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Curitiba

February 15, 2024

For the plant genus, see Curitiba (plant). For the beetle genus, see Curitiba (beetle).

Curitiba (Brazilian Portuguese: [kuɾiˈtʃibɐ]) is the capital and largest city in the state of Paraná in Southern Brazil. The city's population was 1,963,726 as of 2021, making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil's South Region.[1] The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3,731,769 (IBGE estimate in 2021),[4] making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country.

Curitiba
Municipality
Município de Curitiba
Municipality of Curitiba
Panoramic view of the city.
Tanguá Park
Barigui Park
Botanical Garden
24 Hour Street
Paço da Liberdade
Avenida Palace at 15 November Street
Oscar Niemeyer Museum
Flag
Nickname(s): 
Cidade Modelo ("Model City"); Capital Ecológica do Brasil ("Ecological Capital of Brazil"); Cidade Verde ("Green City"); Capital das Araucárias ("Capital of Araucarias"); A Cidade da Névoa Eterna ("The City of Eternal Fog")
Motto(s): 
A Cidade da Gente (Our City; The People's City)
Curitiba
Curitiba
Coordinates: 25°25′47″S 49°16′16″W / 25.42972°S 49.27111°W / -25.42972; -49.27111
Country Brazil
RegionSouth
State Paraná
Founded29 March 1693
Incorporated1842
Government
 • MayorRafael Greca (PSD)
Area
 • Municipality430.9 km2 (166.4 sq mi)
 • Urban
319.4 km2 (123.3 sq mi)
 • Metro
15,416.9 km2 (5,952 sq mi)
Elevation
934.6 m (3,066.3 ft)
Population
 (2021 [1])
 • Municipality1,963,726 (8th)
 • Density4,062/km2 (10,523/sq mi)
 • Metro
3,731,769 (9th)
 • Metro density210.9/km2 (546.2/sq mi)
Demonymin Portuguese: Curitibana/e/o[1]
GDP (PPP, constant 2015 values)
 • Year2023
 • Total$77.8 billion[2]
Time zoneUTC-3 (UTC-3)
Postal code
80000-000 to 82999-999
Area code+55 (41)
HDI (2010)0.823 – very high[3]
Major airportAfonso Pena International Airport
Federal Highways
Websitecuritiba.pr.gov.br (in Portuguese)

The city sits on a plateau at 932 m (3,058 ft) above sea level. It is located west of the seaport of Paranaguá and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports. Curitiba is an important cultural, political, and economic center in Latin America[5] and hosts the Federal University of Paraná, established in 1912.

In the 19th century, Curitiba's favorable location between cattle-breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city's first major expansion. Later, between 1850 and 1950, it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Paraná State (first Araucaria angustifolia logging, later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat, corn and soybean cultivation). In the 1850s, waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians, contributing to the city's economic and cultural development and richness in diversity.[6] Nowadays, only small numbers of immigrants arrive, primarily from Middle Eastern[7] and other South American countries.

Curitiba's biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s, with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people.[8] Curitiba's economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil.[citation needed] Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country, as approximately half of the city's population was not born in Curitiba.[9]

Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index (0.856) and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award, given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development.[10] According to US magazine Reader's Digest, Curitiba is the best "Brazilian Big City" in which to live.[11][12] Curitiba's crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth.[13] The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil.[14] Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Despite its good social indicators, the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state.[15]

Etymology edit

Main article: Etymology of Curitiba

One theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kurí tyba 'many araucária seeds' due to the large number of Paraná pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding.[16]

Another version, also using words from the Tupi language, is that it originates in the combination of kurit 'pine tree' and yba 'large amount'.[17]

The Portuguese, who founded a settlement on the site in 1693, named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais 'Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines'.

The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its name Curityba.

An alternative spelling was Coritiba. This was used in press and state documents. A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba.[16]

History edit

See also: Timeline of Curitiba
 
Curitiba in 1894 (Portuguese edition)

At the end of the 17th century, Curitiba's agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction.[18] Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850, mainly Poles, Italians, Germans (mostly Volga Germans from Russia) and Ukrainians.[6]

Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to the state of São Paulo, turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post.[19]

 
Curitiba in the 1920s

The Paranaguá–Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885.[19]

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills. The owners (known as "barões da erva-mate") built mansions in the capital. These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Glória.[20]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce its first city plan. It emphasized a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed in part, but the plan was too expensive to complete.[21]

Geography edit

Curitiba, the capital of the Paraná state of southern Brazil, is located near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguaçu River. It is around 3,050 feet (930 meters) above sea level.

Climate edit

 
Fog in the Botanical Garden

Curitiba has a typically humid subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cfb). The city's mild winters, due to its low latitude, differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones.[22]

It is located on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas[23][24] contribute to its mild and damp winter, with an average minimum temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) in July. Temperatures can drop below 0 °C (32 °F) on the coldest days. Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant, around 19 °C (66 °F). However, during cold snaps, daytime temperatures might not rise above 10 °C (50 °F), and on rare occasions, above 5 °C (41 °F).[25]

During summertime, the average temperature is around 25 °C (77 °F) at daytime, but it can get above 30 °C (86 °F) on the hottest days. However, temperatures above 21 °C (70 °F) at night are rare.[26] Snowfall was experienced in 1889, 1892, 1912, 1928 (two days), 1942, 1955, 1957, 1962, 1975, 1988, 2013 and 2020.[27][28] Accumulation, however, is much rarer. It was last recorded in 1975.[29]

The terrain's flatness hinders water drainage after rain, therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come year round, often from Antarctica and Argentina, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain.[30] Curitiba's weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil's midwest most of the year, bringing hot and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.[31]

Climate data for Curitiba (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		24.4
(75.9) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.3
(68.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		23.8
(74.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 21.3
(70.3) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.3
(68.5) 		18.5
(65.3) 		15.5
(59.9) 		14.3
(57.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.7
(63.9) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.8
(64.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		11.8
(53.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		9.3
(48.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		13.9
(57.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		13.8
(56.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 226.3
(8.91) 		188.7
(7.43) 		151.3
(5.96) 		87.9
(3.46) 		95.6
(3.76) 		111.6
(4.39) 		105.8
(4.17) 		81.5
(3.21) 		143.3
(5.64) 		160.7
(6.33) 		125.6
(4.94) 		152.4
(6.00) 		1,630.7
(64.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 15.4 13.2 11.7 7.1 7.7 6.8 6.8 5.7 8.8 11.3 10.3 12.3 117.1
Average relative humidity (%) 80.6 80.6 81.8 81.3 83.2 82.2 80.2 77.1 79.8 81.4 79.1 78.6 80.5
Average dew point °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.8
(58.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 161.9 150.1 159 161.2 147.1 141.2 165.5 180.4 136.2 135.5 158.9 165.1 1,862.1
Source 1: INMET(Temperatures[32]), (Precipitation[33]), (Dew Point[34]), (Sun[35])
Source 2: NOAA[36]
Climate data for Curitiba (Downtown), elevation: 923.5 m, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1885–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.3
(93.7) 		34.8
(94.6) 		33.9
(93.0) 		32.6
(90.7) 		29.4
(84.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		33.7
(92.7) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		33.6
(92.5) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		26.2
(79.2) 		23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 20.9
(69.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.5
(56.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		15.3
(59.5) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.9
(66.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.4
(63.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		17.4
(63.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		11.2
(52.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.6
(49.3) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.2
(55.8) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.2
(61.2) 		13.4
(56.1)
Record low °C (°F) 8.2
(46.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−5.4
(22.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 218.3
(8.59) 		166.2
(6.54) 		147.0
(5.79) 		95.7
(3.77) 		113.5
(4.47) 		94.1
(3.70) 		108.3
(4.26) 		74.0
(2.91) 		141.4
(5.57) 		138.7
(5.46) 		124.4
(4.90) 		154.2
(6.07) 		1,575.8
(62.04)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 15 13 11 8 8 7 7 6 9 11 10 12 117
Average relative humidity (%) 81.2 81.3 82.2 82.5 83.4 82.3 80.4 77.1 80.8 81.7 79.2 79.6 81.0
Average dew point °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.1
(55.6) 		11.9
(53.4) 		10.9
(51.6) 		11.5
(52.7) 		12.9
(55.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		17.2
(63.0) 		14.8
(58.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 160.5 151.3 163.1 155.5 148.8 141.3 162.1 173.0 124.3 136.7 163.5 164.7 1,844.8
Average ultraviolet index 12 12 12 9 6 5 5 7 9 11 12 12 9
Source 1: INMET,[37][38] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[39] and Weather Atlas (UV index)[40]
Source 2: INMET(Dew Point 1991-2020)[41]
Climate data for Curitiba (Civic Center), elevation: 924 m, 1961–1990 normals
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		21.1
(70.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		22.7
(72.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 19.6
(67.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		14.6
(58.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.0
(59.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		18.2
(64.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.5
(61.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		7.8
(46.0) 		8.1
(46.6) 		9.2
(48.6) 		10.8
(51.4) 		12.5
(54.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.4
(59.7) 		12.4
(54.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 165.0
(6.50) 		142.1
(5.59) 		126.6
(4.98) 		90.0
(3.54) 		99.2
(3.91) 		98.1
(3.86) 		89.0
(3.50) 		74.5
(2.93) 		115.4
(4.54) 		134.2
(5.28) 		123.8
(4.87) 		150.1
(5.91) 		1,408
(55.41)
Average relative humidity (%) 79.0 80.0 80.0 79.0 82.0 76.0 81.0 79.0 82.0 82.0 80.0 82.0 80.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 159.8 135.0 142.0 137.2 152.2 129.7 147.6 148.3 122.1 137.2 152.2 150.9 1,714.2
Source: NOAA[42]

