Rai had her dialogues translated from Tamil to English and rehearsed it the night before each day of filming.[38]
  4. ^ In filmmaking and video production, a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane or jib.
  5. ^ Vogt was also the costume designer for the Men in Black film series.[59]
  6. ^ According to Banu, an Oakley beard is "neither a French beard not a full beard". It developed as a result of shaping Rajinikanth's already grown beard.[67]
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The average exchange rate in 2010 was 45.09 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[37]
  8. ^ The Doom Light Stage is based on an original research conducted by Paul Debevec at the ICT division of the University of California, Berkeley. The Light Stage systems efficiently capture how an actor's face appears when lit from every possible lighting direction. From this captured imagery, realistic virtual renditions of the actor are created in the illumination of any location or set, faithfully reproducing the colour, texture, shine, shading and translucency of the actor's skin.[93]
  9. ^ The Economic Times claims the film's budget to be ₹132 crore,[124] whereas Anirban Bhattacharya of CNN Travel and T. S. Sreenivasan Raghavan of Bangalore Mirror state that it is ₹162 crore.[119][125]
  10. ^ The average exchange rate in 2009 was 46.29 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[37]
  11. ^ The "Black Sheep" scene refers to a scene where Chitti finds Dr. Vaseegaran disguised as him amidst the robot army.[90][187]
  12. ^ The satellite rights of Mankatha, Osthe and Singam II were purchased by Sun TV.[196][197][198]

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External links

March 21, 2023
enthiran, transl, robot, 2010, indian, tamil, language, science, fiction, action, film, written, directed, shankar, first, instalment, film, series, film, stars, rajinikanth, aishwarya, bachchan, with, danny, denzongpa, santhanam, karunas, supporting, roles, s. Enthiran transl Robot is a 2010 Indian Tamil language science fiction action film written and directed by S Shankar 13 It is the first instalment in the Enthiran film series The film stars Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan with Danny Denzongpa Santhanam and Karunas in supporting roles The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A R Rahman while the dialogues cinematography editing and art direction were handled by Madhan Karky R Rathnavelu Anthony and Sabu Cyril respectively The story revolves around the struggle of a scientist K Vaseegaran to control his android humanoid robot named Chitti after Chitti s software is upgraded to give it the ability to comprehend and exhibit human emotions The project backfires when Chitti falls in love with Vaseegaran s girlfriend Sana and is manipulated by Bohra a rival scientist into becoming homicidal EnthiranTheatrical release posterDirected byS ShankarWritten byS ShankarSujathaProduced byKalanithi MaranStarringRajinikanth Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Danny DenzongpaCinematographyR RathnaveluEdited byAnthonyMusic byA R RahmanProductioncompanySun PicturesDistributed bySun PicturesRelease date1 October 2010 2010 10 01 Running time177 minutes Note 1 CountryIndiaLanguageTamilBudget 150 crore 7 Box officeest 250 320 crore 12 After being stalled in the development phase for nearly a decade the film s principal photography began in 2008 and lasted two years The film marked the debut of Legacy Effects studio which was responsible for the film s prosthetic make up and animatronics in Indian cinema Enthiran was released worldwide on 1 October 2010 Produced by Kalanithi Maran it was India s most expensive film up to that point The film received generally positive reviews upon release Critics were particularly appreciative of Shankar s direction storyline Rajinikanth s performance as Chitti music action sequences production values and the visual effects by V Srinivas Mohan Enthiran emerged as the highest grossing Indian film of 2010 and is the 51st highest grossing Indian film of all time It won two National Film Awards three Filmfare Awards seven Vijay Awards and two Screen Awards Enthiran was followed by a standalone sequel 2 0 which released in late 2018 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Development 3 2 Cast and crew 3 3 Costume design 3 4 Principal photography 3 5 Visual effects 4 Themes and influences 5 Music 6 Release 6 1 Marketing and distribution 6 2 Plagiarism allegations 7 Reception 7 1 Box office 7 2 Critical response 7 2 1 India 7 2 2 International 7 3 Accolades 8 Legacy 9 Standalone sequel 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12 1 Sources 13 External linksPlot EditAfter a decade of research scientist Vaseegaran invents a sophisticated android humanoid robot assisted by Siva and Ravi with an intent to commission the robot into the Indian Army He christens the robot as Chitti upon his mother s advice and introduces it in a robotics conference in Chennai Vaseegaran s girlfriend Sana a medical student seeks Chitti s help to prepare for her forthcoming examinations it helps