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Agricultural cooperative

March 08, 2023

An agricultural cooperative, also known as a farmers' co-op, is a cooperative in which farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity.

Agricultural cooperative in Guinea

A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually-farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives in which production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly.[1]

Examples of agricultural production cooperatives include collective farms in former socialist countries, the kibbutzim in Israel, collectively-governed community shared agriculture, Longo Maï co-operatives[2] and Nicaraguan production co-operatives.[3]

The default meaning of "agricultural cooperative" in English is usually an agricultural service cooperative, the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives: supply cooperatives and marketing cooperatives. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transportation, packaging, pricing, distribution, sales and promotion of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments.

Purpose

Cooperatives as a form of business organization are distinct from the more common investor-owned firms (IOFs).[1][4] Both are organized as corporations, but IOFs pursue profit maximization objectives, whereas cooperatives strive to maximize the benefits they generate for their members (which usually involves zero-profit operation). Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers cannot obtain essential services from IOFs (because the provision of these services is judged to be unprofitable by the IOFs), or when IOFs provide the services at disadvantageous terms to the farmers (i.e., the services are available, but the profit-motivated prices are too high for the farmers). The former situations are characterized in economic theory as market failure or missing services motive. The latter drive the creation of cooperatives as a competitive yardstick or as a means of allowing farmers to build countervailing market power to oppose the IOFs.[1] The concept of competitive yardstick implies that farmers, faced with unsatisfactory performance by IOFs, may form a cooperative firm whose purpose is to force the IOFs, through competition, to improve their service to farmers.[4]

 
Headquarters of Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in Sapporo, Japan

A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is related to the ability of farmers to pool production and/or resources. In many situations within agriculture, it is simply too expensive for farmers to manufacture products or undertake a service. Cooperatives provide a method for farmers to join in an 'association', through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome, typically financial, than by going alone. This approach is aligned to the concept of economies of scale and can also be related as a form of economic synergy, where "two or more agents working together to produce a result not obtainable by any of the agents independently". While it may seem reasonable to conclude that larger the cooperative the better, this is not necessarily true. Cooperatives exist across a broad membership base, with some cooperatives having fewer than 20 members while others can have over 10,000.

 
A smallholder coffee farmer in Colombia contributing her coffee to an agricultural cooperative. Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets, especially commodity crops like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses who can manipulate markets.

While the economic benefits are a strong driver in forming cooperatives, it is not the sole consideration. In fact, it is possible for the economic benefits from a cooperative to be replicated in other organisational forms, such as an IOF. An important strength of a cooperative for the farmer is that they retain the governance of the association, thereby ensuring they have ultimate ownership and control. This ensures that the profit reimbursement (either through the dividend payout or rebate) is shared only amongst the farmer members, rather than shareholders as in an IOF.

As agricultural production is often the main source of employment and income in rural and impoverished areas, agricultural cooperatives play an instrumental role in socio-economic development, food security and poverty reduction.[5] They provide smallholder farmers with access to natural and educational resources, tools, and otherwise inaccessible marketplaces.[6] Producer organisations can also empower smallholders to become more resilient; in other words, they build the capacity of farmers to prepare for and react to economic and environmental stressors and shocks in a way that limits vulnerability and promotes their sustainability.[7] Research suggests that membership in a producer organisation is more highly correlated with farmer output or income than other standalone investments such as training, certification, or credit.[8]

 
Hays Coop elevator and offices, one of hundreds[9] of grain-oriented agricultural marketing coops in the U.S. Interior Plains.

In agriculture, there are broadly three types of cooperatives: a machinery pool, a manufacturing/marketing cooperative, and a credit union.

