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Wikipedia

LinkedIn

February 05, 2023

LinkedIn (/lɪŋktˈɪn/) is a business and employment-focused social media platform that works through websites and mobile apps. Launched on May 5, 2003,[4] owned by Microsoft. The platform is primarily used for professional networking and career development, and allows job seekers to post their CVs and employers to post jobs. From 2015 most of the company's revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters and sales professionals.[5] Since December 2016, it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Microsoft. As of February 2022, LinkedIn has 830+ million registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[6]

LinkedIn Corporation
Headquarters in Sunnyvale, California
Type of businessSubsidiary
Type of site
Professional network service
Available inMultilingual (24)
FoundedMay 5, 2003; 19 years ago (2003-05-05)
Mountain View, California, U.S.
Headquarters
Sunnyvale, California
,
U.S.
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)
CEORyan Roslansky
Key people
IndustryInternet
Revenue US$ 10 Billion (2021)
Net income US$ —159.2 Million (2021)
Employees21,000 (2022)[3]
ParentMicrosoft
SubsidiariesLinkedIn Learning
Connectifier
Drawbridge
Glint
URLwww.linkedin.com
AdvertisingAdSense
RegistrationRequired
Users 900 million members (January 2023)
LaunchedMay 5, 2003; 19 years ago (2003-05-05)
Current statusActive

LinkedIn allows members (both workers and employers) to create profiles and connect with each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone (whether an existing member or not) to become a connection. LinkedIn can also be used to organize offline events, join groups, write articles, publish job postings, post photos and videos, and more.[7]

Company overview

Founded in Mountain View, California, LinkedIn is currently headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, with 33 global offices.[8] In May 2020, the company had around 20,500 employees.[9]

LinkedIn's CEO is Ryan Roslansky. Jeff Weiner, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is now the Executive Chairman. Reid Hoffman, founder of LinkedIn, is chairman of the board.[10][11] It was funded by Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bain Capital Ventures,[12] Bessemer Venture Partners and the European Founders Fund.[13] LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006.[14] Since January 2011 the company had received a total of $103 million of investment.[15]

According to a 2016 The New York Times article, US high school students were creating LinkedIn profiles to include with their college applications.[16][17] Based in the United States, the site is, as of 2013, available in 24 languages.[10][18][19] LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 and traded its first shares in May, under the NYSE symbol "LNKD".[20]

History

Founding from 2002 to 2011

 
Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in Mountain View, California

The company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and the founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet.com (Allen Blue, Eric Ly, Jean-Luc Vaillant, Lee Hower, Konstantin Guericke, Stephen Beitzel, David Eves, Ian McNish, Yan Pujante, Chris Saccheri).[21] In late 2003, Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company.[22] In August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users.[23] In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability.[23] In April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users.[23] In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site.[24]

In June 2008, Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and other venture capital firms purchased a 5% stake in the company for $53 million, giving the company a post-money valuation of approximately $1 billion.[25] In November 2009, LinkedIn opened its office in Mumbai[26] and soon thereafter in Sydney, as it started its Asia-Pacific team expansion. In 2010 LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin, Ireland,[27] received a $20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately $2 billion,[28] announced its first acquisition, Mspoke,[29] and improved its 1% premium subscription ratio.[30] In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No. 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups.[31] By December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets.[32] LinkedIn started its India operations in 2009 and a major part of the first year was dedicated to understanding professionals in India and educating members to leverage LinkedIn for career development.

2011 to present

 
LinkedIn office building at 222 Second Street in San Francisco (opened in March 2016)
 
LinkedIn office in Toronto inside the Toronto Eaton Centre

LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19, 2011, under the NYSE symbol "LNKD", at $45 per share. Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above IPO price. Shortly after the IPO, the site's underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision-release cycles.[10] In 2011 LinkedIn earned $154.6 million in advertising revenue alone, surpassing Twitter, which earned $139.5 million.[33] LinkedIn's fourth-quarter 2011, earnings soared because of the company's increase in success in the social media world.[34] By this point LinkedIn had about 2,100 full-time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010.[35]

In April 2014 LinkedIn announced that it had leased 222 Second Street, a 26-story building under construction in San Francisco's SoMa district, to accommodate up to 2,500 of its employees,[36] with the lease covering 10 years.[37] The goal was to join all San Francisco-based staff (1,250 as of January 2016) in one building, bringing sales and marketing employees together with the research and development team.[37] In March 2016 they started to move in.[37] In February 2016 following an earnings report, LinkedIn's shares dropped 43.6% within a single day, down to $108.38 per share. LinkedIn lost $10 billion of its market capitalization that day.[38][39]

In 2016 access to LinkedIn was blocked by Russian authorities for non-compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens' personal data on servers located in Russia.[40]

In June 2016, Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for $196 a share, a total value of $26.2 billion, and the second largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date. The acquisition would be an all-cash, debt-financed transaction. Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to "retain its distinct brand, culture and independence", with Weiner to remain as CEO, who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella. Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products. The deal was completed on December 8, 2016.[41]

In late 2016 LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its Dublin office, which would bring the total employee count to 1,200.[42] Since 2017 94% of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content.[43]

Soon after LinkedIn's acquisition by Microsoft, LinkedIn's new desktop version was introduced.[44] The new version was meant to make the user experience seamless across mobile and desktop. Some changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app. Features that were not heavily used were removed. For example, the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore.[45]

Following the launch of the new user interface (UI), some users complained about the missing features which were there in the older version, slowness, and bugs in it. The issues were faced by free and premium users and with both the desktop and mobile versions of the site.

In 2019 LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform.[46][47] LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year.[48][49]

In June 2020 Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role. Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product.[50] In late July 2020, LinkedIn announced it laid off 960 employees, about 6 percent of total workforce, from the talent acquisition and global sales teams. In an email to all employees, CEO Ryan Roslansky said the cuts were due to effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic.[51] In April 2021 CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn's accounts have leaked online.[52] However, LinkedIn stated that "We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies".[53][54]

In June 2021 PrivacySharks claimed that more than 700 million LinkedIn records was on sale on a hacker forum.[55][56] LinkedIn later stated that this is not a breach, but scraped data which is also a violation of their Terms of Service.[57]

Microsoft ended LinkedIn operations in China in October 2021.[58]

Acquisitions

In July 2012 LinkedIn acquired 15 key Digg patents for $4 million including a "click a button to vote up a story" patent.[59]

Number Acquisition date Company Business Country Price Description Ref.
1 August 4, 2010 mspoke Adaptive personalization of content   USA $0.6 million[60] LinkedIn Recommendations [61]
2 September 23, 2010 ChoiceVendor Social B2B Reviews   USA $3.9 million[62] Rate and review B2B service providers [63]
3 January 26, 2011 CardMunch Social Contacts   USA $1.7 million[60] Scan and import business cards [64]
4 October 5, 2011 Connected Social CRM   USA - LinkedIn Connected [65]
5 October 11, 2011 IndexTank Social search   USA - LinkedIn Search [66]
6 February 22, 2012 Rapportive Social Contacts   USA $15 million[67] - [68]
7 May 3, 2012 SlideShare Social Content   USA $119 million Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content [69]
8 April 11, 2013 Pulse Web / Mobile newsreader   USA $90 million Definitive professional publishing platform [70]
9 February 6, 2014 Bright.com Job Matching   USA $120 million [71]
10 July 14, 2014 Newsle Web application   USA - Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends, LinkedIn contacts, and public figures. [72]
11 July 22, 2014 Bizo Web application   USA $175 million Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals [73]
12 March 16, 2015 Careerify Web application   Canada - Helps businesses hire people using social media [74]
13 April 2, 2015 Refresh.io Web application   USA - Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them [75]
14 April 9, 2015 Lynda.com eLearning   USA $1.5 billion Lets users learn business, technology, software, and creative skills through videos [76]
15 August 28, 2015 Fliptop Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm   USA - Using data science to help companies close more sales [77]
16 February 4, 2016 Connectifier Web application   USA - Helps companies with their recruiting [78]
17 July 26, 2016 PointDrive Web application   USA - Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal [79]
18 September 16, 2018 Glint Inc. Web application   USA - Employee engagement platform. [80]
19 May 28, 2019 Drawbridge Marketing Solutions   USA [81]

