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Vedanga

February 28, 2023

The Vedanga (Sanskrit: वेदाङ्ग vedāṅga, "limbs of the Veda"[1]) are six auxiliary disciplines of Hinduism that developed in ancient times and have been connected with the study of the Vedas:[2]

List of the Vedanga

  1. Shiksha (śikṣā): phonetics, phonology, pronunciation.[2] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation.[3][4]
  2. Chandas (chandas): prosody.[5] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters, including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse, and those based on fixed number of morae per verse.[6][7]
  3. Vyakarana (vyākaraṇa): grammar and linguistic analysis.[8][9][10] This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.[11][12]
  4. Nirukta (nirukta): etymology, explanation of words, particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning.[13] This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words, given the context they are used in.[11]
  5. Kalpa (kalpa): ritual instructions.[2] This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals, rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.[14]
  6. Jyotisha (jyotiṣa): Right time for rituals with the help of position of nakshatras and asterisms[2] and astronomy.[15][16] This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.[17][18]

History and background

The character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times, and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts.[19] These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in Iron Age India. It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized.[20] The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period, around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. An early text of the genre is the Nighantu by Yaska, dated to roughly the 5th century BCE.[citation needed] These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time.[21]

Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy.[22][23][24] The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, gave rise to the Dharma-sutras, which later expanded into Dharma-shastras.[21][25]

See also

References

  1. ^ Morgan, Kenneth W. (1953). The Religion of the Hindus. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 269. ISBN 9788120803879.
  2. ^ a b c d James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vedanga" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 744-745
  3. ^ Sures Chandra Banerji (1989). A Companion to Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 323–324. ISBN 978-81-208-0063-2.
  4. ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 477–495.
  5. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Chandas" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 140
  6. ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 391-394 with footnotes.
  7. ^ Peter Scharf (2013). Keith Allan (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. pp. 228–234. ISBN 978-0-19-164344-6.
  8. ^ W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198610250, Article on Vyakarana
  9. ^ Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 105.
  10. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 769
  11. ^ a b Harold G. Coward 1990, pp. 105–110.
  12. ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 416–419.
  13. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Nirukta" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, page 476
  14. ^ Wendy Doniger (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. pp. 629. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
  15. ^ Yukio Ohashi (Editor: H Selin) (1997). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. Springer. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-0792340669. {{cite book}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0889-8.
  17. ^ James Lochtefeld (2002), "Jyotisha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, pages 326-327
  18. ^ Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. pp. 719–721. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
  19. ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. p. 110.
  20. ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1860). A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans. Williams and Norgate. pp. 108–113.
  21. ^ a b Patrick Olivelle 1999, pp. xxiii.
  22. ^ Eggeling, Hans Julius (1911). "Hinduism" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 501–513, see page 505.
  23. ^ Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011, pp. 472–532.
  24. ^ Harold G. Coward 1990, p. 18.
  25. ^ Rajendra Prasad (2009). A Historical-developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals. Concept. p. 147. ISBN 978-81-8069-595-7.

Bibliography

  • George Cardona (1997). Pāṇini: A Survey of Research. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1494-3.
  • Harold G. Coward (1990). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5.
  • Guy L. Beck (1995). Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1261-1.
  • Tibor Kiss (2015). Syntax - Theory and Analysis. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-037740-8.
  • Patrick Olivelle (1999). Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Ancient India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-283882-7.
  • Sheldon Pollock (2006). The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-93202-9.
  • Arnold, Edward Vernon (1905). Vedic Metre in its historical development. Cambridge University Press (Reprint 2009). ISBN 978-1113224446.
  • Moritz Winternitz: Geschichte der Indischen Literatur, Leipzig, 1905 - 1922, Vol. I - III. English translation: History of Indian Literature, Motilal Barnarsidass, Delhi, 1985, Vol I - III
  • Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018159-3.
  • Horace Hayman Wilson (1841). An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language. Madden.
  • Maurice Winternitz (1963). History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0056-4.

External links

  •   Media related to Vedangas at Wikimedia Commons
  • "Vedanga" in the Hindu Encyclopedia

