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Wikipedia

Deplatforming

February 16, 2024

"No-platforming" redirects here. For the British student organization policy, see No Platform.

Deplatforming, also known as no-platforming, has been defined as an "attempt to boycott a group or individual through removing the platforms (such as speaking venues or websites) used to share information or ideas",[1] or "the action or practice of preventing someone holding views regarded as unacceptable or offensive from contributing to a forum or debate, especially by blocking them on a particular website."[2]

A bust of MIT president Francis Amasa Walker separated from its pedestal at the MIT Museum

History edit

Deplatforming of invited speakers edit

In the United States, the banning of speakers on university campuses dates back to the 1940s. This was carried out by the policies of the universities themselves. The University of California had a policy known as the Speaker Ban, codified in university regulations under President Robert Gordon Sproul, that mostly, but not exclusively, targeted communists. One rule stated that "the University assumed the right to prevent exploitation of its prestige by unqualified persons or by those who would use it as a platform for propaganda." This rule was used in 1951 to block Max Shachtman, a socialist, from speaking at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1947, former U.S. Vice President Henry A. Wallace was banned from speaking at UCLA because of his views on U.S. Cold War policy,[3] and in 1961, Malcolm X was prohibited from speaking at Berkeley as a religious leader.

Controversial speakers invited to appear on college campuses have faced deplatforming attempts to disinvite them or to otherwise prevent them from speaking.[4] The British National Union of Students established its No Platform policy as early as 1973.[5] In the mid-1980s, visits by South African ambassador Glenn Babb to Canadian college campuses faced opposition from students opposed to apartheid.[6]

In the United States, recent examples include the March 2017 disruption by protestors of a public speech at Middlebury College by political scientist Charles Murray.[4] In February 2018, students at the University of Central Oklahoma rescinded a speaking invitation to creationist Ken Ham, after pressure from an LGBT student group.[7][8] In March 2018, a "small group of protesters" at Lewis & Clark Law School attempted to stop a speech by visiting lecturer Christina Hoff Sommers.[4] In the 2019 film No Safe Spaces, Adam Carolla and Dennis Prager documented their own disinvitation along with others.[9]

As of February 2020, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, a speech advocacy group, documented 469 disinvitation or disruption attempts at American campuses since 2000,[10] including both "unsuccessful disinvitation attempts" and "successful disinvitations"; the group defines the latter category as including three subcategories: formal disinvitation by the sponsor of the speaking engagement; the speaker's withdrawal "in the face of disinvitation demands"; and "heckler's vetoes" (situations when "students or faculty persistently disrupt or entirely prevent the speakers' ability to speak").[11]

Deplatforming in social media edit

Beginning in 2015, Reddit banned several communities on the site ("subreddits") for violating the site's anti-harassment policy.[12] A 2017 study published in the journal Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, examining "the causal effects of the ban on both participating users and affected communities," found that "the ban served a number of useful purposes for Reddit" and that "Users participating in the banned subreddits either left the site or (for those who remained) dramatically reduced their hate speech usage. Communities that inherited the displaced activity of these users did not suffer from an increase in hate speech."[12] In June 2020 and January 2021, Reddit also issued bans to two prominent online pro-Trump communities over violations of the website's content and harassment policies.

On May 2, 2019, Facebook and the Facebook-owned platform Instagram announced a ban of "dangerous individuals and organizations" including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, Milo Yiannopoulos, Alex Jones and his organization InfoWars, Paul Joseph Watson, Laura Loomer, and Paul Nehlen.[13][14] In the wake of the 2021 storming of the US Capitol, Twitter banned then-president Donald Trump, as well as 70,000 other accounts linked to the event and the far-right movement QAnon.

Some studies have found that the deplatforming of extremists reduced their audience, although other research has found that some content creators became more toxic following deplatforming and migration to alt-tech platform.[15]

Twitter edit

On November 18, 2022, Elon Musk, as newly appointed CEO of Twitter, reopened previously banned Twitter accounts of high-profile users, including Kathy Griffin, Jordan Peterson, and The Babylon Bee as part of the new Twitter policy.[16][17] As Musk exclaimed, "New Twitter policy is freedom of speech, but not freedom of reach".