Perkins lawsuit

In 2013 a class action lawsuit entitled Perkins vs. LinkedIn Corp was filed against the company, accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member's email address book without permission. The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent, but not for the two further reminder emails.[82] LinkedIn settled the lawsuit in 2015 for $13 million.[83] Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line "Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action". The Case No. is 13-CV-04303-LHK.[84]

hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn

Main article: hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn

In May 2017 LinkedIn sent a Cease-And-Desist letter to hiQ Labs, a Silicon Valley startup that collects data from public profiles and provides analysis of this data to its customers. The letter demanded that hiQ immediately cease "scraping" data from LinkedIn's servers, claiming violations of the CFAA (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act) and the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act). In response hiQ sued LinkedIn in the Northern District of California in San Francisco, asking the court to prohibit LinkedIn from blocking its access to public profiles while the court considered the merits of its request. The court served a preliminary injunction against LinkedIn, which was then forced to allow hiQ to continue to collect public data. LinkedIn appealed this ruling; in September 2019, the appeals court rejected LinkedIn's arguments and the preliminary injunction was upheld. The dispute is ongoing.

Membership

 
Social media websites may also use "traditional" marketing approaches, as seen in these LinkedIn-branded chocolates.

As of 2015 LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories.[10][85] It is significantly ahead of its competitors Viadeo (50 million as of 2013)[86] and XING (11 million as of 2016).[87] In 2011, its membership grew by approximately two new members every second.[88] In 2020 LinkedIn's membership grew to over 690 million LinkedIn members.[6] As of September 2021 LinkedIn has 774+ million registered members from over 200 countries and territories.[6]

Platform and features

User profile network

Basic functionality

 
LinkedIn homepage

The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users to create profiles, which for employees typically consist of a curriculum vitae describing their work experience, education and training, skills, and a personal photo. Employers can list jobs and search for potential candidates. Users can find jobs, people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one's contact network. Users can save jobs that they would like to apply for. Users also have the ability to follow different companies.

The site also enables members to make "connections" to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone to become a connection. Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections (termed second-degree connections) and connections of second-degree connections (termed third-degree connections).

A member's list of connections can be used in a number of ways. For example, users can search for second-degree connections who work at a company they are interested in, and then ask a specific first-degree connection in common for an introduction.[89] The "gated-access approach" (where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship, or the intervention of a contact of theirs) is intended to build trust among the service's users. LinkedIn participated in the EU's International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles.[90]

Users can interact with each other in a variety of ways:

  • Connections can interact by choosing to "like" posts and "congratulate" others on updates such as birthdays, anniversaries and new positions, as well as by direct messaging.
  • Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video.[91][92]
  • Users can write posts and articles[93] within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network.

Since September 2012 LinkedIn has enabled users to "endorse" each other's skills. However, there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content.[94] LinkedIn solicits endorsements using algorithms that generate skills members might have. Members cannot opt out of such solicitations, with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non-existent skill.[95]

Applications

LinkedIn 'applications' often refer to external third-party applications that interact with LinkedIn's developer API. However, in some cases, it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user's profile page.

External, third party applications

In February 2015 LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API.[96] The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn's data through creation of managed third-party applications. Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user's data.

Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn's developer documents,[97] including:

  • Sign into external services using LinkedIn
  • Add items or attributes to a user profile
  • Share items or articles to user's timeline

Embedded in profile

In October 2008, LinkedIn enabled an "applications platform" which allows external online services to be embedded within a member's profile page. Among the initial applications were an Amazon Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading, a connection to Tripit, and a Six Apart, WordPress and TypePad application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile.[98] In November 2010, LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages; it also permitted LinkedIn members to "recommend" products and services and write reviews.[99] Shortly after, some of the external services were no longer supported, including Amazon's Reading List.[citation needed]

Mobile

A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008 and made available in six languages: Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese and Spanish.[100] In January 2011, LinkedIn acquired CardMunch, a mobile app maker that scans business cards and converts into contacts.[101] In June 2013, CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app.[10] In October 2013, LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called "Intro", which inserts a thumbnail of a person's LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS Mail program.[102] This is accomplished by re-routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers, which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious privacy implications, violates many organizations' security policies, and resembles a man-in-the-middle attack.[103][104]

Groups

LinkedIn also supports daily the formation of interest groups. In 2012 there were 1,248,019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744,662.[105][106] Groups support a limited form of discussion area, moderated by the group owners and managers.[107] Groups may be private, accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read, though they must join in order to post messages. Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of anti-spam solutions, there is a constant stream of spam postings, and there now exists a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose. LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam,[108] but recently[when?] took the decision to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers.[citation needed] Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group, including most talked about discussions within your professional circles.[105][109]

In December 2011 LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups.[110] In November 2013, LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform.[111] In 2014, LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages[112] paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages.[113]

Knowledge graph

LinkedIn maintains an internal knowledge graph of entities (people, organizations, groups) that helps it connect everyone working in a field or at an organization or network. This can be used to query the neighborhood around each entity to find updates that might be related to it.[114] This also lets them train machine learning models that can infer new properties about an entity, or new information that may apply to it, for both summary views and for analytics.[115]

Discontinued features

In January 2013 LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers and cited a new 'focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn' as the reason for the retirement of the feature. The feature had been launched in 2007 and allowed users to post questions to their network and allowed users to rank answers.

In 2014 LinkedIn retired InMaps, a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network.[116] The feature had been in use since January 2011.

According to the company's website, LinkedIn Referrals will no longer be available after May 2018.[117][needs update]

In September 2021 LinkedIn discontinued LinkedIn stories, a feature that was rolled out worldwide in October 2020.[118]

Usage

Personal branding

 
When a user accepts an invitation from another user, they have a first-level connection; the user is indirectly connected to the other user's connections with what LinkedIn terms second-level and third-level connections.

LinkedIn is particularly well-suited for personal branding which, according to Sandra Long, entails "actively managing one's image and unique value" to position oneself for career opportunities.[119] LinkedIn has evolved from being a mere platform for job searchers into a social network which allows users a chance to create a personal brand.[120] Career coach Pamela Green describes a personal brand as the "emotional experience you want people to have as a result of interacting with you," and a LinkedIn profile is an aspect of that.[121] A contrasting report suggests that a personal brand is "a public-facing persona, exhibited on LinkedIn, Twitter and other networks, that showcases expertise and fosters new connections."[122]

LinkedIn allows professionals to build exposure for their personal brand within the site itself as well as in the World Wide Web as a whole. With a tool that LinkedIn dubs a Profile Strength Meter, the site encourages users to offer enough information in their profile to optimize visibility by search engines. It can strengthen a user's LinkedIn presence if he or she belongs to professional groups in the site.[123][119] The site enables users to add video to their profiles.[124] Some users hire a professional photographer for their profile photo.[125] Video presentations can be added to one's profile.[126] LinkedIn's capabilities have been expanding so rapidly that a cottage industry of outside consultants has grown up to help users navigate the system.[127][124][128] A particular emphasis is helping users with their LinkedIn profiles.[127]

There's no hiding in the long grass on LinkedIn ... The number one mistake people make on the profile is to not have a photo.