Vegetation edit

 
Frost in Curitiba
 
Botanical gardens greenhouse in Curitiba

Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, forests and other formations. The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Paraná (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the efforts of settlers. The Paraná pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150,000 native and exotic seedlings: 16,000 fruit trees, 260,000 flowers, foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350,000 seedlings.[43]

Curitiba's green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities. The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipês (tabebuias), who flower at the end of winter. The yellow ipê is one of the city's most common tree.[44]

 
Panoramic view of Barigui Park.

Hydrography edit

 
Iguaçu River, running by the south region of the city

The catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the city's watershed are: Atuba River, Belém River, Barigüi River, Passaúna River, Ribeirão dos Padilhas and the Iguaçu River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.[43] After many studies of local water flows, most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works.[43]

Topography edit

 
The Mountain Range of the Sea, "Serra do Mar"

The city covers 432.17 km2 (166.86 sq mi) on the First Plateau of Paraná. Curitiba has a topography of smooth, rounded hills, giving it a relatively regular shape. The city has an average altitude of 934.6 m (3,066 ft) above sea level. The highest point is to the north at 1,021 m (3,350 ft), and with lower altitudes at 864 m (2,835 ft) to the south.

Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city, including the Serra do Mar, a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Paraná.[45]

Government edit

 
The Curitiba City Hall

As of 2017, the mayor is Rafael Greca, who replaced Gustavo Fruet. The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004. Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the municipality's 75 districts. The Rua da Cidadania ("Street of Citizenship") is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and a meeting place. Several units are annexed to public transport terminals. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.[46]

Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba's best-known mayor. He was the mayor three times, the first time in the early 1970s. His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city. Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding; used parks to make the city more liveable; pedestrianised the downtown area; built a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system; and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste.[47]

Further information: 2024 Curitiba mayoral election

Demographics edit

See also: Brazilians, Demographics of Brazil, and Immigration to Brazil

Ethnic groups edit

Race and ethnicity in Curitiba
Ethnicity Percentage
White
 
 74.4%
Pardo (Multiracial)
 
 20.1%
Black
 
 4.1%
Asian
 
 1.3%
Amerindian
 
 0.1%
 
Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba
 
Old Polish house at João Paulo II park ("Pope John Paul II Park")

Religion in Curitiba (2010)[48][49]

  Catholic Church (62.36%)
  Protestantism (24.03%)
  Spiritism (2.8%)
  Other religions (3.69%)
  Irreligious (6.71%)

According to the 2022 census, 1,773,718 people resided in the city of Curitiba.[50] The census revealed 1,320,252 White people (74.4%), 355,834 Pardo (Multiracial) people (20.1%), 71,948 Afro-Brazilian people (4.1%), 23,635 Asian people (1.3%), 1,976 Amerindian people (0.1%).[51]

In 2010, Curitiba was Brazil's 8th most populous city.[52]

In 2010, the city had 359,201 opposite-sex couples and 974 same-sex couples. The population of Curitiba was 52.3% female and 47.7% male.[53]

As with most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants. The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.[54]

Up until the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed-race, Portuguese and Spanish immigrants. In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land, and in 1853 Parana became an independent province, and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe.[19]

The first non-Iberian (Portuguese and Spaniard) immigrants to come to the city were German.[55]

The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980, after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June. Its area is 46,000 m2 (500,000 sq ft) and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a memento of the Polish immigrants' struggles and faith. Objects like an old wagon, pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa (patron saint of the Polish people), form parts of the memorial.[56] The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871. Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878, coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy. They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still a centre of the Italian community.[57]

Nearly 20,000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897, consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians live in Paraná.[58][59] The State of Paraná has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community.[60]

Curitiba has a Jewish community[61] that was originally established in the 1870s.[62] Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated.[63] In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany, notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil, some settling in Curitiba.[64] Physicist César Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner[65] and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A Holocaust memorial is present in the city. The community centre, a Jewish school, a Chabad house (Beit Chabad),[66] two synagogues,[67] and two Jewish cemeteries are there,[68] one of which was defiled in 2004.[69]

 
Praça do Japan (Japan Square), built in honor of japanese immigrants

Japanese immigrants began arriving in 1915, with a larger contingent arriving in 1924. Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx. They settled mostly between Paraná and São Paulo state. The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil, behind only São Paulo, according to IBGE. Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants, other large cities in the interior of the state of Paraná, such as Maringá and Londrina, have an even higher rate. Some estimates suggest that more than 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians live in Curitiba.[70]

Religion edit

See also: Religion in Brazil, Protestantism in Brazil, and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil

According to the 2010 Brazilian Census, most of the population (62.36%) is Roman Catholic, other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals (24.03%), Spiritists (2.8%), Nones 6.71%, and people with other religions (3.69).[48][49]

Economy edit

See also: Economy of Brazil and Tourism in Brazil
 
Oi Panoramic Tower
 
Downtown Curitiba skyline

Since it was declared capital of the State of Paraná in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment.[71]

The city is Brazil's second largest car manufacturer. Its economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil.[72]

The city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport, where almost 60,000 flights land annually.[73]

According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals, without including agriculture and livestock (0.03%). Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%.[74] Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Philip Morris, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods, as well as many well-known national industries, such as Sadia, O Boticário and Positivo Informática.

Curitiba's infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba became Brazil's first city to receive the prize "Pole of Information Technology", granted by InfoExame magazine. According to the magazine, the companies of "Technology and Information Technology" based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved US$1.2 billion in revenues, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.[75]

 
Estação Mall

The city's 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba's domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paraná, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated US$280 million- 4% of the city's net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city's strategic planning in the 1990s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.[76]

 
The "Paço Municipal" built in 1916

Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba: Mueller, Estação, Curitiba, Crystal, Palladium, Patio Batel and Park Barigüi. The Rua das Flores (Street of Flowers) is home to the majority of stores. The area is pedestrianized, with no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair.[77]

In 2008, according to IBGE Curitiba's nominal GDP was R$45.7 billion (or about of US$22.5 billion)[78] (with R$25,934, or US$13,000, by nominal GDP per capita, about of US$5,000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita), making it the fourth richest city in the country, after only São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasília.

Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil, according to IPEA (Applied Economic Research Institute). It is Brazil's second best, and South America's fifth best, city for business, according to America Economia Magazine/2005 and 2006. The best destination for business, according to Veja Magazine of 2007. The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure, Exame Magazine of 2006. The second best city to work in Southern Brazil, according to Você S.A. Magazine of 2005. The 49th position, MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce: Emerging Markets Index of 2008. One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007. One of the 10 global sustainability centres, according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008.[79] Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil, Erasto Gaertner Hospital.[80]

Attractions edit

 
Botanical Garden of Curitiba
 
Portugal Park

Attractions in the city include:

  • Shrine of the Divine Mercy: established by the Marian Fathers near Estrada do Ganchinho in the district of Umbará.[81]
  • Municipal market: Located near the city's central bus station, it houses numerous shops selling imported goods, organic products, and vegan food. The food court has a lot of Asian food, vegan food and organic meals.
  • Italian Woods: Hosts local celebrations.[82]
  • Wire Opera House: Built on the site of an abandoned quarry.[83]
  • Oscar Niemeyer Museum: Artists from Paraná and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum. Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively to photography.[84]
 
Tanguá Park
  • Panoramic Tower: The 360-foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360° view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor.[84]
  • Portugal Wood: Homage to the Portuguese-Brazilian bonds, this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook, where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets, as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries.[84] Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds.
  • Curitiba International Ecological Marathon: The Maratona Ecológica Internacional de Curitiba ("Curitiba International Ecological marathon") is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil.[85]
  • Tourism Line: The Linha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city.[86]
  • Capão da Imbuia Wood
Further information: Atuba Park

Education edit

More than 183 universities operate in the state of Paraná.[87]

