Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language. The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan (EYD), commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling, Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling.[1][2][3][4]
The Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The new EYD system, adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia's independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day.[5] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system.[6] It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.[3]
Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.[7]
Letters
Example
English meaning
f
maaf, fakir
(I am) sorry, poor
v
valuta, universitas
currency, university
z
zeni, lezat
engineer, delicious
Q and Xedit
The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects.[7] Examples:
Sinar-X (X-ray)
The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects.[8][9] Examples:
Quran
Al-Furqan
Al-Baqarah
Affixes and prepositionsedit
The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.[7]
Reduplicationedit
Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the superscripted number "2" as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid.[7] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.
Republican
EYD
English meaning
anak2
anak-anak
children
ber-main2
bermain-main
playing around
ke-barat2-an
kebarat-baratan
westernized
Exceptionsedit
Exceptions mostly come from proper nouns. Many personal names, particularly of younger people, do not follow the orthographic rules (see Indonesian names). The common spelling variations include doubled letters, silenth following consonants, use of Dutch digraphs (which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling)[10] and other eccentric letters.[11] However, a few may also come from other parts of speech, such as Indonesian mag 'gastritis' is actually pronounced as [max] or even [mah], deriving from Dutch maag.
Changesedit
Various minor changes were announced after 1975:
On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree[12] which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes.[13] The update included optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e] and ⟨e⟩ [ə].
On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issue a ministerial regulation about spelling system.[14] For the first time, the term "Indonesian spelling system" was used. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e], ⟨è⟩ [ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolishment the usage of bold letter for lemma entries in dictionary).
On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system's fiftieth anniversary, new update for the spelling system was issued.[15] It restored the "Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language" (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan) term. Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong ⟨eu⟩ [ɘ], mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese, reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.[15]
^"Indonesia Inaugurated New Spelling Enhanced In History Today August 16, 1972". Voice of Indonesia. 2021-08-16. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
^Kridalaksana, Harimukti (1974). "Spelling Reform 1972: A Stage in the Process of Standardisation of Bahasa Indonesia" (PDF). Papers from the Conference on the Standardisation of Asian Languages, Manila, Philippines, December 16-21, 1974. Pacific Linguistics: 305–317. ISBN9780858831766.
^"Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Nomor: 0196/U/1975 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya "Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan" dan "Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah" di Seluruh Indonesia" [General Guidelines for the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System]. Ministerial Decree No. 0196/U/1975 of 1975 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
^ abcdTasai, S Amran and E. Zaenal Arifin (2000). Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia: Untuk Perguruan Tinggi.
^"2. QS. Al-Baqarah (Sapi Betina)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^"25. QS. Al-Furqan (Pembeda)". Sindonews. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
^"Viral Daftar Absensi dengan Nama Sulit Dieja, Begini Cara Membuat Nama Anak yang Mudah dan Baik Artinya". kabartegal.pikiran-rakyat.com. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^"Tren Terkini: Nama Anak Indonesia Cenderung Panjang, Unik, dan Susah Dieja?". nova.grid.id. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^"Kepmendikbud RI No. 0543a/u/1987 Tentang Penyempurnaan Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan". Ministerial Decree No. 0543a/U/1987 of 1987 (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
^"Permendiknas No. 46 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan". Ministerial Decree No. 46 of 2009(PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of National Education.
^"Permendikbud Nomor 50 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia". Ministerial Decree No. 50 of 2015(PDF) (in Indonesian). Minister of Education and Culture.
^ ab"Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022 Tentang Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan". Language Center Decree No. 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022 of 2022 (in Indonesian). Language Development and Fostering Agency.