— Sandra Long of Post Road Consulting, 2017[129]

In October 2012, LinkedIn launched the LinkedIn Influencers program, which features global thought leaders who share their professional insights with LinkedIn's members. As of May 2016, there are 750+ Influencers.[130] The program is invite-only and features leaders from a range of industries including Richard Branson, Narendra Modi, Arianna Huffington, Greg McKeown, Rahm Emanuel, Jamie Dimon, Martha Stewart, Deepak Chopra, Jack Welch, and Bill Gates.[131][132]

Job seeking

LinkedIn is widely used by job seekers and employers. According to Jack Meyer the site has become the "premier digital platform" for professionals to network online.[123] In Australia, which has approximately twelve million working professionals, ten million of them are on LinkedIn, according to Anastasia Santoreneos, suggesting that the probability was high that one's "future employer is probably on the site."[133] According to one estimate based on worldwide figures, 122 million users got job interviews via LinkedIn and 35 million were hired by a LinkedIn online connection.[134]

LinkedIn also allows users to research companies, non-profit organizations, and governments they may be interested in working for. Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop-up data about the company or organization to appear. Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees, the percentage of the most common titles/positions held within the company, the location of the company's headquarters and offices, and a list of present and former employees. In July 2011, LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an "Apply with LinkedIn" button on job listing pages.[135] The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes.[135]

LinkedIn can help small businesses connect with customers.[136] In the site's parlance, two users have a "first-degree connection" when one accepts an invitation from another.[134] People connected to each of them are "second-degree connections" and persons connected to the second-degree connections are "third-degree connections."[134] This forms a user's internal LinkedIn network, making the user's profile more likely to appear in searches.

LinkedIn's Profinder is a marketplace where freelancers can (for a monthly subscription fee) bid for project proposals submitted by individuals and small businesses .[137] In 2017, it had around 60,000 freelancers in more than 140 service areas, such as headshot photography, bookkeeping or tax filing.[137]

The premise for connecting with someone has shifted significantly in recent years. Prior to the 2017 new interface being launched, LinkedIn encouraged connections between people who'd already worked together, studied together, done business together or the like. Since 2017 that step has been removed from the connection request process - and users are allowed to connect with up to 30,000 people. This change means LinkedIn is a more proactive networking site, be that for job applicants trying to secure a career move or for salespeople wanting to generate new client leads.[119]

Top Companies

LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists published by LinkedIn, identifying companies in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom that are attracting the most intense interest from job candidates. The 2019 lists identified Google's parent company, Alphabet, as the most sought-after U.S. company, with Facebook ranked second and Amazon ranked third.[138] The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide. The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually. The 2021 top list identified Amazon as the top company with Alphabet ranked second and JPMorgan & Chase Co. ranked third.[139]

Top Voices and other rankings

Since 2015 LinkedIn has published annual rankings of Top Voices on the platform, recognizing "members that generated the most engagement and interaction with their posts."[140] The 2020 lists[141] included 14 industry categories, ranging from data science to sports, as well as 14 country lists, extending from Australia to Italy.

LinkedIn also publishes data-driven annual rankings of the Top Startups in more than a dozen countries, based on "employment growth, job interest from potential candidates, engagement, and attraction of top talent."[142][143]

Advertising and for-pay research

In 2008 LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising.[144] In October 2008, LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business-to-business research. It is testing a potential social network revenue model – research that to some appears more promising than advertising.[145] On July 23, 2013, LinkedIn announced their Sponsored Updates ad service. Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base. This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue.[146]

Business Manager

LinkedIn today[when?] announced the creation of Business Manager. The new Business Manager is a centralized platform designed to make it easier for large companies and agencies to manage people, ad accounts and business pages.[147]

Publishing platform

In 2015, LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform. The tool allows authors to better track traffic that their posts receive.[148]

Future plans

Economic graph

Inspired by Facebook's "social graph", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade.[149] The goal was to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it.[150] The economic graph was to be built on the company's current platform with data nodes including companies, jobs, skills, volunteer opportunities, educational institutions, and content.[151][152] They have been hoping to include all the job listings in the world, all the skills required to get those jobs, all the professionals who could fill them, and all the companies (nonprofit and for-profit) at which they work. The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency.[149] In June 2014, the company announced its "Galene" search architecture to give users access to the economic graph's data with more thorough filtering of data, via user searches like "Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil."[153][154]

LinkedIn has used economic graph data to research several topics on the job market, including popular destination cities of recent college graduates,[155] areas with high concentrations of technology skills,[156] and common career transitions.[157] LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing "in-demand" tech skills for the city's "Tech Talent Pipeline" project.[158]

Role in networking

LinkedIn has been described by online trade publication TechRepublic as having "become the de facto tool for professional networking".[159] LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships.[160] "LinkedIn is, far and away, the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today," according to Forbes.[161] LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities, such as co-founder Eddie Lou's Chicago startup, Shiftgig (released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers).[162]

Criticism and controversies

Controversial design choices

Endorsement feature

The feature that allows LinkedIn members to "endorse" each other's skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless, since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member's skills.[163] In October 2016, LinkedIn acknowledged that it "really does matter who endorsed you" and began highlighting endorsements from "coworkers and other mutual connections" to address the criticism.[164]

Use of e-mail accounts of members for spam sending

LinkedIn sends "invite emails" to Outlook contacts from its members' email accounts, without obtaining their consent. The "invitations" give the impression that the e-mail holder themself has sent the invitation. If there is no response, the answer will be repeated several times ("You have not yet answered XY's invitation.") LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e-mail accounts and spamming. The company argued with the right to freedom of expression. In addition, the users concerned would be supported in building a network.[165][166][167]

The sign-up process includes users entering their email password (there is an opt-out feature). LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with. When the member's email address book is opened, it is opened with all email addresses selected, and the member is advised invitations will be sent to "selected" email addresses, or to all. LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow-up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial, authorized invitation.

In November 2014 LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit, in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people's names and images without authorization.[168][169][170] The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members.[83]

Moving emails to LinkedIn servers

At the end of 2013 it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users' emails and quietly moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access.[171] LinkedIn used man-in-the-middle attacks.[172]

Security incidents

2012 hack

Main article: 2012 LinkedIn hack

In June 2012 cryptographic hashes of approximately 6.4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by Yevgeniy Nikulin and other hackers who then published the stolen hashes online.[173] This action is known as the 2012 LinkedIn hack. In response to the incident, LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords. Security experts criticized LinkedIn for not salting their password file and for using a single iteration of SHA-1.[174] On May 31, 2013, LinkedIn added two-factor authentication, an important security enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts.[175] In May 2016, 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of $2,200.[176] These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack, in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated. To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages, profile views, important happenings in their network, and other things, LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems.[177]

Potential 2018 breach, or extended impacts from earlier incidents

In July 2018 Credit Wise reported "dark web" email and password exposures from LinkedIn. Shortly thereafter, users began receiving extortion emails, using that information as "evidence" that users' contacts had been hacked, and threatening to expose pornographic videos featuring the users. LinkedIn asserts that this is related to the 2012 breach; however, there is no evidence that this is the case.[178]

2021 breaches

A breach disclosed in April 2021 affected 500 million users.[179][180] A breach disclosed in June 2021 was thought to have affected 92% of users, exposing contact information, employment information. LinkedIn asserted that the data was aggregated via web scraping from LinkedIn as well as several other sites, and noted that "only information that people listed publicly in their profiles" was included. [181][182]

Malicious behavior on LinkedIn

Phishing

In what is known as Operation Socialist, documents released by Edward Snowden in the 2013 global surveillance disclosures revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) (an intelligence and security organisation) infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network Belgacom by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page.[183]

In 2014 Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit (CTU) discovered that Threat Group-2889, an Iran-based group, created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts. The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas. They use spearphishing and malicious websites against their victims.[184][third-party source needed]

According to reporting by Le Figaro, France's General Directorate for Internal Security and Directorate-General for External Security believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information.[185]

In 2017 Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media profiles on sites such as LinkedIn, using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials.[186][187]

In 2022, the company ranked first in a list of brands most likely to be imitated in phishing attempts.[188]

False and misleading information

LinkedIn has come under scrutiny for its handling of misinformation and disinformation.[189] The platform has struggled to deal with fake profiles and falsehoods about COVID-19 and the 2020 US presidential election.[190][191][192]

Policies

Privacy policy

The German Stiftung Warentest has criticized that the balance of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate, restricting users' rights excessively while granting the company far-reaching rights.[193] It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests.[194]