 
Federal University of Paraná was the first university opened in Brazil.[88]
 
Military School of Curitiba

Tertiary educational institutions edit

Educational system edit

In the 1990s, the city started a project called Faróis do Saber ("Lighthouses of Knowledge"). These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries, free Internet access and other cultural resources. Libraries work with municipal schools, offering a collection of approximately 5000 books, and provide cultural reference and leisure.[90]

Among Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the highest literacy rate,[91] and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals.[92]

Urban planning edit

 
Entrance of 24 Hours Street

Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system. The buses are split into three sections (bi-articulated) and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with access for disabled riders. Buses charge one price regardless of distance.[93]

The city preserves and cares for its green areas, boasting 51.5 m2 (554 sq ft) of green space per inhabitant.[94]

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. The plan was too expensive to complete.[95]

 
Civic Center skyline in Curitiba, with many administrative and commercial buildings

By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had reached 430,000. Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, reduced traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system.[96]

This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This used two one-way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development, to pull traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.[97]

Today, Curitiba is considered one of the world's best examples of urban planning.[98] In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as "the most innovative city in the country".[99]

 
15 November Street

Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan.[100] In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte, Integrated Transport Network) was created.[101] At the same time, the city began building the "Faróis de Saber" (Lighthouses of Knowledge) educational centres.[102] The city has more than 400 km2 (154 sq mi) of public parks and forests.[103]

In 2007, the city placed third in a list of "15 Green Cities" in the world, according to Grist magazine, after Reykjavík in Iceland and Portland, Oregon in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown.[104]

Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues; focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities, can create positive ripple effects. Urban "acupuncture" reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities.[105] It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact.[106]

The "capacity building job line"[107] was created to accelerate economic development. About 15,000 new jobs were generated by 2013.[108]

According to Jonas Rabinovitch, a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute (IPPUC), up to 8% of Curitiba's population still lived in favelas as of 2016.[109] According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE, 49,700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements.[110] This is equivalent to 163,300 people.[110] The population growth of favelas was 12.4% between 2000 and 2010, higher than the population in general (10.3%).[110]

For transportation, Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil.[111]

Culture edit

See also: Culture of Brazil
 
Musicians in Feirinha do largo da ordem

In January 1973 the Fundação Cultural de Curitiba was set up, with the aim of promoting culture.[19]

 
Wire Opera House

The Cultural Complex Solar do Barão features the Photography Museum, the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu. The MuMA – Museu Metropolitano de Arte (Museum of Metropolitan Art) displays artists from the state of Paraná as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti, Guignard and Di Cavalcanti.[19]

The Polish Immigrants Memorial, also known as The Pope's Woods, offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees, which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll. The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980.[112][113]

 
Restaurante Madalosso - one of the largest restaurants in the world

In 2003, Curitiba received the "American Capital of Culture" title, granted by the OAS (Organization of American States).[19]

Gastronomy edit

The capital of Paraná is an important gastronomic center in Brazil, and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes. The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods. Curitiba's cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian, Polish and German immigrants.[114]

Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas, and one of the world's largest restaurants, Restaurante Madalosso. Madalosso can feed more than 4,600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms, all named after Italian cities. Founded in 1963, the all-you-can-eat Madalosso focuses on family-style Italian cuisine: ravioli, lasagna, gnocchi, and salads rounded out with grilled meats.[115]

 
Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism

Arts and entertainment edit

Curitiba was Brazil's first city to have an IMAX movie theatre.[116] Curitiba has many theaters. The largest and most important one is the Guaíra Theater.[117] Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival.

Museums edit

Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba.[118]

 
Tourism bus line in Curitiba
  • Museu Paranaense ("Paranaense Museum") – dedicated to arts and history;
  • Oscar Niemeyer Museum – the largest museum of South America,[119] dedicated to plastic arts;
  • Museu de Arte Sacra ("Religious Art Museum") – the focus is Christian art;
  • Museu do Expedicionário ("Museum of the Expeditionary") – dedicated to Brazilian participation in World War II;
  • Museu de Arte Contemporânea ("Museum of Contemporary Art");
  • Museu da Imagem e do Som ("Image and Sound Museum") – about cinema, photography and music;
  • Museu Egípcio e Rosa Cruz ("Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism") - ancient Egypt antiquities
  • Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba ("Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba") – modern art;
  • Museu de História Natural ("Natural History Museum") – biology and botany.
  • Museu do Holocausto ("Holocaust Museum")[120]

Festivals edit

Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts, such as Curitiba Theatre Festival[121] and the Music Workshop of Curitiba.[122] Others celebrate immigrants festivals, such as the Grape Feast ("Festa da Uva"),[123] which is related to Italian immigrants, and the four Matsuri, related to Japanese immigrants.

The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are: Imin Matsuri (Japanese: 移民祭り, "Immigration Festival") which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil,[124][125] Haru Matsuri (Japanese: 春祭り, "Spring Festival") which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring,[126] Hana Matsuri[127] (Japanese: 花祭り, "Flower Festival"), which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni,[128] and Seto Matsuri ("Seto Festival"), in honor of Cláudio Seto,[129] comic artist, precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba.

Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival,[130] a three-day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival, but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres, attracting people from all over the world. In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens. The 2016 edition took more than 20,000 people to the streets.[131]

UN Convention on Biodiversity edit

On 20–31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais (a city near Curitiba), addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries.[132]

Transportation edit

 
Estação Tubo Praça Osório, one of the tube-shaped bus stops in Curitiba
 
The orange taxis of Curitiba

Public transport edit

Main article: Rede Integrada de Transporte

Curitiba's public transportation consists entirely of buses. It opened the world's second bus rapid transit (BRT) system, Rede Integrada de Transporte, in 1974.[133] The popularity of Curitiba's BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveler survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the country's lowest rates of ambient air pollution. Some 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation, far below the national average.[134]

 
The biggest bi-articulated bus in the world operating in the city.

Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi-articulated bus in the world, with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers. The bus operates only with soy-based biofuel, which reduces pollutant emissions by 50%.[135]

The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35-year public private partnership contract to build and operate a 17.6 km (10.9 mi), 14-station north–south line. The cost is estimated at 4.62 billion reais.[136]

Roads edit

 
Rodovia do Café (Coffee Highway), one of the highways serving Curitiba.

Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid. Apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not severe.[137]

Air edit

Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba's main airport. It is located in the nearby city of São José dos Pinhais. All commercial flights operate from this airport.[138] It was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil.[139]

The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials; availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge; quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities; availability and cleanliness of the toilets; general cleaning; airport thermal and acoustic comfort; quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels, as well as availability of public transport to the airport.[139]

There is also the Bacacheri Airport, a smaller general aviation facility. It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft.

Rail edit

Brazil's transportation and railway company, Rumo, has its headquarters in Curitiba.[140] Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country[141] to Morretes and Paranaguá.[142]

 
Cable tram on XV November street

Others edit

The city has 100 km (62 mi) of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. City streets carry almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are orange Taxis. To service these vehicles, more than 355 petrol stations serve the city.[143]

Curitiba public transportation statistics edit

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 72 min. 21% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 33% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[144]

Sports edit

Main articles: 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil
 
Arena da Baixada

Curitiba has three teams in the city: Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba and Paraná Clube. Paraná Clube plays at Estádio Durival Britto e Silva, Coritiba plays at Estádio Major Antônio Couto Pereira, and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães. Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, in 1985 and 2001, respectively. Estádio Joaquim Américo Guimarães was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil. The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Paraná Clube.[145]

The Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Raceway) is located in nearby Pinhais.

Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil, Curitiba Rugby Clube, national champions in 2014 and 2016.

A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives, including the Rua brothers Maurício "Shogun" and Murilo "Ninja", Wanderlei Silva, Anderson Silva, and women's MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg. Much of the city's success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta.

 
Panorama of the interior of the Joaquim Américo Guimarães Stadium (or Arena da Baixada) during a game in 2019

Neighborhoods edit

 
Curitiba's neighborhoods and boroughs

Most districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups, formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The centro (downtown or central business district), where the city was founded, is the most bustling area, housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.

Bairros (neighborhoods) of Curitiba define the city's geographical divisions. Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods, although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities. Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighborhoods.

Civic Center (In Portuguese: Centro Cívico) is where the main government buildings are located. It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná. The name means 'Center of the Citizen''.

It was conceived in 1953, with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state.[146][147]

In August 2011, the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble. The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Cândido de Abreu are protected, including Plaza 19 de Dezembro, Tiradentes State College, Courts of Justice, Accounts and Jury buildings, the Iguaçu Palace, the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette.[148]

International relations edit

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil
 
Oscar Niemeyer Museum

Twin towns – sister cities edit

Curitiba is twinned with:[149]

Cooperation agreements edit

Curitiba has cooperation agreements with:

People edit

 
Street mall in Curitiba
 
Landscape with Canoe on the Margin (1922). Painting by Alfredo Andersen (São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo).
 