her cheat in her examinations and later rescues her from a group of thugs in an electric locomotive Vaseegaran s mentor Professor Bohra is covertly indulged in a mission to create similar android robots for a terrorist organisation but so far has been unsuccessful Leaders of the organisation threaten to murder Bohra if he fails to meet his deadline which causes him to seek the details pertaining to Chitti s neural schema intending to program his robots correctly Vaseegaran prepares Chitti for an evaluation at the Artificial Intelligence Research and Development AIRD institute where a committee headed by Bohra would test Chitti and approve its commission into the army During the evaluation Bohra commands Chitti to stab Vaseegaran and desists it when it is about to do so proving that it is a liability can be easily manipulated and thus cannot be commissioned into the army Later Vaseegaran deploys Chitti to rescue people trapped in a burning colony to demonstrate that Chitti is capable of saving people Chitti saves most of them including a naked girl who was bathing and out of shame for being filmed by the media she flees and is hit by a truck that results in her death Vaseegaran requests Bohra for a time period of one month to modify Chitti s neural schema that could help it manifest emotions to which Bohra complies As he sees no progress as the deadline nears Vaseegaran humiliates Chitti which becomes angry certifying that it can exhibit emotions Chitti having read Sana s textbooks helps Sana s pregnant friend Latha undergo a successful delivery which doctors declared as complicated Consequently Bohra lets Chitti pass the evaluation but warns Vaseegaran of impending problems Sana kisses Chitti on its cheek as a gratitude but it ends up developing romantic feelings for her Later at Sana s birthday party Chitti attempts to kiss her while dancing and is confronted by Vaseegaran and Sana to whom it confesses that it is in love with her They try to make Chitti understand that it is a machine and its love for Sana is against nature and how it is established Broken though convinced Chitti leaves but Bohra instigates it against Vaseegaran and assures it that it is capable of giving everything to Sana creating a conflict between Chitti and Vaseegaran Later Chitti deliberately fails in another evaluation being conducted by the Indian Army officials by talking off topic Humiliated by this act Vaseegaran axes Chitti and the pieces are dumped into a landfill site Intending to retrieve Chitti Bohra visits the site and takes it to his lab albeit in a damaged state Reconstructing Chitti with the help of Siva and Ravi Bohra embeds in it a red chip that functions as a destructive program and transforms Chitti into a ruthless robot Bohra discloses to Siva and Ravi that he has done it to ruin Vaseegaran and earn through Chitti which meanwhile gatecrashes Sana and Vaseegaran s wedding abducts the former injures Vaseegaran and murders several police officers It then creates replicas of itself using Bohra s droids intending to create an army much to Bohra s chagrin The latter holds Sana at knifepoint and threatens Chitti to delete his programs but three droids of Chitti s army capture Bohra whom Chitti kills Causing mayhem in the city using his army Chitti conquers AIRD making it its residence and gathers supplies by destroying a number of shops It tells Sana that it intends to marry her and produce a preprogrammed child of a human and a robot through her Sana repudiates and falls unconscious while Vaseegaran infiltrates AIRD under guise of a droid and engages Sana to manipulate Chitti but the latter sees a drop of blood in Sana s room which he deduces to be of Vaseegaran finds him among the droids and attempts to kill him but police commandos intervene A battle ensues between Chitti s army and the government personnel resulting in multiple casualties and property destruction Vaseegaran apprehends Chitti using a magnetic wall and accesses its internal control panel and instructs the other droids to self destruct He later terminates the red chip successfully converting it into its previous form In a court hearing Vaseegaran is sentenced to death for the casualties and destruction but Chitti proves him innocent demonstrating a recording of Bohra installing the chip into it The court acquits Vaseegaran of all charges and orders Chitti to be dismantled Distraught Vaseegaran instructs Chitti to dismantle itself in his lab and it does so after bidding farewell to Sana Latha and others and apologising to Sana and Vaseegaran Several years later in 2030 Chitti is being exhibited in a museum and fascinates a child who is on her school trip and asks her guide why it was dismantled Chitti replies Naan sinthikka arambichen I started thinking Cast EditI thought that playing Chitti the robot would be very difficult He is a machine His movements should not be like a human being s We had to draw a line If I deviated even slightly Shankar would point it out and say I was being too human After four to five days of shooting we found a rhythm Rajinikanth on his experience of playing Chitti 14 Rajinikanth in a dual role