Research on labor market effects

See also: Criticism of Facebook § Envy

In 2010 Social Science Computer Review published research by economists Ralf Caers and Vanessa Castelyns who sent an online questionnaire to 398 and 353 LinkedIn and Facebook users respectively in Belgium and found that both sites had become tools for recruiting job applicants for professional occupations as well as additional information about applicants, and that it was being used by recruiters to decide which applicants would receive interviews.[195] In May 2017, Research Policy published an analysis of PhD holders use of LinkedIn and found that PhD holders who move into industry were more likely to have LinkedIn accounts and to have larger networks of LinkedIn connections, were more likely to use LinkedIn if they had co-authors abroad, and to have wider networks if they moved abroad after obtaining their PhD.[196]

Also in 2017 sociologist Ofer Sharone conducted interviews with unemployed workers to research the effects of LinkedIn and Facebook as labor market intermediaries and found that social networking services (SNS) have had a filtration effect that has little to do with evaluations of merit, and that the SNS filtration effect has exerted new pressures on workers to manage their careers to conform to the logic of the SNS filtration effect.[197] In October 2018 Foster School of Business professors Melissa Rhee, Elina Hwang, and Yong Tan performed an empirical analysis of whether the common professional networking tactic by job seekers of creating LinkedIn connections with professionals who work at a target company or in a target field is actually instrumental in obtaining referrals and found instead that job seekers were less likely to be referred by employees who were employed by the target company or in the target field due to job similarity and self-protection from competition. Rhee, Hwang, and Tan further found that referring employees in higher hierarchical positions than the job candidates were more likely to provide referrals and that gender homophily did not reduce the competition self-protection effect.[198]

In July 2019 sociologists Steve McDonald, Amanda K. Damarin, Jenelle Lawhorne, and Annika Wilcox performed qualitative interviews with 61 Human resources recruiters in two metropolitan areas in the Southern United States and found that recruiters filling low- and general-skilled positions typically posted advertisements on online job boards while recruiters filling high-skilled or supervisor positions targeted passive candidates on LinkedIn (i.e. employed workers not actively seeking work but possibly willing to change positions), and concluded that this is resulting in a bifurcated winner-takes-all job market with recruiters focusing their efforts on poaching already employed high-skilled workers while active job seekers are relegated to hyper-competitive online job boards.[199]

In a September 2019 working paper, economists Laurel Wheeler, Robert Garlick, and RTI International scholars Eric Johnson, Patrick Shaw, and Marissa Gargano ran a randomized evaluation of training job seekers in South Africa to use LinkedIn as part of job readiness programs. The evaluation found that the training increased the job seekers employment by approximately 10 percent by reducing information frictions between job seekers and prospective employers, that the training had this effect for approximately 12 months, and that while the training may also have facilitated referrals, it did not reduce job search costs and the jobs for the treatment and control groups in the evaluation had equal probabilities of retention, promotion, and obtaining a permanent contract.[200] In 2020, Applied Economics published research by economists Steffen Brenner, Sezen Aksin Sivrikaya, and Joachim Schwalbach using LinkedIn demonstrating that high status individuals self-select into professional networking services rather than workers unsatisfied with their career status adversely selecting into the services to receive networking benefits.[201]

International restrictions

In 2009, Syrian users reported that LinkedIn server stopped accepting connections originating from IP addresses assigned to Syria. The company's customer support stated that services provided by them are subject to US export and re-export control laws and regulations and "As such, and as a matter of corporate policy, we do not allow member accounts or access to our site from Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria."[202]

In February 2011 it was reported that LinkedIn was being blocked in China after calls for a "Jasmine Revolution". It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access Twitter, which had been blocked previously.[203] After a day of being blocked, LinkedIn access was restored in China.[204]

In February 2014, LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named "领英" (pinyin: Lǐngyīng; lit. 'leading elite'), officially extending their service in China.[205][206] LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules, but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns.[205][207] Since Autumn 2017 job postings from western countries for China aren't possible anymore.[208]

In 2016, a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a data retention law which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country. The relevant law had been in force there since 2014.[209][210] This ban was upheld on November 10, 2016, and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter. LinkedIn's mobile app was also banned from Google Play Store and iOS App Store in Russia in January 2017.[211][212] In July 2021 it was also blocked in Kazakhstan.[213]

In October 2021 after reports of several academicians and reporters who received notifications regarding their profiles will be blocked in China, Microsoft confirmed that LinkedIn will be shutting down in China and replaced with InJobs, a China exclusive app, citing difficulties in operating environments and increasing compliance requirements.[214]

Open source contributions

Since 2010 LinkedIn has contributed multiple internal technologies, tools, and software products to the open source domain.[215] Notable among these projects is Apache Kafka, which was built and open sourced at LinkedIn in 2011.[216] The team behind the creation of Kafka formed a LinkedIn spin-out company in 2014 named Confluent,[217] which went public with an IPO in 2021.[218] A list of LinkedIn's active open source projects can be found on their engineering website.[219]

Research using data from the platform

Massive amounts of data from LinkedIn allow scientists and machine learning researchers to extract insights and build product features.[220] For example, this data can help to shape patterns of deception in resumes. Findings suggested that people commonly lie about their hobbies rather than their work experience on online resumes.[221]

