Numeral prefix

"semi-" redirects here. For other uses, see semi (disambiguation).

Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:

• simplex, duplex (communication in only 1 direction at a time, in 2 directions simultaneously)
• unicycle, bicycle, tricycle (vehicle with 1 wheel, 2 wheels, 3 wheels)
• dyad, triad, tetrad (2 parts, 3 parts, 4 parts)
• biped, quadruped, hexapod (animal with 2 feet, 4 feet, 6 feet)
• September, October, November, December (7th month, 8th month, 9th month, 10th month)^[A]
• binary, ternary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal (numbers expressed in base 2, base 3, base 8, base 10, base 16)
• septuagenarian, octogenarian (a person 70–79 years old, 80–89 years old)
• centipede, millipede (subgroups of arthropods with around 100 feet, or around 1000 feet)

In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position.^[B] There is also an international set of metric prefixes, which are used in the world's standard measurement system; many or most of the prefixes are distorted forms the words and roots shown below.^[C]

Table of number prefixes in English

In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is extended to bis- before a vowel; among the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, and tri-, never vary.

Words in the cardinal catgegory are cardinal numbers, such as the English one, two, three, which name the count of items in a sequence. The multiple category are adverbial numbers, like the English once, twice, thrice, that specify the number of events or instances of otherwise identical or similar items. Enumeration with the distributive catgegory originally was meant to specify one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., giving how many items of each type are desired or had been found, although distinct word forms for that meaning are now mostly lost. The ordinal catgegory are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third, which specify position of items in a sequence. In Latin and Greek, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions for amounts higher than 2; only the fraction  1 / 2 has special forms.

The same suffix may be used with more than one category of number, take for example the following:

Ordinal numbers	primary	secondary	tertiary	quartary ^[citation needed]	quintary	sextary	septimary	octavary	nonary	decimary
Distributive numbers	singulary ^[citation needed]	binary	ternary, trinary	quaternary	quinary	senary	septenary	octonary	novenary	denary

For the hundreds, there are competing forms: Those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi-, etc. plus the prefixes for 1 through 9 .

Many of the items in the following tables are not in general use, but may rather be regarded as coinages by individuals. In scientific contexts, either scientific notation or SI prefixes are used to express very large or very small numbers, and not unwieldy prefixes.