as K Vaseegaran and Chitti 15 Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Sana Voice dubbed by Savitha Reddy 16 Danny Denzongpa as Professor Bohra 16 Santhanam as Siva 16 Karunas as Ravi 16 Cochin Haneefa as the traffic police officer 16 Kalabhavan Mani as Pachaimuthu 16 Delhi Kumar as Vaseegaran s father 16 Raaghav as the neighbourhood bully 15 Devadarshini as Latha 16 Revathi Sankaran as Vaseegaran s mother 15 Sabu Cyril as Shah 17 Sai Dheena as a thug Sugunthan as the police inspector 18 Shriya Sharma as the curious student 18 Chaams as one of the barbers working at The Park Hotel 18 Devadas Kanakala as K Bhajanlal a customer at The Park Hotel 18 Production EditDevelopment Edit In 1996 following the release of Indian S Shankar approached and pitched three storylines to Rajinikanth to consider for his next venture This included scripts which would later become Sivaji The Boss 2007 Enthiran 2010 and I 2015 Rajinikanth was sceptical and refused all three scripts at the time 19 Following the completion of his first directorial venture in Hindi Nayak 2001 Shankar announced his next project Robot which was to feature Kamal Haasan and Preity Zinta 20 21 The film was to be produced by the now defunct company Media Dreams a division of Pentamedia Graphics 21 22 The film was reported to be a futuristic techno thriller set in Chennai in around 2200 or 3000 23 24 Despite the completion of a photoshoot featuring Haasan and Zinta 25 the project was shelved as a result of scheduling conflicts with Haasan 26 Shankar consequently started work on Boys 2003 21 After Boys Shankar began work on his next feature starring Vikram which was initially reported by Rediff com to be Robot revived 27 but was later revealed as Anniyan 2005 28 29 One month post the release of Sivaji The Boss in June 2007 he approached Shah Rukh Khan for the lead in Robot 30 Shankar had cast Priyanka Chopra in the lead opposite him 31 Khan was about to produce it under his own banner Red Chillies Entertainment but in October the same year the project was officially aborted due to creative differences between him and Shankar 30 32 The project was revived in January 2008 with Eros International and the London based production company Ayngaran International willing to produce the film 22 The state government of Tamil Nadu granted tax exemptions for films titled in Tamil resulting in the new production being renamed Enthiran 26 While Sujatha was originally assigned to write the dialogue for the film Madhan Karky took over after Sujatha s death in February 2008 25 In December 2008 Eros International withdrew from funding the project after financial difficulties caused by the box office failure of Drona 2008 and Yuvvraaj 2008 33 with the subsequent departure of Ayngaran International which struggled with the financial crisis of 2007 2008 34 The film s production and release rights were sold to Sun Pictures 35 Cast and crew Edit For their roles Rajinikanth left and Rai right were paid 450 million and 60 million respectively In January 2008 Rajinikanth accepted the lead role in the film for a salary of 450 million Indian rupees 32 36 Note 2 14 Shankar rewrote the original script to suit Rajinikanth s acting style 14 Although Aishwarya Rai Bachchan was Shankar s original choice for the female lead in 2001 she declined it owing to a busy schedule and was replaced by Zinta 38 When Shankar revived the project with Rajinikanth 32 contenders for the part included Deepika Padukone 39 Shriya Saran and Rai who was ultimately selected and paid 60 million 40 41 Note 2 Rai s voice was dubbed by Savitha Reddy 42 Note 3 Several actors were considered for the role of Professor Bohra including Amitabh Bachchan J D Chakravarthy 43 Sathyaraj and British actor Ben Kingsley 44 45 but it was Danny Denzongpa who eventually received it making Enthiran his first film in Tamil 46 Dubbing for Denzongpa was provided by Kadhir 47 Comedians Santhanam and Karunas were cast to portray Vaseegaran s assistants Siva and Ravi respectively 48 The soundtrack album and background score were composed by A R Rahman 49 Vairamuthu Pa Vijay and Madhan Karky authored the lyrics for the songs 49 50 Manoj Bharathiraja son of filmmaker Bharathiraja was signed on to be an assistant director after he approached Shankar 45 Also working as assistant directors were Atlee 51 Shree and Karthik G Krish 52 53 Sabu Cyril in addition to being the film s art director made a guest appearance as Shah an interpreter between Bohra and the terrorist organisation 17 54 R Rathnavelu was hired as the cinematographer after Ravi K Chandran 55 Nirav Shah and Tirru were considered 56 57 Anthony was the film s editor 58 Yuen Woo ping known for his work in The Matrix trilogy and the Kill Bill films was selected to be the stunt co ordinator while Legacy Effects a visual effects studio based in the United States were in charge of the prosthetic make up and animatronics in the film 59 Munich based film technical company Panther were responsible for the crane shots 60 Note 4 The film s subtitle captioning was done by Rekha Haricharan 61 Costume design Edit Manish Malhotra and Mary E Vogt were chosen