See also

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February 05, 2023
linkedin, this, article, needs, updated, please, help, update, this, article, reflect, recent, events, newly, available, information, april, 2022, business, employment, focused, social, media, platform, that, works, through, websites, mobile, apps, launched, 2. This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2022 LinkedIn l ɪ ŋ k t ˈ ɪ n is a business and employment focused social media platform that works through websites and mobile apps Launched on May 5 2003 4 owned by Microsoft The platform is primarily used for professional networking and career development and allows job seekers to post their CVs and employers to post jobs From 2015 most of the company s revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters and sales professionals 5 Since December 2016 it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Microsoft As of February 2022 update LinkedIn has 830 million registered members from over 200 countries and territories 6 LinkedIn CorporationHeadquarters in Sunnyvale CaliforniaType of businessSubsidiaryType of siteProfessional network serviceAvailable inMultilingual 24 FoundedMay 5 2003 19 years ago 2003 05 05 Mountain View California U S HeadquartersSunnyvale California U S Area servedWorldwideFounder s Reid HoffmanEric LyCEORyan RoslanskyKey peopleMelissa Selcher CMO 1 Raghu Hiremagalur CTO 2 James Chuong CFO Jeff Weiner Executive Chairman IndustryInternetRevenueUS 10 Billion 2021 Net incomeUS 159 2 Million 2021 Employees21 000 2022 3 ParentMicrosoftSubsidiariesLinkedIn LearningConnectifierDrawbridgeGlintURLwww wbr linkedin wbr comAdvertisingAdSenseRegistrationRequiredUsers900 million members January 2023 LaunchedMay 5 2003 19 years ago 2003 05 05 Current statusActiveLinkedIn allows members both workers and employers to create profiles and connect with each other in an online social network which may represent real world professional relationships Members can invite anyone whether an existing member or not to become a connection LinkedIn can also be used to organize offline events join groups write articles publish job postings post photos and videos and more 7 Contents 1 Company overview 2 History 2 1 Founding from 2002 to 2011 2 2 2011 to present 2 3 Acquisitions 2 4 Perkins lawsuit 2 5 hiQ Labs v LinkedIn 3 Membership 4 Platform and features 4 1 User profile network 4 1 1 Basic functionality 4 2 Applications 4 2 1 External third party applications 4 2 2 Embedded in profile 4 3 Mobile 4 4 Groups 4 5 Knowledge graph 4 6 Discontinued features 5 Usage 5 1 Personal branding 5 2 Job seeking 5 3 Top Companies 5 4 Top Voices and other rankings 5 5 Advertising and for pay research 5 6 Business Manager 5 7 Publishing platform 6 Future plans 6 1 Economic graph 7 Role in networking 8 Criticism and controversies 8 1 Controversial design choices 8 1 1 Endorsement feature 8 1 2 Use of e mail accounts of members for spam sending 8 1 3 Moving emails to LinkedIn servers 8 2 Security incidents 8 2 1 2012 hack 8 2 2 Potential 2018 breach or extended impacts from earlier incidents 8 2 3 2021 breaches 8 3 Malicious behavior on LinkedIn 8 3 1 Phishing 8 3 2 False and misleading information 8 4 Policies 8 4 1 Privacy policy 8 5 Research on labor market effects 9 International restrictions 10 Open source contributions 11 Research using data from the platform 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksCompany overview EditFounded in Mountain View California LinkedIn is currently headquartered in Sunnyvale California with 33 global offices 8 In May 2020 the company had around 20 500 employees 9 LinkedIn s CEO is Ryan Roslansky Jeff Weiner previously CEO of LinkedIn is now the Executive Chairman Reid Hoffman founder of LinkedIn is chairman of the board 10 11 It was funded by Sequoia Capital Greylock Bain Capital Ventures 12 Bessemer Venture Partners and the European Founders Fund 13 LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006 14 Since January 2011 the company had received a total of 103 million of investment 15 According to a 2016 The New York Times article US high school students were creating LinkedIn profiles to include with their college applications 16 17 Based in the United States the site is as of 2013 available in 24 languages 10 18 19 LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 and traded its first shares in May under the NYSE symbol LNKD 20 History EditFounding from 2002 to 2011 Edit Former LinkedIn headquarters on Stierlin Court in Mountain View California The company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and the founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet com Allen Blue Eric Ly Jean Luc Vaillant Lee Hower Konstantin Guericke Stephen Beitzel David Eves Ian McNish Yan Pujante Chris Saccheri 21 In late 2003 Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company 22 In August 2004 LinkedIn reached 1 million users 23 In March 2006 LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability 23 In April 2007 LinkedIn reached 10 million users 23 In February 2008 LinkedIn launched a mobile version of the site 24 In June 2008 Sequoia Capital Greylock Partners and other venture capital firms purchased a 5 stake in the company for 53 million giving the company a post money valuation of approximately 1 billion 25 In November 2009 LinkedIn opened its office in Mumbai 26 and soon thereafter in Sydney as it started its Asia Pacific team expansion In 2010 LinkedIn opened an International Headquarters in Dublin Ireland 27 received a 20 million investment from Tiger Global Management LLC at a valuation of approximately 2 billion 28 announced its first acquisition Mspoke 29 and improved its 1 premium subscription ratio 30 In October of that year Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No 10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable startups 31 By December the company was valued at 1 575 billion in private markets 32 LinkedIn started its India operations in 2009 and a major part of the first year was dedicated to understanding professionals in India and educating members to leverage LinkedIn for career development 2011 to present Edit LinkedIn office building at 222 Second Street in San Francisco opened in March 2016 LinkedIn office in Toronto inside the Toronto Eaton Centre LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 The company traded its first shares on May 19 2011 under the NYSE symbol LNKD at 45 per share Shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171 on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at 94 25 more than 109 above IPO price Shortly after the IPO the site s underlying infrastructure was revised to allow accelerated revision release cycles 10 In 2011 LinkedIn earned 154 6 million in advertising revenue alone surpassing Twitter which earned 139 5 million 33 LinkedIn s fourth quarter 2011 earnings soared because of the company s increase in success in the social media world 34 By this point LinkedIn had about 2 100 full time employees compared to the 500 that it had in 2010 35 In April 2014 LinkedIn announced that it had leased 222 Second Street a 26 story building under construction in San Francisco s SoMa district to accommodate up to 2 500 of its employees 36 with the lease covering 10 years 37 The goal was to join all San Francisco based staff 1 250 as of January 2016 in one building bringing sales and marketing employees together with the research and development team 37 In March 2016 they started to move in 37 In February 2016 following an earnings report LinkedIn s shares dropped 43 6 within a single day down to 108 38 per share LinkedIn lost 10 billion of its market capitalization that day 38 39 In 2016 access to LinkedIn was blocked by Russian authorities for non compliance with the 2015 national legislation that requires social media networks to store citizens personal data on servers located in Russia 40 In June 2016 Microsoft announced that it would acquire LinkedIn for 196 a share a total value of 26 2 billion and the second largest acquisition made by Microsoft to date The acquisition would be an all cash debt financed transaction Microsoft would allow LinkedIn to retain its distinct brand culture and independence with Weiner to remain as CEO who would then report to Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella Analysts believed Microsoft saw the opportunity to integrate LinkedIn with its Office product suite to help better integrate the professional network system with its products The deal was completed on December 8 2016 41 In late 2016 LinkedIn announced a planned increase of 200 new positions in its Dublin office which would bring the total employee count to 1 200 42 Since 2017 94 of B2B marketers use LinkedIn to distribute content 43 Soon after LinkedIn s acquisition by Microsoft LinkedIn s new desktop version was introduced 44 The new version was meant to make the user experience seamless across mobile and desktop Some changes were made according to the feedback received from the previously launched mobile app Features that were not heavily used were removed For example the contact tagging and filtering features are not supported anymore 45 Following the launch of the new user interface UI some users complained about the missing features which were there in the older version slowness and bugs in it The issues were faced by free and premium users and with both the desktop and mobile versions of the site In 2019 LinkedIn launched globally the feature Open for Business that enables freelancers to be discovered on the platform 46 47 LinkedIn Events was launched in the same year 48 49 In June 2020 Jeff Weiner stepped down as CEO and become executive chairman after 11 years in the role Ryan Roslansky stepped up as CEO from his previous position as the senior vice president of product 50 In late July 2020 LinkedIn announced it laid off 960 employees about 6 percent of total workforce from the talent acquisition and global sales teams In an email to all employees CEO Ryan Roslansky said the cuts were due to effects of the global COVID 19 pandemic 51 In April 2021 CyberNews claimed that 500 million LinkedIn s accounts have leaked online 52 However LinkedIn stated that We have investigated an alleged set of LinkedIn data that has been posted for sale and have determined that it is actually an aggregation of data from a number of websites and companies 53 54 In June 2021 PrivacySharks claimed that more than 700 million LinkedIn records was on sale on a hacker forum 55 56 LinkedIn later stated that this is not a breach but scraped data which is also a violation of their Terms of Service 57 Microsoft ended LinkedIn operations in China in October 2021 58 Acquisitions Edit In July 2012 LinkedIn acquired 15 key Digg patents for 4 million including a click a button to vote up a story patent 59 Number Acquisition date Company Business Country Price Description Ref 1 August 4 2010 mspoke Adaptive personalization of content USA 0 6 million 60 LinkedIn Recommendations 61 2 September 23 2010 ChoiceVendor Social B2B Reviews USA 3 9 million 62 Rate and review B2B service providers 63 3 January 26 2011 CardMunch Social Contacts USA 1 7 million 60 Scan and import business cards 64 4 October 5 2011 Connected Social CRM USA LinkedIn