fbpx
Wikipedia

Demographics of Singapore

March 12, 2024

"CMIO" redirects here. For the profession, see Chief medical informatics officer.

As of June 2023, the population of Singapore stands at 5.92 million.[2] Of these 5.92 million people, 4.15 million are residents, consisting of 3.61 million citizens and 540,000 permanent residents (PRs). The remaining 1.77 million people living in Singapore are classed as non-residents, a group consisting mainly of resident workers without political rights who are routinely excluded from official demographic statistics.

Demographics of Singapore
Population pyramid of Singapore as of 2020
Population5,637,000 (2023)[1]
Birth rate8.6 births/1,000 population (2021)[1]
Death rate5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2021)[1]
Life expectancy 83.0 years (2022)[1]
 • male 80.7 years (2022)[1]
 • female 85.3 years (2022)[1]
Fertility rate 0.97 (2023)[1]
Infant mortality rate1.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2021)[1]
Age structure
0–14 years14.54%
15–64 years70.26%
65 and over15.20%
Nationality
Nationalitynoun: Singaporean(s) adjective: Singaporean
Major ethnicChinese, Malay, Indian, Eurasian
Language
OfficialEnglish, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil
SpokenEnglish, Singlish, Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and others

Singapore is a multiracial, multiethnic, and multicultural Asian society. Major religions include Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism, and Hinduism. Its people are broadly organised under the CMIO (Chinese–Malay–Indian–Other) system of categorisation. Although Malays are recognised as the indigenous community,[3][4][5][6] 75.9% of the citizens and permanent resident visa holders are ethnic Chinese, with ethnic Malay and Indians comprising 15.0% and 7.5% respectively. Together, the three largest ethnic groups comprise 98.4% of the citizen population.[7] The remaining 1.6% comprises members of "Other" races, which comprises largely Eurasians. Despite long term occupancy, Singapore excludes 29% of the population as non-residents for the purpose of resident statistics.[7] Officially, mixed-race Singaporeans are often regarded as having the race of their father. However, race categorisation, for example on an individual's identity card, may also reflect both ethnicities of their parents.[8]

There are four official languages in Singapore: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil. Malay is the symbolic national language, while English is the main working language.[9] Education in Singapore is bilingual, with English being the medium of instruction. Students are also required to learn a second language, usually Malay, Mandarin, or Tamil.[10][11] Singlish, a local creole and accent, is often used in colloquial speech between all native races of Singapore. There is also Singdarin, a Mandarin creole.

The annual total population growth rate for the year 2020 was -0.3%.[12][13] Singapore's resident total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.10 in 2020; the Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian fertility rates were 0.94, 1.83 and 0.97 respectively.[14]

History edit

Population growth edit

Population growth and immigration in selected periods[15]
Period Population increase Natural increase Net immigration
1881–1891 43,857 −30,932A 74,798
1901–1911 75,729 −59,978A 135,707
1921–1931 230,387 18,176 212,211
1947–1957 507,800 395,600 112,200
1970–1980 339,400 315,400 24,000
1990–2000 980,755 325,887 654,868
2000–2010 1,048,845 224,718 824,127
2010–2020 609,075 203,643 405,432
  • ^A Negative figures are due to low birth rate and high death rate
See also: Immigration to Singapore

Population growth in Singapore was for a long period fueled by immigration, starting soon after Stamford Raffles landed in Singapore in 1819, when the population of the island was estimated to be around 1,000.[16] The first official census taken in January 1824 showed that the resident population of Singapore had grown to 10,683: 4,580 Malays, 3,317 Chinese, 1,925 Bugis, 756 natives of India, 74 Europeans, 16 Armenians, and 15 Arabs.[17] Chinese males greatly outnumbered the females; in the 1826 population figures there were 5,747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females, in contrast to 2,501 Malay males and 2,289 Malay females. The figures for around a thousand Indians in 1826 are also similarly skewed towards male – 209 male and 35 female Bengalis, 772 males and 5 females from the Coromandel Coast.[18] By 1836, the population figure had risen to 29,980, and marked a change in demographics as the Malays were outnumbered for the first time; 45.9% of the population were Chinese versus 41.9% for Malays (including Javanese and Bugis).[19][20] Women from China were discouraged from emigrating, and most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were likely nyonyas from Malacca; it was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China.[20]

The imbalance of the sexes continued for a long period, for example, the 1901 census figures show that there were 130,367 Chinese males compared to 33,674 Chinese females.[21] Such imbalance also meant that fewer people were born in early Singapore, and in the first hundred years, most of the Chinese population in Singapore were immigrants. By the late 1890s, only around 10% of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there.[22] Many of the early migrant workers from China and India did not intend to settle permanently to raise their families in Singapore; they worked to send back remittance to their families back home, and would return to China or India after they had earned enough money. Later an increasing number of Chinese chose to settle permanently in Singapore, especially in the 1920s when it became more favourable to stay in Singapore rather than returning to China. Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China, and the sex ratio began to normalise.[20] This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births. Immigration continued to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931–1947 period when the natural increase in population surpassed the net immigration figure.[22][23]

After World War II, in the period from 1947 to 1957, Singapore saw a massive population increase mostly due to increased number of native births.[24] The birth rate rose and the death rate fell; the average annual growth rate was 4.4%, of which 1% was due to immigration; Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42.7 per thousand individuals. (This was also the same year the United States saw its peak birth rate.)

Immigration to Singapore also fell sharply after Singapore independence due to tighter control of immigration from Malaysia and other countries. The population increase became dominated by native births with 315,400 in the 1970–1980 period due to natural increase compared to 24,000 from net migration. However, a lower rate of natural growth in population and the need for low-skill labour resulted in a deliberate shift in policy by the Singapore government to allow more foreigners to live and work in the country, and net migration increased in the 1980–1990 period to nearly 200,000. By the decade of 1990–2000, the net migrant number of over 600,000 had surpassed the natural growth of the population, and accounted for nearly two-thirds of the population increase. The same high level of immigration is also seen in the next decade with 664,083 net migration recorded.[15]

Net migration rate 9.12 migrants/1,000 population (2006 est.)

Due to the continued low birth rate, amongst other reasons, the Singapore government has varied its immigration policy over the years. As the demand for labour grew with industrialisation, foreign talent with professional qualifications as well as less-skilled foreign workers has made up a significant and increasing proportion of Singapore's total population since the 2000s and 2010s. Curbs on immigration, however, began to be implemented in the 2010s to ease increasing social issues arising from the high level of immigration.[25]

Population planning edit

Main article: Population planning in Singapore
Per-period population growth, 1947—2000[24]
Period Growth rate
1947—1957 84.7%
1957—1970 90.8%
1970—1980 13.3%
1980—1990 18.5%
1990— 2000 20.6%

The post-war boom in births led to an interest in family planning, and by 1960, the government publicly funded and supported family planning programmes. After independence in 1965, the birth rate had fallen to 29.5 per thousand individuals, and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2.5%. Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government; on average, a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965. Kandang Kerbau Hospital (KKH)—which specialised in women's health and was the most popular hospital to have children—saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962. In 1966, KKH delivered 39835 babies, earning it a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for "largest number of births in a single maternity facility" for ten years. Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era, mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours.[26]

In September 1965 the Minister for Health, Yong Nyuk Lin, submitted a white paper to Parliament, recommending a "Five-year Mass Family Planning programme" that would reduce the birth rate to 20.0 per thousand individuals by 1970. In 1966, the Family Planning and Population Board (FPPB) had been established based on the findings of the white paper, providing clinical services and public education on family planning.[27]

By 1970, the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established, implementing incentives, disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children. After 1975, the fertility rate declined below replacement level, in a sign that Singapore was undergoing the demographic transition. In 1983, the Graduate Mothers' Scheme was implemented in an attempt to get educated women, especially women with a university degree, to marry and procreate, while the government encouraged women without an O-level degree to get sterilised. This was done out of the Lee Kuan Yew government's belief that for the nation to best develop and avoid hardship, the educated classes should be encouraged to contribute to the nation's breeding pool, while the uneducated should not, sparking the Great Marriage Debate.[27]

In 1986, the government reversed its population policy—except its stance on low-income, lowly-educated women—and initiated the Have Three or More (if you can afford it) campaign, offering cash and public administration incentives to have children. In 2001, the Singapore government started its Baby Bonus scheme.

Singapore has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world.[28] In 2012, Singapore total fertility rate (TFR) was 1.20 children born per woman, a sub-replacement fertility rate. Ethnic Chinese had a fertility of 1.07 in 2004 (1.65 in 1990), while Malays had a TFR of 2.10 (2.69 in 1990). Both figures declined further in 2006. TFR for Indians was 1.30 in 2004 and 1.89 in 1990.[29] The Singapore government has launched several highly publicised attempts to raise the fertility rate and increase awareness of the negative effects of an ageing population, the elderly (65 and above) had constituted 9.9% of its population in 2012; this proportion is still significantly lower than that of many other developed nations, such as the United States and Japan. In February 2015, National University of Singapore launched the "New Age Institute" in conjunction with Washington University in St. Louis to conduct research on this issue.[30]

Area planning edit

Main articles: Planning areas of Singapore and New towns of Singapore

The population of Singapore are generally housed within new towns, which are large scale satellite housing developments designed to be self contained. It includes public housing units, private housing, a town centre and other amenities.[31] Since the 1950s, Singapore had a city centre surrounded by slums and squatter colonies. By 1959 when Singapore attained self government, the problem of housing shortage had grown. Combined with a fast population growth, it led to congestion and squalor.[32] The new towns planning concept was introduced in July 1952 by the country's public housing authority, Housing and Development Board (HDB), to counter the housing shortage problem and to relocate most of the population crammed within the city centre to other parts of the island.[33][34] Today, there are 23 new towns and 3 estates within the country, with Bedok being the largest by area and population.[35]

Population white paper edit

Main article: Population White Paper

In early 2013, the Parliament of Singapore debated over the policies recommended by the Population White Paper entitled A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore. Citing that Singapore's 900,000 Baby Boomers would comprise a quarter of the citizen population by 2030 and that its workforce would shrink "from 2020 onwards", the White Paper projected that by 2030, Singapore's "total population could range between 6.5 and 6.9 million", with resident population between 4.2 and 4.4 million and citizen population between 3.6 and 3.8 million. The White Paper called for an increase in the number of foreign workers so as to provide balance between the number of skilled and less-skilled workers, as well as provide healthcare and domestic services. It also claimed that foreign workers help businesses thrive when the economy is good.[36] The motion was passed[37] albeit after amendments made to leave out "population policy" and add focus on infrastructure and transport development.

The White Paper was heavily criticised and panned by opposition parties and government critics.[38] Member of Parliament Low Thia Khiang of the Workers' Party of Singapore had criticised current measures of increasing the fertility rate, claiming that this would lead to an increase of a higher cost of living and discourage young couples from having more kids. As for current immigration policies, he had noted that immigrants were a source of friction for Singaporeans and that an increased population would put more stress and strain on the urban infrastructure.[39] On 16 February 2013, nearly 3,000 people rallied to protest against the White Paper at Hong Lim Park and raised concerns that the increased population would lead to the deterioration of public service and the increase of the cost of living.[40]

Population edit

Population size and growth by residential status edit

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics[41]

Year Number ('000) Growth (year on year) Land area (km2)[42] Population density (persons per km2)
Total population Total residents Singapore citizens Permanent residents Non-residents Total population Total residents Singapore citizens Permanent residents Non-residents
1950 1,022.1 na na na na 4.4% na na na na na na
1955 1,305.5 na na na na 4.6% na na na na na na
1960 1,646.4 na na na na 3.7% na na na na 581.5 2,831
1965 1,886.9 na na na na 2.5% na na na na 581.5 3,245
1970 2,074.5 2,013.6 1,874.8 138.8 60.9 2.8% na na na na 586.4 3,538
1975 2,262.6 na na na na 1.5% na na na na 596.8 3,791
1980 2,413.9 2,282.1 2,194.3 87.8 131.8 1.5% 1.3% na na na 617.8 3,907
1985 2,736 2,482.6 na na 253.3 0.1% 1.6% na na na 620.5 4,409
1990 3,047.1 2,735.9 2,623.7 112.1 311.3 2.3% 1.7% 1.7% 2.3% 9.0% 633 4,706
1995 3,524.5 3,013.5 2,823.7 189.8 511 3.1% 1.8% 1.4% 8.3% 11.2% 647.5 5,443
2000 4,027.9 3,273.4 2,985.9 287.5 754.5 2.8% 1.8% 1.3% 9.9% 9.3% 682.7 5,900
2005 4,265.8 3,467.8 3,081 386.8 797.9 2.4% 1.6% 0.8% 8.6% 5.9% 697.9 6,121
2010 5,076.7 3,771.7 3,230.7 541.0 1,305.0 1.8% 1.0% 0.9% 1.5% 4.1% 712.4 7,126
2015 5,535.0 3,902.7 3,375.0 527.7 1,632.3 1.2% 0.8% 1.0% 0% 2.1% 719.1 7,697
2020 5,685,8 4,044.2 3,523.2 521 1,641.6 -0.3% 0.4% 0.6% -0.8% 0.02% 728.3 7,810

Gender composition of resident population edit

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics[43]

Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Total 1,646.4 1,886.9 2,013.6 2,262.6 2,282.1 2,482.6 2,735.9 3,013.5 3,273.4 3,467.8 3,771.7 3,902.7 4,044.2
Males 859.6 973.8 1,030.8 1,156.1 1,159.0 1,258.5 1,386.3 1,514.0 1,634.7 1,721.1 1,861.1 1,916.6 1,977.6
Females 786.8 913.1 982.8 1,106.5 1,123.1 1,224.2 1,349.6 1,499.5 1,638.7 1,746.7 1,910.6 1,986.1 2,066.7
Sex ratio (males per 1,000 females) 1,093 1,066 1,049 1,045 1,032 1,028 1,027 1,010 998 985 974 965 957

Age distribution of resident population edit

Source: Singapore Department of Statistics[44]

Age group (years) 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Below 15 23.0% 21.9% 17.4% 16.8% 16.4% 16.0% 15.7%
15–24 16.9% 12.9% 13.5% 13.6% 13.7% 13.6% 13.2%
25–34 21.5% 17.0% 15.1% 14.8% 14.4% 14.4% 14.4%
35–44 16.9% 19.4% 16.7% 16.4% 16.3% 16.1% 16.0%
45–54 9.0% 14.3% 16.6% 16.7% 16.5% 16.4% 16.1%
55–64 6.7% 7.2% 11.7% 12.4% 12.7% 13.1% 13.4%
65 and over 6.0% 7.2% 9.0% 9.3% 9.9% 10.5% 11.2%
Median age (years) 29.8 34.0 37.4 38.0 38.4 38.9[45] 39.3[45]
 
This animation shows the share of age groups for the population of Singapore from 1960 – 2016. The age group which contains the median is highlighted. The population of Singapore is considered to be ageing rapidly.[43]

Population by sex and age (Census 30.VI.2020) (Data refer to resident population which comprises Singapore citizens and permanent residents.) edit