Alex Jones edit

On August 6, 2018, Facebook, Apple, YouTube and Spotify removed all content by Jones and InfoWars for policy violations. YouTube removed channels associated with InfoWars, including The Alex Jones Channel.[18] On Facebook, four pages associated with InfoWars and Alex Jones were removed over repeated policy violations. Apple removed all podcasts associated with Jones from iTunes.[19] On August 13, 2018, Vimeo removed all of Jones's videos because of "prohibitions on discriminatory and hateful content".[20] Facebook cited instances of dehumanizing immigrants, Muslims and transgender people, as well as glorification of violence, as examples of hate speech.[21][22] After InfoWars was banned from Facebook, Jones used another of his websites, NewsWars, to circumvent the ban.[23][24]

Jones's accounts were also removed from Pinterest,[25] Mailchimp[26] and LinkedIn.[27] As of early August 2018, Jones retained active accounts on Instagram,[28] Google+[29] and Twitter.[30][31]

In September, Jones was permanently banned from Twitter and Periscope after berating CNN reporter Oliver Darcy.[32][33] On September 7, 2018, the InfoWars app was removed from the Apple App Store for "objectionable content".[34] He was banned from using PayPal for business transactions, having violated the company's policies by expressing "hate or discriminatory intolerance against certain communities and religions."[35] After Elon Musk's purchase of Twitter several previously banned accounts were reinstated including Donald Trump, Andrew Tate and Ye resulting in questioning if Alex Jones will be unbanned as well. However Musk denied that Alex Jones will be unbanned criticizing Jones as a person that "would use the deaths of children for gain, politics or fame".[36]

InfoWars remained available on Roku devices in January 2019, a year after the channel's removal from multiple streaming services. Roku indicated that they do not "curate or censor based on viewpoint," and that it had policies against content that is "unlawful, incited illegal activities, or violates third-party rights," but that InfoWars was not in violation of these policies. Following a social media backlash, Roku removed InfoWars and stated "After the InfoWars channel became available, we heard from concerned parties and have determined that the channel should be removed from our platform."[37][38]

In March 2019, YouTube terminated the Resistance News channel due to its reuploading of live streams from InfoWars.[39] On May 1, 2019, Jones was barred from using both Facebook and Instagram.[40][41][42] Jones briefly moved to Dlive, but was suspended in April 2019 for violating community guidelines.[43]

In March 2020, the InfoWars app was removed from the Google Play store due to claims of Jones disseminating COVID-19 misinformation. A Google spokesperson stated that "combating misinformation on the Play Store is a top priority for the team" and apps that violate Play policy by "distributing misleading or harmful information" are removed from the store.[44]

Donald Trump edit

Main article: Donald Trump on social media

On January 6, 2021, in a joint session of the United States Congress, the counting of the votes of the Electoral College was interrupted by a breach of the United States Capitol chambers. The rioters were supporters of President Donald Trump who hoped to delay and overturn the President's loss in the 2020 election. The event resulted in five deaths and at least 400 people being charged with crimes.[45] The certification of the electoral votes was only completed in the early morning hours of January 7, 2021. In the wake of several Tweets by President Trump on January 7, 2021 Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Reddit, and Twitter all deplatformed Trump to some extent.[46][47][48][49] Twitter deactivated his personal account, which the company said could possibly be used to promote further violence. Trump subsequently tweeted similar messages from the President's official US Government account @POTUS, which resulted in him being permanently banned on January 8.[50] Twitter then announced that Trump's ban from their platform would be permanent.