Connected 65 5 October 11 2011 IndexTank Social search USA LinkedIn Search 66 6 February 22 2012 Rapportive Social Contacts USA 15 million 67 68 7 May 3 2012 SlideShare Social Content USA 119 million Give LinkedIn members a way to discover people through content 69 8 April 11 2013 Pulse Web Mobile newsreader USA 90 million Definitive professional publishing platform 70 9 February 6 2014 Bright com Job Matching USA 120 million 71 10 July 14 2014 Newsle Web application USA Allows users to follow real news about their Facebook friends LinkedIn contacts and public figures 72 11 July 22 2014 Bizo Web application USA 175 million Helps advertisers reach businesses and professionals 73 12 March 16 2015 Careerify Web application Canada Helps businesses hire people using social media 74 13 April 2 2015 Refresh io Web application USA Surfaces insights about people in your networks right before you meet them 75 14 April 9 2015 Lynda com eLearning USA 1 5 billion Lets users learn business technology software and creative skills through videos 76 15 August 28 2015 Fliptop Predictive Sales and Marketing Firm USA Using data science to help companies close more sales 77 16 February 4 2016 Connectifier Web application USA Helps companies with their recruiting 78 17 July 26 2016 PointDrive Web application USA Lets salespeople share visual content with prospective clients to help seal the deal 79 18 September 16 2018 Glint Inc Web application USA Employee engagement platform 80 19 May 28 2019 Drawbridge Marketing Solutions USA 81 Perkins lawsuit Edit In 2013 a class action lawsuit entitled Perkins vs LinkedIn Corp was filed against the company accusing it of automatically sending invitations to contacts in a member s email address book without permission The court agreed with LinkedIn that permission had in fact been given for invitations to be sent but not for the two further reminder emails 82 LinkedIn settled the lawsuit in 2015 for 13 million 83 Many members should have received a notice in their email with the subject line Legal Notice of Settlement of Class Action The Case No is 13 CV 04303 LHK 84 hiQ Labs v LinkedIn Edit Main article hiQ Labs v LinkedIn In May 2017 LinkedIn sent a Cease And Desist letter to hiQ Labs a Silicon Valley startup that collects data from public profiles and provides analysis of this data to its customers The letter demanded that hiQ immediately cease scraping data from LinkedIn s servers claiming violations of the CFAA Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and the DMCA Digital Millennium Copyright Act In response hiQ sued LinkedIn in the Northern District of California in San Francisco asking the court to prohibit LinkedIn from blocking its access to public profiles while the court considered the merits of its request The court served a preliminary injunction against LinkedIn which was then forced to allow hiQ to continue to collect public data LinkedIn appealed this ruling in September 2019 the appeals court rejected LinkedIn s arguments and the preliminary injunction was upheld The dispute is ongoing Membership Edit Social media websites may also use traditional marketing approaches as seen in these LinkedIn branded chocolates As of 2015 LinkedIn had more than 400 million members in over 200 countries and territories 10 85 It is significantly ahead of its competitors Viadeo 50 million as of 2013 86 and XING 11 million as of 2016 87 In 2011 its membership grew by approximately two new members every second 88 In 2020 LinkedIn s membership grew to over 690 million LinkedIn members 6 As of September 2021 LinkedIn has 774 million registered members from over 200 countries and territories 6 Platform and features EditUser profile network Edit Basic functionality Edit LinkedIn homepage The basic functionality of LinkedIn allows users to create profiles which for employees typically consist of a curriculum vitae describing their work experience education and training skills and a personal photo Employers can list jobs and search for potential candidates Users can find jobs people and business opportunities recommended by someone in one s contact network Users can save jobs that they would like to apply for Users also have the ability to follow different companies The site also enables members to make connections to each other in an online social network which may represent real world professional relationships Members can invite anyone to become a connection Users can obtain introductions to the connections of connections termed second degree connections and connections of second degree connections termed third degree connections A member s list of connections can be used in a number of ways For example users can search for second degree connections who work at a company they are interested in and then ask a specific first degree connection in common for an introduction 89 The gated access approach where contact with any professional requires either an existing relationship or the intervention of a contact of theirs is intended to build trust among the service s users LinkedIn participated in the EU s International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles 90 Users can interact with each other in a variety of ways Connections can interact by choosing to like posts and congratulate others on updates such as birthdays anniversaries and new positions as well as by direct messaging Users can share video with text and filters with the introduction of LinkedIn Video 91 92 Users can write posts and articles 93 within the LinkedIn platform to share with their network Since September 2012 LinkedIn has enabled users to endorse each other s skills However there is no way of flagging anything other than positive content 94 LinkedIn solicits endorsements using algorithms that generate skills members might have Members cannot opt out of such solicitations with the result that it sometimes appears that a member is soliciting an endorsement for a non existent skill 95 Applications Edit LinkedIn applications often refer to external third party applications that interact with LinkedIn s developer API However in some cases it could refer to sanctioned applications featured on a user s profile page External third party applications Edit In February 2015 LinkedIn released an updated terms of use for their developer API 96 The developer API allows both companies and individuals the ability to interact with LinkedIn s data through creation of managed third party applications Applications must go through a review process and request permission from the user before accessing a user s data Normal use of the API is outlined in LinkedIn s developer documents 97 including Sign into external services using LinkedIn Add items or attributes to a user profile Share items or articles to user s timelineEmbedded in profile Edit In October 2008 LinkedIn enabled an applications platform which allows external online services to be embedded within a member s profile page Among the initial applications were an Amazon Reading List that allows LinkedIn members to display books they are reading a connection to Tripit and a Six Apart WordPress and TypePad application that allows members to display their latest blog postings within their LinkedIn profile 98 In November 2010 LinkedIn allowed businesses to list products and services on company profile pages it also permitted LinkedIn members to recommend products and services and write reviews 99 Shortly after some of the external services were no longer supported including Amazon s Reading List citation needed Mobile Edit A mobile version of the site was launched in February 2008 and made available in six languages Chinese English French German Japanese and Spanish 100 In January 2011 LinkedIn acquired CardMunch a mobile app maker that scans business cards and converts into contacts 101 In June 2013 CardMunch was noted as an available LinkedIn app 10 In October 2013 LinkedIn announced a service for iPhone users called Intro which inserts a thumbnail of a person s LinkedIn profile in correspondence with that person when reading mail messages in the native iOS Mail program 102 This is accomplished by re routing all emails from and to the iPhone through LinkedIn servers which security firm Bishop Fox asserts has serious privacy implications violates many organizations security policies and resembles a man in the middle attack 103 104 Groups Edit LinkedIn also supports daily the formation of interest groups In 2012 there were 1 248 019 such groups whose membership varies from 1 to 744 662 105 106 Groups support a limited form of discussion area moderated by the group owners and managers 107 Groups may be private accessible to members only or may be open to Internet users in general to read though they must join in order to post messages Since groups offer the functionality to reach a wide audience without so easily falling foul of anti spam solutions there is a constant stream of spam postings and there now exists a range of firms who offer a spamming service for this very purpose LinkedIn has devised a few mechanisms to reduce the volume of spam 108 but recently when took the decision to remove the ability of group owners to inspect the email address of new members in order to determine if they were spammers citation needed Groups also keep their members informed through emails with updates to the group including most talked about discussions within your professional circles 105 109 In December 2011 LinkedIn announced that they are rolling out polls to groups 110 In November 2013 LinkedIn announced the addition of Showcase Pages to the platform 111 In 2014 LinkedIn announced they were going to be removing Product and Services Pages 112 paving the way for a greater focus on Showcase Pages 113 Knowledge graph Edit LinkedIn maintains an internal knowledge graph of entities people organizations groups that helps it connect everyone working in a field or at an organization or network This can be used to query the neighborhood around each entity to find updates that might be related to it 114 This also lets them train machine learning models that can infer new properties about an entity or new information that may apply to it for both summary views and for analytics 115 Discontinued features Edit In January 2013 LinkedIn dropped support for LinkedIn Answers and cited a new focus on development of new and more engaging ways to share and discuss professional topics across LinkedIn as the reason for the retirement of the feature The feature had been launched in 2007 and allowed users to post questions to their network and allowed users to rank answers In 2014 LinkedIn retired InMaps a feature which allowed you to visualize your professional network 116 The feature had been in use since January 2011 According to the company s website LinkedIn Referrals will no longer be available after May 2018 117 needs update In September 2021 LinkedIn discontinued LinkedIn stories a feature that was rolled out worldwide in October 2020 118 Usage EditPersonal branding Edit When a user accepts an invitation from another user they have a first level connection the user is indirectly connected to the other user s connections with what LinkedIn terms second level and third level connections LinkedIn is particularly well suited for personal branding which