Age group[46] Male Female Total %
Total 1 977 556 2 066 654 4 044 210 100
0–4 93 388 89 688 183 076 4.53
5–9 101 729 97 008 198 737 4.91
10–14 104 967 101 426 206 393 5.10
15–19 109 868 105 366 215 234 5.32
20–24 124 617 119 920 244 537 6.05
25–29 142 382 144 615 286 997 7.10
30–34 143 022 154 776 297 798 7.36
35–39 141 357 158 158 299 515 7.41
40–44 142 801 156 490 299 291 7.40
45–49 151 690 160 050 311 740 7.71
50–54 145 383 150 685 296 068 7.32
55–59 152 960 152 870 305 830 7.56
60–64 141 471 143 155 284 626 7.04
65–69 112 609 116 787 229 396 5.67
70–74 80 819 89 189 170 008 4.20
75–79 40 773 50 217 90 990 2.25
80–84 27 886 38 627 66 513 1.64
85-89 13 522 23 064 36 586 0.90
90+ 6312 14 563 20 875 0.52
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 300 084 288 122 588 206 14.54
15–64 1 395 551 1 446 085 2 841 636 70.26
65+ 281 921 332 447 614 368 15.19
 
Population pyramid according to the CIA

Fertility and mortality edit

Fertility and mortality[44][45]
Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2018 2019 2020
Total live-births 45,934 41,217 51,142 46,997 39,826 39,570 37,967 39,654 42,663 39,720 42,232 42,185 39,039 39,279 38,590
Resident live-births N.A. 40,100 49,787 44,765 35,129 36,178 35,040 35,330 34,323
Crude birth rate (per 1,000 residents) 45.4 44.3 37.5 29.5 22.1 17.7 17.6 16.6 18.2 15.6 13.7 10.2 10.3 10.3 10.2 9.9 9.3 9.5 10.1 9.3 9.8 8.8 8.8 8.5
Total fertility rate (per female) N.A. N.A. 5.76 4.66 3.07 2.07 1.82 1.61 1.83 1.67 1.60 1.26 1.28 1.29 1.28 1.22 1.15 1.20 1.29 1.19 1.25 1.24 1.14 1.14 1.10
Gross reproduction rate (per female) N.A. N.A. 2.78 2.27 1.49 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.88 0.80 0.77 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.62 0.57 0.61 0.56 0.56 0.53
Net reproduction rate (per female) N.A. N.A. 2.54 2.08 1.42 0.97 0.86 0.76 0.87 0.80 0.77 0.61 0.61 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.55 0.58 0.60 0.57 0.60 0.55 0.56 0.53
Total deaths 10,717 12,505 13,891 15,693 17,222 17,101 17,610 18,027 18,481 18,938 19,393 19,862 21,282 21,446 22,045
Crude death rate (per 1,000 residents) 12.0 8.1 6.2 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.2
Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 resident live-births) 82.2 49.5 34.9 26.3 20.5 13.9 8.0 7.6 6.6 3.8 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.8
Life expectancy at birth (years) 65.8 72.1 75.3 78.0 81.7 82.0 82.1 82.4 82.8 83.4 83.6 83.9
Life expectancy at birth for males (years) 64.1 69.8 73.1 76.0 79.2 79.5 79.8 80.1 80.5 81.2 81.4 81.5
Life expectancy at birth for females (Years) 67.8 74.7 77.6 80.0 84.0 84.1 84.3 84.5 84.9 85.5 85.7 86.1
Natural growth 35,217 28,712 37,251 31,304 22,604 22,469 20,357 21,627 24,182 18,982 22,839 22,323 17,757 17,833 16,545
Natural change 16.9 12.7 13.5 9.2 5.8 5.6 4.9 5.0 5.6 4.7 5.1 3.8 3.8 3.3
 
Life expectancy in Singapore since 1950
 
Life expectancy in Singapore since 1960 by gender
 
Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates
  • Source: Department of Statistics of Singapore: Population Trends, 2020

Current vital statistics edit

Period[47] Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - June 2022 17,495
January - June 2023 16,291
Difference   -1,204 (-6.9%)

Population by area edit

 
Largest towns and planning areas in Singapore
Singapore Department of Statistics population report for 2022
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
 
Bedok
 
Tampines 		1 Bedok East 278,270 11 Ang Mo Kio North-East 161,000  
Jurong West
 
Sengkang
2 Tampines East 265,340 12 Bukit Merah Central 149,160
3 Jurong West West 258,240 13 Pasir Ris East 145,990
4 Sengkang North-East 252,730 14 Bukit Panjang West 137,020
5 Woodlands North 252,190 15 Toa Payoh Central 128,450
6 Hougang North-East 226,990 16 Serangoon North-East 117,910
7 Yishun North 222,580 17 Geylang Central 109,150
8 Choa Chu Kang West 189,990 18 Sembawang North 108,220
9 Punggol North-East 185,180 19 Kallang Central 100,520
10 Bukit Batok West 164,560 20 Queenstown Central 96,730

Ethnic groups edit

Main articles: Race in Singapore and Singaporeans

Post-independence edit

In the post-independence period, the population of Singapore has been categorised into four main groups: Chinese, Malays, Indians, and Others. The CMIO system was first proposed in 1956 to organise the education system of Singapore by four national languages.[48]

Although population growth in Singapore was driven by immigration for a long period during the colonial period, the population increase in Singapore became dominated by native births in Singapore around the middle of the 20th century, and boomed after the Second World War. After Singapore became independent in 1965, the free movement of people between Malaysia and Singapore ended, and net immigration dropped to a low level of 24,000 in the decade of 1970–80 due to tighter control on immigration.[15] However, the fertility of the Chinese population declined sharply after the post-war boom, while that of the Malays remained high. There was therefore a corresponding percentage increase of the Malay population, which rose to 14.5% in 1967 after a long period of continual decline.[20]

From the 1980s onwards, the policy on immigration changed; the number of immigrants increased sharply and became again an important factor in the growth of population in Singapore. By the 1990–2000 period, the number of migrants had overtaken the natural population increase, constituting nearly two-thirds of the decadal population increase with 640,571 net migrants including non-residents.[15] While the racial composition of its citizens has been fairly constant in recent years, it shows a shift in the figures for its residents (citizens plus permanent residents). Fewer of the immigrants were Malays, therefore the percentage resident population of the Malays began to fall. Indian residents, however, rose to 9.2% in 2010 due to an increase in the number of Indians migrant workers (compared to 7.4% Indians in the figures for citizens).[49]

The population profile of the country changed dramatically after the relaxation of immigration policy, with a huge increase in the number of transient migrant workers. Official figures show that the number of foreigners on short-term permits (termed 'non-residents') has grown from 30,900 in 1970 to 797,900 in 2005, which translate roughly to a 24-fold increase in 35 years, or from 1% of the population in 1970 to 18.3% in 2005. Despite this huge increase, no further breakdown is given by Singstat. By 2010, the population of non-residents had increased to 25.7%. It was estimated in the mid-2010s that around 40% of Singapore's population were of foreign origin (permanent residents plus non-residents such as foreign students and workers including dependents).[50]

Proportion of non-residents out of total population[51][52][7]
1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 2014 2020
Non-residents (residents = citizens + PRs) 2.9% 5.5% 10.2% 18.7% 25.3% 29.3% 28.9%

While the Singapore Department of Statistics reports overall population figures for Singapore (4.48 million in 2006), as a matter of policy, it only provides more detailed demographic breakdown analysis for the approximately 80% of the population (in 2006) who are Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents (collectively termed 'residents'). Of this group of about 3.6 million people in 2006, Chinese form 75.2%, Malays form 13.6%, Indians form 8.8%, while Eurasians and other groups form 2.4%. No breakdown by ethnicity is released for the non-resident population. Currently around 60,000[53] Europeans and 16,900 Eurasians live in Singapore, over 1% of its total population.

Ethnic composition of resident population
Ethnic group 1970[51] 1980[51] 1990[44] 2000[44] 2010[44] 2011[44] 2012[44] 2013[44] 2015[52] 2017[54] 2020[7]
Chinese 77.0% 78.3% 77.8% 76.8% 74.1% 74.1% 74.2% 74.2% 74.3% 74.3% 74.3%
Malays 14.8% 14.4% 14.0% 13.9% 13.4% 13.4% 13.3% 13.3% 13.3% 13.4% 13.5%
Indians 7.0% 6.3% 7.1% 7.9% 9.2% 9.2% 9.2% 9.1% 9.1% 9.0% 9.0%
Others 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% 1.4% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.3% 3.2% 3.2% 3.2%
Chinese Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group[7]
Dialect Groups Population (2020)
Hokkien 1,180,599
Teochew 583,963
Cantonese 429,329
Hakka 259,153
Hainanese 183,312
Foochow 59,609
Henghua 26,702
Shanghainese 22,503
Hockchia 17,070
Other Chinese 244,529
Total 3,006,769
Malay Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group[7]
Detailed Ethnic Groups Population (2020)
Malay 370,445
Javanese people/Boyanese 154,869
Other Malays 20,184
Total 545,498
Indian Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group[7]
Detailed Ethnic Groups Population (2020)
Tamil 198,449
Malayali 26,693
Hindi 18,618
Sikh 12,589
Other Indians 105,925
Total 362,274
Resident Population of Other Ethnic Groups by Detailed Ethnic Group[7]
Detailed Ethnic Groups Population (2020)
Filipino 30,893
Caucasian 29,981
Eurasian 18,060
Burmese 11,899
Arab 9,028
Thai 7,036
Others 22,772
Total fertility rate by ethnic group[44][55]
Year 1980 1990 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Chinese 1.73 1.65 1.43 1.14 1.14 1.08 1.02 1.08 1.18 1.05 1.13 1.10 1.07 1.01 0.98 0.99 0.94
Malays 2.20 2.69 2.54 1.94 1.91 1.82 1.65 1.64 1.69 1.66 1.73 1.79 1.80 1.82 1.85 1.80 1.83
Indians 2.03 1.89 1.59 1.25 1.19 1.14 1.13 1.09 1.15 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.04 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.97
Total 1.82 1.83 1.60 1.29 1.28 1.22 1.15 1.20 1.29 1.19 1.25 1.24 1.20 1.16 1.14 1.14 1.1

Pre-independence edit

Singapore, following its founding as a British free port by Stamford Raffles in the 19th century, did not have a sizeable native population as the population became dominated by three main groups of immigrants.[20][56][57] When Raffles arrived in Singapore in January 1819, Singapore had approximately 120 Malays, 30 Chinese and some native tribes (Orang Laut) under the rule of the Temenggung.[58] Around 100 of the Malays had originally moved to Singapore from the mainland (Johor) in 1811, led by the Temenggung. Other estimates place the then population of Singapore at 1,000, belonging to various local tribes.[16] Early census figures show a long influx of migrant workers into the country, initially comprising mostly Malays, but shortly thereafter followed by the Chinese. By 1821, the population was estimated to have increased to 4,724 Malays and 1,150 Chinese.[58]

In the first census of 1824, 6,505 out of the 10,683 total were Malays and Bugis, constituting over 60% of the population. Large number of Chinese migrants started to enter Singapore just months after it became a British settlement, and they were predominantly male. In 1826, official census figures give a total population of 13,750, with 6,088 Chinese, 4,790 Malays, 1,242 Bugis, 1,021 Indians from Bengal (244) and the Coromandel Coast (777), smaller number of Javanese (267), Europeans (87) and other peoples.[18] The population total of Singapore increased to 16,000 in 1829, 26,000 five years later. By 1836, the Chinese at 13,749 had become the most populous ethnic group, overtaking the broad Malay grouping (12,538, including other groups such as the Bugis, Javanese, and Balinese from the Dutch East Indies).[59] By 1849, the population had reached 59,043, 24,790 of them Chinese.[60]

Many of the migrants from China in the 19th century came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations, with 11,000 Chinese immigrants recorded in one year.[61] Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements, many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended. By 1860, the total population had reached around 90,000, of these 50,000 were Chinese, and 2,445 Europeans and Eurasians. The first thorough census in Singapore was undertaken in 1871, and the people were grouped into 33 racial, ethnic or national categories, with Chinese forming the largest group at 57.6%.[62]

Censuses were then conducted at 10-year intervals afterwards. The 1881 census grouped the people into 6 main categories, and further subdivided into 47 sub-categories. The 6 broad groups were given as Europeans, Eurasians, Malays, Chinese, Indians and Others in 1921.[48] The Malays group included other natives of the Malay archipelago, the Europeans included Americans, the Indians would be people from the Indian subcontinent including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh. In 1901, the total population of Singapore was 228,555,[61] with 15.8% Malays, 71.8% Chinese, 7.8% Indians, and 3.5% Europeans and Eurasians. The Chinese population figure of Singapore has stayed at over 70% of the total since, reaching 77.8% in 1947. After dropping from a peak of 60% in the early years of Singapore, the Malay population settled within the range of 11 and 16% in the first half of the 20th century, while Indians hovered between 7 and just over 9% in the same period.[59]

Population of colonial era Singapore
Ethnic group PopulationA
1824[63] 1826[18] 1836[19] 1871[64] 1901[64] 1931[64][65] 1957[66]
Europeans 74 87 141 1,946 3,824 8,082 10,826
Eurasians 117 2,164 4,120 6,903 11,382
Native ChristiansB 188 421
Armenians 16 19 34 (81)
Arabs 15 26 41
MalaysC 4,580 4,790 9,632 26,148 36,080 65,014 197,059
Bugis 1,925 1,242 1,962D
Javanese 267 903
Chinese 3,317 6,088 13,749 54,572 164,041 418,640 1,090,596
Indians 756 1,021 2,930 11,610 17,824 50,811 124,084
OthersE 12 50 671 2,667 8,275 11,982
Total 10,683 13,750 29,980 97,111 228,555 557,745 1,445,929
  • ^A Population figures do not include transient populations of military personnel and convicts
  • ^B Mostly of Portuguese descent
  • ^C Include other peoples of the Malay Archipelago if figures not given separately
  • ^D Include Balinese
  • ^E Include Cafres, Siamese, Parsis, Jews, and other groupings if figures not given separately.
Annual growth rate for main ethnic groups in selected periods[23]
Ethnic group 1824–1830 1849–1860 1881–1891 1901–1911 1931–1947
Chinese 12.0% 5.4% 3.5% 3.0% 3.5%
Malays 2.9% 5.2% 0.1% 1.5% 3.6%
Indians 6.7% 6.8% 2.9% 5.0% 1.9%

Languages edit

 
Quadrilingual construction warning sign written in Singapore's four official languages; English, Chinese, Tamil and Malay.
Main article: Languages of Singapore
Languages of Singapore (2020)[67]
Languages percent
English
 
 48.3%
Mandarin Chinese
 
 29.9%
Malay
 
 9.2%
Chinese dialects
 
 8.7%
Tamil
 
 2.5%
Others
 
 1.4%

Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil.

Malay is the national language of the country, although English is the official language used in the educational system and by the government. The colloquial English-based creole used in everyday life is often referred to as Singlish, spoken by all races of Singapore.