to design the film s costumes 62 Note 5 Fifty seven costumes were used for Rai including a Mexican tribal look that she sported during the filming of the Kilimanjaro segment 63 According to make up artist Banu no prosthetics were used for Rajinikanth to avoid bothering him by withholding his time on set 64 Additional make up was by Vance Hartwell an employee of Legacy Effects 65 The visual appearance of Chitti was based on the G I Joe action figures For Chitti s villain robot look its hair was spiked and brown coloured lenses were used for its eyes whereas for its good robot look green coloured lenses were used 64 The wig used for Chitti s villain robot look had a silver streak in the middle made out of Yak hair 66 while its leather jacket was designed by Vogt 66 To make Vaseegaran look mature the team made Rajinikanth sport an Oakley beard Note 6 Suits made of copper were used for Chitti s costumes 68 Principal photography Edit The residential section of the Incan city of Machu Picchu which features in the song Kilimanjaro For Sabu Cyril s sets Shankar required approximately twice as much studio floor space as for his previous film After rejecting Ramoji Film City for technical reasons Enthiran s producer Kalanithi Maran took six months to set up three air conditioned studio floors on land in Perungudi owned by Sun TV Network 69 Filming began on 15 February 2008 at AVM Studios in Chennai 57 After the initial stages of filming Shankar and Rathnavelu toured the world for three weeks scouting for exotic filming locations 70 They visited Austria Germany Peru Brazil and Argentina looking for a backdrop to shoot the Kilimanjaro and Kadhal Anukkal segments 71 eventually deciding on Peru and Brazil 72 73 Kilimanjaro was filmed at the ruins of the Incan city of Machu Picchu in Peru with some 100 Brazilian extras 71 72 It was choreographed by Raju Sundaram and supervised by Fernando Astete director of the Machu Picchu archaeological park 72 74 Kadhal Anukkal was filmed in Lencois Maranhenses National Park in northeastern Brazil 73 The filming for Chitti s introduction to the international robotics conference was completed in December 2008 at Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering and Vellore Institute of Technology where more than 400 students were used as extras 75 76 Further footage was shot over five days at the Ennore Port on the Mitsui O S K Lines car carrier Neptune Ace 77 An action sequence where Chitti saves Sana from thugs was filmed in Lonavla under the supervision of the action choreographer Peter Hein 78 Scenes featuring Rajinikanth as Chitti were captured over five days at the Perungudi Dump Yard in Chennai 79 Sabu Cyril told Uma Kannan of The New Indian Express that the sets for the climax sequence which was filmed at Mayajaal consisted of a tar road and glass buildings which rose to 65 feet 20 m and that aluminium composite panels reported to have cost 50 million were also used to design the sets 80 81 Note 7 The set for Arima Arima a sequence choreographed by Prabhu Deva 82 was designed and constructed by Cyril at Ramoji Film City 80 Filming of the number took place over 22 days in April 2009 82 Junior artists were employed by Rathnavelu to wear masks of Rajinikanth 83 For the sequence entitled Irumbile Oru Irudhaiyam choreographed by Remo D Souza and featuring Rai and Rajinikanth as Chitti 84 three different sets were used one of copper one of gold and one in silver 80 The musical number which was filmed in AVM Studios for eight days was the last portion of the film s principal photography D Souza incorporated the popping style of street dances but encountered difficulties in performing the dance movements in tandem with the robot and with the restrictions created by the rigid costumes 84 Principal photography ended on 7 July 2010 85 Visual effects Edit Impressed with the film s script V Srinivas Mohan became the visual effects supervisor in December 2007 He asked Shankar to increase the filming schedules by six months to include pre production requirements 86 87 Both Mohan and Shankar visited several visual effects companies including the New Zealand based Weta Digital and the United States based Industrial Light amp Magic Cafe FX and Tippett Studio before partnering with Legacy Effects 86 88 The original Eros Ayngaran visual effects budget was 700 million Note 2 but after Sun Pictures took over production it was significantly reduced to 200 million Note 2 As a result the visual effects team had to omit and alter some sequences making Chitti wear sunglasses for most of the film to reduce the cost and difficulty of animating his eyes 89 After a series of previsualisation tests including a scene in which Chitti jumps on a train to save Sana Mohan eventually decided to use the technique in 40 out of the 60 visual effects scenes featured in the film 86 consisting of 2 000 takes 90 Further previsualisation supervision was conducted by P C Sanath of Firefly Creative Studios a visual effects company based in Hyderabad 3D storyboards were constructed using 3D animation programs for every scene in the film and were shot from different angles 87 In an interview with Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu Mohan said all the pre production work took one and a half years to complete 90 Rathnavelu used the 435 Xtreme camera and also wrote a 1 600 page manual in which he listed all the possible angles from where he could film the characters Rajinikanth played 91 92 Legacy Effects and the Hong Kong based visual effects companies Kinomotive Studios and Menfond Electronics took responsibility for the film s CGI work 90 To create the robots with Rajinikanth s appearance a complete scan of his face in 3D digital format in all possible lighting conditions was conducted using the Doom Light Stage Note 8 so that his face could be replicated on the mannequins 87 The technique according to Shankar was previously used in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button 2008 94 The robot Chitti featured in the film was a mannequin made by a Legacy Effects team of 100 technicians in Los Angeles For every robotic mannequin used six puppeteers were employed to control the mannequin s movements 90 Themes and influences EditEnthiran focuses on the battle between man and machine 95 Despite Shankar s claim that Enthiran was a purely original idea 25 it has been compared to Mary Shelley s 1818 novel Frankenstein owing to the similar personae of Chitti and Frankenstein s monster both of whom turn against their respective creators 96 97 K Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake in their book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas noted the similarity between the two works arguing that Chitti was manipulated by Bohra to become a Frankenstein like figure 98 Writing for The A V Club Genevieve Koski observed The plot of Enthiran is essentially Frankenstein via Isaac Asimov s Three Laws of Robotics 13 Director and film critic Sudhish Kamath called Enthiran a superhero film a sci fi adventure a triangular love story with a hint of the Ramayana while remarking that Enthiran s similarities to The Terminator 1984 were more than obvious Not just visually where we see the Superstar with one human eye and one scarred metallic eye but also intentionally spelt out when the bad robot announces that he has created Terminators Kamath compared two of the film s robots to C 3PO and R2 D2 droids from the Star Wars film series which was referenced in Enthiran when Vaseegaran refers to one of his creations as R2 99 The film was noted to have similarities with the 2002 Kannada film Hollywood which had its lead actor playing three roles one of which was a scientist and another was a humanoid robot invented by that scientist which falls in love with the girlfriend of his creator 100 Although Shankar initially claimed that Enthiran would be made for all audiences including those lacking computer literacy 101 the film is influenced by and makes references to many scientific principles relating to the fields of engineering computer science and robotics including terabytes and Asimov s laws of robotics 102 Visual references are made to the science books A Briefer History of Time 2005 and Freakonomics 2005 36 In his book Visual Perception and Cultural Memory Typecast and Typecast e ing in Malayalam Cinema Sujith Kumar Parayil notes the similarities between Kalabhavan Mani s role in the film to the one Mani played in the Malayalam film Sallapam 1996 103 Music EditMain article Enthiran soundtrack For Enthiran s soundtrack and score A R Rahman made use of the Continuum Fingerboard an instrument he had experimented with previously in the song Rehna Tu from Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra s drama film Delhi 6 2009 104 The film also marked the debut of Rahman s daughter Khatija as a playback singer 105 The soundtrack album to Enthiran was released on 31 July 2010 at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 106 The original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions were released by Think Music while the dubbed Hindi version was released by Venus Music 107 Think Music purchased the release rights of the original Tamil and dubbed Telugu versions of the album for 70 million 108 Note 7 The album of the film s dubbed Telugu version Robo was released on 6 August 2010 while its dubbed Hindi version Robot was released on 14 August 2010 109 110 After the second day of release the album s original Tamil version reached the number one position in the Top 10 World Albums chart on iTunes making it the first Tamil album to do so 111 112 The Tamil album was officially released on 31 July 2010 which coincided with a promotional event held at the Putrajaya International Convention Centre in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 113 Co hosted by Vivek and Punnagai Poo Gheetha the event was attended by most of the film s cast and crew members including Kalanithi Maran S Shankar Rajinikanth Aishwarya Rai A R Rahman Santhanam Karunas Vairamuthu R Rathnavelu Anthony Sabu Cyril and Yogi B Other invited guests were Dayanidhi Maran Radha Ravi Vadivelu Shriya Saran Jayam Ravi Ramya Krishnan S A Chandrasekhar Aishwarya and Soundarya Rajinikanth Krish and Sangeetha Arvind Furthermore Silambarasan