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Trait theory

April 07, 2023

In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion.[1] According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behaviour. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.

In some theories and systems, traits are something a person either has or does not have, but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs. introversion, with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum.

Trait theory suggests that some natural behaviours may give someone an advantage in a position of leadership.[2]

There are two approaches to define traits: as internal causal properties or as purely descriptive summaries. The internal causal definition states that traits influence our behaviours, leading us to do things in line with that trait. On the other hand, traits as descriptive summaries are descriptions of our actions that do not try to infer causality.[3]

History

Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits. This early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality.[4] He also referred to traits within his work as dispositions. In his approach, "cardinal" traits are those that dominate and shape a person's behavior; their ruling passions/obsessions, such as a need for money, fame etc. By contrast, "central" traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person – and finally "secondary" traits are those seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know), which are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.[5]

A wide variety of alternative theories and scales were later developed, including:

Currently, two general approaches are the most popular:[citation needed]

Trait theory in cross-cultural use

Cultures are widely known and accepted as being different in varying degrees. This can make the study of personality difficult as meaning and the expression of traits may be different within cultural groups. Trait theory uses a hierarchy of traits in order to separate culture from the traits; it can be said the culture is ignored in order to focus on the individual traits and how they are connected to the individual.[10] Gordon Allport's trait theory not only served as a foundational approach within personality psychology, but also is continued to be viewed and discussed by other disciplines such as anthropology because of how he approached culture within trait theory.[10]

Trait theory tends to focus on the individual over the situation in which they are in.[11] This focus has relaxed within modern studies allowing for a consideration of the external factors outside of the self. As the focus becomes more relaxed (but still prominent as it is a main part of the theory) research expands.

Comparing EPQ and Big Five

Testing methodology, and factors

Both the EPQ and Big Five approaches extensively use self-report questionnaires. The factors are intended to be orthogonal (uncorrelated),[12] though there are often small positive correlations between factors. The five factor model in particular has been criticized for losing the orthogonal structure between factors.[13][14] Hans Eysenck has argued that fewer factors are superior to a larger number of partly related ones.[15] Although these two approaches are comparable because of the use of factor analysis to construct hierarchical taxonomies, they differ in the organization and number of factors.

Whatever the causes, psychoticism marks the two approaches apart, as the five factor model contains no such trait. Moreover, psychoticism, unlike any of the other factors in either approach, does not fit a normal distribution curve. Indeed, scores are rarely high, thus skewing a normal distribution.[16] However, when they are high, there is considerable overlap with psychiatric conditions such as antisocial and schizoid personality disorders. Similarly, high scorers on neuroticism are more susceptible to sleep and psychosomatic disorders.[17] Five factor approaches can also predict future mental disorders.[18][19]

Lower-order factors

 
Similarities between lower-order factors for psychoticism and the facets of openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (from Matthews, Deary & Whiteman, 2003)

There are two higher-order factors that both taxonomies clearly share: extraversion and neuroticism. Both approaches broadly accept that extraversion is associated with sociability and positive affect, whereas neuroticism is associated with emotional instability and negative affect.[16]

Many lower-order factors, or facets, are similar between the two taxonomies. For instance, both approaches contain factors for sociability/gregariousness, for activity levels, and for assertiveness within the higher order factor extraversion. However, there are differences too. First, the three-factor approach contains nine lower-order factors and the five-factor approach has six.[16]

Eysenck's psychoticism factor incorporates some of the polar opposites of the lower order factors of openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. A high scorer on tough-mindedness in psychoticism would score low on tender-mindedness in agreeableness. Most of the differences between the taxonomies stem from the three factor model's emphasis on fewer high-order factors.

Causality

Although both major trait models are descriptive, only the three-factor model offers a detailed causal explanation. Eysenck suggests that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the brain, which themselves are the result of genetic factors.[20] In particular, the three-factor model identifies the reticular system and the limbic system in the brain as key components that mediate cortical arousal and emotional responses respectively. Eysenck advocates that extraverts have low levels of cortical arousal and introverts have high levels, leading extraverts to seek out more stimulation from socializing and being venturesome.[21] Moreover, Eysenck surmised that there would be an optimal level of arousal, after which inhibition would occur and that this would be different for each person.[22]

In a similar vein, the three-factor approach theorizes that neuroticism is mediated by levels of arousal in the limbic system and that individual differences arise because of variable activation thresholds between people. Therefore, highly neurotic people when presented with minor stressors, will exceed this threshold, whereas people low in neuroticism will not exceed normal activation levels, even when presented with large stressors. By contrast, proponents of the five-factor approach assume a role of genetics[9] and environment[23] but offer no explicit causal explanation.