The government of Singapore promotes the use of Mandarin. The use of other Chinese varieties, like Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka, has been declining over the last two decades, although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population.

About 60% of Indian Singaporeans are Tamils although the percentage of those who speak Tamil at home has been declining, with around 37% of Singaporean Indians speaking Tamil at home according to the 2010 census.[68] Other spoken Indian languages are Punjabi, Malayalam, Hindi and Bengali, but none of them alone is spoken by more than 10% of the Indian Singaporeans. As with Chinese Singaporeans, a large proportion of Indian Singaporeans speak English at home.[69] However, despite long term occupancy, Singapore excludes 29% of the population as non-residents for the purpose of resident statistics.

Around 5,000 to 10,000 Peranakans, the early Chinese population of the region, still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.

Languages of Singapore Most Frequently Spoken at Home
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
English 11.6% 20.3% 23.0% 32.3% 48.3%
Mandarin Chinese 10.2% 26.0% 35.0% 35.6% 29.9%
Malay 13.9% 13.4% 14.1% 12.2% 9.2%
Chinese dialects 59.5% 36.7% 23.8% 14.3% 8.7%
Tamil 3.1% 2.9% 3.2% 3.3% 2.5%
Others 1.7% 0.7% 0.9% 2.3% 1.4%

Religion edit

Main article: Religion in Singapore

Religion in Singapore (census 2020)[70][71][72]

  Buddhism (31.1%)
  No religion (20.0%)
  Islam (15.6%)
  Protestantism and other Christians (11.9%)
  Taoism and other Chinese religions (8.8%)
  Catholicism (7.0%)
  Hinduism (5.0%)
  Sikhism and other religions (0.6%)

The main religions of Singapore are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity, and Hinduism, with a significant number who profess no religion.[73][74]

Singapore has freedom of religion, although the government restricts some religions such as Jehovah's Witnesses, due to their opposition to conscription. The majority of Malays are Muslim, while the plurality of Chinese practise Buddhism and syncretic Chinese folk traditions. Christianity is growing in the country. Taoism was overtaken as the second-most important religion in the 2000 census among the Chinese as more have increasingly described themselves as Buddhists rather than Taoist.[74] Indians are mostly Hindus though many are Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians. People who practise no religion form the third-largest group in Singapore.[75]

Marriage and divorce edit

Marriages and divorces[45][76]
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Number of marriages (excluding previously married) 24,596 26,081 24,363 27,258 27,936 26,254 28,407
Number of divorces (not including divorces under Muslim law) 5,170 5,416 5,433 5,696 5,306 5,471 5,172 5,450 5,505 5,570
Median age of first marriage (years)
...Grooms 29.8 29.8 30.0 30.1 30.1 30.1 30.2
...Brides 27.3 27.5 27.7 28.0 28.0 28.1 28.2
General marriage rate
...Males (per 1,000 unmarried resident males aged 15 to 49) 43.5 43.4 39.3 43.5 43.8 40.5 44.4
...Females (per 1,000 unmarried resident females aged 15 to 49) 39.6 38.9 35.3 39.2 39.4 36.9 40.8
Median age at divorce (years)
...Grooms 39.9 40.5 41.0 41.3 41.6 42.4 42.6
...Brides 36.3 36.9 37.4 37.7 38.0 38.2 38.4
General divorce rate
...Males (per 1,000 married resident males aged 20 years and over) 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.1 7.3 7.0
...Females (per 1,000 married resident females aged 20 years and over) 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.2 6.7 6.9 6.5
Crude marriage rate (per 1,000 resident population) 6.7
Crude rate of marital dissolution (per 1,000 resident population) 2.0

Literacy and education edit

Literacy rate population aged 15 years and above[77]
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Total 52.6% 68.9% 82.3% 89.1% 92.5% 95.9% 96.2% 96.4% 96.6% 96.7% 96.8% 97.0% 97.2% 97.3% 97.5% 97.1%
Male 70.3% 83.0% 91.4% 95.1% 96.6% 98.0% 98.4% 98.5% 98.5% 98.6% 98.6% 98.7% 98.8% 98.9% 98.9% 98.5%
Female 32.8% 54.3% 73.1% 83.0% 88.6% 93.8% 94.1% 94.4% 94.7% 94.9% 95.2% 95.4% 95.7% 95.9% 96.1% 95.8%
Highest qualification attained of resident non-student population aged 25 years and over[44]
Highest qualification attained 2001 2011 2020
Below secondary 46.9% 33.4% 25.5%
Secondary 24.1% 19.6% 16.3%
Post-secondary (non-tertiary) 6.6% 8.9% 10.0%
Diploma or professional qualification 8.9% 13.6% 15.3%
University 13.6% 24.5% 33.0%

Among residents aged 25–39 years, the percentage of university graduates increased from 23.7% in 2001 to 45.9% in 2011 while that who had attained a diploma or professional qualification increased from 15.9% to 22.9% over the same period.[44]

Employment edit

In 2005, the unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and over was 2.5%, the lowest in the last four years, with a labour force of 2.3 million people.[78][79][80]

Employment (thousands)[81]
Year Employment change Employment in December 2012
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total −22.9 −12.9 71.4 113.3 176.0 234.9 221.6 37.6 115.9 122.6 129.1 3,357.6
Total (excluding foreign domestic workers) −23.6 −11.7 66.4 105.5 168.0 223.5 213.4 32.9 110.6 117.7 125.8 3,148.0
Locals 19.4 14.9 49.9 63.5 90.9 90.4 64.7 41.8 56.2 37.9 58.7 2,089.3
Foreigners −42.3 −27.9 21.5 49.8 85.1 144.5 156.9 −4.2 59.7 84.8 70.4 1,268.3
Foreigners (excluding foreign domestic workers) −43.0 −26.6 16.5 42.0 77.1 133.1 148.7 −8.9 54.4 79.8 67.1 1,058.7
Unemployment rate (%) for persons aged 15 years and over[82][81]
Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Overall 3.6 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Residents 4.8 5.2 4.4 4.1 3.6 3.0 3.2 4.3 3.1 2.9 2.8
Singapore citizens 5.1 5.4 4.8 4.4 3.7 3.1 3.4 4.5 3.4 3.0 3.0

Household income edit

Average household monthly income edit

The average household monthly income was SGD 4,943 in 2000, which was an increase of $3,080 in 1990 at an average annual rate of 4.9%. The average household income experienced a drop of 2.7% in 1999 due to economic slowdown. Measured in 1990 dollars, the average household monthly income rose from SGD$3,080 in 1990 to SGD$4,170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 3.1%.[83]

Household income from work (SGD)[83][84]
Year 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010 2011 2017
Average income 3,076 4,107 4,745 4,822 4,691 4,943 8,726 9,618 11,589
Median income 2,296 3,135 3,617 3,692 3,500 3,607 5,600 6,307 8,846
Households income from work by ethnic group per head (SGD)[83]
Ethnic group Average household
income 		Median household
income
1990 2000 2010[85] 1990 2000 2010[85] 2020
Total 3,076 4,943 7,214 2,296 3,607 5,000 7,744
Chinese 3,213 5,219 7,326 2,400 3,848 5,100 7,792
Malays 2,246 3,148 4,575 1,880 2,708 3,844 5,704
Indians 2,859 4,556 7,664 2,174 3,387 5,370 8,500
Others 3,885 7,250 2,782 4,775

Household income distribution edit

Resident households by monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions (%)[86]
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
No working person 8.6 6.9 9 9.7 9.8 10 9 8.6 8.6 9.6 10.5 9.3 9.2 9.4 10.4 9.7 10.8 11.8 12.1 13.2
Retiree households 2.6 2.3 3 3.6 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.1 3.8 4 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.7 5.3 6.1 6.9 7.1 7.9
Below $1,000 3.3 3.9 4 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 3.8 4.1 3.5 3.2 3 2.7 2.3 2 2 1.9 1.9 1.8
$1,000–$1,999 12.2 11.1 11.5 11.1 11.4 10.9 10.5 9.8 8.3 7.8 7 6.5 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1
$2,000–$2,999 13.2 12.7 12.5 11.9 12.2 11.4 11.2 10 8.6 8.6 8.2 7.1 6.3 6.3 5.8 5.8 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.9
$3,000–$3,999 12.6 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.4 10.7 10.8 9.7 8.5 8.9 8.3 7.6 6.6 6.7 6 5.5 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.2
$4,000–$4,999 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.1 7.9 7.2 7 6.3 5.9 5.9 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.4
$5,000–$5,999 8.3 8.3 8.1 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.4 7 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.4 4.9
$6,000–$6,999 6.7 6.7 6.4 6.9 6.3 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.9 6.7 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.2 4.9
$7,000–$7,999 5.1 5.3 5.1 4.9 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.9 5.7 5.7 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.6
$8,000–$8,999 4 4.3 4.3 4 4.1 4.5 4.4 4.7 5.1 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.1 5.3 4.9 5 4.7 4.6
$9,000–$9,999 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.1
$10,000–$10,999 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.2
$11,000–$11,999 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.6 3.2 2.9 3 3.3 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.8
$12,000–$12,999 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.4
$13,000–$13,999 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.9 2 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3 3 3 3.2 3
$14,000–$14,999 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8
$15,000–$17,499 1.6 2 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.1 2 2.6 3.2 3.2 3.5 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.8 5.4
$17,500–$19,999 1 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.1
$20,000 and over 2.4 3.2 2.8 3 2.9 3.4 3.8 4.7 6.4 5.7 6.6 8 9.2 9.9 11 12.1 12.4 13.3 13.5 14.4
Resident households by monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions (%)[86]
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
No working person 8.6 6.9 9 9.7 9.8 10 9 8.6 8.6 9.6 10.5 9.3 9.2 9.4 10.4 9.7 10.8 11.8 12.1 13.2
Retiree households 2.6 2.3 3 3.6 3.7 3.5 4.1 4.1 3.8 4 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.7 5.3 6.1 6.9 7.1 7.9
Below $1,000 3.9 4.4 4.6 5.2 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.7 4 4.3 3.7 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2 2
$1,000–$1,999 13.8 13.3 13.6 13 12.9 12.3 11.9 10.9 9.5 9 8.2 7.5 7 7.2 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9
$2,000–$2,999 14.7 14.2 14.1 13.9 13.6 12.7 12.4 11.2 9.8 9.9 9.3 8.3 7.3 7.2 6.7 6.5 6 6 6 5.5
$3,000–$3,999 13.1 12.6 12.4 12.2 12.2 11.5 11.3 10.6 9.7 9.9 9.3 8.3 7.7 7.4 7 6.7 6.4 6.2 6 6.2
$4,000–$4,999 10.3 10 9.8 9.7 9.8 9.4 9.5 9.2 8.9 8.5 8.6 8.2 8 7.4 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.1 6.3 5.8
$5,000–$5,999 8.2 8.3 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.9 7.6 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.3 6 6
$6,000–$6,999 6.3 6.3 6.1 6 6 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.4 6.7 6.6 6.7 6.4 6.3 6.1 6.1 6 5.8 5.5 5.4
$7,000–$7,999 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.8 5 4.9 5.3 5.9 5.2 5.6 6 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.9 5.6 5.7 5 5
$8,000–$8,999 3.5 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.2 5.3 5 5.2 5 5.3 5 5.2 4.6
$9,000–$9,999 2.6 3 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 3 3.4 3.9 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5
$10,000–$10,999 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.6 3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.7 4.2 4.3 4 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.2
$11,000–$11,999 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.5
$12,000–$12,999 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 3.2 3 3 3.1 3.2
$13,000–$13,999 0.9 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6
$14,000–$14,999 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4
$15,000–$17,499 1.3 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 2.1 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.6 3.8 4 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.8
$17,500–$19,999 0.8 1.1 1 0.9 0.9 1 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.5
$20,000 and over 2 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.2 5.5 4.9 5.7 6.8 7.7 8.3 9.2 10.1 9.9 10.7 11.1 11.7

Growth in household income by decile edit

With the recovery from the 1998 economic slowdown, household income growth had resumed for the majority of households in 2000. However, for the lowest two deciles, the average household income in 2000 had declined compared with 1999. This was mainly due to the increase in the proportion of households with no income earner from 75% in 1999 to 87% in 2000 for the lowest 10%. Households with no income earner include those with retired elderly persons as well as unemployed members.[87]