Number prefixes in English

Number	Latin derived				Greek^[D] derived			Sanskrit^[B]
	Cardinal	Multiple	Distributive	Ordinal	Cardinal	Multiple, proportional, or quantitative	Ordinal
0	nul·li-			nul·les·im-	mi·den-, ou·den-	—	me·de·pro·to-, ou·de·pro·to-	shūn·ya-
1/ 12	unc·i-^[1]			—	Greek uses ordinals to name fractions; (i.e. do·dec·a·to-)			—
1 / 8	oct·an·t-	—	—	—	As above; og·do·ö–			—
1 / 6	sex·tan·t-	—	—	—	As above; hec·to			—
1 / 5	quin·tan·t-	—	—	—	As above; pemp·to–			—
1 / 4	qua·dran·t-	—	—	—	As above; tet·ar·to–			—
1 / 3	tri·ent-	—	—	—	As above; tri·to–			—
1 / 2	se·mi-	—	de·mi-^[E]	—	he·mi- ("half")^[a]	—	—	—
3 / 4	do·dran·t-	—	—	—	—			—
1	u·ni-^[b] sol-^[F]^[c]	sim-^[G]	sin·gul-	prim-	mon·o- ("one", "alone")^[d] ho·lo- ("entire", "full")^[e] hen-^[H] rare	mon·o- ("one, alone") hap·ax- ("once") hap·lo-^[H] ("single") mon·ad- ("one of a kind", "unique", "unit")	pro·t-^[2]^[f] pro·tai·o- ("[every] first day")	ek·a- ^[3]
1 + 1 / 4	—	quas·qui-^[g]	—	—	—	—	—	—
1 + 1 / 2	—	se·squi-^[h]	—	—	—	—	—	—
2	du-	bi-, bis-^[i]	bin-	second-	di-, dy-,^[4] du·o-, dy·o-	dis-^[5] ("twice") common dy·a·kis- ("twice") rare di·plo- ("double") dy·ad- ("two of a kind")	deu·ter-^[6]^[j] deu·ter·ai·o- ("[every] second day")	dvi-^[7]
2 + 1 / 2	—	sem·i·quin-^[k]	—	—	—	—	—	—
3	tri-^[l]	ter-	ter·n-, tri·n-	ter·ti-	tri-^[m]	tris-^[8] ("thrice") common tri·a·kis- ("thrice") rare tri·plo- ("triple") tri·ad- ("three of a kind")	tri·t-^[9] ("third")^[n] tri·tai·o- ("[every] third day")	tri-^[10]
4	quad·ri-, quad·ru-^[I]	quat·er-^[12]	quat·er·n-^[13]	quart-^[14]	tet·ra-, tes·sar·a-	tet·ra·kis- ("four times") tet·ra·plo- ("quadruple") tet·ra·d- ("four of a kind")^[o]	tet·ar·to- ("fourth") tet·ar·tai·o- ("[every] fourth day")	ca·tur-^[15]
5	quin·que-^[16]	—	quin-^[17]	quin·t-^[18]	pent·a-	pent·a·kis- pent·a·plo- pent·ad-^[p]	pem·pt-^[19] pem·ptai·o-	pañ·ca-^[20]
6	sex·a-^[J]	—	sen-^[21]	sext-^[22]	hex·a-^[23]	hex·a·kis- hex·a·plo- hexad-^[q]	hect-^[24] hect·ai·o-	ṣaṭ-^[25]
7	sept·em-, sep·ti-^[r]		sep·ten-^[26]	sept·im-	hept·a-^[27]^[s]	hept·a·kis- hept·a·plo- hept·ad-	heb·do·mo- ("seventh") heb·do·ma·io- ("seventh day")^[t]	sapt·a-^[28]
8	oct·o-^[u]	—	oct·on-^[29]	oct·av-^[30]	octo-^[v]	oct·a·kis- oct·a·plo- oct·ad-^[w]	og·do·ö- og·do·ai·o-	aṣṭ·a-
9	nov·em-^[x]		nov·en-	non·a-	en·ne·a-^[31]	en·ne·a·kis- en·ne·a·plo- en·ne·a·d-	en·at-^[32] en·at·ai·o-	nav·a-
10	dec·em-, dec-^[y]		den-^[33]	dec·im-^[34]	dec·a-^[35]^[z]	dec·a·kis- dec·a·plo- dec·ad-	dec·a·t-^[36] dec·a·tai·o-	da·sha-
11	un·dec-		un·den-^[37]	un·dec·im-^[38]	hen·dec·a-^[39]	hen·dec·a/kis/plo/d-	hen·decat-^[40]/o/ai·o-	e·ka·da·sha-
12	du·o·dec-		du·o·den-^[aa]	du·o·dec·im-	do·dec·a-^[41]^[ab]	do·dec·a/kis/plo/d-	do·dec·at-^[42]/o/aio-	dva·da·sha-
13	tre·dec-		tre·den-	tre·dec·im-	tri·a(kai)dec·a-, dec·a·tri·a-^[ac]	tris(kai)dec·a·kis-, dec·a·tri·a/kis/plo/d-	dec·a·to·tri·to- etc.	tra·yo·da·sha-
