Inferior frontal gyrus
The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), (gyrus frontalis inferior), is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex.
| Inferior frontal gyrus | |
|---|---|
Inferior frontal gyrus of the human brain, gyrus frontalis inferior. | |
Lateral surface of left hemisphere viewed from the side. Inferior frontal gyrus shown in yellow. | |
| Details | |
| Part of | Frontal lobe |
| Parts | Pars opercularis, Pars triangularis, Pars orbitalis |
| Artery | Middle cerebral |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | gyrus frontalis inferior |
| NeuroNames | 85 |
| NeuroLex ID | birnlex_873 |
| TA98 | A14.1.09.113 A15.2.07.058 |
| TA2 | 5447 |
| FMA | 61860 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy [edit on Wikidata] | |
Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus (which divides it from the middle frontal gyrus), its inferior border is the lateral sulcus (which divides it from the superior temporal gyrus) and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it is the precentral gyrus.[1]
The inferior frontal gyrus contains Broca's area, which is involved in language processing and speech production.
Structure
The inferior frontal gyrus is highly convoluted and has three cytoarchitecturally diverse regions.[2] The three subdivisions are an opercular part, a triangular part, and an orbital part. These divisions are marked by two rami arising from the lateral sulcus.[3] The ascending ramus separates the opercular and triangular parts.[4] The anterior (horizontal) ramus separates the triangular and orbital parts.[5]
- Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), (cortex posterior to the ascending ramus of the lateral sulcus), is the part of frontal lobe that overlies the insular cortex and may be associated with recognizing a tone of voice in spoken native languages.[6] This expands on previous work[7] indicating that comprehension of inflectional morpheme processing is associated with the inferior frontal gyrus.
- Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis), (cortex between the ascending ramus and the horizontal ramus of the lateral sulcus). It may be associated with the ability to translate from a secondary or tertiary language back to one's native language.[8]
- Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis) (cortex inferior and anterior to the horizontal ramus of the lateral sulcus)
Cytoarchitecturally the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus is known as Brodmann area 44 (BA44). The triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus is known as Brodmann area 45 (BA45), and the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus is known as Brodmann area 47. The opercular part and the triangular part (BA44 and BA45) make up Broca's area.
Function
The inferior frontal gyrus has a number of functions including the processing of speech and language in Broca's area. Neural circuitry has been shown to connect different sites of stimulus to other regions of response including other subdivisions and also other frontal gyri.[2]
Language processing
The left opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus is a part of the articulatory network involved in motor syllable programs. The articulatory network also contains the premotor cortex, and the anterior insula. These areas are interrelated but have specific functions in speech comprehension and production. The articulatory network acts mostly when the vocal tract moves to produce syllables. The pars opercularis acts indirectly through the motor cortex to control the motor aspect of speech production, and codes motor programs for this system, while the auditory cortex (via the temporoparietal junction in the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) houses a series of sensory targets. Together, these areas function as a sensory-motor loop for syllable information coding.[citation needed]
In a study conducted comparing phonological and arithmetic processing and the involvement of different sections of the inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus, cortical activation for phonology, subtraction, and multiplication tasks was compared. The predetermined language-calculation network was limited to the left inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus. The results were significant to support that there was a pattern of left lateralization for each of these tasks all activating the Perisylvian fissure network, with some general localized areas for phonology and arithmetic. It was supported that phonology activated the pars opercularis (BA44), and anterior angular gyrus, multiplication mainly implicated the pars triangularis (BA45), and the posterior angular gyrus. These systems are activated through similar neuronal processes but independently placed along the network.[citation needed]
Language comprehension and production