Average monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions among resident employed households(SGD)[88][89]
Decile Average monthly household income (SGD) Nominal annual change (%)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Total 5,947 6,417 6,229 6,276 6,285 6,593 6,792 7,431 8,414 8,195 8,726 9,618 10,348 10,469 11,143 7.9 −2.9 0.8 0.1 4.9 3.0 9.4 13.2 −2.6 6.5 10.2 7.6 1.2 6.4
1st – 10th 1,382 1,331 1,266 1,223 1,232 1,257 1,258 1,321 1,399 1,361 1,497 1,581 1,644 1,711 1,775 −3.7 −4.9 −3.4 0.7 2.0 0.1 5.0 5.9 −2.7 10.0 5.6 4.0 4.1 3.7
11th – 20th 2,241 2,275 2,180 2,164 2,199 2,257 2,305 2,418 2,700 2,696 2,940 3,135 3,302 3,372 3,641 1.5 −4.2 −0.7 1.6 2.6 2.1 4.9 11.7 −0.1 9.1 6.6 5.3 2.1 8.0
21st – 30th 2,986 3,043 2,944 2,984 2,988 3,116 3,182 3,379 3,831 3,787 4,158 4,421 4,782 4,993 5,226 1.9 −3.3 1.4 0.1 4.3 2.1 6.2 13.4 −1.1 9.8 6.3 8.2 4.4 4.7
31st – 40th 3,683 3,867 3,722 3,746 3,786 4,020 4,038 4,335 4,906 4,978 5,418 5,794 6,183 6,376 6,863 5.0 −3.7 0.6 1.1 6.2 0.4 7.4 13.2 1.5 8.8 6.9 6.7 3.1 7.6
41st – 50th 4,505 4,680 4,572 4,637 4,648 4,859 4,971 5,358 6,055 5,980 6,603 7,032 7,608 7,993 8,303 3.9 −2.3 1.4 0.2 4.5 2.3 7.8 13.0 −1.2 10.4 6.5 8.2 5.1 3.9
51st – 60th 5,304 5,677 5,522 5,638 5,504 5,865 6,027 6,561 7,492 7,319 7,840 8,436 9,133 9,469 10,108 7.0 −2.7 2.1 −2.4 6.6 2.8 8.9 14.2 −2.3 7.1 7.6 8.3 3.7 6.7
61st – 70th 6,354 6,751 6,664 6,725 6,633 7,136 7,180 7,928 8,957 8,798 9,310 10,101 10,894 11,293 11,861 6.2 −1.3 0.9 −1.4 7.6 0.6 10.4 13.0 −1.8 5.8 8.5 7.9 3.7 5.0
71st – 80th 7,608 8,322 8,132 8,229 8,012 8,641 8,809 9,479 10,820 10,694 11,105 12,306 13,186 13,807 14,496 9.4 −2.3 1.2 −2.6 7.9 1.9 7.6 14.1 −1.2 3.8 10.8 7.2 4.7 5.0
81st – 90th 9,461 10,755 10,294 10,271 10,350 10,701 11,048 12,386 14,013 13,423 13,943 15,509 16,366 16,984 18,017 13.7 −4.3 −0.2 0.8 3.4 3.2 12.1 13.1 −4.2 3.9 11.2 5.5 3.8 6.1
91st – 100th 15,946 17,467 16,998 17,146 17,493 18,076 19,100 21,146 23,968 22,909 24,442 27,867 30,379 28,688 31,142 9.5 −2.7 0.9 2.0 3.3 5.7 10.7 13.3 −4.4 6.7 14.0 9.0 −5.6 8.6
Average monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions among resident employed households(SGD)[88]
Decile Average monthly household income (SGD) Nominal annual change (%)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total 5,456 5,736 5,572 5,618 5,761 6,052 6,280 6,889 7,752 7,549 8,058 8,864 9,515 5.1 −2.9 0.8 2.5 5.1 3.8 9.7 12.5 −2.6 6.7 10.0 7.3
1st – 10th 1,285 1,209 1,151 1,112 1,140 1,162 1,165 1,223 1,300 1,264 1,385 1,460 1,518 −5.9 −4.8 −3.4 2.5 1.9 0.3 5.0 6.3 −2.8 9.6 5.4 4.0
11th – 20th 2,062 2,040 1,956 1,942 2,009 2,064 2,114 2,218 2,464 2,462 2,679 2,834 2,985 −1.1 −4.1 −0.7 3.5 2.7 2.4 4.9 11.1 −0.1 8.8 5.8 5.3
21st – 30th 2,737 2,717 2,627 2,668 2,721 2,833 2,903 3,078 3,464 3,436 3,759 3,988 4,290 −0.7 −3.3 1.6 2.0 4.1 2.5 6.0 12.5 −0.8 9.4 6.1 7.6
31st – 40th 3,367 3,434 3,312 3,330 3,431 3,645 3,673 3,950 4,420 4,495 4,887 5,200 5,529 2.0 −3.6 0.5 3.0 6.2 0.8 7.5 11.9 1.7 8.7 6.4 6.3
41st – 50th 4,097 4,149 4,043 4,103 4,200 4,390 4,514 4,870 5,455 5,391 5,959 6,303 6,800 1.3 −2.6 1.5 2.4 4.5 2.8 7.9 12.0 −1.2 10.5 5.8 7.9
51st – 60th 4,830 5,015 4,884 4,981 4,978 5,301 5,477 5,962 6,753 6,601 7,090 7,587 8,196 3.8 −2.6 2.0 −0.1 6.5 3.3 8.9 13.3 −2.3 7.4 7.0 8.0
61st – 70th 5,773 5,971 5,891 5,936 6,005 6,458 6,535 7,234 8,107 7,972 8,450 9,147 9,806 3.4 −1.3 0.8 1.2 7.5 1.2 10.7 12.1 −1.7 6.0 8.2 7.2
71st – 80th 6,919 7,365 7,187 7,273 7,256 7,846 8,046 8,694 9,849 9,733 10,142 11,193 11,973 6.4 −2.4 1.2 −0.2 8.1 2.5 8.1 13.3 −1.2 4.2 10.4 7.0
81st – 90th 8,631 9,557 9,144 9,142 9,443 9,797 10,203 11,491 12,916 12,354 12,887 14,307 15,038 10.7 −4.3 0.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 12.6 12.4 −4.4 4.3 11.0 5.1
91st – 100th 14,862 15,905 15,524 15,688 16,425 17,021 18,170 20,174 22,797 21,784 23,345 26,622 29,012 7.0 −2.4 1.1 4.7 3.6 6.8 11.0 13.0 −4.4 7.2 14.0 9.0

Household income ratio edit

The disparity in household income had widened in 2000, reflecting the faster income growth for the higher-income households.[83][90]

Gini coefficient among resident employed households[88]
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member 0.444 0.456 0.457 0.460 0.464 0.470 0.476 0.489 0.481 0.478 0.480 0.482 0.488
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member 0.442 0.454 0.454 0.457 0.460 0.465 0.470 0.482 0.474 0.471 0.472 0.473 0.478
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes 0.434 0.437 0.433 0.446 0.446 0.449 0.444 0.467 0.449 0.448 0.452 0.448 0.459
Ratio of household income from work per household member at the 90th percentile to 10th percentile among resident employed households[88]
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member 7.74 8.68 8.49 8.51 8.81 9.26 9.3 9.52 9.61 9.25 9.43 9.12 9.18
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member 7.75 8.58 8.82 8.81 8.87 9.06 9.23 9.38 9.64 9.43 9.35 9.19 9.14
Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes 7.68 7.82 7.71 8.28 8.24 8.3 7.68 8.68 7.94 8.00 8.1 7.54 7.87

International rankings edit

Main article: International rankings of Singapore

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Find Data". singstat.gov.sg. Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  2. ^ "Populations Trend - Overview". National Population and Talent Division Singapore. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 October 2012.
  4. ^ Vasil, R K (2000). Governing Singapore: democracy and national development. Allen & Unwin. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-86508-211-0.
  5. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore". Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore website. Part XIII Section 152(2). from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h "Census 2020" (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  8. ^ Tay, Dawn (13 January 2010). "Mixed-race S'poreans can have double barrelled IC category". www.asiaone.com. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  9. ^ Kishore Mahbubani (14 June 2014). "Big Idea No. 5: Speak the National Language". The Straits Times. from the original on 1 April 2018.
  10. ^ (PDF). Ministry of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  11. ^ . Asiaone. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010.
  12. ^ Population Trends 2015 24 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  13. ^ "Statistics Singapore – Population". Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  14. ^ . Department of Statistics Singapore. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  15. ^ a b c d Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. pp. 11–18. ISBN 978-981-4380-98-0.
  16. ^ a b Lily Zubaidah Rahim (9 November 2010). Singapore in the Malay World: Building and Breaching Regional Bridges. Taylor & Francis. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-134-01397-5.
  17. ^ Bernard, F. J. (15 November 1884). "An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore". The Straits Times. from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  18. ^ a b c Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A., eds. (1907). Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. p. 37.
  19. ^ a b The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 22. Charles Knight. 30 March 2009. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8248-3354-1.
  20. ^ a b c d e Saw Swee-Hock (March 1969). "Population Trends in Singapore, 1819–1967". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 10 (1): 36–49. doi:10.1017/S0217781100004270. JSTOR 20067730.
  21. ^ "Straits Settlements". Census of the British empire. 1901. Great Britain Census Office. 1906. p. 123.
  22. ^ a b James Francis Warren (30 June 2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940. NUS Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-9971-69-266-7.
  23. ^ a b Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-981-4380-98-0.
  24. ^ a b Wong, Theresa; Brenda Yeoh (2003). (PDF). Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series (12). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  25. ^ Rachel Chang (3 August 2015). "No easy choices on foreign worker, immigrant policies: PM Lee". The Straits Times. from the original on 16 January 2017.
  26. ^ "Family Planning". National Archives. Government of Singapore. from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  27. ^ a b "Singapore: Population Control Policies". Library of Congress Country Studies (1989). Library of Congress. from the original on 11 April 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  28. ^ . worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  29. ^ Webb, Sara (26 April 2006). . Singapore Windows. Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007.
  30. ^ "About". fas.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  31. ^ Wong, Maisy (July 2014). "Estimating the distortionary effects of ethnic quotas in Singapore using housing transactions". Journal of Public Economics. 115: 131–145. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.006. S2CID 52236776.
  32. ^ Field, Brian (1 January 1992). "Singapore's New Town prototype: a textbook prescription?". Habitat International. 16 (3): 89–101. doi:10.1016/0197-3975(92)90066-8.
  33. ^ "History of HDB". Housing & Development Board. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  34. ^ Tuan Seik, Foo (1 February 2001). "Planning and design of Tampines, an award-winning high-rise, high-density township in Singapore". Cities. 18 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1016/S0264-2751(00)00052-4.
  35. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  36. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2013.
  37. ^ Amended motion on white paper adopted; 6.9 million is not a target. 4 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Straits Times. 9 February 2013.
  38. ^ . Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013. The Workers' Party's Population Policy Paper: "A Dynamic Population for a Sustainable Singapore" The Workers' Party.
  39. ^ A Sustainable Singapore with a Dynamic Singaporean majority – MP Low Thia Khiang 15 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Workers' Party.
  40. ^ . 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013.
  41. ^ . Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  42. ^ "M890151 – Land Area (As at December), Annual". Statistics Singapore.[permanent dead link]
  43. ^ a b . Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Population Trends 2012 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  45. ^ a b c d topic3 11 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Population). Retrieved from Singapore – Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2015[permanent dead link], Department of Statistics, Singapore. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.
  46. ^ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  47. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  48. ^ a b Zarine L. Rocha (2011). . Journal of Current South East Asian Affairs. 30 (3). Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  49. ^ Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-981-4380-98-0.
  50. ^ . ExpatFocus. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  51. ^ a b c . Department of Statistics Singapore. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  52. ^ a b (PDF). Statistics Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  53. ^ "Speech by Second Minister for Foreign Affairs Ms Grace Fu at the Launch of 50 Years of SingaporeEuro".
  54. ^ (PDF). Singstat. Department of Statistics Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  55. ^ "M810091 – Births And Fertility Rates, Annual". Department of Statistics Singapore.
  56. ^ Saw Swee-Hock (2007). The Population of Singapore. SEAS Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-981-230-738-5.
  57. ^ Swee-Hock Saw (1970). Singapore population in transition. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-7588-9.
  58. ^ a b Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-981-4380-98-0.
  59. ^ a b Saw Swee-Hock (30 June 2012). The Population of Singapore (3rd ed.). ISEAS Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-981-4380-98-0.
  60. ^ Pieris, Anoma (2009). Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes: A Penal History of Singapore's Plural Society. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-8248-3354-1.
  61. ^ a b Mrs Reginald Sanderson (1907). Wright, Arnold; Cartwright, H.A. (eds.). Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. pp. 220–221.
  62. ^ James Francis Warren (30 June 2003). Rickshaw Coolie: A People's History of Singapore, 1880–1940. NUS Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-9971-69-266-7.
  63. ^ "First Census of Singapore is Taken". History SG. from the original on 6 January 2017.
  64. ^ a b c Brenda S. A. Yeoh (30 April 2003). Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment. NUS Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-9971-69-268-1.
  65. ^ "Armenian". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board, Singapore. from the original on 3 October 2016.
  66. ^ Lim Peng Han. (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science. 1 (2): 85–108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  67. ^ "East & Southeast Asia:: Singapore". CIA The World Factbook. 19 November 2021.
  68. ^ (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013.
  69. ^ Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 – Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  70. ^ "20% of Singapore residents have no religion, an increase from the last population census". Channel News Asia. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  71. ^ "Census of Population 2020: Religion" (PDF). Department of Statistics Singapore. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  72. ^ "Singapore". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  73. ^ (PDF). Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. January 2011. ISBN 978-981-08-7808-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  74. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  75. ^ "Singapore". state.gov. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  76. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Singapore Department of Statistics.
  77. ^ "Education, Language Spoken and Literacy – Latest Data". Base. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  78. ^ "Latest Data (1 February 2006) 11 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine – Singapore Department of Statistics. URL accessed on 2 February 2006.
  79. ^ "Singapore's employment hits all-time high of 2.3 m in 2005". Channel NewsAsia. 1 February 2006. from the original on 18 February 2006. By May Wong.
  80. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  81. ^ a b Labour Market 2012 19 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Manpower, Singapore.
  82. ^ topic1 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Key Indicators). See Table 1.14 on Education and Literacy and Table 1.11 on Employment. Retrieved from , Department of Statistics, Singapore. Retrieved on 28 August 2015.
  83. ^ a b c d (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  84. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  85. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  86. ^ a b "Household Income – Latest Data". Base. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  87. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  88. ^ a b c d Key Household Income Trends 2012 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics, Singapore.
  89. ^ "Household Income from work 2000–2014" 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Department of Statistics, Singapore. Retrieved 4 October 2015
  90. ^ http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/pdf/hdr04_HDI.pdf United Nations Development Programme Report 2004 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine See page 50–53.
  91. ^ List of countries and dependencies by population density
  92. ^ List of countries by immigrant population
  93. ^ List of countries and territories by fertility rate