14	quat·tu·or·dec-		quat·tu·or·den-	quat·tu·or·dec·im- quart·a·dec·im-	tes·sar·a(kai)dec·a-, dec·a·tet·ta·ra-, dec·a·tes·sar·a-	te·tra(kai)dec·a·kis-, dec·a·te·tra/kis/plo/d-^[ad]	dec·a·to·tet·ar·to-	cha·tur·da·sha-
15	quin·qua·dec-, quin·dec-^[43]		quin·den-^[44]	quin·decim-^[45] quin·ta·dec·im-	pente(kai)dec·a-, deca·pen·te-	penta(kai)dec·a·kis-, deca·pen·ta·kis- etc.	dec·a·to·pem·pto-	pan·cha·dash·a-
16	se·dec-,^[46] sex·dec- (but hybrid hex·a·dec·im·al)		se·de·n-	se·dec·im- sex·ta·dec·im-	hexa(kai)dec·a-, hek·kai·dec·a-, dec·a·hex-	hexa(kai)dec·a·kis-, dec·a·hex·a·kis- etc.	dec·a·to·hec·to-	sho·da·sha-
17	sep·ten·dec-		sep·ten·den-	sep·ten·dec·im- sep·ti·ma·dec·im-	hepta(kai)dec·a-, dec·a·hep·ta-	hep·ta(kai)dec·a·kis-, dec·a·hep·ta·kis- etc.	dec·a·to·heb·do·mo-	sap·ta·da·sha-
18	oct·o·dec-		oct·o·den-	oct·o·dec·im- du·o·de·vi·ces·im-	oct·o(kai)dec·a-, dec·a·oc·to-	oct·a(kai)dec·a·kis-, dec·a·oct·a·kis- etc.	dec·a·to·og·do·ö-	ash·ta·da·sha-
19	nov·em·dec-, nov·en·dec- un·de·vi·gin·ti-		nov·em·den- nov·en·den-	nov·em·dec·im- nov·en·dec·im- un·dev·is·im-	en·ne·a(kai)dec·a-, dec·a·en·ne·a-	en·ne·a(kai)dec·a·kis-, deca·en·ne·a·kis- etc.	dec·a·to·en·a·to-	na·va·da·sha-
20^[K]	vi·gin·ti-		vi·cen-, vi·gen-	vi·ges·im-	(e)i·cos·i-	ei·cos·a/kis/plo/d-^[ae]	ei·cos·to-	vim·sha·ti-
22	du·o·vi·gin·t-				(e)i·cos·i·dy·o-, dy·o(e)i·cos·i- rare^[af]	(e)i·cos·i·dy·a·kis- (e)i·cos·i·di·plo- (e)i·cos·i·dy·ad-	ei·cos·to·deu·ter·o-	—
24	quat·tu·or·vig·in·t-				(e)i·cos·i·tet·tar·a-, (e)i·cos·i·kai·tet·tar·a- rare	(e)i·cos·i·te·tra·kis- (e)i·cos·i·te·tra·plo- (e)i·cos·i·te·tra·d-^[ag]	ei·cos·to·te·tar·to-	cha·tur·vim·sha·ti-
25	quin·vig·in·t-				(e)i·cos·i·pen·te-^[ah]	(e)i·cos·i·pen·ta·kis- (e)i·cos·i·pen·ta·plo- (e)i·cos·i·pent·ad-	ei·cos·to·pem·pto-	—
30	tri·gin·ti-		tri·cen-	tri·ges·im-	tri·a·con·ta-	tri·a·con·ta·kis- etc.^[ai]	tri·a·cos·to-	trim·shat-
31	un·tri·gin·ti-				tri·a·con·ta·hen-	tri·a·con·ta·hen·a·kis- tri·a·con·ta·hen·a·plo- tri·a·con·ta·hen·ad-	tri·a·cos·to·pro·to- tri·a·cos·to·pro·tai·o-	—
40	quad·ra·gin·ti-		quad·ra·gen-	quad·ra·ges·im-	tet·tar·a·con·ta-, tes·sa·ra·con·ta-	tet·tar·a·con·ta·kis-, tes·sar·a·con·ta·kis- etc.	tes·sa·ra·cos·to-	chat·va·rim·shat-
50	quin·qua·gin·ti-^[47]		quin·qua·gen-^[48]	quin·qua·ges·im-^[49]	pen·te·con·ta-^[aj]	pen·te·con·ta·kis- etc.	pen·te·cos·to-^[ak]	pan·cha·shat-
60	sex·a·gin·ti-		sex·a·gen-	sex·a·ges·im-	hex·e·con·ta-	hex·e·con·ta·kis- etc.	hex·e·cos·to-	shas·ti-
70	sep·tu·a·gin·ti-^[al]		sep·tu·a·gen-	sep·tu·a·ges·im-^[50]	heb·do·me·con·ta-	heb·do·me·con·ta·kis- etc.	heb·do·me·cos·to-	sap·ta·ti-
80	oct·o·gin·t-		oct·o·gen-	oct·o·ges·im-	og·do·ë·con·ta-	og·do·ë·con·ta·kis- etc.	og·do·ë·cos·to-	a·shi·ti-
90	non·a·gin·t-		non·a·gen-	non·a·ges·im-	en·e·ne·con·ta-	en·e·ne·con·ta·kis- etc.	en·e·ne·cos·to-	nav·a·ti-