Vijayalakshmi and Poorna were part of stage performances The release event of the Telugu version titled Robo was held in Hyderabad on 6 August 2010 which was attended by Chiranjeevi D Ramanaidu Mohan Babu Srinu Vaitla Kajal Aggarwal and Kamna Jethmalani 114 The Hindi version titled Robot was released by Venus 115 on 14 August 2010 in a function held in Mumbai The event was attended by Amitabh Bachchan Jaya Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan along with the crew of the film 116 117 Release EditEnthiran was released on 1 October 2010 The film was dubbed and released in Hindi as Robot and in Telugu as Robo and later in Kannada as Bombat Robo 118 119 120 The film was released in 2 250 theatres worldwide including 500 theatres in Tamil Nadu 121 350 theatres in Andhra Pradesh 121 128 theatres in Kerala 122 23 theatres in Karnataka and 750 theatres in North India 112 123 With an estimated budget of 1 32 1 62 billion 124 Note 9 Note 7 Enthiran was India s most expensive film up to that point 126 127 surpassing the Hindi film Blue 2009 which was filmed on a budget of 750 million 128 Note 10 Enthiran became the first Tamil film to be released at the Colosseum kino a Norwegian theatre complex in Oslo 129 and it was screened at the 21st Bath Film Festival held in the United Kingdom in 2011 130 Additionally a version of the film edited to a running length of two hours was released in Japan in May 2012 and later screened at the 24th Tokyo International Film Festival where it won a special award under the section Winds of Asia Middle East 131 132 By public demand the original unedited version was later released in that country 133 Marketing and distribution Edit The first poster for Enthiran was released on 8 September 2008 134 The film s trailer was released on 11 September 2010 at the Sathyam Cinemas theatre complex in Chennai 135 To promote Enthiran AGS Entertainment organised a festival from 25 September 2010 until its release date in which they screened popular films of Rajinikanth at the company s theatre in Villivakkam 136 In Coimbatore the Department of Posts printed 100 000 post cards advertising the film 137 Sun Pictures invested a total of 500 million on promotional activities 36 Note 7 Advance bookings for the film began two weeks before the release date in the United States In the Jackson Heights neighbourhood in New York tickets were sold out within ten minutes of going on sale 138 In Kerala the distribution rights were sold for 50 million 139 Note 7 while in Karnataka they were sold for 100 million 140 Note 7 The distribution rights in Mumbai were sold to Shringar Films 141 In the United Kingdom Enthiran was released by Ayngaran International while Robot was released by B4U Network 2 DVD marketing in India was handled by Moser Baer 142 Ayngaran International released the two DVD set of the film in early 2011 143 Plagiarism allegations Edit The novelist Aarur Thamizhnadan made a complaint with the Chennai Metropolitan Police against the filmmakers in November 2010 stating that the producers plagiarised his 1996 novel Jugiba 144 145 Thamizhnadan demanded 10 million Note 7 from the director and producers for damages and filed a case against Kalanithi Maran 146 147 In June 2011 the Madras High Court dismissed the case after a petition filed by Maran denying the allegation was approved 147 The case continued and in early 2021 after failing several times to show up in court Shankar was issued a non bailable warrant 148 Reception EditBox office Edit The daily newspaper Business Line reported that Enthiran grossed 580 million from all versions in the opening weekend 149 Note 7 and The Economic Times stated it netted 1 17 billion by the end of its opening week 150 Note 7 According to a February 2015 report by Hindustan Times the film has grossed 2 56 billion worldwide in its lifetime 151 Indo Asian News Service stated in July 2015 that the film grossed 2 90 billion from both its original and its dubbed versions 152 Note 7 Enthiran became the top earning Indian film of 2010 ahead of My Name Is Khan and Dabangg and became the highest grossing Tamil film of all time at that point 153 154 As of January 2018 Enthiran is the fourth highest grossing South Indian film of all time after Baahubali 2 The Conclusion 2017 Baahubali The Beginning 2015 155 156 and Kabali 2016 157 Box Office India estimated that Enthiran netted 1 95 billion across India with the Tamil version netting 1 20 billion the Telugu version netting 530 million and the Hindi version netting 220 million 158 159 Note 7 The website estimated the overseas earnings of the film including its dubbed versions at approximately 12 million as of November 2010 with the Tamil version grossing 11 million and the remaining 1 million coming in from the Telugu and Hindi versions 153 Enthiran collected 1 05 billion in Tamil Nadu alone 160 Note 7 a record it held for seven years before being surpassed by Baahubali 2 The Conclusion 2017 which grossed 1 526 billion 161 Note 7 In Japan the film grossed 407 438 including 370 697 for the Hindi version and 36 741 for the Tamil version 162 Critical response Edit Enthiran has received a