External links edit

  • Singapore Dept of Statistics

March 12, 2024
demographics, singapore, cmio, redirects, here, profession, chief, medical, informatics, officer, june, 2023, population, singapore, stands, million, these, million, people, million, residents, consisting, million, citizens, permanent, residents, remaining, mi. CMIO redirects here For the profession see Chief medical informatics officer As of June 2023 the population of Singapore stands at 5 92 million 2 Of these 5 92 million people 4 15 million are residents consisting of 3 61 million citizens and 540 000 permanent residents PRs The remaining 1 77 million people living in Singapore are classed as non residents a group consisting mainly of resident workers without political rights who are routinely excluded from official demographic statistics Demographics of SingaporePopulation pyramid of Singapore as of 2020Population5 637 000 2023 1 Birth rate8 6 births 1 000 population 2021 1 Death rate5 8 deaths 1 000 population 2021 1 Life expectancy83 0 years 2022 1 male80 7 years 2022 1 female85 3 years 2022 1 Fertility rate0 97 2023 1 Infant mortality rate1 8 deaths 1 000 live births 2021 1 Age structure0 14 years14 54 15 64 years70 26 65 and over15 20 NationalityNationalitynoun Singaporean s adjective SingaporeanMajor ethnicChinese Malay Indian EurasianLanguageOfficialEnglish Mandarin Malay TamilSpokenEnglish Singlish Mandarin Malay Tamil and othersSingapore is a multiracial multiethnic and multicultural Asian society Major religions include Buddhism Christianity Islam Taoism and Hinduism Its people are broadly organised under the CMIO Chinese Malay Indian Other system of categorisation Although Malays are recognised as the indigenous community 3 4 5 6 75 9 of the citizens and permanent resident visa holders are ethnic Chinese with ethnic Malay and Indians comprising 15 0 and 7 5 respectively Together the three largest ethnic groups comprise 98 4 of the citizen population 7 The remaining 1 6 comprises members of Other races which comprises largely Eurasians Despite long term occupancy Singapore excludes 29 of the population as non residents for the purpose of resident statistics 7 Officially mixed race Singaporeans are often regarded as having the race of their father However race categorisation for example on an individual s identity card may also reflect both ethnicities of their parents 8 There are four official languages in Singapore English Malay Mandarin and Tamil Malay is the symbolic national language while English is the main working language 9 Education in Singapore is bilingual with English being the medium of instruction Students are also required to learn a second language usually Malay Mandarin or Tamil 10 11 Singlish a local creole and accent is often used in colloquial speech between all native races of Singapore There is also Singdarin a Mandarin creole The annual total population growth rate for the year 2020 was 0 3 12 13 Singapore s resident total fertility rate TFR was 1 10 in 2020 the Singaporean Chinese Malay and Indian fertility rates were 0 94 1 83 and 0 97 respectively 14 Contents 1 History 1 1 Population growth 1 2 Population planning 1 3 Area planning 1 4 Population white paper 2 Population 2 1 Population size and growth by residential status 2 2 Gender composition of resident population 2 3 Age distribution of resident population 2 4 Population by sex and age Census 30 VI 2020 Data refer to resident population which comprises Singapore citizens and permanent residents 2 5 Fertility and mortality 2 6 Current vital statistics 2 7 Population by area 3 Ethnic groups 3 1 Post independence 3 2 Pre independence 4 Languages 5 Religion 6 Marriage and divorce 7 Literacy and education 8 Employment 9 Household income 9 1 Average household monthly income 9 2 Household income distribution 9 3 Growth in household income by decile 9 4 Household income ratio 10 International rankings 11 See also 12 References 13 External linksHistory editPopulation growth edit Population growth and immigration in selected periods 15 Period Population increase Natural increase Net immigration1881 1891 43 857 30 932A 74 7981901 1911 75 729 59 978A 135 7071921 1931 230 387 18 176 212 2111947 1957 507 800 395 600 112 2001970 1980 339 400 315 400 24 0001990 2000 980 755 325 887 654 8682000 2010 1 048 845 224 718 824 1272010 2020 609 075 203 643 405 432 A Negative figures are due to low birth rate and high death rateSee also Immigration to Singapore Population growth in Singapore was for a long period fueled by immigration starting soon after Stamford Raffles landed in Singapore in 1819 when the population of the island was estimated to be around 1 000 16 The first official census taken in January 1824 showed that the resident population of Singapore had grown to 10 683 4 580 Malays 3 317 Chinese 1 925 Bugis 756 natives of India 74 Europeans 16 Armenians and 15 Arabs 17 Chinese males greatly outnumbered the females in the 1826 population figures there were 5 747 Chinese males but only 341 Chinese females in contrast to 2 501 Malay males and 2 289 Malay females The figures for around a thousand Indians in 1826 are also similarly skewed towards male 209 male and 35 female Bengalis 772 males and 5 females from the Coromandel Coast 18 By 1836 the population figure had risen to 29 980 and marked a change in demographics as the Malays were outnumbered for the first time 45 9 of the population were Chinese versus 41 9 for Malays including Javanese and Bugis 19 20 Women from China were discouraged from emigrating and most of the Chinese females in this early period of Singapore were likely nyonyas from Malacca it was noted in 1837 that there were no Chinese women in Singapore who had emigrated directly from China 20 The imbalance of the sexes continued for a long period for example the 1901 census figures show that there were 130 367 Chinese males compared to 33 674 Chinese females 21 Such imbalance also meant that fewer people were born in early Singapore and in the first hundred years most of the Chinese population in Singapore were immigrants By the late 1890s only around 10 of the Chinese population in Singapore were born there 22 Many of the early migrant workers from China and India did not intend to settle permanently to raise their families in Singapore they worked to send back remittance to their families back home and would return to China or India after they had earned enough money Later an increasing number of Chinese chose to settle permanently in Singapore especially in the 1920s when it became more favourable to stay in Singapore rather than returning to China Change in social attitude in the modern era also meant that Chinese women were freer to emigrate from China and the sex ratio began to normalise 20 This gradual normalisation of sex ratio led to an increase in the number of native births Immigration continued to be the main reason for the Chinese population increase in Singapore until the 1931 1947 period when the natural increase in population surpassed the net immigration figure 22 23 After World War II in the period from 1947 to 1957 Singapore saw a massive population increase mostly due to increased number of native births 24 The birth rate rose and the death rate fell the average annual growth rate was 4 4 of which 1 was due to immigration Singapore experienced its highest birth rate in 1957 at 42 7 per thousand individuals This was also the same year the United States saw its peak birth rate Immigration to Singapore also fell sharply after Singapore independence due to tighter control of immigration from Malaysia and other countries The population increase became dominated by native births with 315 400 in the 1970 1980 period due to natural increase compared to 24 000 from net migration However a lower rate of natural growth in population and the need for low skill labour resulted in a deliberate shift in policy by the Singapore government to allow more foreigners to live and work in the country and net migration increased in the 1980 1990 period to nearly 200 000 By the decade of 1990 2000 the net migrant number of over 600 000 had surpassed the natural growth of the population and accounted for nearly two thirds of the population increase The same high level of immigration is also seen in the next decade with 664 083 net migration recorded 15 Net migration rate 9 12 migrants 1 000 population 2006 est Due to the continued low birth rate amongst other reasons the Singapore government has varied its immigration policy over the years As the demand for labour grew with industrialisation foreign talent with professional qualifications as well as less skilled foreign workers has made up a significant and increasing proportion of Singapore s total population since the 2000s and 2010s Curbs on immigration however began to be implemented in the 2010s to ease increasing social issues arising from the high level of immigration 25 Population planning edit Main article Population planning in Singapore Per period population growth 1947 2000 24 Period Growth rate1947 1957 84 7 1957 1970 90 8 1970 1980 13 3 1980 1990 18 5 1990 2000 20 6 The post war boom in births led to an interest in family planning and by 1960 the government publicly funded and supported family planning programmes After independence in 1965 the birth rate had fallen to 29 5 per thousand individuals and the natural growth rate had fallen to 2 5 Birth rates in the 1960s were still perceived as high by the government on average a baby was born every 11 minutes in 1965 Kandang Kerbau Hospital KKH which specialised in women s health and was the most popular hospital to have children saw over 100 deliveries per day in 1962 In 1966 KKH delivered 39835 babies earning it a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for largest number of births in a single maternity facility for ten years Because there was generally a massive shortage of beds in that era mothers with routine deliveries were discharged from hospitals within 24 hours 26 In September 1965 the Minister for Health Yong Nyuk Lin submitted a white paper to Parliament recommending a Five year Mass Family Planning programme that would reduce the birth rate to 20 0 per thousand individuals by 1970 In 1966 the Family Planning and Population Board FPPB had been established based on the findings of the white paper providing clinical services and public education on family planning 27 By 1970 the Stop at Two campaign was firmly established implementing incentives disincentives and public exhortation to discourage families from having more than two children After 1975 the fertility rate declined below replacement level in a sign that Singapore was undergoing the demographic transition In 1983 the Graduate Mothers Scheme was implemented in an attempt to get educated women especially women with a university degree to marry and procreate while the government encouraged women without an O level degree to get sterilised This was done out of the Lee Kuan Yew government s belief that for the nation to best develop and avoid hardship the educated classes should be encouraged to contribute to the nation s breeding pool while the uneducated should not sparking the Great Marriage Debate 27 In 1986 the government reversed its population policy except its stance on low income lowly educated women and initiated the Have Three or More if you can afford it campaign offering cash and public administration incentives to have children In 2001 the Singapore government started its Baby Bonus scheme Singapore has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world 28 In 2012 Singapore total fertility rate TFR was 1 20 children born per woman a sub replacement fertility rate Ethnic Chinese had a fertility of 1 07 in 2004 1 65 in 1990 while Malays had a TFR of 2 10 2 69 in 1990 Both figures declined further in 2006 TFR for Indians was 1 30 in 2004 and 1 89 in 1990 29 The Singapore government has launched several highly publicised attempts to raise the fertility rate and increase awareness of the negative effects of an ageing population the elderly 65 and above had constituted 9 9 of its population in 2012 this proportion is still significantly lower than that of many other developed nations such as the United States and Japan In February 2015 National University of Singapore launched the New Age Institute in conjunction with Washington University in St Louis to conduct research on this issue 30 Area planning edit Main articles Planning areas of Singapore and New towns of Singapore The population of Singapore are generally housed within new towns which are large scale satellite housing developments designed to be self contained It includes public housing units private housing a town centre and other amenities 31 Since the 1950s Singapore had a city centre surrounded by slums and squatter colonies By 1959 when Singapore attained self government the problem of housing shortage had grown Combined with a fast population growth it led to congestion and squalor 32 The new towns planning concept was introduced in July 1952 by the country s public housing authority Housing and Development Board HDB to counter the housing shortage problem and to relocate most of the population crammed within the city centre to other parts of the island 33 34 Today there are 23 new towns and 3 estates within the country with Bedok being the largest by area and population 35 Population white paper edit Main article Population White Paper In early 2013 the Parliament of Singapore debated over the policies recommended by the Population White Paper entitled A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore Citing that Singapore s 900 000 Baby Boomers would comprise a quarter of the citizen population by 2030 and that its workforce would shrink from 2020 onwards the White Paper projected that by 2030 Singapore s total population could range between 6 5 and 6 9 million with resident population between 4 2 and 4 4 million and citizen population between 3 6 and 3 8 million The White Paper called for an increase in the number of foreign workers so as to provide balance between the number of skilled and less skilled workers as well as provide healthcare and domestic services It also claimed that foreign workers help businesses thrive when the economy is good 36 The motion was passed 37 albeit after amendments made to leave out population policy and add focus on infrastructure and transport development The White Paper was heavily criticised and panned by opposition parties and government critics 38 Member of Parliament Low Thia Khiang of the Workers Party of Singapore had criticised current measures of increasing the fertility rate claiming that this would lead to an increase of a higher cost of living and discourage young couples from having more kids As for current immigration policies he had noted that immigrants were a source of friction for Singaporeans and that an increased population would put more stress and strain on the urban infrastructure 39 On 16 February 2013 nearly 3 000 people rallied to protest against the White Paper at Hong Lim Park and raised concerns that the increased population would lead to the deterioration of public service and the increase of the cost of living 40 Population editPopulation size and growth by residential status edit Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Source Singapore Department of Statistics 41 Year Number 000 Growth year on year Land area km2 42 Population density persons per km2 Total population Total residents Singapore citizens Permanent residents Non residents Total population Total residents Singapore citizens Permanent residents Non residents1950 1 022 1 na na na na 4 4 na na na na na na1955 1 305 5 na na na na 4 6 na na na na na na1960 1 646 4 na na na na 3 7 na na na na 581 5 2 8311965 1 886 9 na na na na 2 5 na na na na 581 5 3 2451970 2 074 