Given this emphasis on biology in the three-factor approach, it would be expected that the third trait, psychoticism, would have a similar explanation. However, the causal properties of this state are not well defined. Eysenck has suggested that psychoticism is related to testosterone levels and is an inverse function of the serotonergic system,[24] but he later revised this, linking it instead to the dopaminergic system.[25]

List of personality traits

Personality traits
Openness to experience Composed of two related but separable traits, Openness to Experience and Intellect. Behavioral aspects include having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful, correlated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Considered primarily a cognitive trait.[26]
Conscientiousness Scrupulous, meticulous, principled behavior guided or conforming to one's own conscience. Associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.[27][28][29]
Extraversion Gregarious, outgoing, sociable, projecting one's personality outward. The opposite of extraversion is introversion. Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse. Extraversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala.[30][31][32]
Agreeableness Refers to a compliant, trusting, empathic, sympathetic, friendly and cooperative nature.[33][34][35]
Neuroticism Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress. Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious, depressed, self-conscious, impulsive, vulnerable and display angry hostility. "Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology" (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1969). Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin transporter (5-HTT) binding sites in the thalamus: as well as activity in the insular cortex.[36][37][38] Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences.[23]
Honesty-humility Tendency towards sincerity, modesty, fairness, and greed avoidance. Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain.
Self-esteem (low) A "favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self" (Rosenberg, 1965). An individual's sense of his or her value or worth, or the extent to which a person values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself" (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1991).[39][40][41]
Harm avoidance A tendency towards shyness, being fearful and uncertain, tendency to worry. Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance. People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance.[42] The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to levels of HA, in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal, occipital and parietal regions.[43][44][45][46]
Novelty seeking Impulsive, exploratory, fickle, excitable, quick-tempered, and extravagant. Associated with addictive behavior.
Sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) The defining trait of highly sensitive persons, characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs' greater proclivity to overstimulation, emotional reactivity and empathy, and sensitivity to stimuli.[47][48]
Perfectionism "I don't think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive." (Paul Hewitt, PhD)

Socially prescribed perfectionism – "believing that others will value you only if you are perfect."

Self-oriented perfectionism – "an internally motivated desire to be perfect."

Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the basal ganglia.[49][50][51]

Alexithymia The inability to express emotions. "To have no words for one's inner experience" (Rený J. Muller PhD). In studies done with stroke patients, alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a cerebral infarction. There is a positive association with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia. Utilizing psychometric testing and fMRI, studies showed positive response in the insula, posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and thalamus.[52][53][54]
Rigidity Inflexibility, difficulty making transitions, adherence to set patterns. Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the executive functions. Originally termed frontal lobe syndrome it is also referred to as dysexecutive syndrome and usually occurs as a result of damage to the frontal lobe. This may be due to physical damage, disease (such as Huntington's disease) or a hypoxic or anoxic insult.[55][56][57][58]
Impulsivity Risk taking, lack of planning, and making up one's mind quickly (Eysenck and Eysenck). A component of disinhibition. Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in studies done by Antonio Damasio author of Descartes Error, damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been shown to cause a defect in real-life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal intellect. Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now.[59][60][61][62][63][64]
Disinhibition Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses, it is a key component of executive functioning. Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD. It may be symptomatic of orbitofrontal lobe syndrome, a subtype of frontal lobe syndrome which may be an acquired disorder as a result of traumatic brain injury, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), anoxic encephalopathy, degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, bacterial or viral infections such as Lyme disease and neurosyphilis. Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders, obesity, higher BMI, excessive eating, an increased rate of eating, and perceived hunger.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]
Psychoticism Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility, one of four traits in Hans Eysenck's model of personality. High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia. He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait, suggesting a genetic basis to the trait.[73][74]
Obsessionality Persistent, often unwelcome, and frequently disturbing ideas, thoughts, images or emotions, rumination, often inducing an anxious state. Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the basal ganglia.[75][76][77]