according to Sandra Long entails actively managing one s image and unique value to position oneself for career opportunities 119 LinkedIn has evolved from being a mere platform for job searchers into a social network which allows users a chance to create a personal brand 120 Career coach Pamela Green describes a personal brand as the emotional experience you want people to have as a result of interacting with you and a LinkedIn profile is an aspect of that 121 A contrasting report suggests that a personal brand is a public facing persona exhibited on LinkedIn Twitter and other networks that showcases expertise and fosters new connections 122 LinkedIn allows professionals to build exposure for their personal brand within the site itself as well as in the World Wide Web as a whole With a tool that LinkedIn dubs a Profile Strength Meter the site encourages users to offer enough information in their profile to optimize visibility by search engines It can strengthen a user s LinkedIn presence if he or she belongs to professional groups in the site 123 119 The site enables users to add video to their profiles 124 Some users hire a professional photographer for their profile photo 125 Video presentations can be added to one s profile 126 LinkedIn s capabilities have been expanding so rapidly that a cottage industry of outside consultants has grown up to help users navigate the system 127 124 128 A particular emphasis is helping users with their LinkedIn profiles 127 There s no hiding in the long grass on LinkedIn The number one mistake people make on the profile is to not have a photo Sandra Long of Post Road Consulting 2017 129 In October 2012 LinkedIn launched the LinkedIn Influencers program which features global thought leaders who share their professional insights with LinkedIn s members As of May 2016 there are 750 Influencers 130 The program is invite only and features leaders from a range of industries including Richard Branson Narendra Modi Arianna Huffington Greg McKeown Rahm Emanuel Jamie Dimon Martha Stewart Deepak Chopra Jack Welch and Bill Gates 131 132 Job seeking Edit LinkedIn is widely used by job seekers and employers According to Jack Meyer the site has become the premier digital platform for professionals to network online 123 In Australia which has approximately twelve million working professionals ten million of them are on LinkedIn according to Anastasia Santoreneos suggesting that the probability was high that one s future employer is probably on the site 133 According to one estimate based on worldwide figures 122 million users got job interviews via LinkedIn and 35 million were hired by a LinkedIn online connection 134 LinkedIn also allows users to research companies non profit organizations and governments they may be interested in working for Typing the name of a company or organization in the search box causes pop up data about the company or organization to appear Such data may include the ratio of female to male employees the percentage of the most common titles positions held within the company the location of the company s headquarters and offices and a list of present and former employees In July 2011 LinkedIn launched a new feature allowing companies to include an Apply with LinkedIn button on job listing pages 135 The new plugin allowed potential employees to apply for positions using their LinkedIn profiles as resumes 135 LinkedIn can help small businesses connect with customers 136 In the site s parlance two users have a first degree connection when one accepts an invitation from another 134 People connected to each of them are second degree connections and persons connected to the second degree connections are third degree connections 134 This forms a user s internal LinkedIn network making the user s profile more likely to appear in searches LinkedIn s Profinder is a marketplace where freelancers can for a monthly subscription fee bid for project proposals submitted by individuals and small businesses 137 In 2017 it had around 60 000 freelancers in more than 140 service areas such as headshot photography bookkeeping or tax filing 137 The premise for connecting with someone has shifted significantly in recent years Prior to the 2017 new interface being launched LinkedIn encouraged connections between people who d already worked together studied together done business together or the like Since 2017 that step has been removed from the connection request process and users are allowed to connect with up to 30 000 people This change means LinkedIn is a more proactive networking site be that for job applicants trying to secure a career move or for salespeople wanting to generate new client leads 119 Top Companies Edit LinkedIn Top Companies is a series of lists published by LinkedIn identifying companies in the United States Australia Brazil Canada China France Germany India Japan Mexico and the United Kingdom that are attracting the most intense interest from job candidates The 2019 lists identified Google s parent company Alphabet as the most sought after U S company with Facebook ranked second and Amazon ranked third 138 The lists are based on more than one billion actions by LinkedIn members worldwide The Top Companies lists were started in 2016 and are published annually The 2021 top list identified Amazon as the top company with Alphabet ranked second and JPMorgan amp Chase Co ranked third 139 Top Voices and other rankings Edit Since 2015 LinkedIn has published annual rankings of Top Voices on the platform recognizing members that generated the most engagement and interaction with their posts 140 The 2020 lists 141 included 14 industry categories ranging from data science to sports as well as 14 country lists extending from Australia to Italy LinkedIn also publishes data driven annual rankings of the Top Startups in more than a dozen countries based on employment growth job interest from potential candidates engagement and attraction of top talent 142 143 Advertising and for pay research Edit In 2008 LinkedIn launched LinkedIn DirectAds as a form of sponsored advertising 144 In October 2008 LinkedIn revealed plans to open its social network of 30 million professionals globally as a potential sample for business to business research It is testing a potential social network revenue model research that to some appears more promising than advertising 145 On July 23 2013 LinkedIn announced their Sponsored Updates ad service Individuals and companies can now pay a fee to have LinkedIn sponsor their content and spread it to their user base This is a common way for social media sites such as LinkedIn to generate revenue 146 Business Manager Edit LinkedIn today when announced the creation of Business Manager The new Business Manager is a centralized platform designed to make it easier for large companies and agencies to manage people ad accounts and business pages 147 Publishing platform Edit In 2015 LinkedIn added an analytics tool to its publishing platform The tool allows authors to better track traffic that their posts receive 148 Future plans EditEconomic graph Edit Inspired by Facebook s social graph LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an economic graph within a decade 149 The goal was to create a comprehensive digital map of the world economy and the connections within it 150 The economic graph was to be built on the company s current platform with data nodes including companies jobs skills volunteer opportunities educational institutions and content 151 152 They have been hoping to include all the job listings in the world all the skills required to get those jobs all the professionals who could fill them and all the companies nonprofit and for profit at which they work The ultimate goal is to make the world economy and job market more efficient through increased transparency 149 In June 2014 the company announced its Galene search architecture to give users access to the economic graph s data with more thorough filtering of data via user searches like Engineers with Hadoop experience in Brazil 153 154 LinkedIn has used economic graph data to research several topics on the job market including popular destination cities of recent college graduates 155 areas with high concentrations of technology skills 156 and common career transitions 157 LinkedIn provided the City of New York with data from economic graph showing in demand tech skills for the city s Tech Talent Pipeline project 158 Role in networking EditLinkedIn has been described by online trade publication TechRepublic as having become the de facto tool for professional networking 159 LinkedIn has also been praised for its usefulness in fostering business relationships 160 LinkedIn is far and away the most advantageous social networking tool available to job seekers and business professionals today according to Forbes 161 LinkedIn has inspired the creation of specialised professional networking opportunities such as co founder Eddie Lou s Chicago startup Shiftgig released in 2012 as a platform for hourly workers 162 Criticism and controversies EditControversial design choices Edit Endorsement feature Edit The feature that allows LinkedIn members to endorse each other s skills and experience has been criticized as meaningless since the endorsements are not necessarily accurate or given by people who have familiarity with the member s skills 163 In October 2016 LinkedIn acknowledged that it really does matter who endorsed you and began highlighting endorsements from coworkers and other mutual connections to address the criticism 164 Use of e mail accounts of members for spam sending Edit LinkedIn sends invite emails to Outlook contacts from its members email accounts without obtaining their consent The invitations give the impression that the e mail holder themself has sent the invitation If there is no response the answer will be repeated several times You have not yet answered XY s invitation LinkedIn was sued in the United States on charges of hijacking e mail accounts and spamming The company argued with the right to freedom of expression In addition the users concerned would be supported in building a network 165 166 167 The sign up process includes users entering their email password there is an opt out feature LinkedIn will then offer to send out contact invitations to all members in that address book or that the user has had email conversations with When the member s email address book is opened it is opened with all email addresses selected and the member is advised invitations will be sent to selected email addresses or to all LinkedIn was sued for sending out another two follow up invitations to each contact from members to link to friends who had ignored the initial authorized invitation In November 2014 LinkedIn lost a motion to dismiss the lawsuit in a ruling that the invitations were advertisements not broadly protected by free speech rights that would otherwise permit use of people s names and images without authorization 168 169 170 The lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 in favor of LinkedIn members 83 Moving emails to LinkedIn servers Edit At the end of 2013 it was announced that the LinkedIn app intercepted users emails and quietly moved them to LinkedIn servers for full access 171 LinkedIn used man in the middle attacks 