100	centi-		cen·ten-	cen·tes·im-	hec·a·to(n)-	he·ca·ton·ta·kis- hundred times hec·a·ton·ta·plo- hundred-multiple hec·a·ton·tad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[a·ton]tad-	hec·a·to·sto- hundredth hec·a·to·stai·o- the hundredth day	sha·ta–
120	vi·gin·ti·cen·ti-		—	—	hec·a·to·n(e)i·cos·i-	hec·a·to·n(e)i·cos·a·kis- etc.	hec·a·tos·to·e·i·cos·to-	—
150	—		ses·qui·cen·ten-^[am]	—	—	—	—	—
200	du·cen·ti-		du·cen-, bi·cen·ten-	du·cen·tes·im-	di·a·cos·i·a-	di·a·cos·a·kis- etc.	di·a·cos·i·o·sto-	—
250	—		sem·i·quin·cen·ten-^[an]	—	—	—	—	—
300	tre·cen·ti-		tre·cen-, ter·cen·ten-, tri·cen·ten-	tre·cen·tesim-	tri·a·cos·i·a- etc.	tri·a·cos·a·kis- tri·a·cos·a·plo- tri·a·cos·ad-	tri·a·cos·i·o·sto-	—
400	qua·drin·gen·ti-		qua·drin·gen-, qua·ter·cen·ten-, qua·dri·cen·ten-	qua·drin·gen·tes·im-	te·tra·cos·ia-	te·tra·cos·a·kis- etc.	te·tra·cos·i·o·sto-	—
500	quin·gen·t-,^[51] quin·cent-^[52]		quingen-,^[53] quin·gen·ten-, quin·cen·ten-	quin·gen·tes·im-^[54]	penta·cos·i·a-	pen·ta·cos·a·kis- etc.	pent·a·cos·i·o·sto-	—
600	ses·cen·ti-, sex·cen·ti-		ses·cen-, sex·cen·ten-	ses·cen·tes·im-	hex·a·cos·i·a-	hex·a·co·sa·kis- etc.	hex·a·cos·i·o·sto-	—
700	sept·in·gen·ti-		sept·in·gen-, sept·in·gen·ten-, sept·cen·ten-	sept·in·gen·tes·im-	hept·a·cos·i·a-	hept·a·cos·a·kis- etc.	hept·a·cos·i·os·to-	—
800	oct·in·gen·ti-		oct·in·gen-, oct·in·gen·ten-, oct·o·cen·ten-	oct·in·gen·tes·im-	oct·a·cos·i·a-	oct·a·cos·a·kis- etc.	oct·a·cos·i·o·sto-	—
900	non·gen·ti-		non·gen-	non·gen·tes·im-	en·na·cos·i-^[55] derived from en(n)ia·cos·i·a-, a pejoration of en·ne·a·cos·i·a-	en·ne·a·cos·a·kis- etc.	en·a·cos·i·os·t-,^[56] alt. spelling en(n)i·a·cos·i·os·t(o)- a pejoration of en·ne·a·cos·i·os·to-	—
1000	milli-		mill·en-	mill·es·im-	khi·li-,^[57] kilo-	khil·i·a·kis- khi·li·a·plo- chiliad-	chi·li·os·t-^[58]	sa·has·ra–
2000	duo·mill·i		—	—	dis·khi·li-^[59]	dis·khil·i·a·kis- etc.	dis·khi·li·os·to-	—
3000	tre·mill·i-				tris·khi·li-^[60]	—	tris·khi·li·os·t-^[61]	—
5000	quin·mil·li–				pen·ta·cis·khi·li-^[62]	—	—	—
10000	dec·a·mil·li–				myria-,^[63]^[ao] dec·a·kis·khil·i·a-	myr·i·a·kis- myr·i·a·plo- myriad- dec·a·kis·khil·i·a·kis- etc.	myr·i·as·t-,^[64] dec·a·kis·khil·i·os·to-	a·yu·ta–
80000	oct·o·gint·mill·i–				oct·a·cis·myr·i-^[65]	—	—	—
100000 or 10^5	cen·ti·mill·i–				dec·a·kis·myr·i·a-, hec·a·ton·ta·kis·khil·i·a-	dec·a·kis·myr·i·a·kis-, he·ca·ton·ta·kis·khil·i·a·kis-	etc.	lak·sha–
1000000 or 10^6	—				hec·a·tom·myr·i·a- (see also mega-)	hec·a·tom·myr·i·a·kis- ("a million times") hec·a·tom·myr·i·a·plo- (million-multiple) hec·a·tom·myr·i·a·d- (a million of a kind)	hec·a·tom·myr·i·os·to- (ranked millionth; also one piece of a million [fraction] see above in fractions) hec·a·tom·myr·i·os·tai·o- ("the millionth day")	—
∞	in·fin·i-	—	—	—	a·pe·i·ro-	—
Few	pau·ci-^[ap]			—	oli·go-^[aq]	—	—	—
Many (more than 1)	mul·ti-, plur·i-^[ar]			—	poly-^[as]	poll·a·kis- (many times) poll·a·plo- (multiple) ple·thos- (many of a kind)^[at]	poll·os·to- (rank/order of many [manieth])	ba·hut–