Trump planned to rejoin on social media through the use of a new platform by May or June 2021, according to Jason Miller on a Fox News broadcast.[51][52]

The same week Musk announced Twitter's new freedom of speech policy, he tweeted a poll to ask whether to bring back Trump into the platform.[53] The poll ended with 51.8% in favor of unbanning Trump's account.[53] Twitter has since reinstated Trump's Twitter account @realDonaldTrump (as of 19 Nov 2022 — but by then Trump's platform was Truth Social).[53][54]

Andrew Tate edit

In 2017, Andrew Tate was banned from Twitter for tweeting that women should "bare some responsibility" in response to the #MeToo movement.[55] Similarly, in August 2022, Tate was banned on four more major social media platforms: Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube.[55] These platforms indicated that Tate's misogynistic comments violated their hate speech policies.[56]

Tate has since been unbanned from Twitter as part of the new freedom of speech policy on Twitter.[56]

Demonetization edit

Social media platforms such as YouTube and Instagram allow their content producers or influencers to earn money based on the content (videos, images, etc.), most typically based around some sort of payment per a set number of new "likes" or clicks etc. When the content is deemed inappropriate for compensation, but still left on the platform, this is called "demonetization" because the content producer is left with no compensation for their content that they created, while at the same time the content is still left up and available for viewing or listening by the general public.[57] In September 2016, Vox reported that demonetization—as it pertained to YouTube specifically—involved the following key points:

  • "Since 2012, YouTube has been automatically 'demonetizing' some videos because its software thought the content was unfriendly for advertisers."[57]
  • "Many YouTube video makers didn’t realize this until last week, when YouTube began actively telling them about it."[57]
  • "This has freaked YouTubers out, even though YouTube has been behaving rationally by trying to connect advertisers to advertiser-friendly content. It’s not censorship, since YouTube video makers can still post (just about) anything they want."[57]
  • "YouTube’s software will screw things up, which means videos that should have ads don’t, which means YouTube video makers have been missing out on ad revenue."[57]

Other examples edit

Financial deplatforming edit

Countering terrorist organizations ranges from the use of civil laws to financial deplatforming— Jessica Davis.[58]

Harassment and threats to employment edit

Deplatforming tactics have also included attempts to silence controversial speakers through various forms of personal harassment, such as doxing,[59] the making of false emergency reports for purposes of swatting,[60] and complaints or petitions to third parties. In some cases, protesters have attempted to have speakers blacklisted from projects or fired from their jobs.[61]

In 2019, for example, students at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia circulated an online petition demanding that Camille Paglia "should be removed from UArts faculty and replaced by a queer person of color."[62] According to The Atlantic's Conor Friedersdorf, "It is rare for student activists to argue that a tenured faculty member at their own institution should be denied a platform."[62] Paglia, a tenured professor for over 30 years who identifies as transgender, had long been unapologetically outspoken on controversial "matters of sex, gender identity, and sexual assault".[62]

In print media edit

In December 2017, after learning that a French artist it had previously reviewed was a neo-Nazi, the San Francisco punk magazine Maximum Rocknroll apologized and announced that it has "a strict no-platform policy towards any bands and artists with a Nazi ideology".[63]

Legislative responses edit

United Kingdom edit

In May 2021, the UK government under Boris Johnson announced a Higher Education (Freedom of Speech) Bill that would allow speakers at universities to seek compensation for no-platforming, impose fines on universities and student unions that promote the practice, and establish a new ombudsman charged with monitoring cases of no-platforming and academic dismissals.[64] In addition, the government published an Online Safety Bill that would prohibit social media networks from discriminating against particular political views or removing "democratically important" content, such as comments opposing or supporting political parties and policies.[65]

United States edit

Some critics of deplatforming have proposed that governments should treat social media as a public utility to ensure that constitutional rights of the users are protected, citing their belief that an Internet presence using social media websites is imperative in order to adequately take part in the 21st century as an individual.[66] Republican politicians have sought to weaken the protections established by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act—which provides immunity from liability for providers and users of an "interactive computer service" who publish information provided by third-party users—under allegations that the moderation policies of major social networks are not politically neutral.[67][68][69][70]

Reactions edit

Support for deplatforming edit

See also: Paradox of tolerance and Defensive democracy

According to its defenders, deplatforming has been used as a tactic to prevent the spread of hate speech and disinformation.[12] Social media has evolved into a significant source of news reporting for its users, and support for content moderation and banning of inflammatory posters has been defended as an editorial responsibility required by news outlets.[71]