  • Machinery pool: A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of expensive farm machinery, which may be only used irregularly, say only during harvest; instead local farmers may get together to form a machinery pool that purchases the necessary equipment for all the members to use.
  • Manufacturing/marketing cooperative: A farm does not always have the means of transportation necessary for delivering its produce to the market, or else the small volume of its production may put it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers; a cooperative will act as an integrator, collecting the output from members, sometimes undertaking manufacturing, and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels.
  • Credit Union: Farmers, especially in developing countries, can be charged relatively high interest rates by commercial banks, or credit may not even be available for farmers to access. When providing loans, these banks are often mindful of high transaction costs on small loans, or may refuse credit altogether due to lack of collateral – something very acute in developing countries. To provide a source of credit, farmers can group together funds that can be loaned out to members. Alternatively, the credit union can raise loans at better rates from commercial banks due to the cooperative having a larger associative size than an individual farmer. Often members of a credit union will provide mutual or peer-pressure guarantees for repayment of loans. In some instances, manufacturing/marketing cooperatives may have credit unions as part of their broader business. Such an approach allows farmers to have a more direct access to critical farm inputs, such as seeds and implements. The loans for these inputs are repaid when the farmer sends produce to the manufacturing/marketing cooperative.

Origins and history

The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the Military Frontier, where the wives and children of the border guards lived together in organized agricultural cooperatives next to a funfair and a public bath.[citation needed]

The first civil agricultural cooperatives were created also in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. They spread later to North America and the other continents. They have become one of the tools of agricultural development in emerging countries. Farmers also cooperated to form mutual farm insurance societies.

Also related are rural credit unions. They were created in the same periods, with the initial purpose of offering farm loans. Some became universal banks such as Crédit Agricole or Rabobank.

Supply cooperatives

Agricultural supply cooperatives aggregate purchases, storage, and distribution of farm inputs for their members. By taking advantage of volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale, supply cooperatives bring down the cost of the inputs that the members purchase from the cooperative compared with direct purchases from commercial suppliers. Supply cooperatives provide inputs required for agricultural production including seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, fuel, and farm machinery. Some supply cooperatives operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services (e.g., plowing, harvesting) to their members.

Examples

See also: Category: Agricultural supply cooperatives

Australia

Canada

France

Israel

Japan

Ukraine

United States

Netherlands

Marketing cooperatives

See also: category: agricultural marketing cooperatives

Agricultural marketing cooperatives are cooperative businesses owned by farmers, to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock.)

New Zealand

New Zealand has a strong history of agricultural cooperatives, dating back to the late 19th century. The first was the small Otago Peninsula Co-operative Cheese Factory Co. Ltd, started in 1871 at Highcliff on the Otago Peninsula.[11][12] With active support by the New Zealand government, and small cooperatives being suitable in isolated areas, cooperatives quickly began to dominate the industry. By 1905, dairy cooperatives were the main organisational structure in the industry. In the 1920s–'30s, there were around 500 co-operative dairy companies compared to less than 70 that were privately owned.[13]

However, after World War II, with the advent of improved transportation, processing technologies and energy systems, a trend to merge dairy cooperatives occurred.[14] By the late 1990s, there were two major cooperatives: the Waikato-based New Zealand Dairy Group and the Taranaki-based Kiwi Co-operative Dairies. In 2001 these two cooperatives, together with the New Zealand Dairy Board, merged to form Fonterra. This mega-merger was supported by the New Zealand Government as part of broader dairy industry deregulation,[15] which allowed other companies to directly export dairy products. Two smaller cooperatives did not join Fonterra, preferring to remain independent – the Morrinsville-based Tatua Dairy Company and Westland Milk Products on the West Coast of the South Island.

The other main agricultural co-operatives in New Zealand are in the meat and fertiliser industries. The meat industry, which has struggled at times, has proposed various mergers similar to the creation of Fonterra; however, these have failed to gain the necessary member support.[16]

Canada

In Canada, the most important cooperatives of this kind were the wheat pools. These farmer-owned cooperatives bought and transported grain throughout Western Canada. They replaced the earlier privately and often foreign-owned grain buyers and came to dominate the market in the post-war period. By the 1990s, most had demutualized (privatized), and several mergers occurred. Now all the former wheat pools are part of the Viterra corporation.