Araucárias of Botanical Garden
 
Passeio Público is the oldest public park in Curitiba. It opened in 1886.
 
German Portal, in the Plaza of Culture German in Curitiba
 
Cherry blossoms in Curitiba
 
Apartment towers in the Campo Comprido neighborhood

Aviation edit

Politics edit

Science edit

Sports edit

Chess
Football
Mixed martial arts
Motorsports
Basketball
Beach volleyball
Horse racing
Poker
Skateboarding
Swimming

Architecture edit

Arts edit

See also edit

References edit

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Bibliography edit

See also: Timeline of Curitiba § Bibliography

External links edit

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Curityba".
  • (in Portuguese) Official homepage

February 15, 2024
curitiba, plant, genus, plant, beetle, genus, beetle, brazilian, portuguese, kuɾiˈtʃibɐ, capital, largest, city, state, paraná, southern, brazil, city, population, 2021, update, making, eighth, most, populous, city, brazil, largest, brazil, south, region, metr. For the plant genus see Curitiba plant For the beetle genus see Curitiba beetle Curitiba Brazilian Portuguese kuɾiˈtʃibɐ is the capital and largest city in the state of Parana in Southern Brazil The city s population was 1 963 726 as of 2021 update making it the eighth most populous city in Brazil and the largest in Brazil s South Region 1 The Curitiba Metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities with a total population of over 3 731 769 IBGE estimate in 2021 4 making it the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the country CuritibaMunicipalityMunicipio de Curitiba Municipality of CuritibaPanoramic view of the city Tangua ParkBarigui ParkBotanical Garden24 Hour StreetPaco da LiberdadeAvenida Palace at 15 November StreetOscar Niemeyer MuseumFlagNickname s Cidade Modelo Model City Capital Ecologica do Brasil Ecological Capital of Brazil Cidade Verde Green City Capital das Araucarias Capital of Araucarias A Cidade da Nevoa Eterna The City of Eternal Fog Motto s A Cidade da Gente Our City The People s City CuritibaShow map of BrazilCuritibaShow map of South AmericaCoordinates 25 25 47 S 49 16 16 W 25 42972 S 49 27111 W 25 42972 49 27111Country BrazilRegionSouthStateParanaFounded29 March 1693Incorporated1842Government MayorRafael Greca PSD Area Municipality430 9 km2 166 4 sq mi Urban319 4 km2 123 3 sq mi Metro15 416 9 km2 5 952 sq mi Elevation934 6 m 3 066 3 ft Population 2021 1 Municipality1 963 726 8th Density4 062 km2 10 523 sq mi Metro3 731 769 9th Metro density210 9 km2 546 2 sq mi Demonymin Portuguese Curitibana e o 1 GDP PPP constant 2015 values Year2023 Total 77 8 billion 2 Time zoneUTC 3 UTC 3 Postal code80000 000 to 82999 999Area code 55 41 HDI 2010 0 823 very high 3 Major airportAfonso Pena International AirportFederal HighwaysWebsitecuritiba pr gov br in Portuguese The city sits on a plateau at 932 m 3 058 ft above sea level It is located west of the seaport of Paranagua and is served by the Afonso Pena International and Bacacheri airports Curitiba is an important cultural political and economic center in Latin America 5 and hosts the Federal University of Parana established in 1912 In the 19th century Curitiba s favorable location between cattle breeding countryside and marketplaces led to a successful cattle trade and the city s first major expansion Later between 1850 and 1950 it grew due to logging and agricultural expansion in Parana State first Araucaria angustifolia logging later mate and coffee cultivation and in the 1970s wheat corn and soybean cultivation In the 1850s waves of European immigrants arrived in Curitiba mainly Germans Italians Poles and Ukrainians contributing to the city s economic and cultural development and richness in diversity 6 Nowadays only small numbers of immigrants arrive primarily from Middle Eastern 7 and other South American countries Curitiba s biggest expansion occurred after the 1960s with innovative urban planning that allowed the population to grow from some hundreds of thousands to more than a million people 8 Curitiba s economy is based on industry and services and is the fourth largest in Brazil citation needed Economic growth occurred in parallel to a substantial inward flow of Brazilians from other parts of the country as approximately half of the city s population was not born in Curitiba 9 Curitiba is one of the few Brazilian cities with a very high Human Development Index 0 856 and in 2010 it was awarded the Global Sustainable City Award given to cities and municipalities that excel in sustainable urban development 10 According to US magazine Reader s Digest Curitiba is the best Brazilian Big City in which to live 11 12 Curitiba s crime rate is considered low by Brazilian standards and the city is considered one of the safest cities in Brazil for youth 13 The city is also regarded as the best in which to invest in Brazil 14 Curitiba was one of the host cities of the 1950 FIFA World Cup and again for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Despite its good social indicators the city has a higher unemployment rate than other cities in the state 15 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 3 2 Vegetation 3 3 Hydrography 3 4 Topography 4 Government 5 Demographics 5 1 Ethnic groups 5 2 Religion 6 Economy 7 Attractions 8 Education 8 1 Tertiary educational institutions 8 2 Educational system 9 Urban planning 10 Culture 10 1 Gastronomy 10 2 Arts and entertainment 10 3 Museums 10 4 Festivals 10 5 UN Convention on Biodiversity 11 Transportation 11 1 Public transport 11 2 Roads 11 3 Air 11 4 Rail 11 5 Others 11 6 Curitiba public transportation statistics 12 Sports 13 Neighborhoods 14 International relations 14 1 Twin towns sister cities 14 2 Cooperation agreements 15 People 15 1 Aviation 15 2 Politics 15 3 Science 15 4 Sports 15 5 Architecture 15 6 Arts 16 See also 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 External linksEtymology editMain article Etymology of Curitiba One theory is that the name Curitiba comes from the Tupi words kuri tyba many araucaria seeds due to the large number of Parana pines pinecones in the region prior to its founding 16 Another version also using words from the Tupi language is that it originates in the combination of kurit pine tree and yba large amount 17 The Portuguese who founded a settlement on the site in 1693 named it Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais Village of Our Lady of the Light of the Pines The name was changed to Curitiba in 1721 Curitiba officially became a town in 1812 spelling its name Curityba An alternative spelling was Coritiba This was used in press and state documents A state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by adopting Curitiba 16 History editSee also Timeline of Curitiba nbsp Curitiba in 1894 Portuguese edition At the end of the 17th century Curitiba s agriculture was only for subsistence and its main economic activities were mineral extraction 18 Waves of European immigrants arrived after 1850 mainly Poles Italians Germans mostly Volga Germans from Russia and Ukrainians 6 Cattlemen drove their herds from Rio Grande do Sul to the state of Sao Paulo turning Curitiba into an important intermediate trading post 19 nbsp Curitiba in the 1920sThe Paranagua Curitiba railroad was opened in 1885 19 Around the beginning of the 20th century Curitiba benefited from the wealth of the yerba mate mills The owners known as baroes da erva mate built mansions in the capital These have mostly been preserved in the districts of Batel and Alto da Gloria 20 In the 1940s and 1950s Alfred Agache co founder of the French Society for Urban Studies was hired to produce its first city plan It emphasized a star of boulevards with public amenities downtown an industrial district and sanitation It was followed in part but the plan was too expensive to complete 21 Geography editCuritiba the capital of the Parana state of southern Brazil is located near the Atlantic margin of the Brazilian Highlands and the headwaters of the Iguacu River It is around 3 050 feet 930 meters above sea level Climate edit nbsp Fog in the Botanical GardenCuritiba has a typically humid subtropical highland climate Koppen Cfb The city s mild winters due to its low latitude differentiate its climate from typically temperate ones 22 It is located on a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas 23 24 contribute to its mild and damp winter with an average minimum temperature of 9 C 48 F in July Temperatures can drop below 0 C 32 F on the coldest days Daytime temperatures in winter are usually pleasant around 19 C 66 F However during cold snaps daytime temperatures might not rise above 10 C 50 F and on rare occasions above 5 C 41 F 25 During summertime the average temperature is around 25 C 77 F at daytime but it can get above 30 C 86 F on the hottest days However temperatures above 21 C 70 F at night are rare 26 Snowfall was experienced in 1889 1892 1912 1928 two days 1942 1955 1957 1962 1975 1988 2013 and 2020 27 28 Accumulation however is much rarer It was last recorded in 1975 29 The terrain s flatness hinders water drainage after rain therefore providing water vapor for the atmosphere Cold fronts come year round often from Antarctica and Argentina bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds and frost in the winter They can move very quickly with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain 30 Curitiba s weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil s midwest most of the year bringing hot and dry weather sometimes even in winter 31 Climate data for Curitiba 1991 2020 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum C F 27 1 80 