5 2 013 6 1 874 8 138 8 60 9 2 8 na na na na 586 4 3 5381975 2 262 6 na na na na 1 5 na na na na 596 8 3 7911980 2 413 9 2 282 1 2 194 3 87 8 131 8 1 5 1 3 na na na 617 8 3 9071985 2 736 2 482 6 na na 253 3 0 1 1 6 na na na 620 5 4 4091990 3 047 1 2 735 9 2 623 7 112 1 311 3 2 3 1 7 1 7 2 3 9 0 633 4 7061995 3 524 5 3 013 5 2 823 7 189 8 511 3 1 1 8 1 4 8 3 11 2 647 5 5 4432000 4 027 9 3 273 4 2 985 9 287 5 754 5 2 8 1 8 1 3 9 9 9 3 682 7 5 9002005 4 265 8 3 467 8 3 081 386 8 797 9 2 4 1 6 0 8 8 6 5 9 697 9 6 1212010 5 076 7 3 771 7 3 230 7 541 0 1 305 0 1 8 1 0 0 9 1 5 4 1 712 4 7 1262015 5 535 0 3 902 7 3 375 0 527 7 1 632 3 1 2 0 8 1 0 0 2 1 719 1 7 6972020 5 685 8 4 044 2 3 523 2 521 1 641 6 0 3 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 02 728 3 7 810Gender composition of resident population edit Source Singapore Department of Statistics 43 Year 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Total 1 646 4 1 886 9 2 013 6 2 262 6 2 282 1 2 482 6 2 735 9 3 013 5 3 273 4 3 467 8 3 771 7 3 902 7 4 044 2Males 859 6 973 8 1 030 8 1 156 1 1 159 0 1 258 5 1 386 3 1 514 0 1 634 7 1 721 1 1 861 1 1 916 6 1 977 6Females 786 8 913 1 982 8 1 106 5 1 123 1 1 224 2 1 349 6 1 499 5 1 638 7 1 746 7 1 910 6 1 986 1 2 066 7Sex ratio males per 1 000 females 1 093 1 066 1 049 1 045 1 032 1 028 1 027 1 010 998 985 974 965 957Age distribution of resident population edit Source Singapore Department of Statistics 44 Age group years 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Below 15 23 0 21 9 17 4 16 8 16 4 16 0 15 7 15 24 16 9 12 9 13 5 13 6 13 7 13 6 13 2 25 34 21 5 17 0 15 1 14 8 14 4 14 4 14 4 35 44 16 9 19 4 16 7 16 4 16 3 16 1 16 0 45 54 9 0 14 3 16 6 16 7 16 5 16 4 16 1 55 64 6 7 7 2 11 7 12 4 12 7 13 1 13 4 65 and over 6 0 7 2 9 0 9 3 9 9 10 5 11 2 Median age years 29 8 34 0 37 4 38 0 38 4 38 9 45 39 3 45 nbsp This animation shows the share of age groups for the population of Singapore from 1960 2016 The age group which contains the median is highlighted The population of Singapore is considered to be ageing rapidly 43 Population by sex and age Census 30 VI 2020 Data refer to resident population which comprises Singapore citizens and permanent residents edit Age group 46 Male Female Total Total 1 977 556 2 066 654 4 044 210 1000 4 93 388 89 688 183 076 4 535 9 101 729 97 008 198 737 4 9110 14 104 967 101 426 206 393 5 1015 19 109 868 105 366 215 234 5 3220 24 124 617 119 920 244 537 6 0525 29 142 382 144 615 286 997 7 1030 34 143 022 154 776 297 798 7 3635 39 141 357 158 158 299 515 7 4140 44 142 801 156 490 299 291 7 4045 49 151 690 160 050 311 740 7 7150 54 145 383 150 685 296 068 7 3255 59 152 960 152 870 305 830 7 5660 64 141 471 143 155 284 626 7 0465 69 112 609 116 787 229 396 5 6770 74 80 819 89 189 170 008 4 2075 79 40 773 50 217 90 990 2 2580 84 27 886 38 627 66 513 1 6485 89 13 522 23 064 36 586 0 9090 6312 14 563 20 875 0 52Age group Male Female Total Percent0 14 300 084 288 122 588 206 14 5415 64 1 395 551 1 446 085 2 841 636 70 2665 281 921 332 447 614 368 15 19 nbsp Population pyramid according to the CIAFertility and mortality edit Fertility and mortality 44 45 Year 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2018 2019 2020Total live births 45 934 41 217 51 142 46 997 39 826 39 570 37 967 39 654 42 663 39 720 42 232 42 185 39 039 39 279 38 590Resident live births N A 40 100 49 787 44 765 35 129 36 178 35 040 35 330 34 323Crude birth rate per 1 000 residents 45 4 44 3 37 5 29 5 22 1 17 7 17 6 16 6 18 2 15 6 13 7 10 2 10 3 10 3 10 2 9 9 9 3 9 5 10 1 9 3 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 5Total fertility rate per female N A N A 5 76 4 66 3 07 2 07 1 82 1 61 1 83 1 67 1 60 1 26 1 28 1 29 1 28 1 22 1 15 1 20 1 29 1 19 1 25 1 24 1 14 1 14 1 10Gross reproduction rate per female N A N A 2 78 2 27 1 49 1 00 0 88 0 78 0 88 0 80 0 77 0 61 0 62 0 62 0 62 0 59 0 56 0 58 0 62 0 57 0 61 0 56 0 56 0 53Net reproduction rate per female N A N A 2 54 2 08 1 42 0 97 0 86 0 76 0 87 0 80 0 77 0 61 0 61 0 62 0 62 0 59 0 55 0 58 0 60 0 57 0 60 0 55 0 56 0 53Total deaths 10 717 12 505 13 891 15 693 17 222 17 101 17 610 18 027 18 481 18 938 19 393 19 862 21 282 21 446 22 045Crude death rate per 1 000 residents 12 0 8 1 6 2 5 4 5 2 5 1 4 9 4 9 4 7 4 8 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 6 4 7 5 0 5 0 5 2Infant mortality rate per 1 000 resident live births 82 2 49 5 34 9 26 3 20 5 13 9 8 0 7 6 6 6 3 8 2 5 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 8 2 0 1 8 2 1 1 7 1 8Life expectancy at birth years 65 8 72 1 75 3 78 0 81 7 82 0 82 1 82 4 82 8 83 4 83 6 83 9Life expectancy at birth for males years 64 1 69 8 73 1 76 0 79 2 79 5 79 8 80 1 80 5 81 2 81 4 81 5Life expectancy at birth for females Years 67 8 74 7 77 6 80 0 84 0 84 1 84 3 84 5 84 9 85 5 85 7 86 1Natural growth 35 217 28 712 37 251 31 304 22 604 22 469 20 357 21 627 24 182 18 982 22 839 22 323 17 757 17 833 16 545Natural change 16 9 12 7 13 5 9 2 5 8 5 6 4 9 5 0 5 6 4 7 5 1 3 8 3 8 3 3 nbsp Life expectancy in Singapore since 1950 nbsp Life expectancy in Singapore since 1960 by gender nbsp Population fertility rate and net reproduction rate United Nations estimatesSource Department of Statistics of Singapore Population Trends 2020Current vital statistics edit Period 47 Live births Deaths Natural increaseJanuary June 2022 17 495January June 2023 16 291Difference nbsp 1 204 6 9 Population by area edit vte Largest towns and planning areas in Singapore Singapore Department of Statistics population report for 2022Rank Name Region Pop Rank Name Region Pop nbsp Bedok nbsp Tampines 1 Bedok East 278 270 11 Ang Mo Kio North East 161 000 nbsp Jurong West nbsp Sengkang2 Tampines East 265 340 12 Bukit Merah Central 149 1603 Jurong West West 258 240 13 Pasir Ris East 145 9904 Sengkang North East 252 730 14 Bukit Panjang West 137 0205 Woodlands North 252 190 15 Toa Payoh Central 128 4506 Hougang North East 226 990 16 Serangoon North East 117 9107 Yishun North 222 580 17 Geylang Central 109 1508 Choa Chu Kang West 189 990 18 Sembawang North 108 2209 Punggol North East 185 180 19 Kallang Central 100 52010 Bukit Batok West 164 560 20 Queenstown Central 96 730Ethnic groups editMain articles Race in Singapore and Singaporeans Post independence edit In the post independence period the population of Singapore has been categorised into four main groups Chinese Malays Indians and Others The CMIO system was first proposed in 1956 to organise the education system of Singapore by four national languages 48 Although population growth in Singapore was driven by immigration for a long period during the colonial period the population increase in Singapore became dominated by native births in Singapore around the middle of the 20th century and boomed after the Second World War After Singapore became independent in 1965 the free movement of people between Malaysia and Singapore ended and net immigration dropped to a low level of 24 000 in the decade of 1970 80 due to tighter control on immigration 15 However the fertility of the Chinese population declined sharply after the post war boom while that of the Malays remained high There was therefore a corresponding percentage increase of the Malay population which rose to 14 5 in 1967 after a long period of continual decline 20 From the 1980s onwards the policy on immigration changed the number of immigrants increased sharply and became again an important factor in the growth of population in Singapore By the 1990 2000 period the number of migrants had overtaken the natural population increase constituting nearly two thirds of the decadal population increase with 640 571 net migrants including non residents 15 While the racial composition of its citizens has been fairly constant in recent years it shows a shift in the figures for its residents citizens plus permanent residents Fewer of the immigrants were Malays therefore the percentage resident population of the Malays began to fall Indian residents however rose to 9 2 in 2010 due to an increase in the number of Indians migrant workers compared to 7 4 Indians in the figures for citizens 49 The population profile of the country changed dramatically after the relaxation of immigration policy with a huge increase in the number of transient migrant workers Official figures show that the number of foreigners on short term permits termed non residents has grown from 30 900 in 1970 to 797 900 in 2005 which translate roughly to a 24 fold increase in 35 years or from 1 of the population in 1970 to 18 3 in 2005 Despite this huge increase no further breakdown is given by Singstat By 2010 the population of non residents had increased to 25 7 It was estimated in the mid 2010s that around 40 of Singapore s population were of foreign origin permanent residents plus non residents such as foreign students and workers including dependents 50 Proportion of non residents out of total population 51 52 7 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 2014 2020Non residents residents citizens PRs 2 9 5 5 10 2 18 7 25 3 29 3 28 9 While the Singapore Department of Statistics reports overall population figures for Singapore 4 48 million in 2006 as a matter of policy it only provides more detailed demographic breakdown analysis for the approximately 80 of the population in 2006 who are Singapore citizens and Permanent Residents collectively termed residents Of this group of about 3 6 million people in 2006 Chinese form 75 2 Malays form 13 6 Indians form 8 8 while Eurasians and other groups form 2 4 No breakdown by ethnicity is released for the non resident population Currently around 60 000 53 Europeans and 16 900 Eurasians live in Singapore over 1 of its total population Ethnic composition of resident population Ethnic group 1970 51 1980 51 1990 44 2000 44 2010 44 2011 44 2012 44 2013 44 2015 52 2017 54 2020 7 Chinese 77 0 78 3 77 8 76 8 74 1 74 1 74 2 74 2 74 3 74 3 74 3 Malays 14 8 14 4 14 0 13 9 13 4 13 4 13 3 13 3 13 3 13 4 13 5 Indians 7 0 6 3 7 1 7 9 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 1 9 1 9 0 9 0 Others 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 Chinese Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group 7 Dialect Groups Population 2020 Hokkien 1 180 599Teochew 583 963Cantonese 429 329Hakka 259 153Hainanese 183 312Foochow 59 609Henghua 26 702Shanghainese 22 503Hockchia 17 070Other Chinese 244 529Total 3 006 769Malay Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group 7 Detailed Ethnic Groups Population 2020 Malay 370 445Javanese people Boyanese 154 869Other Malays 20 184Total 545 498Indian Resident Population by Detailed Ethnic Group 7 Detailed Ethnic Groups Population 2020 Tamil 198 449Malayali 26 693Hindi 18 618Sikh 12 589Other Indians 105 925Total 362 274Resident Population of Other Ethnic Groups by Detailed Ethnic Group 7 Detailed Ethnic Groups Population 2020 Filipino 30 893Caucasian 29 981Eurasian 18 060Burmese 11 899Arab 9 028Thai 7 036Others 22 772Total fertility rate by ethnic group 44 55 Year 1980 1990 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Chinese 1 73 1 65 1 43 1 14 1 14 1 08 1 02 1 08 1 18 1 05 1 13 1 10 1 07 1 01 0 98 0 99 0 94Malays 2 20 2 69 2 54 1 94 1 91 1 82 1 65 1 64 1 69 1 66 1 73 1 79 1 80 1 82 1 85 1 80 1 83Indians 2 03 1 89 1 59 1 25 1 19 1 14 1 13 1 09 1 15 1 11 1 13 1 15 1 04 1 00 1 00 0 98 0 97Total 1 82 1 83 1 60 1 29 1 28 1 22 1 15 1 20 1 29 1 19 1 25 1 24 1 20 1 16 1 14 1 14 1 1Pre independence edit Singapore following its founding as a British free port by Stamford Raffles in the 19th century did not have a sizeable native population as the population became dominated by three main groups of immigrants 20 56 57 When Raffles arrived in Singapore in January 1819 Singapore had approximately 120 Malays 30 Chinese and some native tribes Orang Laut under the rule of the Temenggung 58 Around 100 of the Malays had originally moved to Singapore from the mainland Johor in 1811 led by the Temenggung Other estimates place the then population of Singapore at 1 000 belonging to various local tribes 16 Early census figures show a long influx of migrant workers into the country initially comprising mostly Malays but shortly thereafter followed by the Chinese By 1821 the population was estimated to have increased to 4 724 Malays and 1 150 Chinese 58 In the first census of 1824 6 505 out of the 10 683 total were Malays and Bugis constituting over 60 of the population Large number of Chinese migrants started to enter Singapore just months after it became a British settlement and they were predominantly male In 1826 official census figures give a total population of 13 750 with 6 088 Chinese 4 790 Malays 1 242 Bugis 1 021 Indians from Bengal 244 and the Coromandel Coast 777 smaller number of Javanese 267 Europeans 87 and other peoples 18 The population total of Singapore increased to 16 000 in 1829 26 000 five years later By 1836 the Chinese at 13 749 had become the most populous ethnic group overtaking the broad Malay grouping 12 538 including other groups such as the Bugis Javanese and Balinese from the Dutch East Indies 59 By 1849 the population had reached 59 043 24 790 of them Chinese 60 Many of the migrants from China in the 19th century came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations with 11 000 Chinese immigrants recorded in one year 61 Singapore became one of the entry and dispersal points for large number of Chinese and Indian migrants who came to work in the plantations and mines of the Straits Settlements many of whom then settled in Singapore after their contract ended By 1860 the total population had reached around 90 000 of these 50 000 were Chinese and 2 445 Europeans and Eurasians The first thorough census in Singapore was undertaken in 1871 and the people were grouped into 33 racial ethnic or national categories with Chinese forming the largest group at 57 6 62 Censuses were then conducted at 10 year intervals afterwards The 1881 census grouped the people into 6 main categories and further subdivided into 47 sub categories The 6 broad groups were given as Europeans Eurasians Malays Chinese Indians and Others in 1921 48 The Malays group included other natives of the Malay archipelago the Europeans included Americans the Indians would be people from the Indian subcontinent including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh In 1901 the total population of Singapore was 228 555 61 with 15 8 Malays 71 8 Chinese 7 8 Indians and 3 5 Europeans and Eurasians The Chinese population figure of Singapore has stayed at over 70 of the total since reaching 77 8 in 1947 After dropping from a peak of 60 in the early years of Singapore the Malay population settled within the range of 11 and 16 in the first half of the 20th century while Indians hovered between 7 and just over 9 in the same period 59 Population of colonial era Singapore Ethnic group PopulationA1824 63 1826 18 1836 19 1871 64 1901 64 1931 64 65 1957 66 Europeans 74 87 141 1 946 3 824 8 082 10 826Eurasians 117 2 164 4 120 6 903 11 382Native ChristiansB 188 421Armenians 16 19 34 81 Arabs 15 26 41MalaysC 4 580 4 790 9 632 26 148 36 080 65 014 197 059Bugis 1 925 1 242 1 962DJavanese 267 903Chinese 3 317 6 088 13 749 54 572 164 041 418 640 1 090 596Indians 756 1 021 2 930 11 610 17 824 50 811 124 084OthersE 12 50 671 2 667 8 275 11 982Total 10 683 13 750 29 980 97 111 228 555 557 745 1 445 929 A Population figures do not include transient populations of military personnel and convicts B Mostly of Portuguese descent C Include other peoples of the Malay Archipelago if figures not given separately D Include Balinese E Include Cafres Siamese Parsis Jews and other groupings if figures not given separately Annual growth rate for main ethnic groups in selected periods 23 Ethnic group 1824 1830 1849 1860 1881 1891 1901 1911 1931 1947Chinese 12 0 5 4 3 5 3 0 3 5 Malays 2 9 5 2 0 1 1 5 3 6 Indians 6 7 6 8 2 9 5 0 1 9 Languages