Former wheat pools include:

Other agricultural marketing cooperatives in Canada include:

Ecuador

The Amazon region of Ecuador is known for producing world-renowned cacao beans. In the Napo region 850 Kichwa families have come together with help from American biologist, Judy Logback, to form an agricultural marketing cooperatives, Kallari Association. This cooperative has helped increase benefits for the families involved as well as to protect and defend their Kichwa culture and the Amazon rainforest.[17]

India

 
Sugarcane weighing at a cooperative sugar mill in Maharashtra, India

In India, there are networks of cooperatives at the local, regional, state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing. The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains, jute, cotton, sugar, milk and nuts[18]

Dairy farming based on the Anand Pattern, with a single marketing cooperative, is India's largest self-sustaining industry and its largest rural employment provider. Successful implementation of the Anand model has made India the world's largest milk producer.[19] Here small, marginal farmers with a couple or so heads of milch cattle queue up twice daily to pour milk from their small containers into the village union collection points. The milk after processing at the district unions is then marketed by the state cooperative federation nationally under the Amul brand name, India's largest food brand. With the Anand pattern three-fourths of the price paid by the mainly urban consumers goes into the hands of millions of small dairy farmers, who are the owners of the brand and the cooperative. The cooperative hires professionals for their expertise and skills and uses hi-tech research labs and modern processing plants & transport cold-chains, to ensure quality of their produce and value-add to the milk.

Production of sugar from sugarcane mostly takes place at cooperative sugar cane mills owned by local farmers. The shareholders include all farmers, small and large, supplying sugarcane to the mill.[20] Over the last sixty years, the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging rural political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians.[21] This is particularly true in the state of Maharashtra where a large number of politicians belonging to the Congress party or NCP had ties to sugar cooperatives from their respective local areas.[22] Unfortunately, mismanagement and manipulation of the cooperative principles have made a number of these operations inefficient.[23]

Israel

Netherlands

Ukraine

  • Ukrainian cooperative movements

United States

Mexico

Production cooperatives

Main article: collective farm

These are cooperative farms, jointly owned or managed by a cooperative society.

Cuba

Further information: CPA (agriculture)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Cobia, David, editor, Cooperatives in Agriculture, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989), p. 50.
  2. ^ "Longo Mai, Costa Rica". Sonador.info. from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  3. ^ Why Nicaraguan Peasants Stay in Agricultural Production Cooperatives 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine Ruerd Ruben and Zvi Lerman
  4. ^ a b John M. Staatz, "Farmers' incentives to take collective action via cooperatives: A transaction-cost approach, " in: Cooperative Theory: New Approaches, ed. J.S. Royer, Washington, DC: USDA ACS Service Report 18 (July 1987), pp. 87–107.
  5. ^ "Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development" (PDF). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  6. ^ "Agricultural cooperatives: paving the way for food security and rural development" (PDF). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  7. ^ Serfilippi, E; Ramnath, G (2018). "Resilience Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks: A Review of the Literature". Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics. 89 (4): 645–664. doi:10.1111/apce.12202. S2CID 158989942.
  8. ^ "Empowering Farmers through Producer Organizations" (PDF). Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  9. ^ "Understanding Cooperatives: Farmer Cooperative Statistics" (PDF), Cooperative Information, United States Department of Agriculture, Report 45, Section 13, 2011
  10. ^ "Jersey Fresh produce found at nation's oldest fruit and vegetable co-op". nj.com. 23 July 2015. from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  11. ^ Petchey, Peter (November 1998). "La crème de la crème" (PDF). Welcome to the Hocken: Bulletins of the Friends of the Hocken Collections (26). (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  12. ^ "Catherine Mathieson". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography.
  13. ^ Philpott, H.G. (1937). A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry: 1840–1935. Wellington: Government Printer.
  14. ^ Ward, A.H. (1975). A Command of Cooperatives. Wellington: The New Zealand Dairy Board.
  15. ^ Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd. 2011-06-14 at the Wayback Machine. Reference For Business.
  16. ^ Hembry, Owen (14 April 2008). "Meat mega merger hits a bumpy road". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
  17. ^ . Kallari.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  18. ^ Vadivelu, A. and Kiran, B.R., 2013. Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India: An overview. International journal of agricultural and food science, 3(3), pp.108-118."Archived copy". S2CID 4864110. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Scholten, Bruce A. (2010). India's white revolution Operation Flood, food aid and development. London: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 10. ISBN 9781441676580. from the original on 2018-05-03.
  20. ^ . Coopsugar.org. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  21. ^ Patil, Anil (9 July 2007). "Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra". Rediff India. from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  22. ^ Lalwani, Mala (2008). (PDF). The Journal of Development Studies. 44 (10): 1474–1505. doi:10.1080/00220380802265108. S2CID 154425894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-17.
  23. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading

  • McBride, Glynn (2014), Agricultural Cooperatives: Their Why and Their How
  • Derr, Jascha (2013),
  • Zvi Galor

March 08, 2023
agricultural, cooperative, agricultural, cooperative, also, known, farmers, cooperative, which, farmers, pool, their, resources, certain, areas, activity, guinea, broad, typology, agricultural, cooperatives, distinguishes, between, agricultural, service, coope. An agricultural cooperative also known as a farmers co op is a cooperative in which farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity Agricultural cooperative in Guinea A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives which provide various services to their individually farming members and agricultural production cooperatives in which production resources land machinery are pooled and members farm jointly 1 Examples of agricultural production cooperatives include collective farms in former socialist countries the kibbutzim in Israel collectively governed community shared agriculture Longo Mai co operatives 2 and Nicaraguan production co operatives 3 The default meaning of agricultural cooperative in English is usually an agricultural service cooperative the numerically dominant form in the world There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives supply cooperatives and marketing cooperatives Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production including seeds fertilizers fuel and machinery services Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transportation packaging pricing distribution sales and promotion of farm products both crop and livestock Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments Contents 1 Purpose 2 Origins and history 3 Supply cooperatives 3 1 Examples 3 1 1 Australia 3 1 2 Canada 3 1 3 France 3 1 4 Israel 3 1 5 Japan 3 1 6 Ukraine 3 1 7 United States 3 1 8 Netherlands 4 Marketing cooperatives 4 1 New Zealand 4 2 Canada 4 3 Ecuador 4 4 India 4 5 Israel 4 6 Netherlands 4 7 Ukraine 4 8 United States 4 9 Mexico 5 Production cooperatives 5 1 Cuba 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingPurpose EditCooperatives as a form of business organization are distinct from the more common investor owned firms IOFs 1 4 Both are organized as corporations but IOFs pursue profit maximization objectives whereas cooperatives strive to maximize the benefits they generate for their members which usually involves zero profit operation Agricultural cooperatives are therefore created in situations where farmers cannot obtain essential services from IOFs because the provision of these services is judged to be unprofitable by the IOFs or when IOFs provide the services at disadvantageous terms to the farmers i e the services are available but the profit motivated prices are too high for the farmers The former situations are characterized in economic theory as market failure or missing services motive The latter drive the creation of cooperatives as a competitive yardstick or as a means of allowing farmers to build countervailing market power to oppose the IOFs 1 The concept of competitive yardstick implies that farmers faced with unsatisfactory performance by IOFs may form a cooperative firm whose purpose is to force the IOFs through competition to improve their service to farmers 4 Headquarters of Hokuren Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives in Sapporo Japan A practical motivation for the creation of agricultural cooperatives is related to the ability of farmers to pool production and or resources In many situations within agriculture it is simply too expensive for farmers to manufacture products or undertake a service Cooperatives provide a method for farmers to join in an association through which a group of farmers can acquire a better outcome typically financial than by going alone This approach is aligned to the concept of economies of scale and can also be related as a form of economic synergy where two or more agents working together to produce a result not obtainable by any of the agents independently While it may seem reasonable to conclude that larger the cooperative the better this is not necessarily true Cooperatives exist across a broad membership base with some cooperatives having fewer than 20 members while others can have over 10 000 A smallholder coffee farmer in Colombia contributing her coffee to an agricultural cooperative Cooperatives give small farmers an opportunity to be more competitive in markets especially commodity crops like coffee and cocoa where many of the purchasers are large businesses who can manipulate markets While the economic benefits are a strong driver in forming cooperatives it is not the sole consideration In fact it is possible for the economic benefits from a cooperative to be replicated in other organisational forms such as an IOF An important strength of a cooperative for the farmer is that they retain the governance of the association thereby ensuring they have ultimate ownership and control This ensures that the profit reimbursement either through the dividend payout or rebate is shared only amongst the farmer members rather than shareholders as in an IOF As