Examples

1. e.g. hemisphere
2. e.g. universe, unilateral
3. e.g. solo, soliloquy
4. e.g. monogamy
5. e.g. holocaust, holography
6. e.g. proton, protozoa
7. e.g. quas·qui·cen·tenn·ial
8. e.g. se·squi·cen·ten·ni·al, se·squi·ped·al·i·an
9. e.g. bireme, bilingual, bi·pol·ar, bipartisan
10. e.g. Deu·ter·on/i·um, Deu·ter·on·o·my
11. e.g. semi·quin·cen·ten·ni·al
12. e.g. trireme
13. e.g. triathlon, Tripolis
14. e.g. Tri·ton/ium
15. e.g. te·tra·hed·ron
16. e.g. pent·a·hed·ron
17. e.g. hex·a·hed·ron
18. e.g. Sept·em·ber
19. e.g. heptathlon
20. e.g. heb·do·mas
21. e.g. Oct·o·ber
22. e.g. octopus
23. e.g. oct·a·hed·ron
24. e.g. November
25. e.g. Dec·em·ber
26. e.g. decathlon, dec·a·hed·ron, dec·a·gon
27. e.g. du·o·den·um
28. e.g. do·dec·a·hed·ron
29. e.g. tris·kai·dek·a·pho·bi·a
30. e.g. te·tra·dec·a·he·dro·n/
    dec·a·tet·ra·he·dro·n
31. e.g. (e)i·cos·a·hed·ron
32. e.g. do·cos·a-hex·a·en·o·ic acid (a pejoration of dy·o·i·cos·a-hex·a·no·ic)
33. e.g. (e)i·cosi·te·tra·go·n
34. e.g. ei·cos·a·pent·a-en·o·ic acid
35. e.g. tri·a·con·ta·hed·ron
36. e.g. penteconter
37. e.g. pentecost
38. e.g. Septuagint
39. e.g. ses·qui·cen·ten·ni·al
40. e.g. sem·i·quin·cen·ten·ni·al
41. e.g. myriapoda
42. e.g. pau·ci·par·ous
43. e.g. oligopoly, oligarchy, oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide
44. e.g. multilingual, multiple, pluripotent, pluricentric
45. e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath, polymer
46. e.g. plethora