February 28, 2023
vedanga, sanskrit, vedāṅga, limbs, veda, auxiliary, disciplines, hinduism, that, developed, ancient, times, have, been, connected, with, study, vedas, contents, list, history, background, also, references, bibliography, external, linkslist, editshiksha, śikṣā,. The Vedanga Sanskrit व द ङ ग vedaṅga limbs of the Veda 1 are six auxiliary disciplines of Hinduism that developed in ancient times and have been connected with the study of the Vedas 2 Contents 1 List of the Vedanga 2 History and background 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Bibliography 5 External linksList of the Vedanga EditShiksha sikṣa phonetics phonology pronunciation 2 This auxiliary discipline has focused on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet accent quantity stress melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation 3 4 Chandas chandas prosody 5 This auxiliary discipline has focused on the poetic meters including those based on fixed number of syllables per verse and those based on fixed number of morae per verse 6 7 Vyakarana vyakaraṇa grammar and linguistic analysis 8 9 10 This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas 11 12 Nirukta nirukta etymology explanation of words particularly those that are archaic and have ancient uses with unclear meaning 13 This auxiliary discipline has focused on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words given the context they are used in 11 Kalpa kalpa ritual instructions 2 This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic rituals rites of passage rituals associated with major life events such as birth wedding and death in family as well as discussing the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life 14 Jyotisha jyotiṣa Right time for rituals with the help of position of nakshatras and asterisms 2 and astronomy 15 16 This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping 17 18 History and background EditThe character of Vedangas has roots in ancient times and the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad mentions it as an integral part of the Brahmanas layer of the Vedic texts 19 These auxiliary disciplines of study arise with the codification of the Vedas in Iron Age India It is unclear when the list of six Vedangas were first conceptualized 20 The Vedangas likely developed towards the end of the Vedic period around or after the middle of the 1st millennium BCE An early text of the genre is the Nighantu by Yaska dated to roughly the 5th century BCE citation needed These auxiliary fields of Vedic studies emerged because the language of the Vedic texts composed centuries earlier grew too archaic to the people of that time 21 Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas but its insights into meters structure of sound and language grammar linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post Vedic studies arts culture and various schools of Hindu philosophy 22 23 24 The Kalpa Vedanga studies for example gave rise to the Dharma sutras which later expanded into Dharma shastras 21 25 See also EditSruti SmritiReferences Edit Morgan Kenneth W 1953 The Religion of the Hindus Motilal Banarsidass Publ p 269 ISBN 9788120803879 a b c d James Lochtefeld 2002 Vedanga in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 1 A M Rosen Publishing ISBN 0 8239 2287 1 pages 744 745 Sures Chandra Banerji 1989 A Companion to Sanskrit Literature Motilal Banarsidass pp 323 324 ISBN 978 81 208 0063 2 Annette Wilke amp Oliver Moebus 2011 pp 477 495 James Lochtefeld 2002 Chandas in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 1 A M Rosen Publishing ISBN 0 8239 2287 1 page 140 Annette Wilke amp Oliver Moebus 2011 pp 391 394 with footnotes Peter Scharf 2013 Keith Allan ed The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics Oxford University Press pp 228 234 ISBN 978 0 19 164344 6 W J Johnson 2009 A Dictionary of Hinduism Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0198610250 Article on Vyakarana Harold G Coward 1990 p 105 James Lochtefeld 2002 Vyakarana in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 2 N Z Rosen Publishing ISBN 0 8239 2287 1 page 769 a b Harold G Coward 1990 pp 105 110 Annette Wilke amp Oliver Moebus 2011 pp 416 419 James Lochtefeld 2002 Nirukta in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 2 N Z Rosen Publishing ISBN 0 8239 2287 1 page 476 Wendy Doniger 1999 Merriam Webster s Encyclopedia of World Religions Merriam Webster pp 629 ISBN 978 0 87779 044 0 Yukio Ohashi Editor H Selin 1997 Encyclopaedia of the History of Science Technology and Medicine Springer pp 83 86 ISBN 978 0792340669 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last1 has generic name help Kireet Joshi 1991 The Veda and Indian Culture An Introductory Essay Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0889 8 James Lochtefeld 2002 Jyotisha in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol 1 A M Rosen Publishing ISBN 0 8239 2287 1 pages 326 327 Yukio Ohashi 1999 Johannes Andersen ed Highlights of Astronomy Volume 11B Springer Science pp 719 721 ISBN 978 0 7923 5556 4 Friedrich Max Muller 1860 A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans Williams and Norgate p 110 Friedrich Max Muller 1860 A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature So Far as it Illustrates the Primitive Religion of the Brahmans Williams and Norgate pp 108 113 a b Patrick Olivelle 1999 pp xxiii Eggeling Hans Julius 1911 Hinduism In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 13 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 501 513 see page 505 Annette Wilke amp Oliver Moebus 2011 pp 472 532 Harold G Coward 1990 p 18 Rajendra Prasad 2009 A Historical developmental Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals Concept p 147 ISBN 978 81 8069 595 7 Bibliography Edit George Cardona 1997 Paṇini A Survey of Research Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1494 3 Harold G Coward 1990 The Philosophy of the Grammarians in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 Editor Karl Potter Princeton University Press ISBN 978 81 208 0426 5 Guy L Beck 1995 Sonic Theology Hinduism and Sacred Sound Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 1261 1 Tibor Kiss 2015 Syntax Theory and Analysis Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 037740 8 Patrick Olivelle 1999 Dharmasutras The Law Codes of Ancient India Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 283882 7 Sheldon Pollock 2006 The Language of the Gods in the World of Men Sanskrit Culture and Power in Premodern India University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 93202 9 Arnold Edward Vernon 1905 Vedic Metre in its historical development Cambridge University Press Reprint 2009 ISBN 978 1113224446 Moritz Winternitz Geschichte der Indischen Literatur Leipzig 1905 1922 Vol I III English translation History of Indian Literature Motilal Barnarsidass Delhi 1985 Vol I III Annette Wilke Oliver Moebus 2011 Sound and Communication An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3 11 018159 3 Horace Hayman Wilson 1841 An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language Madden Maurice Winternitz 1963 History of Indian Literature Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0056 4 External links Edit Media related to Vedangas at Wikimedia Commons Vedanga in the Hindu Encyclopedia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vedanga amp oldid 1109768281, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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