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Chemical compound

January 09, 2023

A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound. A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction, which may involve interactions with other substances. In this process, bonds between atoms may be broken and/or new bonds formed.

Pure water (H2O) is an example of a compound. The ball-and-stick model of the molecule shows the spatial association of two parts hydrogen (white) and one part oxygen (red)

There are four major types of compounds, distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together. Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds; ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds; intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds; coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Non-stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case.

A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule, using the standard chemical symbols with numerical subscripts. Many chemical compounds have a unique CAS number identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service. Globally, more than 350,000 chemical compounds (including mixtures of chemicals) have been registered for production and use.[1]

Definitions

Any substance consisting of two or more different types of atoms (chemical elements) in a fixed stoichiometric proportion can be termed a chemical compound; the concept is most readily understood when considering pure chemical substances.[2]: 15  [3][4] It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted, via chemical reaction, into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms.[5] A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using chemical symbols for the chemical elements, and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved. For example, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom: the chemical formula is H2O. In the case of non-stoichiometric compounds, the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation, and give fixed proportions of their component elements, but proportions that are not integral [e.g., for palladium hydride, PdHx (0.02 < x < 0.58)].[6]

Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds. Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds, salts held together by ionic bonds, intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds, or the subset of chemical complexes that are held together by coordinate covalent bonds.[7] Pure chemical elements are generally not considered chemical compounds, failing the two or more atom requirement, though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms (such as in the diatomic molecule H2, or the polyatomic molecule S8, etc.).[7] Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS): its CAS number.

There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances, which include truly non-stoichiometric examples, from chemical compounds, which require the fixed ratios. Many solid chemical substances—for example many silicate minerals—are chemical substances, but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios; even so, these crystalline substances are often called "non-stoichiometric compounds". It may be argued that they are related to, rather than being chemical compounds, insofar as the variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true chemical compound, or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure; such non-stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of the Earth. Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements, which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly.

Types

Molecules

Main article: Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.[8][9][10] A molecule may be homonuclear, that is, it consists of atoms of one chemical element, as with two atoms in the oxygen molecule (O2); or it may be heteronuclear, a chemical compound composed of more than one element, as with water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H2O). A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance.[11]

Ionic compounds

Main article: Ionic compound

An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. The compound is neutral overall, but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions. These can be simple ions such as the sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) in sodium chloride, or polyatomic species such as the ammonium (NH+
4) and carbonate (CO2−
3) ions in ammonium carbonate. Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours, so are not considered to be part of molecules, but instead part of a continuous three-dimensional network, usually in a crystalline structure.

Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide (OH−) or oxide (O2−) are classified as bases. Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid–base reactions. Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent, precipitation, freezing, a solid-state reaction, or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non-metals, such as halogen gases.

Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points, and are hard and brittle. As solids they are almost always electrically insulating, but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive, because the ions are mobilized.

Intermetallic compounds

Main article: Intermetallic compound

An intermetallic compound is a type of metallic alloy that forms an ordered solid-state compound between two or more metallic elements. Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle, with good high-temperature mechanical properties.[12][13][14] They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds.[12]

Complexes

Main article: Coordination complex

A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.[15][16][17] Many metal-containing compounds, especially those of transition metals, are coordination complexes.[18] A coordination complex whose centre is a metal atom is called a metal complex of d block element.

Bonding and forces

Compounds are held together through a variety of different types of bonding and forces. The differences in the types of bonds in compounds differ based on the types of elements present in the compound.

London dispersion forces are the weakest force of all intermolecular forces. They are temporary attractive forces that form when the electrons in two adjacent atoms are positioned so that they create a temporary dipole. Additionally, London dispersion forces are responsible for condensing non polar substances to liquids, and to further freeze to a solid state dependent on how low the temperature of the environment is.[19]

A covalent bond, also known as a molecular bond, involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Primarily, this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table of elements, yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals. This is due to the mechanism of this type of bond. Elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities, which means they have a similar affinity for electrons. Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons, it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable octet.

Ionic bonding occurs when valence electrons are completely transferred between elements. Opposite to covalent bonding, this chemical bond creates two oppositely charged ions. The metals in ionic bonding usually lose their valence electrons, becoming a positively charged cation. The nonmetal will gain the electrons from the metal, making the nonmetal a negatively charged anion. As outlined, ionic bonds occur between an electron donor, usually a metal, and an electron acceptor, which tends to be a nonmetal.[20]

Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom forms an electrostatic connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles or charges.[21][22][23]