8 27 2 81 0 26 1 79 0 24 4 75 9 21 1 70 0 20 3 68 5 20 1 68 2 21 9 71 4 22 3 72 1 23 7 74 7 25 0 77 0 26 7 80 1 23 8 74 9 Daily mean C F 21 3 70 3 21 4 70 5 20 3 68 5 18 5 65 3 15 5 59 9 14 3 57 7 13 8 56 8 14 9 58 8 16 0 60 8 17 7 63 9 18 9 66 0 20 7 69 3 17 8 64 0 Mean daily minimum C F 17 6 63 7 17 8 64 0 16 8 62 2 14 8 58 6 11 8 53 2 10 3 50 5 9 3 48 7 10 1 50 2 11 9 53 4 13 9 57 0 15 0 59 0 16 7 62 1 13 8 56 9 Average precipitation mm inches 226 3 8 91 188 7 7 43 151 3 5 96 87 9 3 46 95 6 3 76 111 6 4 39 105 8 4 17 81 5 3 21 143 3 5 64 160 7 6 33 125 6 4 94 152 4 6 00 1 630 7 64 2 Average precipitation days 1 mm 15 4 13 2 11 7 7 1 7 7 6 8 6 8 5 7 8 8 11 3 10 3 12 3 117 1Average relative humidity 80 6 80 6 81 8 81 3 83 2 82 2 80 2 77 1 79 8 81 4 79 1 78 6 80 5Average dew point C F 18 2 64 8 18 3 64 9 17 5 63 5 15 7 60 3 13 1 55 6 11 9 53 4 10 9 51 6 11 5 52 7 12 9 55 2 14 8 58 6 15 6 60 1 17 2 63 0 14 8 58 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 161 9 150 1 159 161 2 147 1 141 2 165 5 180 4 136 2 135 5 158 9 165 1 1 862 1Source 1 INMET Temperatures 32 Precipitation 33 Dew Point 34 Sun 35 Source 2 NOAA 36 Climate data for Curitiba Downtown elevation 923 5 m 1981 2010 normals extremes 1885 presentMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 34 3 93 7 34 8 94 6 33 9 93 0 32 6 90 7 29 4 84 9 28 2 82 8 28 2 82 8 31 6 88 9 33 7 92 7 35 5 95 9 35 2 95 4 33 6 92 5 35 5 95 9 Mean daily maximum C F 26 8 80 2 26 8 80 2 26 0 78 8 24 0 75 2 20 8 69 4 20 1 68 2 19 7 67 5 21 5 70 7 21 4 70 5 23 1 73 6 25 0 77 0 26 2 79 2 23 5 74 3 Daily mean C F 20 9 69 6 21 0 69 8 20 1 68 2 18 3 64 9 15 1 59 2 13 9 57 0 13 5 56 3 14 6 58 3 15 3 59 5 17 1 62 8 18 9 66 0 20 2 68 4 17 4 63 3 Mean daily minimum C F 17 2 63 0 17 4 63 3 16 5 61 7 14 6 58 3 11 2 52 2 9 7 49 5 9 0 48 2 9 6 49 3 11 1 52 0 13 2 55 8 14 9 58 8 16 2 61 2 13 4 56 1 Record low C F 8 2 46 8 6 8 44 2 3 9 39 0 4 0 24 8 2 3 27 9 4 0 24 8 5 2 22 6 5 2 22 6 5 4 22 3 1 5 29 3 0 9 30 4 1 3 29 7 5 4 22 3 Average precipitation mm inches 218 3 8 59 166 2 6 54 147 0 5 79 95 7 3 77 113 5 4 47 94 1 3 70 108 3 4 26 74 0 2 91 141 4 5 57 138 7 5 46 124 4 4 90 154 2 6 07 1 575 8 62 04 Average precipitation days 1 0 mm 15 13 11 8 8 7 7 6 9 11 10 12 117Average relative humidity 81 2 81 3 82 2 82 5 83 4 82 3 80 4 77 1 80 8 81 7 79 2 79 6 81 0Average dew point C F 18 2 64 8 18 3 64 9 17 5 63 5 15 7 60 3 13 1 55 6 11 9 53 4 10 9 51 6 11 5 52 7 12 9 55 2 14 8 58 6 15 6 60 1 17 2 63 0 14 8 58 6 Mean monthly sunshine hours 160 5 151 3 163 1 155 5 148 8 141 3 162 1 173 0 124 3 136 7 163 5 164 7 1 844 8Average ultraviolet index 12 12 12 9 6 5 5 7 9 11 12 12 9Source 1 INMET 37 38 Meteo Climat record highs and lows 39 and Weather Atlas UV index 40 Source 2 INMET Dew Point 1991 2020 41 Climate data for Curitiba Civic Center elevation 924 m 1961 1990 normalsMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearMean daily maximum C F 25 6 78 1 25 8 78 4 24 9 76 8 22 3 72 1 21 1 70 0 18 3 64 9 19 4 66 9 20 9 69 6 21 3 70 3 22 6 72 7 24 5 76 1 25 4 77 7 22 7 72 8 Daily mean C F 19 6 67 3 19 9 67 8 19 0 66 2 16 7 62 1 14 6 58 3 12 2 54 0 12 8 55 0 14 0 57 2 15 0 59 0 16 5 61 7 18 2 64 8 19 3 66 7 16 5 61 7 Mean daily minimum C F 15 8 60 4 16 3 61 3 15 4 59 7 12 8 55 0 10 2 50 4 7 8 46 0 8 1 46 6 9 2 48 6 10 8 51 4 12 5 54 5 14 0 57 2 15 4 59 7 12 4 54 2 Average precipitation mm inches 165 0 6 50 142 1 5 59 126 6 4 98 90 0 3 54 99 2 3 91 98 1 3 86 89 0 3 50 74 5 2 93 115 4 4 54 134 2 5 28 123 8 4 87 150 1 5 91 1 408 55 41 Average relative humidity 79 0 80 0 80 0 79 0 82 0 76 0 81 0 79 0 82 0 82 0 80 0 82 0 80 2Mean monthly sunshine hours 159 8 135 0 142 0 137 2 152 2 129 7 147 6 148 3 122 1 137 2 152 2 150 9 1 714 2Source NOAA 42 Vegetation edit nbsp Frost in Curitiba nbsp Botanical gardens greenhouse in CuritibaCuritiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest also known as Araucaria moist forests a sub type of the Atlantic Forest In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes forests and other formations The local vegetation consists of remnants of the Parana or Brazilian pine Araucaria angustifolia which resisted the efforts of settlers The Parana pines are in private and public areas and are protected from logging The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three greenhouses that produce 150 000 native and exotic seedlings 16 000 fruit trees 260 000 flowers foliage and underbrush specimens and the maintenance of another 350 000 seedlings 43 Curitiba s green area itself matches the size of other large Brazilian cities The vegetation of Curitiba encompasses a large population of purple and yellow ipes tabebuias who flower at the end of winter The yellow ipe is one of the city s most common tree 44 nbsp Panoramic view of Barigui Park Hydrography edit nbsp Iguacu River running by the south region of the cityThe catchment area of Curitiba consists of rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions grouped in six river basins The main rivers that form the city s watershed are Atuba River Belem River Barigui River Passauna River Ribeirao dos Padilhas and the Iguacu River all with characteristics of dendritic drainage Curitiba has been working since the 1970s on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers An example is the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes which absorb and retain water for longer periods of time minimizing floods 43 After many studies of local water flows most rivers were found to be subject to a canalization process Other alternatives developed to minimize the negative effects of urbanization are the implementation of programs for environmental education inspection and monitoring elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works 43 Topography edit nbsp The Mountain Range of the Sea Serra do Mar The city covers 432 17 km2 166 86 sq mi on the First Plateau of Parana Curitiba has a topography of smooth rounded hills giving it a relatively regular shape The city has an average altitude of 934 6 m 3 066 ft above sea level The highest point is to the north at 1 021 m 3 350 ft and with lower altitudes at 864 m 2 835 ft to the south Mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills surround parts of the city including the Serra do Mar a hill range between the shore of the Atlantic Ocean and the First Plateau in Parana 45 Government edit nbsp The Curitiba City HallAs of 2017 update the mayor is Rafael Greca who replaced Gustavo Fruet The City Council of Curitiba has 38 councillors elected since 2004 Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments equivalent to subprefecture who manage the municipality s 75 districts The Rua da Cidadania Street of Citizenship is the symbol of administrative decentralization it is a reference point and a meeting place Several units are annexed to public transport terminals Their nuclei offer services in the local state and federal areas 46 Jaime Lerner is perhaps Curitiba s best known mayor He was the mayor three times the first time in the early 1970s His leadership was crucial to some major changes in the city Curitiba has built parks instead of canals to reduce flooding used parks to make the city more liveable pedestrianised the downtown area built a Bus Rapid Transit BRT a bus system that works similarly to a light rail system and started a massive recycling scheme that included giving people bus tokens in return for waste 47 Further information 2024 Curitiba mayoral electionDemographics editSee also Brazilians Demographics of Brazil and Immigration to Brazil Ethnic groups edit Race and ethnicity in CuritibaEthnicity PercentageWhite 74 4 Pardo Multiracial 20 1 Black 4 1 Asian 1 3 Amerindian 0 1 nbsp Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba nbsp Old Polish house at Joao Paulo II park Pope John Paul II Park Religion in Curitiba 2010 48 49 Catholic Church 62 36 Protestantism 24 03 Spiritism 2 8 Other religions 3 69 Irreligious 6 71 According to the 2022 census 1 773 718 people resided in the city of Curitiba 50 The census revealed 1 320 252 White people 74 4 355 834 Pardo Multiracial people 20 1 71 948 Afro Brazilian people 4 1 23 635 Asian people 1 3 1 976 Amerindian people 0 1 51 In 2010 Curitiba was Brazil s 8th most populous city 52 In 2010 the city had 359 201 opposite sex couples and 974 same sex couples The population of Curitiba was 52 3 female and 47 7 male 53 As with most of Southern Brazil s population Curitiba is mostly inhabited by European descendants The first Europeans to arrive were of Portuguese origin during the 17th century They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves 54 Up until the 19th century the inhabitants of the city of Curitiba were natives and mixed race Portuguese and Spanish immigrants In 1808 foreigners were granted the right to ownership of land and in 1853 Parana became an independent province and these events resulted in a substantial number of immigrants from Europe 19 The first non Iberian Portuguese and Spaniard immigrants to come to the city were German 55 The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on 13 December 1980 after the visit of Pope John Paul II in June Its area is 46 000 m2 500 000 sq ft and was part of the former Candles plant The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area as a memento of the Polish immigrants struggles and faith Objects like an old wagon pipe of cabbage and a print of the Black Madonna of Czestochowa patron saint of the Polish people form parts of the memorial 56 The first group of Poles arrived in Curitiba around 1871 Curitiba has the biggest colony of Polish immigrants in Brazil Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878 