Supporters of deplatforming have justified the action on the grounds that it produces the desired effect of reducing what they characterize as hate speech.[12][72][73] Angelo Carusone, president of the progressive organization Media Matters for America and who had run deplatforming campaigns against conservative talk hosts Rush Limbaugh in 2012 and Glenn Beck in 2010, pointed to Twitter's 2016 ban of Milo Yiannopoulos, stating that "the result was that he lost a lot.... He lost his ability to be influential or at least to project a veneer of influence."[72]

In the United States, the argument that deplatforming violates rights protected by the First Amendment is sometimes raised as a criticism. Proponents say that deplatforming is a legal way of dealing with controversial users online or in other digital spaces, so long as the government is not involved with causing the deplatforming. According to Audie Cornish, host of the NPR show Consider This, "the government can't silence your ability to say almost anything you want on a public street corner. But a private company can silence your ability to say whatever you want on a platform they created."[74]

Critical responses edit

In the words of technology journalist Declan McCullagh, "Silicon Valley's efforts to pull the plug on dissenting opinions" began around 2018 with Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube denying service to selected users of their platforms; he said they devised "excuses to suspend ideologically disfavored accounts".[75] In 2019, McCullagh predicted that paying customers would become targets for deplatforming as well, citing protests and open letters by employees of Amazon, Microsoft, Salesforce, and Google who opposed policies of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and who reportedly sought to influence their employers to deplatform the agency and its contractors.[75]

Law professor Glenn Reynolds dubbed 2018 the "Year of Deplatforming" in an August 2018 article in The Wall Street Journal. Reynolds criticized the decision of "internet giants" to "slam the gates on a number of people and ideas they don't like", naming Alex Jones and Gavin McInnes.[76] Reynolds cited further restrictions on "even mainstream conservative figures" such as Dennis Prager, as well as Facebook's blocking of a campaign advertisement by a Republican candidate "ostensibly because her video mentioned the Cambodian genocide, which her family survived."[76]

In a 2019 The Atlantic article, Conor Friedersdorf described what he called "standard practice" among student activists. He wrote: "Activists begin with social-media callouts; they urge authority figures to impose outcomes that they favor, without regard for overall student opinion; they try to marshal antidiscrimination law to limit freedom of expression."[62] Friedersdorf pointed to evidence of a chilling effect on free speech and academic freedom. Of the faculty members he had contacted for interviews, he said a large majority "on both sides of the controversy insisted that their comments be kept off the record or anonymous. They feared openly participating in a debate about a major event at their institution—even after their university president put out an uncompromising statement in support of free speech."[62]

See also edit

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Further reading edit

  • Rogers, Richard (May 6, 2020). "Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media". European Journal of Communication. 35 (3): 213–229. doi:10.1177/0267323120922066.