Reactions

Main article: Chemical reaction

A compound can be converted to a different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a chemical reaction. In this process, bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds, and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms. Schematically, this reaction could be described as AB + CD → AD + CB, where A, B, C, and D are each unique atoms; and AB, AD, CD, and CB are each unique compounds.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wang, Zhanyun; Walker, Glen W.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Nagatani-Yoshida, Kakuko (2020-01-22). "Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution: A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories". Environmental Science & Technology. 54 (5): 2575–2584. Bibcode:2020EnST...54.2575W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06379. PMID 31968937.
  2. ^ Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, M. Larry (2000), General Chemistry (6th ed.), Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing/Harcourt College Publishers, ISBN 978-0-03-072373-5
  3. ^ Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene; Bursten, Bruce E.; Murphy, Catherine J.; Woodward, Patrick (2013), Chemistry: The Central Science (3rd ed.), Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson/Prentice Hall, pp. 5–6, ISBN 9781442559462, from the original on 2021-05-31, retrieved 2020-12-08
  4. ^ Hill, John W.; Petrucci, Ralph H.; McCreary, Terry W.; Perry, Scott S. (2005), General Chemistry (4th ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, p. 6, ISBN 978-0-13-140283-6, from the original on 2009-03-22
  5. ^ Wilbraham, Antony; Matta, Michael; Staley, Dennis; Waterman, Edward (2002), Chemistry (1st ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, p. 36, ISBN 978-0-13-251210-7
  6. ^ Manchester, F. D.; San-Martin, A.; Pitre, J. M. (1994). "The H-Pd (hydrogen-palladium) System". Journal of Phase Equilibria. 15: 62–83. doi:10.1007/BF02667685. S2CID 95343702. Phase diagram for Palladium-Hydrogen System
  7. ^ a b Atkins, Peter; Jones, Loretta (2004). Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight. W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-5701-6.
  8. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Molecule". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04002
  9. ^ Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). General Chemistry (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 978-0-395-43302-7.
  10. ^ Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). Chemistry – the Central Science (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-066997-1.
  11. ^ "Definition of Molecule - NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms - NCI". www.cancer.gov. 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  12. ^ a b Askeland, Donald R.; Wright, Wendelin J. (January 2015). "11-2 Intermetallic Compounds". The science and engineering of materials (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA. pp. 387–389. ISBN 978-1-305-07676-1. OCLC 903959750. from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  13. ^ Panel On Intermetallic Alloy Development, Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems (1997). Intermetallic alloy development : a program evaluation. National Academies Press. p. 10. ISBN 0-309-52438-5. OCLC 906692179. from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  14. ^ Soboyejo, W. O. (2003). "1.4.3 Intermetallics". Mechanical properties of engineered materials. Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-8900-8. OCLC 300921090. from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  15. ^ Lawrance, Geoffrey A. (2010). Introduction to Coordination Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470687123. ISBN 9780470687123.
  16. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "complex". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01203
  17. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "coordination entity". doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01330
  18. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  19. ^ "London Dispersion Forces". www.chem.purdue.edu. from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  20. ^ "Ionic and Covalent Bonds". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. from the original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
  21. ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "hydrogen bond". doi:10.1351/goldbook.H02899
  22. ^ "Hydrogen Bonding". www.chem.purdue.edu. from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
  23. ^ "intermolecular bonding – hydrogen bonds". www.chemguide.co.uk. from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2017-10-28.

Further reading

 
Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical compounds.
  • Robert Siegfried (1 October 2002), From elements to atoms: a history of chemical composition, American Philosophical Society, ISBN 978-0-87169-924-4