edit nbsp Quadrilingual construction warning sign written in Singapore s four official languages English Chinese Tamil and Malay Main article Languages of Singapore Languages of Singapore 2020 67 Languages percentEnglish 48 3 Mandarin Chinese 29 9 Malay 9 2 Chinese dialects 8 7 Tamil 2 5 Others 1 4 Singapore has four official languages English Malay Mandarin and Tamil Malay is the national language of the country although English is the official language used in the educational system and by the government The colloquial English based creole used in everyday life is often referred to as Singlish spoken by all races of Singapore The government of Singapore promotes the use of Mandarin The use of other Chinese varieties like Hokkien Teochew Cantonese and Hakka has been declining over the last two decades although they are still being used especially by the older generations of the Chinese population About 60 of Indian Singaporeans are Tamils although the percentage of those who speak Tamil at home has been declining with around 37 of Singaporean Indians speaking Tamil at home according to the 2010 census 68 Other spoken Indian languages are Punjabi Malayalam Hindi and Bengali but none of them alone is spoken by more than 10 of the Indian Singaporeans As with Chinese Singaporeans a large proportion of Indian Singaporeans speak English at home 69 However despite long term occupancy Singapore excludes 29 of the population as non residents for the purpose of resident statistics Around 5 000 to 10 000 Peranakans the early Chinese population of the region still use the Hokkien influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay Languages of Singapore Most Frequently Spoken at Home 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020English 11 6 20 3 23 0 32 3 48 3 Mandarin Chinese 10 2 26 0 35 0 35 6 29 9 Malay 13 9 13 4 14 1 12 2 9 2 Chinese dialects 59 5 36 7 23 8 14 3 8 7 Tamil 3 1 2 9 3 2 3 3 2 5 Others 1 7 0 7 0 9 2 3 1 4 Religion editMain article Religion in Singapore Religion in Singapore census 2020 70 71 72 Buddhism 31 1 No religion 20 0 Islam 15 6 Protestantism and other Christians 11 9 Taoism and other Chinese religions 8 8 Catholicism 7 0 Hinduism 5 0 Sikhism and other religions 0 6 The main religions of Singapore are Buddhism Taoism Islam Christianity and Hinduism with a significant number who profess no religion 73 74 Singapore has freedom of religion although the government restricts some religions such as Jehovah s Witnesses due to their opposition to conscription The majority of Malays are Muslim while the plurality of Chinese practise Buddhism and syncretic Chinese folk traditions Christianity is growing in the country Taoism was overtaken as the second most important religion in the 2000 census among the Chinese as more have increasingly described themselves as Buddhists rather than Taoist 74 Indians are mostly Hindus though many are Muslims Sikhs and Christians People who practise no religion form the third largest group in Singapore 75 Marriage and divorce editMarriages and divorces 45 76 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Number of marriages excluding previously married 24 596 26 081 24 363 27 258 27 936 26 254 28 407Number of divorces not including divorces under Muslim law 5 170 5 416 5 433 5 696 5 306 5 471 5 172 5 450 5 505 5 570Median age of first marriage years Grooms 29 8 29 8 30 0 30 1 30 1 30 1 30 2 Brides 27 3 27 5 27 7 28 0 28 0 28 1 28 2General marriage rate Males per 1 000 unmarried resident males aged 15 to 49 43 5 43 4 39 3 43 5 43 8 40 5 44 4 Females per 1 000 unmarried resident females aged 15 to 49 39 6 38 9 35 3 39 2 39 4 36 9 40 8Median age at divorce years Grooms 39 9 40 5 41 0 41 3 41 6 42 4 42 6 Brides 36 3 36 9 37 4 37 7 38 0 38 2 38 4General divorce rate Males per 1 000 married resident males aged 20 years and over 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 6 7 1 7 3 7 0 Females per 1 000 married resident females aged 20 years and over 7 3 7 1 7 2 7 2 6 7 6 9 6 5Crude marriage rate per 1 000 resident population 6 7Crude rate of marital dissolution per 1 000 resident population 2 0Literacy and education editLiteracy rate population aged 15 years and above 77 Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Total 52 6 68 9 82 3 89 1 92 5 95 9 96 2 96 4 96 6 96 7 96 8 97 0 97 2 97 3 97 5 97 1 Male 70 3 83 0 91 4 95 1 96 6 98 0 98 4 98 5 98 5 98 6 98 6 98 7 98 8 98 9 98 9 98 5 Female 32 8 54 3 73 1 83 0 88 6 93 8 94 1 94 4 94 7 94 9 95 2 95 4 95 7 95 9 96 1 95 8 Highest qualification attained of resident non student population aged 25 years and over 44 Highest qualification attained 2001 2011 2020Below secondary 46 9 33 4 25 5 Secondary 24 1 19 6 16 3 Post secondary non tertiary 6 6 8 9 10 0 Diploma or professional qualification 8 9 13 6 15 3 University 13 6 24 5 33 0 Among residents aged 25 39 years the percentage of university graduates increased from 23 7 in 2001 to 45 9 in 2011 while that who had attained a diploma or professional qualification increased from 15 9 to 22 9 over the same period 44 Employment editIn 2005 the unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and over was 2 5 the lowest in the last four years with a labour force of 2 3 million people 78 79 80 Employment thousands 81 Year Employment change Employment in December 20122002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Total 22 9 12 9 71 4 113 3 176 0 234 9 221 6 37 6 115 9 122 6 129 1 3 357 6Total excluding foreign domestic workers 23 6 11 7 66 4 105 5 168 0 223 5 213 4 32 9 110 6 117 7 125 8 3 148 0Locals 19 4 14 9 49 9 63 5 90 9 90 4 64 7 41 8 56 2 37 9 58 7 2 089 3Foreigners 42 3 27 9 21 5 49 8 85 1 144 5 156 9 4 2 59 7 84 8 70 4 1 268 3Foreigners excluding foreign domestic workers 43 0 26 6 16 5 42 0 77 1 133 1 148 7 8 9 54 4 79 8 67 1 1 058 7Unemployment rate for persons aged 15 years and over 82 81 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Overall 3 6 4 0 3 4 3 1 2 7 2 1 2 2 3 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0Residents 4 8 5 2 4 4 4 1 3 6 3 0 3 2 4 3 3 1 2 9 2 8Singapore citizens 5 1 5 4 4 8 4 4 3 7 3 1 3 4 4 5 3 4 3 0 3 0Household income editAverage household monthly income edit The average household monthly income was SGD 4 943 in 2000 which was an increase of 3 080 in 1990 at an average annual rate of 4 9 The average household income experienced a drop of 2 7 in 1999 due to economic slowdown Measured in 1990 dollars the average household monthly income rose from SGD 3 080 in 1990 to SGD 4 170 in 2000 at an average annual rate of 3 1 83 Household income from work SGD 83 84 Year 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010 2011 2017Average income 3 076 4 107 4 745 4 822 4 691 4 943 8 726 9 618 11 589Median income 2 296 3 135 3 617 3 692 3 500 3 607 5 600 6 307 8 846Households income from work by ethnic group per head SGD 83 Ethnic group Average householdincome Median householdincome1990 2000 2010 85 1990 2000 2010 85 2020Total 3 076 4 943 7 214 2 296 3 607 5 000 7 744Chinese 3 213 5 219 7 326 2 400 3 848 5 100 7 792Malays 2 246 3 148 4 575 1 880 2 708 3 844 5 704Indians 2 859 4 556 7 664 2 174 3 387 5 370 8 500Others 3 885 7 250 2 782 4 775Household income distribution edit Resident households by monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions 86 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019No working person 8 6 6 9 9 9 7 9 8 10 9 8 6 8 6 9 6 10 5 9 3 9 2 9 4 10 4 9 7 10 8 11 8 12 1 13 2Retiree households 2 6 2 3 3 3 6 3 7 3 5 4 1 4 1 3 8 4 4 1 4 5 4 7 4 9 5 7 5 3 6 1 6 9 7 1 7 9Below 1 000 3 3 3 9 4 4 6 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 8 4 1 3 5 3 2 3 2 7 2 3 2 2 1 9 1 9 1 8 1 000 1 999 12 2 11 1 11 5 11 1 11 4 10 9 10 5 9 8 8 3 7 8 7 6 5 6 2 6 2 5 9 5 7 5 5 5 4 5 3 5 1 2 000 2 999 13 2 12 7 12 5 11 9 12 2 11 4 11 2 10 8 6 8 6 8 2 7 1 6 3 6 3 5 8 5 8 5 4 5 1 5 2 4 9 3 000 3 999 12 6 11 5 11 6 11 7 11 4 10 7 10 8 9 7 8 5 8 9 8 3 7 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 2 5 2 4 000 4 999 10 2 9 8 9 5 9 4 9 6 9 1 8 9 8 8 8 4 8 1 7 9 7 2 7 6 3 5 9 5 9 5 4 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 000 5 999 8 3 8 3 8 1 7 9 7 9 7 9 8 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 7 4 7 6 8 6 4 6 1 5 7 5 9 5 4 5 4 4 9 6 000 6 999 6 7 6 7 6 4 6 9 6 3 6 4 6 9 6 8 6 4 6 9 6 7 6 5 6 1 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 2 5 2 4 9 7 000 7 999 5 1 5 3 5 1 4 9 5 3 5 4 5 3 5 7 5 9 5 7 5 7 6 5 8 5 6 5 4 5 3 5 1 5 2 4 6 4 6 8 000 8 999 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 1 4 5 4 4 4 7 5 1 4 7 5 1 5 4 5 4 5 1 5 1 5 3 4 9 5 4 7 4 6 9 000 9 999 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 8 4 1 4 1 4 2 4 7 4 7 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 1 10 000 10 999 2 4 2 9 2 8 2 7 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 3 3 8 3 7 3 8 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 7 4 3 4 6 4 3 4 3 4 2 11 000 11 999 1 8 2 1 2 1 1 9 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 6 3 2 2 9 3 3 3 3 8 3 7 3 6 3 8 3 8 3 6 3 8 3 8 12 000 12 999 1 5 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 8 1 9 1 9 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 7 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 6 3 5 3 2 3 2 3 4 13 000 13 999 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 9 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 14 000 14 999 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 8 1 8 2 1 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 7 2 6 2 7 2 6 2 8 15 000 17 499 1 6 2 1 8 1 9 1 8 2 1 2 2 6 3 2 3 2 3 5 4 2 4 6 4 7 4 9 5 2 5 5 5 6 5 8 5 4 17 500 19 999 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 7 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 8 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 8 4 4 1 4 2 4 1 20 000 and over 2 4 3 2 2 8 3 2 9 3 4 3 8 4 7 6 4 5 7 6 6 8 9 2 9 9 11 12 1 12 4 13 3 13 5 14 4Resident households by monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions 86 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019No working person 8 6 6 9 9 9 7 9 8 10 9 8 6 8 6 9 6 10 5 9 3 9 2 9 4 10 4 9 7 10 8 11 8 12 1 13 2Retiree households 2 6 2 3 3 3 6 3 7 3 5 4 1 4 1 3 8 4 4 1 4 5 4 7 4 9 5 7 5 3 6 1 6 9 7 1 7 9Below 1 000 3 9 4 4 4 6 5 2 4 8 4 8 4 9 4 7 4 4 3 3 7 3 4 3 2 2 9 2 4 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 000 1 999 13 8 13 3 13 6 13 12 9 12 3 11 9 10 9 9 5 9 8 2 7 5 7 7 2 6 7 6 6 6 4 6 2 6 1 5 9 2 000 2 999 14 7 14 2 14 1 13 9 13 6 12 7 12 4 11 2 9 8 9 9 9 3 8 3 7 3 7 2 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 3 000 3 999 13 1 12 6 12 4 12 2 12 2 11 5 11 3 10 6 9 7 9 9 9 3 8 3 7 7 7 4 7 6 7 6 4 6 2 6 6 2 4 000 4 999 10 3 10 9 8 9 7 9 8 9 4 9 5 9 2 8 9 8 5 8 6 8 2 8 7 4 6 8 6 5 6 5 6 1 6 3 5 8 5 000 5 999 8 2 8 3 7 9 8 2 7 8 7 9 8 2 7 9 7 6 8 2 7 8 7 5 7 3 6 9 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 3 6 6 6 000 6 999 6 3 6 3 6 1 6 6 6 3 6 4 6 7 6 4 6 7 6 6 6 7 6 4 6 3 6 1 6 1 6 5 8 5 5 5 4 7 000 7 999 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 6 4 8 5 4 9 5 3 5 9 5 2 5 6 6 5 9 5 8 5 7 5 9 5 6 5 7 5 5 8 000 8 999 3 5 3 9 3 6 3 6 3 8 3 9 3 9 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 5 2 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 3 5 5 2 4 6 9 000 9 999 2 6 3 2 9 2 6 2 7 2 8 3 3 4 3 9 3 7 3 9 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 7 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 5 10 000 10 999 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 6 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 7 4 2 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 9 4 2 4 2 11 000 11 999 1 5 1 7 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 9 1 9 2 5 2 4 2 6 2 7 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 4 3 6 3 5 12 000 12 999 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 2 6 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 13 000 13 999 0 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 8 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 5 2 7 2 8 2 7 2 7 2 6 14 000 14 999 0 7 0 8 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 9 0 9 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 8 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 4 2 4 15 000 17 499 1 3 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 6 2 1 2 7 2 6 2 8 3 6 3 8 4 4 1 4 4 4 6 4 9 5 1 4 8 17 500 19 999 0 8 1 1 1 0 9 0 9 1 1 3 1 5 1 8 1 6 1 8 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 9 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 3 5 20 000 and over 2 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 5 2 9 3 4 4 2 5 5 4 9 5 7 6 8 7 7 8 3 9 2 10 1 9 9 10 7 11 1 11 7Growth in household income by decile edit With the recovery from the 1998 economic slowdown household income growth had resumed for the majority of households in 2000 However for the lowest two deciles the average household income in 2000 had declined compared with 1999 This was mainly due to the increase in the proportion of households with no income earner from 75 in 1999 to 87 in 2000 for the lowest 10 Households with no income earner include those with retired elderly persons as well as unemployed members 87 Average monthly household income from work including employer CPF contributions among resident employed households SGD 88 89 Decile Average monthly household income SGD Nominal annual change 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Total 5 947 6 417 6 229 6 276 6 285 6 593 6 792 7 431 8 414 8 195 8 726 9 618 10 348 10 469 11 143 7 9 2 9 0 8 0 1 4 9 3 0 9 4 13 2 2 6 6 5 10 2 7 6 1 2 6 41st 10th 1 382 1 331 1 266 1 223 1 232 1 257 1 258 1 321 1 399 1 361 1 497 1 581 1 644 1 711 1 775 3 7 4 9 3 4 0 7 2 0 0 1 5 0 5 9 2 7 10 0 5 6 4 0 4 1 3 711th 20th 2 241 2 275 2 180 2 164 2 199 2 257 2 305 2 418 2 700 2 696 2 940 3 135 3 302 3 372 3 641 1 5 4 2 0 7 1 6 2 6 2 1 4 9 11 7 0 1 9 1 6 6 5 3 2 1 8 021st 30th 2 986 3 043 2 944 2 984 2 988 3 116 3 182 3 379 3 831 3 787 4 158 4 421 4 782 4 993 5 226 1 9 3 3 1 4 0 1 4 3 2 1 6 2 13 4 1 1 9 8 6 3 8 2 4 4 4 731st 40th 3 683 3 867 3 722 3 746 3 786 4 020 4 038 4 335 4 906 4 978 5 418 5 794 6 183 6 376 6 863 5 0 3 7 0 6 1 1 6 2 0 4 7 4 13 2 1 5 8 8 6 9 6 7 3 1 7 641st 50th 4 505 4 680 4 572 4 637 4 648 4 859 4 971 5 358 6 055 5 980 6 603 7 032 7 608 7 993 8 303 3 9 2 3 1 4 0 2 4 5 2 3 7 8 13 0 1 2 10 4 6 5 8 2 5 1 3 951st 60th 5 304 5 677 5 522 5 638 5 504 5 865 6 027 6 561 7 492 7 319 7 840 8 436 9 133 9 469 10 108 7 0 2 7 2 1 2 4 6 6 2 8 8 9 14 2 2 3 7 1 7 6 8 3 3 7 6 761st 70th 6 354 6 751 6 664 6 725 6 633 7 136 7 180 7 928 8 957 8 798 9 310 10 101 10 894 11 293 11 861 6 2 1 3 0 9 1 4 7 6 0 6 10 4 13 0 1 8 5 8 8 5 7 9 3 7 5 071st 80th 7 608 8 322 8 132 8 229 8 012 8 641 8 809 9 479 10 820 10 694 11 105 12 306 13 186 13 807 14 496 9 4 2 3 1 2 2 6 7 9 1 9 7 6 14 1 1 2 3 8 10 8 7 2 4 7 5 081st 90th 9 461 10 755 10 294 10 271 10 350 10 701 11 048 12 386 14 013 13 423 13 943 15 509 16 366 16 984 18 017 13 7 4 3 0 2 0 8 3 4 3 2 12 1 13 1 4 2 3 9 11 2 5 5 3 8 6 191st 100th 15 946 17 467 16 998 17 146 17 493 18 076 19 100 21 146 23 968 22 909 24 442 27 867 30 379 28 688 31 142 9 5 2 7 0 9 2 0 3 3 5 7 10 7 13 3 4 4 6 7 14 0 9 0 5 6 8 6Average monthly household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions among resident employed households SGD 88 Decile Average monthly household income SGD Nominal annual change 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Total 5 456 5 736 5 572 5 618 5 761 6 052 6 280 6 889 7 752 7 549 8 058 8 864 9 515 5 1 2 9 0 8 2 5 5 1 3 8 9 7 12 5 2 6 6 7 10 0 7 31st 10th 1 285 1 209 1 151 1 112 1 140 1 162 1 165 1 223 1 300 1 264 1 385 1 460 1 518 5 9 4 8 3 4 2 5 1 9 0 3 5 0 6 3 2 8 9 6 5 4 4 011th 20th 2 062 2 040 1 956 1 942 2 009 2 064 2 114 2 218 2 464 2 462 2 679 2 834 2 985 1 1 4 1 0 7 3 5 2 7 2 4 4 9 11 1 0 1 8 8 5 8 5 321st 30th 2 737 2 717 2 627 2 668 2 721 2 833 2 903 3 078 