External linksedit
Official website for the fifth edition of EYD
April 11, 2024
indonesian, orthography, redirects, here, other, uses, disambiguation, been, suggested, that, ophuijsen, spelling, system, republican, spelling, system, merged, into, this, article, discuss, proposed, since, october, 2023, refers, official, spelling, system, u. EYD redirects here For other uses see EYD disambiguation It has been suggested that Van Ophuijsen Spelling System and Republican Spelling System be merged into this article Discuss Proposed since October 2023 Indonesian orthography refers to the official spelling system used in the Indonesian language The current system uses the Latin alphabet and is called Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan EYD commonly translated as Enhanced Spelling Perfected Spelling or Improved Spelling 1 2 3 4 Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 2 1 Republican to EYD letter changes 2 2 Foreign loan letters 2 3 Q and X 2 4 Affixes and prepositions 2 5 Reduplication 3 Exceptions 4 Changes 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory editThe Perfected Spelling system is a system of orthography released in 1972 to replace the preexisting Republican Spelling System RSS also called the Soewandi Spelling System SSS A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay language orthographies The new EYD system adopted on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia s independence on 17 August 1972 was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day 5 Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973 On 27 August 1975 the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes in the new system and marked the official use of the EYD system 6 It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia EBI often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia PUEBI between 2015 and 2022 3 Characteristics editRepublican to EYD letter changes edit Changes Republican EYD English meaning tʃ tj becomes c tjuma katjang cuma kacang only bean dʒ dj becomes j djual edjaan jual ejaan sell spelling j j becomes y ajam pajung ayam payung chicken umbrella ɲ nj becomes ny njonja banjak nyonya banyak madam many ʃ sj becomes sy sjair masjarakat syair masyarakat poem people x ch becomes kh tarich achir tarikh akhir era endForeign loan letters edit Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling 7 Letters Example English meaningf maaf fakir I am sorry poorv valuta universitas currency universityz zeni lezat engineer deliciousQ and X edit The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects 7 Examples Sinar X X ray The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects 8 9 Examples Quran Al Furqan Al BaqarahAffixes and prepositions edit The writing of di and ke affixes can be distinguished from di and ke prepositions where di and ke are written together with the words that follow it for example diambil kehendak taken desire while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it for example di rumah ke pasar at home to the market This is different from the former Republican Spelling where both di and di are written together with the words following it 7 Reduplication edit Reduplication mostly used in plural form of words has to be fully written with letters so the use of the superscripted number 2 as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid 7 The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging Republican EYD English meaninganak2 anak anak childrenber main2 bermain main playing aroundke barat2 an kebarat baratan westernizedExceptions editExceptions mostly come from proper nouns Many personal names particularly of younger people do not follow the orthographic rules see Indonesian names The common spelling variations include doubled letters silent h following consonants use of Dutch digraphs which stems from Van Ophuijsen spelling 10 and other eccentric letters 11 However a few may also come from other parts of speech such as Indonesian mag gastritis is actually pronounced as max or even mah deriving from Dutch maag Changes editVarious minor changes were announced after 1975 On 9 September 1987 the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree 12 which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years On 31 July 2009 the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes 13 The update included optional diacritics for e as e e and e e On 26 November 2015 the Minister of Education and Culture issue a ministerial regulation about spelling system 14 For the first time the term Indonesian spelling system was used There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of ei previously there were only 3 diphthongs ai au and oi optional diacritics for e as e e e ɛ and e e and new rules on the usage of bold letters abolishment the usage of bold letter for lemma entries in dictionary On 16 August 2022 in time for the spelling system s fiftieth anniversary new update for the spelling system was issued 15 It restored the Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan term Like the previous update it also introduced minor changes among others it introduced the monophthong eu ɘ mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese reaffirming the use of optional diacritics e e and limited the use of number words to singular numbers 15 See also editNew Rumi Spelling Republican Spelling System Van Ophuijsen Spelling SystemReferences edit Indonesia Inaugurated New Spelling Enhanced In History Today August 16 1972 Voice of Indonesia 2021 08 16 Retrieved 2023 07 30 Kridalaksana Harimukti 1974 Spelling Reform 1972 A Stage in the Process of Standardisation of Bahasa Indonesia PDF Papers from the Conference on the Standardisation of Asian Languages Manila Philippines December 16 21 1974 Pacific Linguistics 305 317 ISBN 9780858831766 a b EYD V ejaan kemdikbud go id Retrieved 2022 08 22 Sneddon James N 2003 The Indonesian Language Its History and Role in Modern Society UNSW Press p 128 ISBN 0868405981 Keputusan Presiden No 57 Tahun 1972 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan Presidential Decree No 57 of 1972 PDF in Indonesian President of Indonesia Surat Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI Nomor 0196 U 1975 tentang Peresmian Berlakunya Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan dan Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah di Seluruh Indonesia General Guidelines for the Enhanced Indonesian Spelling System Ministerial Decree No 0196 U 1975 of 1975 in Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture a b c d Tasai S Amran and E Zaenal Arifin 2000 Cermat Berbahasa Indonesia Untuk Perguruan Tinggi 2 QS Al Baqarah Sapi Betina Sindonews Retrieved 22 September 2021 25 QS Al Furqan Pembeda Sindonews Retrieved 22 September 2021 Viral Daftar Absensi dengan Nama Sulit Dieja Begini Cara Membuat Nama Anak yang Mudah dan Baik Artinya kabartegal pikiran rakyat com Retrieved 2023 12 29 Tren Terkini Nama Anak Indonesia Cenderung Panjang Unik dan Susah Dieja nova grid id Retrieved 2023 12 29 Kepmendikbud RI No 0543a u 1987 Tentang Penyempurnaan Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan Ministerial Decree No 0543a U 1987 of 1987 in Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture Permendiknas No 46 Tahun 2009 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan Ministerial Decree No 46 of 2009 PDF in Indonesian Minister of National Education Permendikbud Nomor 50 Tahun 2015 Tentang Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Ministerial Decree No 50 of 2015 PDF in Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture a b Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan Kebudayaan Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 0424 I BS 00 01 2022 Tentang Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan Language Center Decree No 0424 I BS 00 01 2022 of 2022 in Indonesian Language Development and Fostering Agency External links editOfficial website for the fifth edition of EYD Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indonesian orthography amp oldid 1217112790, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