External links edit

  •   The dictionary definition of deplatform at Wiktionary

February 16, 2024
deplatforming, platforming, redirects, here, british, student, organization, policy, platform, this, article, lend, undue, weight, certain, ideas, incidents, controversies, please, help, improve, rewriting, balanced, fashion, that, contextualizes, different, p. No platforming redirects here For the British student organization policy see No Platform This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas incidents or controversies Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Deplatforming also known as no platforming has been defined as an attempt to boycott a group or individual through removing the platforms such as speaking venues or websites used to share information or ideas 1 or the action or practice of preventing someone holding views regarded as unacceptable or offensive from contributing to a forum or debate especially by blocking them on a particular website 2 A bust of MIT president Francis Amasa Walker separated from its pedestal at the MIT Museum Contents 1 History 1 1 Deplatforming of invited speakers 1 2 Deplatforming in social media 1 2 1 Twitter 1 2 2 Alex Jones 1 2 3 Donald Trump 1 2 4 Andrew Tate 1 2 5 Demonetization 1 3 Other examples 1 3 1 Financial deplatforming 1 3 2 Harassment and threats to employment 1 3 3 In print media 2 Legislative responses 2 1 United Kingdom 2 2 United States 3 Reactions 3 1 Support for deplatforming 3 2 Critical responses 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editDeplatforming of invited speakers edit In the United States the banning of speakers on university campuses dates back to the 1940s This was carried out by the policies of the universities themselves The University of California had a policy known as the Speaker Ban codified in university regulations under President Robert Gordon Sproul that mostly but not exclusively targeted communists One rule stated that the University assumed the right to prevent exploitation of its prestige by unqualified persons or by those who would use it as a platform for propaganda This rule was used in 1951 to block Max Shachtman a socialist from speaking at the University of California at Berkeley In 1947 former U S Vice President Henry A Wallace was banned from speaking at UCLA because of his views on U S Cold War policy 3 and in 1961 Malcolm X was prohibited from speaking at Berkeley as a religious leader Controversial speakers invited to appear on college campuses have faced deplatforming attempts to disinvite them or to otherwise prevent them from speaking 4 The British National Union of Students established its No Platform policy as early as 1973 5 In the mid 1980s visits by South African ambassador Glenn Babb to Canadian college campuses faced opposition from students opposed to apartheid 6 In the United States recent examples include the March 2017 disruption by protestors of a public speech at Middlebury College by political scientist Charles Murray 4 In February 2018 students at the University of Central Oklahoma rescinded a speaking invitation to creationist Ken Ham after pressure from an LGBT student group 7 8 In March 2018 a small group of protesters at Lewis amp Clark Law School attempted to stop a speech by visiting lecturer Christina Hoff Sommers 4 In the 2019 film No Safe Spaces Adam Carolla and Dennis Prager documented their own disinvitation along with others 9 As of February 2020 update the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education a speech advocacy group documented 469 disinvitation or disruption attempts at American campuses since 2000 10 including both unsuccessful disinvitation attempts and successful disinvitations the group defines the latter category as including three subcategories formal disinvitation by the sponsor of the speaking engagement the speaker s withdrawal in the face of disinvitation demands and heckler s vetoes situations when students or faculty persistently disrupt or entirely prevent the speakers ability to speak 11 Deplatforming in social media edit Beginning in 2015 Reddit banned several communities on the site subreddits for violating the site s anti harassment policy 12 A 2017 study published in the journal Proceedings of the ACM on Human Computer Interaction examining the causal effects of the ban on both participating users and affected communities found that the ban served a number of useful purposes for Reddit and that Users participating in the banned subreddits either left the site or for those who remained dramatically reduced their hate speech usage Communities that inherited the displaced activity of these users did not suffer from an increase in hate speech 12 In June 2020 and January 2021 Reddit also issued bans to two prominent online pro Trump communities over violations of the website s content and harassment policies On May 2 2019 Facebook and the Facebook owned platform Instagram announced a ban of dangerous individuals and organizations including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan Milo Yiannopoulos Alex Jones and his organization InfoWars Paul Joseph Watson Laura Loomer and Paul Nehlen 13 14 In the wake of the 2021 storming of the US Capitol Twitter banned then president Donald Trump as well as 70 000 other accounts linked to the event and the far right movement QAnon Some studies have found that the deplatforming of extremists reduced their audience although other research has found that some content