rating of 67 on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on twelve reviews with a rating of 5 6 10 163 India Edit Enthiran received positive reviews from critics in India with praise particularly directed at Rathnavelu s cinematography Cyril s art direction Srinivas Mohan s visual effects and Rajinikanth s performance as Chitti 164 165 Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis gave the film a rating of four out of five stars and believed it had the best special effects ever seen in a Tamil film and that it was one of the most entertaining Tamil films across all languages ever made 166 Both Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India and Kaveree Bamzai of India Today rated the film four out of five stars Kazmi called it the perfect getaway film 167 Bamzai praised Rajinikanth s acting in the film and said Rajni tells us why robot sapiens are superior to homo sapiens 168 Both Anupama Chopra of NDTV and Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff com gave Enthiran a rating of three and a half stars out of five Chopra criticised the film s portions in the second half describing them as needlessly stretched and cacophonous but concluded her review by saying Robot rides on Rajinikanth s shoulders and he never stoops under the burden Aided by snazzy clothes make up and special effects he makes Chitti endearing 169 Srinivasan however said that Shankar strikes the balance between science fiction and masala quotient She concluded that Whichever way you look at it Endhiran sic is one of those rare films that give you just enough material to pull you in and enjoy yourself 170 Rajeev Masand of News18 gave a rating of three out of five stars and said In the end it s the fantastic special effects and an inspired performance from Rajnikant sic that keeps the film fresh 171 Mayank Shekhar writing for Hindustan Times rated it three stars and said Leave aside jokes running on the Internet This film just a few feet too long is fine entertainment by itself 172 Malini Mannath of The New Indian Express noted Enthiran for having An engaging script brilliant special effects and a debonair hero who still carries his charisma effortlessly 96 Karthik Subramanian of The Hindu observed that actors tend to get lost in special effects movies He believed it was not the case in Enthiran Rajinikanth and Aishwarya Rai carry the movie on their shoulders and considering the fact that much of the acting must have been in front of green screens one has to say that nothing looks artificial right through 173 In contrast Gautaman Bhaskaran of Hindustan Times rated it two out of five stars writing that Shankar s work slips into a loud overdramatic and exaggerated mess 174 International Edit Lisa Tsering from The Hollywood Reporter said Rajinikanth is such a badass that Chuck Norris is afraid of him She praised the filming locations especially the Kilimanjaro song sequence but criticised the length of the film s climax portions 175 Genevieve Koski from The A V Club believed that Enthiran was pretty good and concluded that if you prefer elaborate costumes and dance music mixed in with your killer robot action expect to enjoy up to an hour of Enthiran 13 Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle called Enthiran the best apocalyptic sci fi romcom melodrama dance off date movie of the year 176 Roger Moore writing for the Orlando Sentinel gave a mixed review evaluating it as a melodramatic kitschy Indian musical about a robot built for national defense but who discovers his human side 177 Following the film s screening at the Mumbai International Film Festival American film director Oliver Stone praised Enthiran s originality 178 Conversely Joe Leydon of Variety believed that Shankar riffs on everything from Frankenstein to The Terminator but suggested that the film was an overwhelming mash up of American style f x driven sci fi spectacle and a Bollywood musical 179 Accolades Edit Main article List of accolades received by Enthiran At the 58th National Film Awards Enthiran won for Best Special Effects and Best Production Design 180 It won in three categories at the 58th Filmfare Awards South for Best Cinematographer Best Art Director and Best Costume Design 181 At the 5th Vijay Awards it was nominated in fourteen categories and won in seven including Best Villain and Favourite Hero for Rajinikanth Favourite Film and Favourite Director 182 At the 17th Screen Awards the film won awards under the Best Special Effects and Spectacular Cutting Edge Technology categories 183 However the film missed out on being the official Indian submission for the Academy Awards since the jury noted out that it had sequences lifted from four American films 184 Legacy EditIn a personal appreciation letter to Shankar following the film s release the director K Balachander described Shankar as India s James Cameron Enthiran as India s Avatar 2009 and Sun Pictures as India s Metro Goldwyn Mayer 185 Enthiran was the only Tamil film featured on the Internet Movie Database IMDb list of the 50 best films of 2010 186 The film was also included as a case study in a postgraduate elective course of