coming mainly from the Veneto and Trento regions of Northern Italy They settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood still a centre of the Italian community 57 Nearly 20 000 Ukrainian immigrants settled there between 1895 and 1897 consisting mostly of peasants from Galicia who immigrated to Brazil to become farmers Around 300 000 Ukrainian Brazilians live in Parana 58 59 The State of Parana has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community 60 Curitiba has a Jewish community 61 that was originally established in the 1870s 62 Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated 63 In 1937 with the rise of Nazi Germany notable German Jewish academics migrated to Brazil some settling in Curitiba 64 Physicist Cesar Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner 65 and Saul Raiz were Jewish A Holocaust memorial is present in the city The community centre a Jewish school a Chabad house Beit Chabad 66 two synagogues 67 and two Jewish cemeteries are there 68 one of which was defiled in 2004 69 nbsp Praca do Japan Japan Square built in honor of japanese immigrantsJapanese immigrants began arriving in 1915 with a larger contingent arriving in 1924 Curitiba received a significant Japanese influx They settled mostly between Parana and Sao Paulo state The city has the second largest Japanese community in Brazil behind only Sao Paulo according to IBGE Although both cities have around the same proportion of Japanese descendants other large cities in the interior of the state of Parana such as Maringa and Londrina have an even higher rate Some estimates suggest that more than 40 000 Japanese Brazilians live in Curitiba 70 Religion edit See also Religion in Brazil Protestantism in Brazil and Roman Catholic Church in Brazil According to the 2010 Brazilian Census most of the population 62 36 is Roman Catholic other religious groups include Protestants or evangelicals 24 03 Spiritists 2 8 Nones 6 71 and people with other religions 3 69 48 49 Economy editSee also Economy of Brazil and Tourism in Brazil nbsp Oi Panoramic Tower nbsp Downtown Curitiba skylineSince it was declared capital of the State of Parana in 1853 the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with issues including transportation and the environment 71 The city is Brazil s second largest car manufacturer Its economy is based on industry commerce and services For that reason Curitiba is considered by many investors to be the best location for investment in Brazil 72 The city receives more than two million tourists every year Most arrive via the Afonso Pena International Airport where almost 60 000 flights land annually 73 According to IPEA data the GDP in 2006 was 32 billion reals without including agriculture and livestock 0 03 Industry represented 34 13 and the commerce and service sectors 65 84 74 Cidade Industrial de Curitiba the industrial district is home to many multinational industries such as Nissan Renault Volkswagen Philip Morris Audi Volvo HSBC Siemens ExxonMobil Electrolux and Kraft Foods as well as many well known national industries such as Sadia O Boticario and Positivo Informatica Curitiba s infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles In July 2001 Curitiba became Brazil s first city to receive the prize Pole of Information Technology granted by InfoExame magazine According to the magazine the companies of Technology and Information Technology based in Curitiba in 2001 achieved US 1 2 billion in revenues representing a growth of 21 over the previous year 75 nbsp Estacao MallThe city s 30 year economic growth rate is 7 1 higher than the national average of 4 2 and per capita income is 66 higher than the Brazilian average Between 1975 and 1995 Curitiba s domestic product grew by some 75 more than the entire State of Parana and 48 more than Brazil as a whole In 1994 tourism generated US 280 million 4 of the city s net income Curitiba has municipal health education and day care networks neighborhood libraries shared by schools and citizens and Citizenship Streets where buildings provide essential public services sports and cultural facilities near transportation terminals At the Open University residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee Policies for job creation and income generation became part of the city s strategic planning in the 1990s for the metropolitan area as well as the city 76 nbsp The Paco Municipal built in 1916Seven large shopping malls are found in Curitiba Mueller Estacao Curitiba Crystal Palladium Patio Batel and Park Barigui The Rua das Flores Street of Flowers is home to the majority of stores The area is pedestrianized with no cars around the centre An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem or Largo da Ordem Street Fair 77 In 2008 according to IBGE Curitiba s nominal GDP was R 45 7 billion or about of US 22 5 billion 78 with R 25 934 or US 13 000 by nominal GDP per capita about of US 5 000 more than Brazilian 2008 nominal GDP per capita making it the fourth richest city in the country after only Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro and the capital Brasilia Curitiba is the second pole of technological innovation in Brazil according to IPEA Applied Economic Research Institute It is Brazil s second best and South America s fifth best city for business according to America Economia Magazine 2005 and 2006 The best destination for business according to Veja Magazine of 2007 The third position among the Champions of Infrastructure Exame Magazine of 2006 The second best city to work in Southern Brazil according to Voce S A Magazine of 2005 The 49th position MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Emerging Markets Index of 2008 One of the highlights according to the survey Offshoring Horizons performed by Watson Wyatt of 2007 One of the 10 global sustainability centres according to Ethisphere Institute of 2008 79 Curitiba is also home to the largest cancer hospital in the South of Brazil Erasto Gaertner Hospital 80 Attractions edit nbsp Botanical Garden of Curitiba nbsp Portugal ParkAttractions in the city include Shrine of the Divine Mercy established by the Marian Fathers near Estrada do Ganchinho in the district of Umbara 81 Municipal market Located near the city s central bus station it houses numerous shops selling imported goods organic products and vegan food The food court has a lot of Asian food vegan food and organic meals Italian Woods Hosts local celebrations 82 Wire Opera House Built on the site of an abandoned quarry 83 Oscar Niemeyer Museum Artists from Parana and other parts of Brazil have their work represented in the museum Three rooms in the Eye are dedicated exclusively to photography 84 nbsp Tangua ParkPanoramic Tower The 360 foot tall lookout tower allows travelers a 360 view of Curitiba and has a telephone museum on the ground floor 84 Portugal Wood Homage to the Portuguese Brazilian bonds this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries 84 Families are often seen picnicking on the grounds Curitiba International Ecological Marathon The Maratona Ecologica Internacional de Curitiba Curitiba International Ecological marathon is held in November and is known as the hardest in Brazil 85 Tourism Line The Linha Tourismo bus stops at key tourist attractions across the city 86 Capao da Imbuia WoodFurther information Atuba ParkEducation editMore than 183 universities operate in the state of Parana 87 nbsp Federal University of Parana was the first university opened in Brazil 88 nbsp Military School of CuritibaTertiary educational institutions edit Universidade Federal do Parana UFPR Federal University of Parana This federal university is the largest of Parana with more than 35 000 students The first university of Brazil Universidade Tecnologica Federal do Parana UTFPR Federal Technologic University of Parana is the first university of technology from Brazil Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Parana Parana Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology Universidade Positivo UP Positivo University private institution Universidade Estadual do Parana UNESPAR State University of Parana which includes EMBAP Parana School of Fine Arts and FAP College of Arts of Parana Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana PUCPR Pontifical Catholic University of Parana A major private university ESIC Business and Marketing School International Website ESIC Centro Universitario Curitiba UNICURITIBA University Center Curitiba old Law School of Curitiba 89 Centro Universitario Internacional UNINTER Fundacao de Estudos Sociais do Parana FESPPR The First Economy Graduation in Parana since 1938Educational system edit In the 1990s the city started a project called Farois do Saber Lighthouses of Knowledge These libraries are free educational centres that include libraries free Internet access and other cultural resources Libraries work with municipal schools offering a collection of approximately 5000 books and provide cultural reference and leisure 90 Among Brazilian capitals Curitiba has the highest literacy rate 91 and ranks number 1 in education among the Brazilian capitals 92 Urban planning edit nbsp Entrance of 24 Hours StreetCuritiba has a planned transportation system which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system The buses are split into three sections bi articulated and stop at designated elevated tubes complete with access for disabled riders Buses charge one price regardless of distance 93 The city preserves and cares for its green areas boasting 51 5 m2 554 sq ft of green space per inhabitant 94 In the 1940s and 1950s