See also

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April 07, 2023
trait, theory, psychology, trait, theory, also, called, dispositional, theory, approach, study, human, personality, trait, theorists, primarily, interested, measurement, traits, which, defined, habitual, patterns, behaviour, thought, emotion, according, this, . In psychology trait theory also called dispositional theory is an approach to the study of human personality Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits which can be defined as habitual patterns of behaviour thought and emotion 1 According to this perspective traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time differ across individuals e g some people are outgoing whereas others are not are relatively consistent over situations and influence behaviour Traits are in contrast to states which are more transitory dispositions In some theories and systems traits are something a person either has or does not have but in many others traits are dimensions such as extraversion vs introversion with each person rating somewhere along this spectrum Trait theory suggests that some natural behaviours may give someone an advantage in a position of leadership 2 There are two approaches to define traits as internal causal properties or as purely descriptive summaries The internal causal definition states that traits influence our behaviours leading us to do things in line with that trait On the other hand traits as descriptive summaries are descriptions of our actions that do not try to infer causality 3 Contents 1 History 2 Trait theory in cross cultural use 3 Comparing EPQ and Big Five 3 1 Testing methodology and factors 3 2 Lower order factors 3 3 Causality 4 List of personality traits 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory EditGordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits This early work was viewed as the beginning of the modern psychological study of personality 4 He also referred to traits within his work as dispositions In his approach cardinal traits are those that dominate and shape a person s behavior their ruling passions obsessions such as a need for money fame etc By contrast central traits such as honesty are characteristics found in some degree in every person and finally secondary traits are those seen only in certain circumstances such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know which are included to provide a complete picture of human complexity 5 A wide variety of alternative theories and scales were later developed including Raymond Cattell s 16PF Questionnaire J P Guilford s Structure of Intellect Henry Murray s System of Needs Timothy Leary s Interpersonal circumplex Myers Briggs Type Indicator Gray s Biopsychological theory of personalityCurrently two general approaches are the most popular citation needed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ the three factor model Using factor analysis Hans Eysenck suggested that personality is reducible to three major traits neuroticism extraversion and psychoticism 6 7 Big Five personality traits the five factor model Many psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient neuroticism extraversion openness to experience agreeableness and conscientiousness 8 9 Trait theory in cross cultural use EditCultures are widely known and accepted as being different in varying degrees This can make the study of personality difficult as meaning and the expression of traits may be different within cultural groups Trait theory uses a hierarchy of traits in order to separate culture from the traits it can be said the culture is ignored in order to focus on the individual traits and how they are connected to the individual 10 Gordon Allport s trait theory not only served as a foundational approach within personality psychology but also is continued to be viewed and discussed by other disciplines such as anthropology because of how he approached culture within trait theory 10 Trait theory tends to focus on the individual over the situation in which they are in 11 This focus has relaxed within modern studies allowing for a consideration of the external factors outside of the self As the focus becomes more relaxed but still prominent as it is a main part of the theory research expands Comparing EPQ and Big Five EditTesting methodology and factors Edit Both the EPQ and Big Five approaches extensively use self report questionnaires The factors are intended to be orthogonal uncorrelated 12 though there are often small positive correlations between factors The five factor model in particular has been criticized for losing the orthogonal structure between factors 13 14 Hans Eysenck has argued that fewer factors are superior to a larger number of partly related ones 15 Although these two approaches are comparable because of the use of factor analysis to construct hierarchical taxonomies they differ in the organization and number of factors Whatever the causes psychoticism marks the two approaches apart as the five factor model contains no such trait Moreover psychoticism unlike any of the other factors in either approach does not fit a normal distribution curve Indeed scores are rarely high thus skewing a normal distribution 16 However when they are high there is considerable overlap with psychiatric conditions such as antisocial and schizoid personality disorders Similarly high scorers on neuroticism are more susceptible to sleep and psychosomatic disorders 17 Five factor approaches can also predict future mental disorders 18 19 Lower order factors Edit Similarities between lower order factors for psychoticism and the facets of openness agreeableness and conscientiousness from Matthews Deary amp Whiteman 2003 There are two higher order factors that both taxonomies