3 464 3 436 3 759 3 988 4 290 0 7 3 3 1 6 2 0 4 1 2 5 6 0 12 5 0 8 9 4 6 1 7 631st 40th 3 367 3 434 3 312 3 330 3 431 3 645 3 673 3 950 4 420 4 495 4 887 5 200 5 529 2 0 3 6 0 5 3 0 6 2 0 8 7 5 11 9 1 7 8 7 6 4 6 341st 50th 4 097 4 149 4 043 4 103 4 200 4 390 4 514 4 870 5 455 5 391 5 959 6 303 6 800 1 3 2 6 1 5 2 4 4 5 2 8 7 9 12 0 1 2 10 5 5 8 7 951st 60th 4 830 5 015 4 884 4 981 4 978 5 301 5 477 5 962 6 753 6 601 7 090 7 587 8 196 3 8 2 6 2 0 0 1 6 5 3 3 8 9 13 3 2 3 7 4 7 0 8 061st 70th 5 773 5 971 5 891 5 936 6 005 6 458 6 535 7 234 8 107 7 972 8 450 9 147 9 806 3 4 1 3 0 8 1 2 7 5 1 2 10 7 12 1 1 7 6 0 8 2 7 271st 80th 6 919 7 365 7 187 7 273 7 256 7 846 8 046 8 694 9 849 9 733 10 142 11 193 11 973 6 4 2 4 1 2 0 2 8 1 2 5 8 1 13 3 1 2 4 2 10 4 7 081st 90th 8 631 9 557 9 144 9 142 9 443 9 797 10 203 11 491 12 916 12 354 12 887 14 307 15 038 10 7 4 3 0 0 3 3 3 7 4 1 12 6 12 4 4 4 4 3 11 0 5 191st 100th 14 862 15 905 15 524 15 688 16 425 17 021 18 170 20 174 22 797 21 784 23 345 26 622 29 012 7 0 2 4 1 1 4 7 3 6 6 8 11 0 13 0 4 4 7 2 14 0 9 0Household income ratio edit The disparity in household income had widened in 2000 reflecting the faster income growth for the higher income households 83 90 Gini coefficient among resident employed households 88 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member 0 444 0 456 0 457 0 460 0 464 0 470 0 476 0 489 0 481 0 478 0 480 0 482 0 488Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member 0 442 0 454 0 454 0 457 0 460 0 465 0 470 0 482 0 474 0 471 0 472 0 473 0 478Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes 0 434 0 437 0 433 0 446 0 446 0 449 0 444 0 467 0 449 0 448 0 452 0 448 0 459Ratio of household income from work per household member at the 90th percentile to 10th percentile among resident employed households 88 Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012Household income from work excluding employer CPF contributions per household member 7 74 8 68 8 49 8 51 8 81 9 26 9 3 9 52 9 61 9 25 9 43 9 12 9 18Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member 7 75 8 58 8 82 8 81 8 87 9 06 9 23 9 38 9 64 9 43 9 35 9 19 9 14Household income from work including employer CPF contributions per household member after accounting for government transfers and taxes 7 68 7 82 7 71 8 28 8 24 8 3 7 68 8 68 7 94 8 00 8 1 7 54 7 87International rankings editMain article International rankings of Singapore International rankings of SingaporeSocial rankingsUnited Nations Population density 3rd out of 239 2014 91 United Nations Number of immigrants 7th out of 192 42 6 of Singapore s population are foreigners when 92 United Nations Fertility rate 197th out of 200 2015 93 See also edit nbsp Singapore portalSingaporeans Malay Singaporeans Chinese Singaporeans Indian Singaporeans Arab Singaporeans Eurasians in Singapore Population planning in SingaporeReferences edit a b c d e f g h Find Data singstat gov sg Department of Statistics Singapore Retrieved 20 January 2024 Populations Trend Overview National Population and Talent Division Singapore Retrieved 8 February 2024 World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Singapore Malays Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 Vasil R K 2000 Governing Singapore democracy and national development Allen amp Unwin p 96 ISBN 978 1 86508 211 0 Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Attorney General s Chambers of Singapore website Part XIII Section 152 2 Archived from the original on 17 June 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2011 Assessment for Malays in Singapore Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 Retrieved 28 March 2016 a b c d e f g h Census 2020 PDF Singapore Department of Statistics Retrieved 16 June 2021 Tay Dawn 13 January 2010 Mixed race S poreans can have double barrelled IC category www asiaone com Retrieved 27 October 2021 Kishore Mahbubani 14 June 2014 Big Idea No 5 Speak the National Language The Straits Times Archived from the original on 1 April 2018 English Language Syllabus 2010 PDF Ministry of Education Archived from the original PDF on 1 April 2018 Retrieved 31 March 2018 Eyeing China Singapore sees Mandarin as its future Asiaone Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 Population Trends 2015 Archived 24 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics Singapore Statistics Singapore Population Department of Statistics Singapore Retrieved 25 June 2021 Statistics Singapore Total Fertility Rate Department of Statistics Singapore Archived from the original on 11 April 2020 Retrieved 25 June 2021 a b c d Saw Swee Hock 30 June 2012 The Population of Singapore 3rd ed ISEAS Publishing pp 11 18 ISBN 978 981 4380 98 0 a b Lily Zubaidah Rahim 9 November 2010 Singapore in the Malay World Building and Breaching Regional Bridges Taylor amp Francis p 24 ISBN 978 1 134 01397 5 Bernard F J 15 November 1884 An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore The Straits Times Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 Retrieved 20 January 2016 a b c Wright Arnold Cartwright H A eds 1907 Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya its history people commerce industries and resources p 37 a b The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Volume 22 Charles Knight 30 March 2009 p 41 ISBN 978 0 8248 3354 1 a b c d e Saw Swee Hock March 1969 Population Trends in Singapore 1819 1967 Journal of Southeast Asian History 10 1 36 49 doi 10 1017 S0217781100004270 JSTOR 20067730 Straits Settlements Census of the British empire 1901 Great Britain Census Office 1906 p 123 a b James Francis Warren 30 June 2003 Rickshaw Coolie A People s History of Singapore 1880 1940 NUS Press p 19 ISBN 978 9971 69 266 7 a b Saw Swee Hock 30 June 2012 The Population of Singapore 3rd ed ISEAS Publishing p 12 ISBN 978 981 4380 98 0 a b Wong Theresa Brenda Yeoh 2003 Fertility and the Family An Overview of Pro natalist Population Policies in Singapore PDF Asian Metacentre Research Paper Series 12 Archived from the original PDF on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 12 August 2011 Rachel Chang 3 August 2015 No easy choices on foreign worker immigrant policies PM Lee The Straits Times Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 Family Planning National Archives Government of Singapore Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 Retrieved 12 August 2011 a b Singapore Population Control Policies Library of Congress Country Studies 1989 Library of Congress Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 Retrieved 11 August 2011 Worldwide total fertility rates worldpopulationreview com Archived from the original on 20 September 2019 Retrieved 18 September 2019 Webb Sara 26 April 2006 Pushing for babies S pore fights fertility decline Singapore Windows Reuters Archived from the original on 16 March 2007 About fas nus edu sg Retrieved 16 February 2020 Wong Maisy July 2014 Estimating the distortionary effects of ethnic quotas in Singapore using housing transactions Journal of Public Economics 115 131 145 doi 10 1016 j jpubeco 2014 04 006 S2CID 52236776 Field Brian 1 January 1992 Singapore s New Town prototype a textbook prescription Habitat International 16 3 89 101 doi 10 1016 0197 3975 92 90066 8 History of HDB Housing amp Development Board Retrieved 20 January 2017 Tuan Seik Foo 1 February 2001 Planning and design of Tampines an award winning high rise high density township in Singapore Cities 18 1 33 42 doi 10 1016 S0264 2751 00 00052 4 Urban Redevelopment Authority URA Planning Area Brochure Bedok Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 Retrieved 5 October 2014 A Sustainable Population for a Dynamic Singapore PDF Archived from the original PDF on 18 February 2013 Amended motion on white paper adopted 6 9 million is not a target Archived 4 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Straits Times 9 February 2013 The Workers Party s Population Policy Paper A Dynamic Population for a Sustainable Singapore The Workers Party of Singapore Archived from the original on 1 March 2013 Retrieved 9 March 2013 The Workers Party s Population Policy Paper A Dynamic Population for a Sustainable Singapore The Workers Party A Sustainable Singapore with a Dynamic Singaporean majority MP Low Thia Khiang Archived 15 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine The Workers Party Rare Singapore protest against population plan 17 February 2013 Archived from the original on 18 February 2013 M810001 Indicators on Population Annual Singapore Department of Statistics Archived from the original on 4 November 2020 Retrieved 3 April 2021 M890151 Land Area As at December Annual Statistics Singapore permanent dead link a b Singapore Residents By Age Group Ethnic Group And Gender End June Annual Singapore Department of Statistics Archived from the original on 2 November 2020 Retrieved 30 April 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k Population Trends 2012 Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics Singapore a b c d topic3 Archived 11 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Population Retrieved from Singapore Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2015 permanent dead link Department of Statistics Singapore Retrieved on 28 August 2015 UNSD Demographic and Social Statistics Live births and deaths by sex and ethnic group monthly Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 Retrieved 24 September 2021 a b Zarine L Rocha 2011 Multiplicity within Singularity Racial Categorization and Recognizing Mixed Race in Singapore Journal of Current South East Asian Affairs 30 3 Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 Retrieved 9 January 2017 Saw Swee Hock 30 June 2012 The Population of Singapore 3rd ed ISEAS Publishing pp 29 30 ISBN 978 981 4380 98 0 These Five Countries Have The Highest Percentage of Expats Find Out Why ExpatFocus 10 December 2015 Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2017 a b c Singapore Department of Statistics DOS Department of Statistics Singapore Archived from the original on 18 March 2018 Retrieved 30 April 2018 a b Population Trends 2015 PDF Statistics Singapore Archived from the original PDF on 10 October 2015 Retrieved 9 April 2016 Speech by Second Minister for Foreign Affairs Ms Grace Fu at the Launch of 50 Years of SingaporeEuro Population trend PDF Singstat Department of Statistics Singapore Archived from the original PDF on 7 November 2017 Retrieved 5 November 2017 M810091 Births And Fertility Rates Annual Department of Statistics Singapore Saw Swee Hock 2007 The Population of Singapore SEAS Publishing p 28 ISBN 978 981 230 738 5 Swee Hock Saw 1970 Singapore population in transition University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 7588 9 a b Saw Swee Hock 30 June 2012 The Population of Singapore 3rd ed ISEAS Publishing pp 7 8 ISBN 978 981 4380 98 0 a b Saw Swee Hock 30 June 2012 The Population of Singapore 3rd ed ISEAS Publishing p 29 ISBN 978 981 4380 98 0 Pieris Anoma 2009 Hidden Hands and Divided Landscapes A Penal History of Singapore s Plural Society University of Hawaiʻi Press p 238 ISBN 978 0 8248 3354 1 a b Mrs Reginald Sanderson 1907 Wright Arnold Cartwright H A eds Twentieth century impressions of British Malaya its history people commerce industries and resources pp 220 221 James Francis Warren 30 June 2003 Rickshaw Coolie A People s History of Singapore 1880 1940 NUS Press p 18 ISBN 978 9971 69 266 7 First Census of Singapore is Taken History SG Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 a b c Brenda S A Yeoh 30 April 2003 Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment NUS Press p 317 ISBN 978 9971 69 268 1 Armenian Singapore Infopedia National Library Board Singapore Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 Lim Peng Han The history of an emerging multilingual public library system and the role of mobile libraries in post colonial Singapore 1956 1991 PDF Malaysian Journal of Library amp Information Science 1 2 85 108 Archived from the original PDF on 31 January 2017 Retrieved 19 January 2017 East amp Southeast Asia Singapore CIA The World Factbook 19 November 2021 Census of Population 2010 table 6 PDF Singapore Department of Statistics Archived from the original PDF on 13 November 2013 Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 Demographic Characteristics Education Language and Religion Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 20 of Singapore residents have no religion an increase from the last population census Channel News Asia 16 June 2021 Retrieved 17 June 2021 Census of Population 2020 Religion PDF Department of Statistics Singapore 16 June 2021 Retrieved 25 June 2021 Singapore CIA World Factbook Retrieved 6 June 2021 Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1 Demographic Characteristics Education Language and Religion PDF Department of Statistics Ministry of Trade amp Industry Republic of Singapore January 2011 ISBN 978 981 08 7808 5 Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2011 Retrieved 28 August 2011 a b Census 2000 Chapter 5 Religion PDF Archived from the original PDF on 27 September 2011 Retrieved 29 August 2011 Singapore state gov Retrieved 30 April 2018 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 November 2007 Retrieved 9 January 2008 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Singapore Department of Statistics Education Language Spoken and Literacy Latest Data Base Retrieved 5 May 2020 Latest Data 1 February 2006 Archived 11 July 2005 at the Wayback Machine Singapore Department of Statistics URL accessed on 2 February 2006 Singapore s employment hits all time high of 2 3 m in 2005 Channel NewsAsia 1 February 2006 Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 By May Wong Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 31 October 2005 Retrieved 16 July 2005 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Department of Statistics Singapore a b Labour Market 2012 Archived 19 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Ministry of Manpower Singapore topic1 Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Key Indicators See Table 1 14 on Education and Literacy and Table 1 11 on Employment Retrieved from Statistics Singapore Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2015 Department of Statistics Singapore Retrieved on 28 August 2015 a b c d Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 22 August 2011 Retrieved 29 April 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Department of Statistics Singapore Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 November 2012 Retrieved 27 November 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Department of Statistics Singapore a b Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 13 January 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Household Income Latest Data Base Retrieved 5 May 2020 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 22 August 2011 Retrieved 29 April 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b c d Key Household Income Trends 2012 Archived 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Department of Statistics Singapore Household Income from work 2000 2014 Archived 5 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Department of Statistics Singapore Retrieved 4 October 2015 http hdr undp org reports global 2004 pdf hdr04 HDI pdf United NationsDevelopment Programme Report 2004 Archived 18 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine See page 50 53 List of countries and dependencies by population density List of countries by immigrant population List of countries and territories by fertility rateExternal links editCensus 2000 Singapore Dept of Statistics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Demographics of Singapore amp oldid 1213273425, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.