172 Security incidents Edit 2012 hack Edit Main article 2012 LinkedIn hack In June 2012 cryptographic hashes of approximately 6 4 million LinkedIn user passwords were stolen by Yevgeniy Nikulin and other hackers who then published the stolen hashes online 173 This action is known as the 2012 LinkedIn hack In response to the incident LinkedIn asked its users to change their passwords Security experts criticized LinkedIn for not salting their password file and for using a single iteration of SHA 1 174 On May 31 2013 LinkedIn added two factor authentication an important security enhancement for preventing hackers from gaining access to accounts 175 In May 2016 117 million LinkedIn usernames and passwords were offered for sale online for the equivalent of 2 200 176 These account details are believed to be sourced from the original 2012 LinkedIn hack in which the number of user IDs stolen had been underestimated To handle the large volume of emails sent to its users every day with notifications for messages profile views important happenings in their network and other things LinkedIn uses the Momentum email platform from Message Systems 177 Potential 2018 breach or extended impacts from earlier incidents Edit In July 2018 Credit Wise reported dark web email and password exposures from LinkedIn Shortly thereafter users began receiving extortion emails using that information as evidence that users contacts had been hacked and threatening to expose pornographic videos featuring the users LinkedIn asserts that this is related to the 2012 breach however there is no evidence that this is the case 178 2021 breaches Edit A breach disclosed in April 2021 affected 500 million users 179 180 A breach disclosed in June 2021 was thought to have affected 92 of users exposing contact information employment information LinkedIn asserted that the data was aggregated via web scraping from LinkedIn as well as several other sites and noted that only information that people listed publicly in their profiles was included 181 182 Malicious behavior on LinkedIn Edit Phishing Edit In what is known as Operation Socialist documents released by Edward Snowden in the 2013 global surveillance disclosures revealed that British Government Communications Headquarters GCHQ an intelligence and security organisation infiltrated the Belgian telecommunications network Belgacom by luring employees to a false LinkedIn page 183 In 2014 Dell SecureWorks Counter Threat Unit CTU discovered that Threat Group 2889 an Iran based group created 25 fake LinkedIn accounts The accounts were either fully developed personas or supporting personas They use spearphishing and malicious websites against their victims 184 third party source needed According to reporting by Le Figaro France s General Directorate for Internal Security and Directorate General for External Security believe that Chinese spies have used LinkedIn to target thousands of business and government officials as potential sources of information 185 In 2017 Germany s Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution BfV published information alleging that Chinese intelligence services had created fake social media profiles on sites such as LinkedIn using them to gather information on German politicians and government officials 186 187 In 2022 the company ranked first in a list of brands most likely to be imitated in phishing attempts 188 False and misleading information Edit LinkedIn has come under scrutiny for its handling of misinformation and disinformation 189 The platform has struggled to deal with fake profiles and falsehoods about COVID 19 and the 2020 US presidential election 190 191 192 Policies Edit Privacy policy Edit The German Stiftung Warentest has criticized that the balance of rights between users and LinkedIn is disproportionate restricting users rights excessively while granting the company far reaching rights 193 It has also been claimed that LinkedIn does not respond to consumer protection center requests 194 Research on labor market effects Edit See also Criticism of Facebook Envy In 2010 Social Science Computer Review published research by economists Ralf Caers and Vanessa Castelyns who sent an online questionnaire to 398 and 353 LinkedIn and Facebook users respectively in Belgium and found that both sites had become tools for recruiting job applicants for professional occupations as well as additional information about applicants and that it was being used by recruiters to decide which applicants would receive interviews 195 In May 2017 Research Policy published an analysis of PhD holders use of LinkedIn and found that PhD holders who move into industry were more likely to have LinkedIn accounts and to have larger networks of LinkedIn connections were more likely to use LinkedIn if they had co authors abroad and to have wider networks if they moved abroad after obtaining their PhD 196 Also in 2017 sociologist Ofer Sharone conducted interviews with unemployed workers to research the effects of LinkedIn and Facebook as labor market intermediaries and found that social networking services SNS have had a filtration effect that has little to do with evaluations of merit and that the SNS filtration effect has exerted new pressures on workers to manage their careers to conform to the logic of the SNS filtration effect 197 In October 2018 Foster School of Business professors Melissa Rhee Elina Hwang and Yong Tan performed an empirical analysis of whether the common professional networking tactic by job seekers of creating LinkedIn connections with professionals who work at a target company or in a target field is actually instrumental in obtaining referrals and found instead that job seekers were less likely to be referred by employees who were employed by the target company or in the target field due to job similarity and self protection from competition Rhee Hwang and Tan further found that referring employees in higher hierarchical positions than the job candidates were more likely to provide referrals and that gender homophily did not reduce the competition self protection effect 198 In July 2019 sociologists Steve McDonald Amanda K Damarin Jenelle Lawhorne and Annika Wilcox performed qualitative interviews with 61 Human resources recruiters in two metropolitan areas in the Southern United States and found that recruiters filling low and general skilled positions typically posted advertisements on online job boards while recruiters filling high skilled or supervisor positions targeted passive candidates on LinkedIn i e employed workers not actively seeking work but possibly willing to change positions and concluded that this is resulting in a bifurcated winner takes all job market with recruiters focusing their efforts on poaching already employed high skilled workers while active job seekers are relegated to hyper competitive online job boards 199 In a September 2019 working paper economists Laurel Wheeler Robert Garlick and RTI International scholars Eric Johnson Patrick Shaw and Marissa Gargano ran a randomized evaluation of training job seekers in South Africa to use LinkedIn as part of job readiness programs The evaluation found that the training increased the job seekers employment by approximately 10 percent by reducing information frictions between job seekers and prospective employers that the training had this effect for approximately 12 months and that while the training may also have facilitated referrals it did not reduce job search costs and the jobs for the treatment and control groups in the evaluation had equal probabilities of retention promotion and obtaining a permanent contract 200 In 2020 Applied Economics published research by economists Steffen Brenner Sezen Aksin Sivrikaya and Joachim Schwalbach using LinkedIn demonstrating that high status individuals self select into professional networking services rather than workers unsatisfied with their career status adversely selecting into the services to receive networking benefits 201 International restrictions EditIn 2009 Syrian users reported that LinkedIn server stopped accepting connections originating from IP addresses assigned to Syria The company s customer support stated that services provided by them are subject to US export and re export control laws and regulations and As such and as a matter of corporate policy we do not allow member accounts or access to our site from Cuba Iran North Korea Sudan or Syria 202 In February 2011 it was reported that LinkedIn was being blocked in China after calls for a Jasmine Revolution It was speculated to have been blocked because it is an easy way for dissidents to access Twitter which had been blocked previously 203 After a day of being blocked LinkedIn access was restored in China 204 In February 2014 LinkedIn launched its Simplified Chinese language version named 领英 pinyin Lǐngying lit leading elite officially extending their service in China 205 206 LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner acknowledged in a blog post that they would have to censor some of the content that users post on its website in order to comply with Chinese rules but he also said the benefits of providing its online service to people in China outweighed those concerns 205 207 Since Autumn 2017 job postings from western countries for China aren t possible anymore 208 In 2016 a Moscow court ruled that LinkedIn must be blocked in Russia for violating a data retention law which requires the user data of Russian citizens to be stored on servers within the country The relevant law had been in force there since 2014 209 210 This ban was upheld on November 10 2016 and all Russian ISPs began blocking LinkedIn thereafter LinkedIn s mobile app was also banned from Google Play Store and iOS App Store in Russia in January 2017 211 212 In July 2021 it was also blocked in Kazakhstan 213 In October 2021 after reports of several academicians and reporters who received notifications regarding their profiles will be blocked in China Microsoft confirmed that LinkedIn will be shutting down in China and replaced with InJobs a China exclusive app citing difficulties in operating environments and increasing compliance requirements 214 Open source contributions 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3 2019 Retrieved August 3 2019 Linked grown into the premier digital platform a b Bariso Justin August 1 2019 How to Use LinkedIn and LinkedIn Video to Expand Your Reach Build Your Network and Find the Right Customers for Your Business LinkedIn has changed dramatically through the years Here s a step by step guide for getting the most out of the platform Inc Archived from the original on August 3 2019 Retrieved August 3 2019 Advice from Kristin Sherry engage with commenters give give give ask for engagement don t be a slave to numbers experiment with LinkedIn video Collamer Nancy March 7 2017 7 LinkedIn Tips To Build Your Personal Brand Forbes Archived from the original on June 11 2019 Retrieved August 19 2019 Invest in getting a professional photo taken Long says If you can afford a professional photographer it is usually the best investment you can make in your personal brand and self confidence 5 tips to make LinkedIn work better Enterprisers Project January 4 2019 Archived from the 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