clearly share extraversion and neuroticism Both approaches broadly accept that extraversion is associated with sociability and positive affect whereas neuroticism is associated with emotional instability and negative affect 16 Many lower order factors or facets are similar between the two taxonomies For instance both approaches contain factors for sociability gregariousness for activity levels and for assertiveness within the higher order factor extraversion However there are differences too First the three factor approach contains nine lower order factors and the five factor approach has six 16 Eysenck s psychoticism factor incorporates some of the polar opposites of the lower order factors of openness agreeableness and conscientiousness A high scorer on tough mindedness in psychoticism would score low on tender mindedness in agreeableness Most of the differences between the taxonomies stem from the three factor model s emphasis on fewer high order factors Causality Edit Although both major trait models are descriptive only the three factor model offers a detailed causal explanation Eysenck suggests that different personality traits are caused by the properties of the brain which themselves are the result of genetic factors 20 In particular the three factor model identifies the reticular system and the limbic system in the brain as key components that mediate cortical arousal and emotional responses respectively Eysenck advocates that extraverts have low levels of cortical arousal and introverts have high levels leading extraverts to seek out more stimulation from socializing and being venturesome 21 Moreover Eysenck surmised that there would be an optimal level of arousal after which inhibition would occur and that this would be different for each person 22 In a similar vein the three factor approach theorizes that neuroticism is mediated by levels of arousal in the limbic system and that individual differences arise because of variable activation thresholds between people Therefore highly neurotic people when presented with minor stressors will exceed this threshold whereas people low in neuroticism will not exceed normal activation levels even when presented with large stressors By contrast proponents of the five factor approach assume a role of genetics 9 and environment 23 but offer no explicit causal explanation Given this emphasis on biology in the three factor approach it would be expected that the third trait psychoticism would have a similar explanation However the causal properties of this state are not well defined Eysenck has suggested that psychoticism is related to testosterone levels and is an inverse function of the serotonergic system 24 but he later revised this linking it instead to the dopaminergic system 25 List of personality traits EditPersonality traits Openness to experience Composed of two related but separable traits Openness to Experience and Intellect Behavioral aspects include having wide interests and being imaginative and insightful correlated with activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Considered primarily a cognitive trait 26 Conscientiousness Scrupulous meticulous principled behavior guided or conforming to one s own conscience Associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 27 28 29 Extraversion Gregarious outgoing sociable projecting one s personality outward The opposite of extraversion is introversion Extraversion has shown to share certain genetic markers with substance abuse Extraversion is associated with various regions of the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala 30 31 32 Agreeableness Refers to a compliant trusting empathic sympathetic friendly and cooperative nature 33 34 35 Neuroticism Identifies people who are prone to psychological distress Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to be anxious depressed self conscious impulsive vulnerable and display angry hostility Neuroticism is the major factor of personality pathology Eysenck amp Eysenck 1969 Neuroticism has been linked to serotonin transporter 5 HTT binding sites in the thalamus as well as activity in the insular cortex 36 37 38 Neuroticism also predicts the occurrence of more negative life experiences 23 Honesty humility Tendency towards sincerity modesty fairness and greed avoidance Those who score high on this trait feel little desire to manipulate others or to break the rules for personal gain Self esteem low A favorable or unfavorable attitude toward the self Rosenberg 1965 An individual s sense of his or her value or worth or the extent to which a person values approves of appreciates prizes or likes him or herself Blascovich amp Tomaka 1991 39 40 41 Harm avoidance A tendency towards shyness being fearful and uncertain tendency to worry Neonatal complications such as preterm birth have been shown to affect harm avoidance People affected by eating disorders exhibit high levels of harm avoidance 42 The volume of the left amygdala in girls was correlated to levels of HA in separate studies HA was correlated with reduced grey matter volume in the orbitofrontal occipital and parietal regions 43 44 45 46 Novelty seeking Impulsive exploratory fickle excitable quick tempered and extravagant Associated with addictive behavior Sensory processing sensitivity SPS The defining trait of highly sensitive persons characterized by the increased depth of processing of sensory input that underlies HSPs greater proclivity to overstimulation emotional reactivity and empathy and sensitivity to stimuli 47 48 Perfectionism I don t think needing to be perfect is in any way adaptive Paul Hewitt PhD Socially prescribed perfectionism believing that others will value you only if you are perfect Self oriented perfectionism an internally motivated desire to be perfect