creators became more toxic following deplatforming and migration to alt tech platform 15 Twitter edit On November 18 2022 Elon Musk as newly appointed CEO of Twitter reopened previously banned Twitter accounts of high profile users including Kathy Griffin Jordan Peterson and The Babylon Bee as part of the new Twitter policy 16 17 As Musk exclaimed New Twitter policy is freedom of speech but not freedom of reach Alex Jones edit On August 6 2018 Facebook Apple YouTube and Spotify removed all content by Jones and InfoWars for policy violations YouTube removed channels associated with InfoWars including The Alex Jones Channel 18 On Facebook four pages associated with InfoWars and Alex Jones were removed over repeated policy violations Apple removed all podcasts associated with Jones from iTunes 19 On August 13 2018 Vimeo removed all of Jones s videos because of prohibitions on discriminatory and hateful content 20 Facebook cited instances of dehumanizing immigrants Muslims and transgender people as well as glorification of violence as examples of hate speech 21 22 After InfoWars was banned from Facebook Jones used another of his websites NewsWars to circumvent the ban 23 24 Jones s accounts were also removed from Pinterest 25 Mailchimp 26 and LinkedIn 27 As of early August 2018 update Jones retained active accounts on Instagram 28 Google 29 and Twitter 30 31 In September Jones was permanently banned from Twitter and Periscope after berating CNN reporter Oliver Darcy 32 33 On September 7 2018 the InfoWars app was removed from the Apple App Store for objectionable content 34 He was banned from using PayPal for business transactions having violated the company s policies by expressing hate or discriminatory intolerance against certain communities and religions 35 After Elon Musk s purchase of Twitter several previously banned accounts were reinstated including Donald Trump Andrew Tate and Ye resulting in questioning if Alex Jones will be unbanned as well However Musk denied that Alex Jones will be unbanned criticizing Jones as a person that would use the deaths of children for gain politics or fame 36 InfoWars remained available on Roku devices in January 2019 a year after the channel s removal from multiple streaming services Roku indicated that they do not curate or censor based on viewpoint and that it had policies against content that is unlawful incited illegal activities or violates third party rights but that InfoWars was not in violation of these policies Following a social media backlash Roku removed InfoWars and stated After the InfoWars channel became available we heard from concerned parties and have determined that the channel should be removed from our platform 37 38 In March 2019 YouTube terminated the Resistance News channel due to its reuploading of live streams from InfoWars 39 On May 1 2019 Jones was barred from using both Facebook and Instagram 40 41 42 Jones briefly moved to Dlive but was suspended in April 2019 for violating community guidelines 43 In March 2020 the InfoWars app was removed from the Google Play store due to claims of Jones disseminating COVID 19 misinformation A Google spokesperson stated that combating misinformation on the Play Store is a top priority for the team and apps that violate Play policy by distributing misleading or harmful information are removed from the store 44 Donald Trump edit Main article Donald Trump on social media On January 6 2021 in a joint session of the United States Congress the counting of the votes of the Electoral College was interrupted by a breach of the United States Capitol chambers The rioters were supporters of President Donald Trump who hoped to delay and overturn the President s loss in the 2020 election The event resulted in five deaths and at least 400 people being charged with crimes 45 The certification of the electoral votes was only completed in the early morning hours of January 7 2021 In the wake of several Tweets by President Trump on January 7 2021 Facebook Instagram YouTube Reddit and Twitter all deplatformed Trump to some extent 46 47 48 49 Twitter deactivated his personal account which the company said could possibly be used to promote further violence Trump subsequently tweeted similar messages from the President s official US Government account POTUS which resulted in him being permanently banned on January 8 50 Twitter then announced that Trump s ban from their platform would be permanent Trump planned to rejoin on social media through the use of a new platform by May or June 2021 according to Jason Miller on a Fox News broadcast 51 52 The same week Musk announced Twitter s new freedom of speech policy he tweeted a poll to ask whether to bring back Trump into the platform 53 The poll ended with 51 8 in favor of unbanning Trump s account 53 Twitter has since reinstated Trump s Twitter account realDonaldTrump as of 19 Nov 2022 but by then Trump s platform was Truth Social 53 54 Andrew Tate edit In 2017 Andrew Tate was banned from Twitter for tweeting that women should bare some responsibility in response to the MeToo movement 55 Similarly in August 2022 Tate was banned on four more major social media platforms Instagram Facebook TikTok and YouTube 55 These platforms indicated that Tate s misogynistic comments violated their hate speech policies 56 Tate has since been unbanned from Twitter as part of the new freedom of speech policy on Twitter 56 Demonetization edit Social media platforms such as YouTube and Instagram allow