agricultural production is often the main source of employment and income in rural and impoverished areas agricultural cooperatives play an instrumental role in socio economic development food security and poverty reduction 5 They provide smallholder farmers with access to natural and educational resources tools and otherwise inaccessible marketplaces 6 Producer organisations can also empower smallholders to become more resilient in other words they build the capacity of farmers to prepare for and react to economic and environmental stressors and shocks in a way that limits vulnerability and promotes their sustainability 7 Research suggests that membership in a producer organisation is more highly correlated with farmer output or income than other standalone investments such as training certification or credit 8 Hays Coop elevator and offices one of hundreds 9 of grain oriented agricultural marketing coops in the U S Interior Plains In agriculture there are broadly three types of cooperatives a machinery pool a manufacturing marketing cooperative and a credit union Machinery pool A family farm may be too small to justify the purchase of expensive farm machinery which may be only used irregularly say only during harvest instead local farmers may get together to form a machinery pool that purchases the necessary equipment for all the members to use Manufacturing marketing cooperative A farm does not always have the means of transportation necessary for delivering its produce to the market or else the small volume of its production may put it in an unfavorable negotiating position with respect to intermediaries and wholesalers a cooperative will act as an integrator collecting the output from members sometimes undertaking manufacturing and delivering it in large aggregated quantities downstream through the marketing channels Credit Union Farmers especially in developing countries can be charged relatively high interest rates by commercial banks or credit may not even be available for farmers to access When providing loans these banks are often mindful of high transaction costs on small loans or may refuse credit altogether due to lack of collateral something very acute in developing countries To provide a source of credit farmers can group together funds that can be loaned out to members Alternatively the credit union can raise loans at better rates from commercial banks due to the cooperative having a larger associative size than an individual farmer Often members of a credit union will provide mutual or peer pressure guarantees for repayment of loans In some instances manufacturing marketing cooperatives may have credit unions as part of their broader business Such an approach allows farmers to have a more direct access to critical farm inputs such as seeds and implements The loans for these inputs are repaid when the farmer sends produce to the manufacturing marketing cooperative Origins and history EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The first agricultural cooperatives were created in Europe in the seventeenth century in the Military Frontier where the wives and children of the border guards lived together in organized agricultural cooperatives next to a funfair and a public bath citation needed The first civil agricultural cooperatives were created also in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century They spread later to North America and the other continents They have become one of the tools of agricultural development in emerging countries Farmers also cooperated to form mutual farm insurance societies Also related are rural credit unions They were created in the same periods with the initial purpose of offering farm loans Some became universal banks such as Credit Agricole or Rabobank Supply cooperatives EditAgricultural supply cooperatives aggregate purchases storage and distribution of farm inputs for their members By taking advantage of volume discounts and utilizing other economies of scale supply cooperatives bring down the cost of the inputs that the members purchase from the cooperative compared with direct purchases from commercial suppliers Supply cooperatives provide inputs required for agricultural production including seeds fertilizers chemicals fuel and farm machinery Some supply cooperatives operate machinery pools that provide mechanical field services e g plowing harvesting to their members This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2008 Examples Edit See also Category Agricultural supply cooperatives Australia Edit Co operative Bulk Handling Limited Westralian Farmers Co operative LimitedCanada Edit Farmers Storehouse Company United Farmers of Alberta Farmers of North AmericaFrance Edit Agrial Normandy Terrena Pays de la Loire VivesciaIsrael Edit Granot central cooperativeJapan Edit Japan Agricultural CooperativesUkraine Edit Ukrainian cooperative movementUnited States Edit Landisville Produce Co op established 1914 10 Rockingham Cooperative established in 1921 MFA Incorporated Darigold Organic Valley National Council of Farmer Cooperatives Southern States Cooperative Farmers Cooperative Association Inc Frederick