Perfectionism is one of the traits associated with obsessional behavior and like obsessionality is also believed to be regulated by the basal ganglia 49 50 51 Alexithymia The inability to express emotions To have no words for one s inner experience Reny J Muller PhD In studies done with stroke patients alexithymia was found to be more prevalent in those who developed lesions in the right hemisphere following a cerebral infarction There is a positive association with post traumatic stress disorder PTSD childhood abuse and neglect and alexithymia Utilizing psychometric testing and fMRI studies showed positive response in the insula posterior cingulate cortex PCC and thalamus 52 53 54 Rigidity Inflexibility difficulty making transitions adherence to set patterns Mental rigidity arises out of a deficit of the executive functions Originally termed frontal lobe syndrome it is also referred to as dysexecutive syndrome and usually occurs as a result of damage to the frontal lobe This may be due to physical damage disease such as Huntington s disease or a hypoxic or anoxic insult 55 56 57 58 Impulsivity Risk taking lack of planning and making up one s mind quickly Eysenck and Eysenck A component of disinhibition Abnormal patterns of impulsivity have been linked to lesions in the right inferior frontal gyrus and in studies done by Antonio Damasio author of Descartes Error damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been shown to cause a defect in real life decision making in individuals with otherwise normal intellect Those who sustain this type of damage are oblivious to the future consequences of their actions and live in the here and now 59 60 61 62 63 64 Disinhibition Behavioral disinhibition is an inability or unwillingness to constrain impulses it is a key component of executive functioning Researchers have emphasized poor behavioral inhibition as the central impairment of ADHD It may be symptomatic of orbitofrontal lobe syndrome a subtype of frontal lobe syndrome which may be an acquired disorder as a result of traumatic brain injury hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy HIE anoxic encephalopathy degenerative diseases such as Parkinson s bacterial or viral infections such as Lyme disease and neurosyphilis Disinhibition has been consistently associated with substance abuse disorders obesity higher BMI excessive eating an increased rate of eating and perceived hunger 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Psychoticism Psychoticism is a personality pattern typified by aggressiveness and interpersonal hostility one of four traits in Hans Eysenck s model of personality High levels of this trait were believed by Eysenck to be linked to increased vulnerability to psychosis such as schizophrenia He also believed that blood relatives of psychotics would show high levels of this trait suggesting a genetic basis to the trait 73 74 Obsessionality Persistent often unwelcome and frequently disturbing ideas thoughts images or emotions rumination often inducing an anxious state Obsessionality may result as a dysfunction of the basal ganglia 75 76 77 See also Edit16 Personality Factors Alternative five model of personality Big Five personality traits Cultural schema theory HEXACO model of personality structure Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory NEO PI Personality psychology Szondi test Trait activation theory Social investment theoryReferences Edit Saul Kassin 2003 Psychology USA Prentice Hall Inc Northouse Peter Guy 2010 Leadership theory and practice Sage Publications ISBN 978 1 4129 7488 2 Abel Steve What Is a Trait Two Basic Formulations Personality Psychology Retrieved 6 February 2018 Alfred Adler and Gordon W Allport A Comparison on Certain Topics in Personality Theory ProQuest 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Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118 1 117 30 doi 10 1037 a0014657 PMC 2775710 PMID 19222319 Emond V Joyal C Poissant H Apr 2009 Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD Encephale 35 2 107 14 doi 10 1016 j encep 2008 01 005 PMID 19393378 Spiegel DR Qureshi N 2010 The successful treatment of disinhibition due to a possible case of non human immunodeficiency virus neurosyphilis a proposed pathophysiological explanation of the symptoms and treatment General Hospital Psychiatry 32 2 221 224 doi 10 1016 j genhosppsych 2009 01 002 PMID 20303000 Aarsland D Litvan I Larsen JP 2001 Neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson s disease Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 13 1 42 9 doi 10 1176 appi neuropsych 13 1 42 PMID 11207328 Eysenck H J Eysenck S B G 1977 Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality London Hodder and Stoughton ISBN 978 0 340 20919 6 Lester David 1989 A Neurotransmitter Basis for Eysnenck s Theory of Personality Psychological Reports 64 1 189 190 doi 10 2466 pr0 1989 64 1 189 ISSN 0033 2941 PMID 2564688 S2CID 28744688 Zubieta JK 1995 Obsessionality in eating disorder patients relationship to clinical presentation and two year outcome Journal of Psychiatric Research 29 4 333 42 doi 10 1016 0022 3956 95 00020 6 PMID 8847659 Salkovskis PM Forrester E Richards C 1998 Cognitive behavioural approach to understanding obsessional thinking British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement 173 35 53 63 doi 10 1192 S0007125000297900 PMID 9829027 S2CID 32544419 Corcoran KM Woody SR Jan 2008 Appraisals of obsessional thoughts in normal samples Behaviour Research and Therapy 46 1 71 83 doi 10 1016 j brat 2007 10 007 PMID 18093572 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trait theory amp oldid 1142695693 List of personality traits, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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