Most language processing takes place in Broca's area usually in the left hemisphere.[9] Damage to this region often results in a type of non-fluent aphasia known as Broca's aphasia. Broca's area is made up of the pars opercularis and the pars triangularis, both of which contribute to verbal fluency, but each has its own specific contribution. The pars opercularis (BA44) is involved in language production and phonological processing due to its connections with motor areas of the mouth and tongue. The pars triangularis (BA45) is involved in semantic processing. Characteristics of Broca's aphasia include agrammatic speech, relatively good language comprehension, poor repetition, and difficulty speaking mostly uttering short sentences made up mostly of nouns. The left IFG has also been suggested to play a role in inhibitory processes, including the tendency to inhibit learning from undesirable information. For example, transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left IFG has been shown to release such inhibition, increasing the ability to learn from undesirable information.[10]
The right opercular part of the IFG, (BA44) has been implicated in go/no go tasks.[11] In these tasks, the participant encounters a preliminary task (for instance repeatedly pressing a button), and then must halt this task whenever a "no go" signal is presented, ultimately measuring a level of impulse control through inhibition of a prepotent response. It seems that the same area is also implicated in risk aversion: a study found that higher risk aversion correlated with higher activity at IFG.[12] This might be explained as an inhibition signal to accept a risky option. Disruption of activity of this area with transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) leads to change in risk attitudes, as behaviorally demonstrated by choices over risky outcomes.[13][14]
Additional images
Inferior frontal gyrus highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
Inferior frontal gyrus highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
Inferior frontal gyrus highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
References
- ^ Nolte (2002), The Human Brain, ISBN 978-0-323-01320-8 photos on p526 & p.546
- ^ a b Greenlee, JD; et al. (1 August 2007). "Functional connections within the human inferior frontal gyrus". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 503 (4): 550–9. doi:10.1002/cne.21405. PMID 17534935. S2CID 5685566.
- ^ "anterior ramus of lateral cerebral sulcus". TheFreeDictionary.com.
- ^ Gaillard, Frank. "Ascending ramus of the lateral sulcus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia.
- ^ Gaillard, Frank. "Anterior ramus of the lateral sulcus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org". Radiopaedia.
- ^ Schremm, A; et al. (January 2018). "Cortical thickness of planum temporale and pars opercularis in native language tone processing". Brain and Language. 176: 42–47. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2017.12.001. PMID 29223785.
- ^ Tyler, LK; et al. (2005). "Temporal and frontal systems in speech comprehension: An fMRI study of past tense processing". Neuropsychologia. 43 (13): 1963–1974. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.03.008. PMID 16168736. S2CID 16112201.
- ^ Elmer, Stefan (29 November 2016). "Broca Pars Triangularis Constitutes a "Hub" of the Language-Control Network during Simultaneous Language Translation". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10: 491. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00491. PMC 5040713. PMID 27746729.
- ^ The "dominant inferior frontal convolution" —Fauci, et.al, eds. (1998), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th Edition, Companion Handbook, ISBN 978-0-07-021530-6
{{citation}}:|first=has generic name (help). p.1055 - ^ Sharot, T., Kanai, R., Marston, D., Korn, C. W., Rees, G. & Dolan, R.J. (2012) Selectively Altering Belief Formation in the Human Brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109 (42), 17058–17062.
- ^ Aron AR, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA (2004). "Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex". Trends Cogn Sci. 8 (4): 170–177. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.02.010. PMID 15050513. S2CID 19332756.
- ^ Christopoulos, GI.; Tobler, PN.; Bossaerts, P.; Dolan, RJ.; Schultz, W. (Oct 2009). "Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk". J Neurosci. 29 (40): 12574–83. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2614-09.2009. PMC 2794196. PMID 19812332.
- ^ Knoch D, Gianotti LR, Pascual-Leone A, Treyer V, Regard M, Hohmann M, Brugger P (2006). "Disruption of right prefrontal cortex by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces risk-taking behavior" (PDF). J Neurosci. 26 (24): 6469–6472. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0804-06.2006. PMC 6674035. PMID 16775134.
- ^ Fecteau S, Pascual-Leone A, Zald DH, Liguori P, Théoret H, Boggio PS, Fregni F (2007). "Activation of prefrontal cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation reduces appetite for risk during ambiguous decision making". J Neurosci. 27 (23): 6212–6218. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0314-07.2007. PMC 6672163. PMID 17553993.