Maryland Ocean Spray cooperative Land O Lakes Michigan Sugar Sunkist Wilco stores Oregon Grange CooperativeNetherlands Edit Avebe Agrico AgrifirmMarketing cooperatives EditSee also category agricultural marketing cooperatives Agricultural marketing cooperatives are cooperative businesses owned by farmers to undertake transformation packaging distribution and marketing of farm products both crop and livestock New Zealand Edit New Zealand has a strong history of agricultural cooperatives dating back to the late 19th century The first was the small Otago Peninsula Co operative Cheese Factory Co Ltd started in 1871 at Highcliff on the Otago Peninsula 11 12 With active support by the New Zealand government and small cooperatives being suitable in isolated areas cooperatives quickly began to dominate the industry By 1905 dairy cooperatives were the main organisational structure in the industry In the 1920s 30s there were around 500 co operative dairy companies compared to less than 70 that were privately owned 13 However after World War II with the advent of improved transportation processing technologies and energy systems a trend to merge dairy cooperatives occurred 14 By the late 1990s there were two major cooperatives the Waikato based New Zealand Dairy Group and the Taranaki based Kiwi Co operative Dairies In 2001 these two cooperatives together with the New Zealand Dairy Board merged to form Fonterra This mega merger was supported by the New Zealand Government as part of broader dairy industry deregulation 15 which allowed other companies to directly export dairy products Two smaller cooperatives did not join Fonterra preferring to remain independent the Morrinsville based Tatua Dairy Company and Westland Milk Products on the West Coast of the South Island The other main agricultural co operatives in New Zealand are in the meat and fertiliser industries The meat industry which has struggled at times has proposed various mergers similar to the creation of Fonterra however these have failed to gain the necessary member support 16 Canada Edit In Canada the most important cooperatives of this kind were the wheat pools These farmer owned cooperatives bought and transported grain throughout Western Canada They replaced the earlier privately and often foreign owned grain buyers and came to dominate the market in the post war period By the 1990s most had demutualized privatized and several mergers occurred Now all the former wheat pools are part of the Viterra corporation Former wheat pools include Alberta Wheat Pool Manitoba Pool Elevators Saskatchewan Wheat Pool United Grain GrowersOther agricultural marketing cooperatives in Canada include Organic Meadow Cooperative organic dairy Gay Lea Foods Co operative Limited dairy AgropurEcuador Edit The Amazon region of Ecuador is known for producing world renowned cacao beans In the Napo region 850 Kichwa families have come together with help from American biologist Judy Logback to form an agricultural marketing cooperatives Kallari Association This cooperative has helped increase benefits for the families involved as well as to protect and defend their Kichwa culture and the Amazon rainforest 17 India Edit Sugarcane weighing at a cooperative sugar mill in Maharashtra India In India there are networks of cooperatives at the local regional state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains jute cotton sugar milk and nuts 18 Dairy farming based on the Anand Pattern with a single marketing cooperative is India s largest self sustaining industry and its largest rural employment provider Successful implementation of the Anand model has made India the world s largest milk producer 19 Here small marginal farmers with a couple or so heads of milch cattle queue up twice daily to pour milk from their small containers into the village union collection points The milk after processing at the district unions is then marketed by the state cooperative federation nationally under the Amul brand name India s largest food brand With the Anand pattern three fourths of the price paid by the mainly urban consumers goes into the hands of millions of small dairy farmers who are the owners of the brand and the cooperative The cooperative hires professionals for their expertise and skills and uses hi tech research labs and modern processing plants amp transport cold chains to ensure quality of their produce and value add to the milk Production of sugar from sugarcane mostly takes place at cooperative sugar cane mills owned by local farmers The shareholders include all farmers small and large supplying sugarcane to the mill 20 Over the last sixty years the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging rural political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians 21 This is particularly true in the state of Maharashtra where a large number of politicians belonging to the Congress party or NCP had ties to sugar cooperatives from their respective local areas 22 Unfortunately mismanagement and manipulation of the cooperative principles have made a number of these operations inefficient 23 Israel Edit Tnuva Central Cooperative for the Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Israel Ltd Netherlands Edit Cooperatieve Nederlandse Bloembollencentrale CNB Coforta Royal Cosun ZON FloraHolland FrieslandCampinaUkraine Edit Ukrainian cooperative movementsUnited States Edit American Legend Cooperative mink fur Blackglama brand Blue Diamond Growers almonds Cabot Creamery dairy Darigold Diamond of California nuts formerly a cooperative Dairylea Cooperative Inc Dairy formerly Dairymen s League Dairy Farmers of America Edible Garden Florida s Natural Growers citrus fruit GreenStone Farm Credit Services financial products and services Humboldt Creamery dairy formerly a cooperative Land O Lakes dairy and farm supply Maine s Own Organic Milk Company dairy Michigan Milk Producers Association dairy Michigan Sugar Company sugar beets Ocean Spray cranberries and citrus fruit Organic Valley organic milk cheese eggs soy butter yogurt snack items Riceland Foods rice soybeans corn and wheat Snokist Growers pears apples cherries Sunkist Growers Incorporated citrus fruit Sun Maid raisins Sunsweet Growers Incorporated dried fruit especially prunes Tillamook County Creamery Association dairy Lone Star Milk Producers dairy United Egg Producers Welch Foods Inc Welch s Mexico Edit Zapatista coffee cooperativesProduction cooperatives EditMain article collective farm These are cooperative farms jointly owned or managed by a cooperative society Cuba Edit Further information CPA agriculture See also EditWinemaking cooperativeReferences Edit a b c Cobia David editor Cooperatives in Agriculture Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs NJ 1989 p 50 Longo Mai Costa Rica Sonador info Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 Retrieved 27 December 2011 Why Nicaraguan Peasants Stay in Agricultural Production Cooperatives Archived 2012 05 03 at the Wayback Machine Ruerd Ruben and Zvi Lerman a b John M Staatz Farmers incentives to take collective action via cooperatives A transaction cost approach in Cooperative Theory New Approaches ed J S Royer Washington DC USDA ACS Service Report 18 July 1987 pp 87 107 Agricultural cooperatives paving the way for food security and rural development PDF Retrieved 17 August 2020 Agricultural cooperatives paving the way for food security and rural development PDF Retrieved 17 August 2020 Serfilippi E Ramnath G 2018 Resilience Measurement and Conceptual Frameworks A Review of the Literature Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 89 4 645 664 doi 10 1111 apce 12202 S2CID 158989942 Empowering Farmers through Producer Organizations PDF Retrieved 17 August 2020 Understanding Cooperatives Farmer Cooperative Statistics PDF Cooperative Information United States Department of Agriculture Report 45 Section 13 2011 Jersey Fresh produce found at nation s oldest fruit and vegetable co op nj com 23 July 2015 Archived from the original on 28 October 2017 Retrieved 28 October 2017 Petchey Peter November 1998 La creme de la creme PDF Welcome to the Hocken Bulletins of the Friends of the Hocken Collections 26 Archived PDF from the original on 17 May 2011 Retrieved 13 February 2011 Catherine Mathieson Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Philpott H G 1937 A History of the New Zealand Dairy Industry 1840 1935 Wellington Government Printer Ward A H 1975 A Command of Cooperatives Wellington The New Zealand Dairy Board Fonterra Co Operative Group Ltd Archived 2011 06 14 at the Wayback Machine Reference For Business Hembry Owen 14 April 2008 Meat mega merger hits a bumpy road The New Zealand Herald Retrieved 13 February 2011 Our Mission Kallari com Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 Retrieved 6 February 2015 Vadivelu A and Kiran B R 2013 Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India An overview International journal of agricultural and food science 3 3 pp 108 118 Archived copy S2CID 4864110 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Scholten Bruce A 2010 India s white revolution Operation Flood food aid and development London Tauris Academic Studies p 10 ISBN 9781441676580 Archived from the original on 2018 05 03 National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited Coopsugar org Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 Retrieved 27 December 2011 Patil Anil 9 July 2007 Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra Rediff India Archived from the original on 28 August 2011 Retrieved 27 December 2011 Lalwani Mala 2008 Sugar Co operatives in Maharashtra A Political Economy Perspective PDF The Journal of Development Studies 44 10 1474 1505 doi 10 1080 00220380802265108 S2CID 154425894 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 01 17 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2015 09 28 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Further reading EditMcBride Glynn 2014 Agricultural Cooperatives Their Why and Their How Derr Jascha 2013 The cooperative movement of Brazil and South Africa Zvi Galor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Agricultural cooperative amp oldid 1132695874, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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