the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Contemporary Film Industry A Business Perspective 186 Scenes from Enthiran particularly one known as the Black Sheep scene Note 11 have been parodied in subsequent films including Mankatha 2011 188 189 Osthe 2011 190 Singam II 2013 191 Ya Ya 2013 192 I 2015 with the same director 193 as well as in the Telugu films Dookudu 2011 194 and Nuvva Nena 2011 195 Note 12 In the film Chitti often introduces himself by stating the clock rate of his central processing unit which is 1 terahertz 1012 hertz and his random access memory limit which is 1 zettabyte 1021 bytes This introduction dialogue which is spoken by Chitti as Hi I m Chitti speed 1 terahertz memory 1 zettabyte became popular 87 199 Rajinikanth featured in a cameo role as Chitti in the science fiction film Ra One 2011 200 On Rajinikanth s 64th birthday an agency named Minimal Kollywood Posters designed posters of Rajinikanth s films in which the Minion characters from the Despicable Me franchise are dressed as Rajinikanth The digital art was hand drawn on a digital pad by Gautham Raj One of the posters depicted a mutated Minion reminiscent of Chitti s villain robot look in Enthiran 201 In March 2015 Kamath in his review of the science fiction film Chappie compared its eponymous lead character to Chitti in terms of learning human emotions 202 While promoting Avengers Endgame in India director Joe Russo said that the sequence in Enthiran where numerous clones of Chitti come together to form a giant python inspired a similar scene in Avengers Infinity War s predecessor Age of Ultron 2015 where the titular antagonist Ultron and his clones come together to form a gigantic version of himself but that the scene was cut from the final version of the film to accommodate its runtime 203 204 Standalone sequel EditMain article 2 0 film In September 2015 writer B Jeyamohan announced that the pre production stage of a standalone sequel to Enthiran was going on in full swing and that principal photography would commence once Rajinikanth finished filming for Kabali by the end of that year 205 Nirav Shah would be the cinematographer and A R Rahman would return as music director while Muthuraj would handle the art direction The sequel would be shot in 3D unlike its predecessor which was shot in 2D and converted to 3D in post production 206 Titled 2 0 the film entered production in December 2015 and was released worldwide on 29 November 2018 in Tamil Telugu and Hindi languages 207 Rajinikanth reprised his roles as Vaseegaran and Chitti 208 with the additional cast played by Akshay Kumar and Amy Jackson 209 210 See also EditEn Iniya Iyanthira Meendum Jeano Science fiction films in IndiaNotes Edit The British Board of Film Classification and Amazon com gives the runtime as 166 minutes and 177 minutes respectively 1 2 a b c d The average exchange rate in 2008 was 49 82 Indian rupees per 1 US dollar US 37 In an interview with Geety Sahgal of The Indian Express Shankar stated that Rai had her dialogues translated from Tamil to English and rehearsed it the night before each day of filming 38 In filmmaking and video production a crane shot is a shot taken by a camera on a crane or jib Vogt was also the costume designer for the Men in Black film series 59 According to Banu an Oakley beard is neither a French beard not a full beard It developed as a result of shaping Rajinikanth s already grown beard 67 a b c d e f g h i j k l m The average exchange rate in 2010 was 45 09 Indian rupees per 1 US dollar US 37 The Doom Light Stage is based on an original research conducted by Paul Debevec at the ICT division of the University of California Berkeley The Light Stage systems efficiently capture how an actor s face appears when lit from every possible lighting direction From this captured imagery realistic virtual renditions of the actor are created in the illumination of any location or set faithfully reproducing the colour texture shine shading and translucency of the actor s skin 93 The Economic Times claims the film s budget to be 132 crore 124 whereas Anirban Bhattacharya of CNN Travel and T S Sreenivasan Raghavan of Bangalore Mirror state that it is 162 crore 119 125 The average exchange rate in 2009 was 46 29 Indian rupees per 1 US dollar US 37 The Black Sheep scene refers to a scene where Chitti finds Dr Vaseegaran disguised as him amidst the robot army 90 187 The satellite rights of Mankatha Osthe and Singam II were purchased by Sun TV 196 197 198 References Edit Enthiran English Subtitled Amazon Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 Retrieved 22 January 2015 a b ENTHIRAN 12A British Board of Film Classification British Board of Film Classification Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 Retrieved 14 October 2012 Baashha to Kabali Highest grossing films of Rajinikanth The Times of India Archived from the original on 13 October 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 Rajnikanth Ash Enthiran is India s costliest film The Indian Express Archived from the original on 8 March 2023 Retrieved 13 October 2022 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