Alfred Agache cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies was hired to produce the first city plan It emphasised a star of boulevards with public amenities downtown an industrial district and sanitation The plan was too expensive to complete 95 nbsp Civic Center skyline in Curitiba with many administrative and commercial buildingsBy the 1960s Curitiba s population had reached 430 000 Some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to damage the character of the city In 1964 Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design Architect Jaime Lerner who later became mayor led a team from the Universidade Federal do Parana that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl reduced traffic in the downtown area preservation of Curitiba s Historic Sector and a convenient and affordable public transit system 96 This plan known as the Curitiba Master Plan was adopted in 1968 Lerner closed XV de Novembro St to vehicles because it had high pedestrian traffic The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic the Trinary Road System This used two one way streets moving in opposite directions that surround a smaller two lane street where the express buses have an exclusive lane Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density development to pull traffic away from the main roads In a number of areas subject to floods buildings were condemned and the land became parks 97 Today Curitiba is considered one of the world s best examples of urban planning 98 In June 1996 the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as the most innovative city in the country 99 nbsp 15 November StreetCuritiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as a model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan 100 In the 1980s the RIT Rede Integrada de Transporte Integrated Transport Network was created 101 At the same time the city began building the Farois de Saber Lighthouses of Knowledge educational centres 102 The city has more than 400 km2 154 sq mi of public parks and forests 103 In 2007 the city placed third in a list of 15 Green Cities in the world according to Grist magazine after Reykjavik in Iceland and Portland Oregon in the United States As a result according to one survey 99 of Curitibans are happy with their hometown 104 Jaime Lerner suggests urban acupuncture as the future solution for contemporary urban issues focusing on very narrow pressure points in cities can create positive ripple effects Urban acupuncture reclaims land for the public and emphasizes the importance of community development through small interventions in design of cities 105 It emphasises pinpoint interventions that can be accomplished quickly to create an immediate impact 106 The capacity building job line 107 was created to accelerate economic development About 15 000 new jobs were generated by 2013 108 According to Jonas Rabinovitch a United Nations senior adviser and former planner at the Curitiba Research and Urban Planning Institute IPPUC up to 8 of Curitiba s population still lived in favelas as of 2016 109 According to 2010 census data collected by IBGE 49 700 homes in Curitiba form part of irregular settlements 110 This is equivalent to 163 300 people 110 The population growth of favelas was 12 4 between 2000 and 2010 higher than the population in general 10 3 110 For transportation Curitiba has over 2 million people travel by bus while the city also has the most cars per capita in Brazil 111 Culture editSee also Culture of Brazil nbsp Musicians in Feirinha do largo da ordemIn January 1973 the Fundacao Cultural de Curitiba was set up with the aim of promoting culture 19 nbsp Wire Opera HouseThe Cultural Complex Solar do Barao features the Photography Museum the Engravings Museum and the Posters Museu The MuMA Museu Metropolitano de Arte Museum of Metropolitan Art displays artists from the state of Parana as well as renowned Brazilian painters such as Pancetti Guignard and Di Cavalcanti 19 The Polish Immigrants Memorial also known as The Pope s Woods offers an enjoyable area surrounded by trees which makes it a perfect choice for a stroll The Polish Pope John Paul II blessed the first replica of the traditional Polish houses that beautifully make up the Bosque do Papa when he visited the city in 1980 112 113 nbsp Restaurante Madalosso one of the largest restaurants in the worldIn 2003 Curitiba received the American Capital of Culture title granted by the OAS Organization of American States 19 Gastronomy edit The capital of Parana is an important gastronomic center in Brazil and the typical foods of Curitiba tend be very different when compared to other common Brazilian dishes The dishes of the local cuisine are a reflection of the history of the municipality and the typical foods Curitiba s cuisine has mainly been influenced by Italian Polish and German immigrants 114 Curitiba is the home of the largest restaurant in the Americas and one of the world s largest restaurants Restaurante Madalosso Madalosso can feed more than 4 600 diners at a time in its 10 dining rooms all named after Italian cities Founded in 1963 the all you can eat Madalosso focuses on family style Italian cuisine ravioli lasagna gnocchi and salads rounded out with grilled meats 115 nbsp Egyptian Museum and RosicrucianismArts and entertainment edit Curitiba was Brazil s first city to have an IMAX movie theatre 116 Curitiba has many theaters The largest and most important one is the Guaira Theater 117 Every year in April it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival Museums edit Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer designed the extravagant state museum of Curitiba 118 nbsp Tourism bus line in CuritibaMuseu Paranaense Paranaense Museum dedicated to arts and history Oscar Niemeyer Museum the largest museum of South America 119 dedicated to plastic arts Museu de Arte Sacra Religious Art Museum the focus is Christian art Museu do Expedicionario Museum of the Expeditionary dedicated to Brazilian participation in World War II Museu de Arte Contemporanea Museum of Contemporary Art Museu da Imagem e do Som Image and Sound Museum about cinema photography and music Museu Egipcio e Rosa Cruz Egyptian Museum and Rosicrucianism ancient Egypt antiquities Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba modern art Museu de Historia Natural Natural History Museum biology and botany Museu do Holocausto Holocaust Museum 120 Festivals edit Curitiba has yearly festivals related to arts such as Curitiba Theatre Festival 121 and the Music Workshop of Curitiba 122 Others celebrate immigrants festivals such as the Grape Feast Festa da Uva 123 which is related to Italian immigrants and the four Matsuri related to Japanese immigrants The four Matsuri set in Curitiba are Imin Matsuri Japanese 移民祭り Immigration Festival which celebrates the arrival of Japanese immigrants in Brazil 124 125 Haru Matsuri Japanese 春祭り Spring Festival which celebrates the end of winter and coming of spring 126 Hana Matsuri 127 Japanese 花祭り Flower Festival which celebrates the birth of Sakyamuni 128 and Seto Matsuri Seto Festival in honor of Claudio Seto 129 comic artist precursor of the manga in Brazil and idealist of the first Matsuri in Curitiba Curitiba also hold the famous Psycho Carnival 130 a three day festival that happens during the Brazilian Carnival but devoted to psychobilly and rockabilly genres attracting people from all over the world In the same occasion the Zombie Walk also happens The 2016 edition took more than 20 000 people to the streets 131 UN Convention on Biodiversity edit On 20 31 March 2006 the Convention on biodiversity took place in Pinhais a city near Curitiba addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries 132 Transportation edit nbsp Estacao Tubo Praca Osorio one of the tube shaped bus stops in Curitiba nbsp The orange taxis of CuritibaPublic transport edit Main article Rede Integrada de Transporte Curitiba s public transportation consists entirely of buses It opened the world s second bus rapid transit BRT system Rede Integrada de Transporte in 1974 133 The popularity of Curitiba s BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel Based on 1991 traveler survey results it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year annually saving about 27 million liters of fuel In particular 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita resulting in one of the country s lowest rates of ambient air pollution Some 1 100 buses make 12 500 trips every day serving more than 1 3 million passengers 50 times the number from 20 years ago Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on transportation far below the national average 134 nbsp The biggest bi articulated bus in the world operating in the city Curitiba has in its transport fleet the largest bi articulated bus in the world with 28 meters in length and capacity for 250 passengers The bus operates only with soy based biofuel which reduces pollutant emissions by 50 135 The city government has been planning to introduce an underground metro for a number of years and in 2014 announced opened tenders for a 35 year public private partnership contract to build and operate a 17 6 km 10 9 mi 14 station north south line The cost is estimated at 4 62 billion reais 136 Roads edit nbsp Rodovia do Cafe Coffee Highway one of the highways serving Curitiba Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one way streets and frequent traffic jams The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for drivers Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid Apart from some points around the city