their content producers or influencers to earn money based on the content videos images etc most typically based around some sort of payment per a set number of new likes or clicks etc When the content is deemed inappropriate for compensation but still left on the platform this is called demonetization because the content producer is left with no compensation for their content that they created while at the same time the content is still left up and available for viewing or listening by the general public 57 In September 2016 Vox reported that demonetization as it pertained to YouTube specifically involved the following key points Since 2012 YouTube has been automatically demonetizing some videos because its software thought the content was unfriendly for advertisers 57 Many YouTube video makers didn t realize this until last week when YouTube began actively telling them about it 57 This has freaked YouTubers out even though YouTube has been behaving rationally by trying to connect advertisers to advertiser friendly content It s not censorship since YouTube video makers can still post just about anything they want 57 YouTube s software will screw things up which means videos that should have ads don t which means YouTube video makers have been missing out on ad revenue 57 Other examples edit Financial deplatforming edit Countering terrorist organizations ranges from the use of civil laws to financial deplatforming Jessica Davis 58 Harassment and threats to employment edit Deplatforming tactics have also included attempts to silence controversial speakers through various forms of personal harassment such as doxing 59 the making of false emergency reports for purposes of swatting 60 and complaints or petitions to third parties In some cases protesters have attempted to have speakers blacklisted from projects or fired from their jobs 61 In 2019 for example students at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia circulated an online petition demanding that Camille Paglia should be removed from UArts faculty and replaced by a queer person of color 62 According to The Atlantic s Conor Friedersdorf It is rare for student activists to argue that a tenured faculty member at their own institution should be denied a platform 62 Paglia a tenured professor for over 30 years who identifies as transgender had long been unapologetically outspoken on controversial matters of sex gender identity and sexual assault 62 In print media edit In December 2017 after learning that a French artist it had previously reviewed was a neo Nazi the San Francisco punk magazine Maximum Rocknroll apologized and announced that it has a strict no platform policy towards any bands and artists with a Nazi ideology 63 Legislative responses editUnited Kingdom edit In May 2021 the UK government under Boris Johnson announced a Higher Education Freedom of Speech Bill that would allow speakers at universities to seek compensation for no platforming impose fines on universities and student unions that promote the practice and establish a new ombudsman charged with monitoring cases of no platforming and academic dismissals 64 In addition the government published an Online Safety Bill that would prohibit social media networks from discriminating against particular political views or removing democratically important content such as comments opposing or supporting political parties and policies 65 United States edit Some critics of deplatforming have proposed that governments should treat social media as a public utility to ensure that constitutional rights of the users are protected citing their belief that an Internet presence using social media websites is imperative in order to adequately take part in the 21st century as an individual 66 Republican politicians have sought to weaken the protections established by Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act which provides immunity from liability for providers and users of an interactive computer service who publish information provided by third party users under allegations that the moderation policies of major social networks are not politically neutral 67 68 69 70 Reactions editSupport for deplatforming edit See also Paradox of tolerance and Defensive democracy According to its defenders deplatforming has been used as a tactic to prevent the spread of hate speech and disinformation 12 Social media has evolved into a significant source of news reporting for its users and support for content moderation and banning of inflammatory posters has been defended as an editorial responsibility required by news outlets 71 Supporters of deplatforming have justified the action on the grounds that it produces the desired effect of reducing what they characterize as hate speech 12 72 73 Angelo Carusone president of the progressive organization Media Matters for America and who had run deplatforming campaigns against conservative talk hosts Rush Limbaugh in 2012 and Glenn Beck in 2010 pointed to Twitter s 2016 ban of Milo Yiannopoulos stating that the result was that he lost a lot He lost his ability to be influential or at least to project a veneer of influence 72 In the United States the argument that deplatforming violates rights protected by the First Amendment is sometimes raised as a criticism Proponents say that deplatforming is a legal way of dealing with controversial users online or in other digital spaces so long as the government is not involved with causing the deplatforming According to