January 09, 2023
chemical, compound, chemical, compound, chemical, substance, composed, many, identical, molecules, molecular, entities, containing, atoms, from, more, than, chemical, element, held, together, chemical, bonds, molecule, consisting, atoms, only, element, therefo. A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules or molecular entities containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds A molecule consisting of atoms of only one element is therefore not a compound A compound can be transformed into a different substance by a chemical reaction which may involve interactions with other substances In this process bonds between atoms may be broken and or new bonds formed Pure water H2O is an example of a compound The ball and stick model of the molecule shows the spatial association of two parts hydrogen white and one part oxygen red There are four major types of compounds distinguished by how the constituent atoms are bonded together Molecular compounds are held together by covalent bonds ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds coordination complexes are held together by coordinate covalent bonds Non stoichiometric compounds form a disputed marginal case A chemical formula specifies the number of atoms of each element in a compound molecule using the standard chemical symbols with numerical subscripts Many chemical compounds have a unique CAS number identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service Globally more than 350 000 chemical compounds including mixtures of chemicals have been registered for production and use 1 Contents 1 Definitions 2 Types 2 1 Molecules 2 2 Ionic compounds 2 3 Intermetallic compounds 2 4 Complexes 3 Bonding and forces 4 Reactions 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingDefinitionsAny substance consisting of two or more different types of atoms chemical elements in a fixed stoichiometric proportion can be termed a chemical compound the concept is most readily understood when considering pure chemical substances 2 15 3 4 It follows from their being composed of fixed proportions of two or more types of atoms that chemical compounds can be converted via chemical reaction into compounds or substances each having fewer atoms 5 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound using chemical symbols for the chemical elements and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms involved For example water is composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom the chemical formula is H2O In the case of non stoichiometric compounds the proportions may be reproducible with regard to their preparation and give fixed proportions of their component elements but proportions that are not integral e g for palladium hydride PdHx 0 02 lt x lt 0 58 6 Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds Chemical compounds can be molecular compounds held together by covalent bonds salts held together by ionic bonds intermetallic compounds held together by metallic bonds or the subset of chemical complexes that are held together by coordinate covalent bonds 7 Pure chemical elements are generally not considered chemical compounds failing the two or more atom requirement though they often consist of molecules composed of multiple atoms such as in the diatomic molecule H2 or the polyatomic molecule S8 etc 7 Many chemical compounds have a unique numerical identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service CAS its CAS number There is varying and sometimes inconsistent nomenclature differentiating substances which include truly non stoichiometric examples from chemical compounds which require the fixed ratios Many solid chemical substances for example many silicate minerals are chemical substances but do not have simple formulae reflecting chemically bonding of elements to one another in fixed ratios even so these crystalline substances are often called non stoichiometric compounds It may be argued that they are related to rather than being chemical compounds insofar as the variability in their compositions is often due to either the presence of foreign elements trapped within the crystal structure of an otherwise known true chemical compound or due to perturbations in structure relative to the known compound that arise because of an excess of deficit of the constituent elements at places in its structure such non stoichiometric substances form most of the crust and mantle of the Earth Other compounds regarded as chemically identical may have varying amounts of heavy or light isotopes of the constituent elements which changes the ratio of elements by mass slightly TypesMolecules Main article Molecule A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds 8 9 10 A molecule may be homonuclear that is it consists of atoms of one chemical element as with two atoms in the oxygen molecule O2 or it may be heteronuclear a chemical compound composed of more than one element as with water two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom H2O A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance 11 Ionic compounds Main article Ionic compound An ionic compound is a chemical compound composed of ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding The compound is neutral overall but consists of positively charged ions called cations and negatively charged ions called anions These can be simple ions such as the sodium Na and chloride Cl in sodium chloride or polyatomic species such as the ammonium NH 4 and carbonate CO2 3 ions in ammonium carbonate Individual ions within an ionic compound usually have multiple nearest neighbours so are not considered to be part of molecules but instead part of a continuous three dimensional network usually in a crystalline structure Ionic compounds containing basic ions hydroxide OH or oxide O2 are classified as bases Ionic compounds without these ions are also known as salts and can be formed by acid base reactions Ionic compounds can also be produced from their constituent ions by evaporation of their solvent precipitation freezing a solid state reaction or the electron transfer reaction of reactive metals with reactive non metals such as halogen gases Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points and are hard and brittle As solids they are almost always electrically insulating but when melted or dissolved they become highly conductive because the ions are mobilized Intermetallic compounds Main article Intermetallic compound An intermetallic compound is a type of metallic alloy that forms an ordered solid state compound between two or more metallic elements Intermetallics are generally hard and brittle with good high temperature mechanical properties 12 13 14 They can be classified as stoichiometric or nonstoichiometric intermetallic compounds 12 Complexes Main article Coordination complex A coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents 15 16 17 Many metal containing compounds especially those of transition metals are coordination complexes 18 A coordination complex whose centre is a metal atom is called a metal complex of d block element Bonding and forcesCompounds are held together through a variety of different types of bonding and forces The differences in the types of bonds in compounds differ based on the types of elements present in the compound London dispersion forces are the weakest force of all intermolecular forces They are temporary attractive forces that form when the electrons in two adjacent atoms are positioned so that they create a temporary dipole Additionally London dispersion forces are responsible for condensing non polar substances to liquids and to further freeze to a solid state dependent on how low the temperature of the environment is 19 A covalent bond also known as a molecular bond involves the sharing of electrons between two atoms Primarily this type of bond occurs between elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table of elements yet it is observed between some metals and nonmetals This is due to the mechanism of this type of bond Elements that fall close to each other on the periodic table tend to have similar electronegativities which means they have a similar affinity for electrons Since neither element has a stronger affinity to donate or gain electrons it causes the elements to share electrons so both elements have a more stable octet Ionic bonding occurs when valence electrons are completely transferred between elements Opposite to covalent bonding this chemical bond creates two oppositely charged ions The metals in ionic bonding usually lose their valence electrons becoming a positively charged cation The nonmetal will gain the electrons from the metal making the nonmetal a negatively charged anion As outlined ionic bonds occur between an electron donor usually a metal and an electron acceptor which tends to be a nonmetal 20 Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom forms an electrostatic connection with another electronegative atom through interacting dipoles or charges 21 22 23 ReactionsMain article Chemical reaction A compound can be converted to a different chemical composition by interaction with a second chemical compound via a chemical reaction In this process bonds between atoms are broken in both of the interacting compounds and then bonds are reformed so that new associations are made between atoms Schematically this reaction could be described as AB CD AD CB where A B C and D are each unique atoms and AB AD CD and CB are each unique compounds See alsoChemical structure IUPAC nomenclature Dictionary of chemical formulas List of compoundsReferences Wang Zhanyun Walker Glen W Muir Derek C G Nagatani Yoshida Kakuko 2020 01 22 Toward a Global Understanding of Chemical Pollution A First Comprehensive Analysis of National and Regional Chemical Inventories Environmental Science amp Technology 54 5 2575 2584 Bibcode 2020EnST 54 2575W doi 10 1021 acs est 9b06379 PMID 31968937 Whitten Kenneth W Davis Raymond E Peck M Larry 2000 General Chemistry 6th ed Fort Worth TX Saunders College Publishing Harcourt College Publishers ISBN 978 0 03 072373 5 Brown Theodore L LeMay H Eugene Bursten Bruce E Murphy Catherine J Woodward Patrick 2013 Chemistry The Central Science 3rd ed Frenchs Forest NSW Pearson Prentice Hall pp 5 6 ISBN 9781442559462 archived from the original on 2021 05 31 retrieved 2020 12 08 Hill John W Petrucci Ralph H McCreary Terry W Perry Scott S 2005 General Chemistry 4th ed Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall p 6 ISBN 978 0 13 140283 6 archived from the original on 2009 03 22 Wilbraham Antony Matta Michael Staley Dennis Waterman Edward 2002 Chemistry 1st ed Upper Saddle River NJ Pearson Prentice Hall p 36 ISBN 978 0 13 251210 7 Manchester F D San Martin A Pitre J M 1994 The H Pd hydrogen palladium System Journal of Phase Equilibria 15 62 83 doi 10 1007 BF02667685 S2CID 95343702 Phase diagram for Palladium Hydrogen System a b Atkins Peter Jones Loretta 2004 Chemical Principles The Quest for Insight W H Freeman ISBN 978 0 7167 5701 6 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 Molecule doi 10 1351 goldbook M04002 Ebbin Darrell D 1990 General Chemistry 3rd ed Boston Houghton Mifflin Co ISBN 978 0 395 43302 7 Brown T L Kenneth C Kemp Theodore L Brown Harold Eugene LeMay Bruce Edward Bursten 2003 Chemistry the Central Science 9th ed New Jersey Prentice Hall ISBN 978 0 13 066997 1 Definition of Molecule NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI www cancer gov 2011 02 02 Retrieved 2022 08 26 a b Askeland Donald R Wright Wendelin J January 2015 11 2 Intermetallic Compounds The science and engineering of materials Seventh ed Boston MA pp 387 389 ISBN 978 1 305 07676 1 OCLC 903959750 Archived from the original on 2021 05 31 Retrieved 2020 11 10 Panel On Intermetallic Alloy Development Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems 1997 Intermetallic alloy development a program evaluation National Academies Press p 10 ISBN 0 309 52438 5 OCLC 906692179 Archived from the original on 2021 05 31 Retrieved 2020 11 10 Soboyejo W O 2003 1 4 3 Intermetallics Mechanical properties of engineered materials Marcel Dekker ISBN 0 8247 8900 8 OCLC 300921090 Archived from the original on 2021 05 31 Retrieved 2020 11 10 Lawrance Geoffrey A 2010 Introduction to Coordination Chemistry Wiley doi 10 1002 9780470687123 ISBN 9780470687123 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 complex doi 10 1351 goldbook C01203 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 coordination entity doi 10 1351 goldbook C01330 Greenwood Norman N Earnshaw Alan 1997 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd ed Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 978 0 08 037941 8 London Dispersion Forces www chem purdue edu Archived from the original on 2017 01 13 Retrieved 2017 09 13 Ionic and Covalent Bonds Chemistry LibreTexts 2013 10 02 Archived from the original on 2017 09 13 Retrieved 2017 09 13 IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd ed the Gold Book 1997 Online corrected version 2006 hydrogen bond doi 10 1351 goldbook H02899 Hydrogen Bonding www chem purdue edu Archived from the original on 2011 08 08 Retrieved 2017 10 28 intermolecular bonding hydrogen bonds www chemguide co uk Archived from the original on 2016 12 19 Retrieved 2017 10 28 Further reading Look up chemical compound in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical compounds Robert Siegfried 1 October 2002 From elements to atoms a history of chemical composition American Philosophical Society ISBN 978 0 87169 924 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chemical compound amp oldid 1132568039, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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