centre Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue traffic jams are not severe 137 Air edit Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba s main airport It is located in the nearby city of Sao Jose dos Pinhais All commercial flights operate from this airport 138 It was evaluated as the best airport in Brazil according to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Brazil 139 The airport obtained the highest marks among all participants for queuing time at customs and the cordiality of customs officials availability of sockets and seats in the departure lounge quality of airport signage and vehicle parking facilities availability and cleanliness of the toilets general cleaning airport thermal and acoustic comfort quality of information on baggage claim conveyor panels as well as availability of public transport to the airport 139 There is also the Bacacheri Airport a smaller general aviation facility It serves the handling of small and medium business aircraft Rail edit Brazil s transportation and railway company Rumo has its headquarters in Curitiba 140 Serra Verde Express provides a tourist train through scenic country 141 to Morretes and Paranagua 142 nbsp Cable tram on XV November streetOthers edit The city has 100 km 62 mi of bike routes used by around 30 thousand bikers daily City streets carry almost one million vehicles of which 2 253 are orange Taxis To service these vehicles more than 355 petrol stations serve the city 143 Curitiba public transportation statistics edit The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Curitiba for example to and from work on a weekday is 72 min 21 of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min while 33 of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km while 12 travel for over 12 km in a single direction 144 Sports editMain articles 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil nbsp Arena da BaixadaCuritiba has three teams in the city Athletico Paranaense Coritiba and Parana Clube Parana Clube plays at Estadio Durival Britto e Silva Coritiba plays at Estadio Major Antonio Couto Pereira and Club Athletico Paranaense plays at Estadio Joaquim Americo Guimaraes Both Coritiba and Athletico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Serie A in 1985 and 2001 respectively Estadio Joaquim Americo Guimaraes was one of the 12 stadiums to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil The traditional stadium Vila Capanema have hosted the 1950 FIFA World Cup which still is home to Parana Clube 145 The Autodromo Internacional de Curitiba Curitiba International Raceway is located in nearby Pinhais Curitiba has also one of the main rugby union clubs in Brazil Curitiba Rugby Clube national champions in 2014 and 2016 A number of top stars in mixed martial arts are Curitiba natives including the Rua brothers Mauricio Shogun and Murilo Ninja Wanderlei Silva Anderson Silva and women s MMA pioneer Cris Cyborg Much of the city s success in MMA comes from it hosting the influential Chute Boxe Academy and its successor Universidade da luta nbsp Panorama of the interior of the Joaquim Americo Guimaraes Stadium or Arena da Baixada during a game in 2019Neighborhoods edit nbsp Curitiba s neighborhoods and boroughsMost districts of Curitiba were born of colonial groups formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century The centro downtown or central business district where the city was founded is the most bustling area housing most of the financial institutions of Curitiba Bairros neighborhoods of Curitiba define the city s geographical divisions Administrative powers are not delegated to neighborhoods although neighborhood associations work to improve their communities Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments boroughs covering the 75 neighborhoods Civic Center In Portuguese Centro Civico is where the main government buildings are located It was the first neighborhood in the municipality of Curitiba capital of the state of Parana The name means Center of the Citizen It was conceived in 1953 with the greater independence which came with the creation of a new state 146 147 In August 2011 the Civic Center was listed as an urban and architectural ensemble The buildings on the central axis of Avenida Candido de Abreu are protected including Plaza 19 de Dezembro Tiradentes State College Courts of Justice Accounts and Jury buildings the Iguacu Palace the Oscar Niemeyer Museum and the Square Our Lady of Salette 148 International relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil nbsp Oscar Niemeyer MuseumTwin towns sister cities edit Curitiba is twinned with 149 nbsp Asuncion Paraguay nbsp Coimbra Portugal nbsp Columbus United States nbsp Guadalajara Mexico nbsp Hangzhou China nbsp Himeji Japan nbsp Jacksonville United States nbsp Krakow Poland nbsp Lyon France 150 nbsp Montevideo Uruguay nbsp Orlando United States nbsp Santa Cruz de la Sierra Bolivia nbsp Suwon South Korea nbsp Treviso Italy nbsp Miami Dade United States 151 Cooperation agreements edit Curitiba has cooperation agreements with nbsp Lisbon Portugal 152 People edit nbsp Street mall in Curitiba nbsp Landscape with Canoe on the Margin 1922 Painting by Alfredo Andersen Sao Paulo Museum of Art Sao Paulo nbsp Araucarias of Botanical Garden nbsp Passeio Publico is the oldest public park in Curitiba It opened in 1886 nbsp German Portal in the Plaza of Culture German in Curitiba nbsp Cherry blossoms in Curitiba nbsp Apartment towers in the Campo Comprido neighborhoodAviation edit Pierre Clostermann World War II French pilot engineer Egon Albrecht World War II German flying acePolitics edit Sergio Moro Politician Gleisi Hoffmann PoliticianScience edit Newton da Costa mathematician Jose Hauer electrical engineer Alex Kipman scientist Ned Kock systems scientist Cesar Lattes physicist Ricardo Ramina physicianSports edit ChessJaime Sunye Neto chess GrandmasterFootballAdriano Correia Alex Cuca Alfredo Caju Gottardi Andre the Dede of Goal Rodrigo Crasso Dirceu Kruger Fabiano the Fabigoal Giuliano Levir Culpi Lucio Flavio Paulo Rink Patesko Perdigao Tcheco Thiago Cionek Thiago Neves Mixed martial artsCristiane Cyborg Justino Bruno Pucci Mauricio Shogun Rua Murilo Ninja Rua Wanderlei Silva Anderson SilvaMotorsportsEnrique Bernoldi Formula One driver IndyCar driver Raul Boesel Formula One driver IndyCar driver 1987 World Sportscar Championship champion Marco Campos racing driver Pietro Fantin racing driver Augusto Farfus DTM driver for BMW Lico Kaesemodel racing driver Tarso Marques Formula One driver Diego Nunes racing driver Sergio Paese racing driver Edson Reis racing driver Nilton Rossoni racing driver Leonardo de Souza racing driver Ricardo Zonta Formula One driver 1998 FIA GT Championship championBasketballRolando Ferreira Gold medalist at the 1987 Pan American Games former Portland Trail Blazers playerBeach volleyballEmanuel Rego gold medalist in 2004 Olympics bronze in 2008 Olympics and silver in 2012 Olympics Agatha Bednarczuk silver medalist in 2016 Olympics Horse racingJoao Moreira jockeyPokerAlexandre Gomes WSOP and WPT world champion 2008 2009 SkateboardingGui KhurySwimmingHenrique Rodrigues Fernanda de GoeijArchitecture edit Jaime Lerner Joao Batista Vilanova ArtigasArts edit Abraskadabra Ska punk band Alfredo Andersen Norwegian painter and sculptor 153 Andrade Muricy composer and musical and literary critic 154 Dalton Trevisan writer Emilio de Meneses poet and journalist immortal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters 155 Fernanda Machado actress Florian Essenfelder piano maker Francisco Lachowski super model Guido Viaro Italian painter and teacher 156 Guilherme Weber actor Guta Stresser actress Icarius De Menezes creative director Isabeli Fontana super model Isadora Ribeiro actress Ary Fontoura brazilian actor writer and blogger Ewandro Stenzowski operatic tenor Katiuscia Canoro actress Luis Melo actor Luiz Carlos Alborghetti TV host Marjorie Estiano actress and singer Henrique de Curitiba composer Marcelo Madureira brazilian comedian part of the Casseta amp Planeta Simone Spoladore actress Tasso da Silveira poet journalist deputy and professor 157 See also editHistory of Parana Luxembourgish BraziliansReferences edit a b c IBGE 2021 in Portuguese Archived from the original on 15 September 2019 Retrieved 21 February 2023 TelluBase Brazil Fact Sheet Tellusant Public Service Series PDF Tellusant Retrieved 11 January 2024 Archived copy PDF United Nations Development Programme UNDP Archived from the original PDF on 8 July 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica PDF Archived PDF from the original on 27 August 2021 Retrieved 21 February 2023 Curitiba Rnestrangeiros com br Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 Retrieved 22 March 2017 a b Tradicoes Culturais in Portuguese Curitiba parana net Archived from the original on 11 February 2011 Retrieved 7 March 2011 A imigracao arabe muculmana em Curitiba in Portuguese Etni cidade Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 Retrieved 3 October 2008 Dados do IBGE sobre Curitiba in Portuguese IBGE Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 Retrieved 31 July 2011 Quase metade 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Curitiba BibliographyExternal links edit nbsp Brazil portal nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Curityba Curitiba at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage nbsp Data from Wikidata in Portuguese Official homepage Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Curitiba amp oldid 1206892786, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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