Audie Cornish host of the NPR show Consider This the government can t silence your ability to say almost anything you want on a public street corner But a private company can silence your ability to say whatever you want on a platform they created 74 Critical responses edit In the words of technology journalist Declan McCullagh Silicon Valley s efforts to pull the plug on dissenting opinions began around 2018 with Twitter Facebook and YouTube denying service to selected users of their platforms he said they devised excuses to suspend ideologically disfavored accounts 75 In 2019 McCullagh predicted that paying customers would become targets for deplatforming as well citing protests and open letters by employees of Amazon Microsoft Salesforce and Google who opposed policies of U S Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICE and who reportedly sought to influence their employers to deplatform the agency and its contractors 75 Law professor Glenn Reynolds dubbed 2018 the Year of Deplatforming in an August 2018 article in The Wall Street Journal Reynolds criticized the decision of internet giants to slam the gates on a number of people and ideas they don t like naming Alex Jones and Gavin McInnes 76 Reynolds cited further restrictions on even mainstream conservative figures such as Dennis Prager as well as Facebook s blocking of a campaign advertisement by a Republican candidate ostensibly because her video mentioned the Cambodian genocide which her family survived 76 In a 2019 The Atlantic article Conor Friedersdorf described what he called standard practice among student activists He wrote Activists begin with social media callouts they urge authority figures to impose outcomes that they favor without regard for overall student opinion they try to marshal antidiscrimination law to limit freedom of expression 62 Friedersdorf pointed to evidence of a chilling effect on free speech and academic freedom Of the faculty members he had contacted for interviews he said a large majority on both sides of the controversy insisted that their comments be kept off the record or anonymous They feared openly participating in a debate about a major event at their institution even after their university president put out an uncompromising statement in support of free speech 62 See also editBoycott No Platform Freedom of speech Censorship Online shaming Social media as a public utility Cancel cultureReferences edit The Good The Bad amp The Semantically Imprecise The words that defined the week of August 10 2018 Merriam Webster August 8 2018 Deplatforming Lexico com Dictionary com Oxford University Press Freeman Jo 2000 A Short History of the University of California 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Retrieved February 16 2021 User s Guide to FIRE s Disinvitation Database Foundation for Individual Rights in Education June 9 2016 Archived from the original on March 9 2017 Retrieved February 16 2021 a b c d Chandrasekharan Eshwar Pavalanathan Umashanti et al November 2017 You Can t Stay Here The Efficacy of Reddit s 2015 Ban Examined Through Hate Speech PDF Proceedings of the ACM on Human Computer Interaction 1 CSCW Article 31 doi 10 1145 3134666 S2CID 22713682 Archived PDF from the original on September 11 2017 Wells Georgia May 2 2019 Facebook Bans Louis Farrakhan Alex Jones and Others as Dangerous The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on May 3 2019 Lorenz Taylor May 2 2019 Instagram and Facebook Ban Far Right Extremists The Atlantic Archived from the original on May 3 2019 Dehghan Ehsan Nagappa Ashwin 2022 Politicization and Radicalization of Discourses in the Alt Tech Ecosystem A Case Study on Gab Social Social Media Society 8 3 205630512211130 doi 10 1177 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certification The Verge Archived from the original on February 24 2021 Retrieved July 17 2019 Brandom Russell June 17 2020 Senate Republicans want to make it easier to sue tech companies for bias The Verge Archived from the original on February 20 2021 Retrieved June 17 2020 Kelly Makena September 8 2020 Republicans pressure platforms with new 230 bill The Verge Archived from the original on February 28 2021 Retrieved September 8 2020 Yaraghi Niam January 10 2021 How should social media platforms combat misinformation and hate speech Brookings Archived from the original on April 9 2019 a b Koebler Jason August 10 2018 Deplatforming Works Motherboard Vice Media Archived from the original on March 19 2019 Wong Julia Carrie September 4 2018 Don t give Facebook and YouTube credit for shrinking Alex Jones audience The Guardian London Deplatforming Not A First Amendment Issue But Still A Tough Call For Big Tech Consider This from NPR NPR org Retrieved April 18 2021 a b McCullagh Declan February 2019 Deplatforming Is a Dangerous Game Reason Archived from the original on March 31 2019 a b Reynolds Glenn Harlan August 18 2018 When Digital Platforms Become Censors The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on March 30 2019 Further reading editRogers Richard May 6 2020 Deplatforming Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media European Journal of Communication 35 3 213 229 doi 10 1177 0267323120922066 External links edit nbsp The dictionary definition of deplatform at Wiktionary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Deplatforming amp oldid 1204388169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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