Occurrences

• Numerical prefixes occur in 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century coinages, mainly the terms that are used in relation to or that are the names of technological innovations, such as hexadecimal and bicycle. Also used in medals that commemorate an anniversary, such as sesquicentennial (150 years), centennial (100 years), or bicentennial (200 years).
• They occur in constructed words such as systematic names. Systematic names use numerical prefixes derived from Greek, with one principal exception, nona-.
• They occur as prefixes to units of measure in the SI system. See SI prefix.
• They occur as prefixes to units of computer data. See binary prefixes.
• They occur in words in the same languages as the original number word, and their respective derivatives. (Strictly speaking, some of the common citations of these occurrences are not in fact occurrences of the prefixes. For example: millennium is not formed from milli-, but is in fact derived from the same shared Latin root – mille.)

Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.

Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.

Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.

Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).

Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)

The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.

In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl, which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic, which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl, which is in turn from butyric, which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).

Cardinal Latin series

• unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
• uniped, biped, triped, quadruped,^[I] centipede, millipede

Distributive Latin series

• unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, ... vicenary ... centenary ...
• denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, ... millenarian

Greek series

• monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
• digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
• trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
• monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

Mixed language series

• pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane,^[L] decane, undecane, ... icosane
• binary, ternary, quaternary, quinary, senary, septenary, octal, nonary, decimal, duodecimal, hexadecimal, vigesimal, quadrovigesimal, duotrigesimal, sexagesimal, octogesimal

See also

• IUPAC numerical multiplier
• List of numbers
• List of numeral systems
• List of commonly used taxonomic affixes
• Numerals in English and other languages
• Names for tuples of specific lengths

Notes

1. These months' prefixes originated in a conjectured, pre-historical Roman 10 month calendar. See Roman Calendar.
2. See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
3. A few metric prefixes are adapted from various words for large and small things (like giga-" for giant, or "pico-" for "small") rather than number words.
4. The numbering adjectives in Greek are inflectional for grammatical gender (i.e. there is monos [masculine for single/alone], mone [feminine for single/alone] and monon [neuter for single/alone]), grammatical case (i.e. nominative, genitive, etc.) and grammatical number (singular/plural). The prefixes are produced from the default grammatical type (masculine/nominative/singular).
5. Demi- is French, from Latin di·mi·di·um.
6. sol (sōlus) is more appropriately a Latin root for "only", "oneself".
7. sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
8. The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mon·o- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hen·dek·a- 11) and a few words like hen·ad (= mon·ad). Hap·lo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
9. The forms related to quat·tu·or "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear.^[11] In particular, quad·ri- has the alternate form quad·ru- before p in some Latin words, such as quad·ru·ple.
10. Sometimes Greek hex·a- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
11. For Latinate 21, 22, etc., the pattern for the teens is followed: un·vigint-, duovigint-, etc. For higher numbers, the reverse order may be found: 36 is tri·ginti·sex-. For Greek, the word kai ("and") is used: i·cosi·kai·hena-, icosi·kai·di-, penta·conta·kai·penta-, etc. In these and in the tens, the kai is frequently omitted, though not in triskaidekaphobia. (The inconsistency of tris·kai·deka·phobia with the table above is explained by the fact that the Greek letter kappa can be transliterated either "c" or "k".) In chemical nomenclature, 11 is generally mixed Latin-Greek undeca-, and the 20s are based on -cos-, for example tri·cos- for 23.
12. In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

References

1. unc·i·a. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
2. πρῶτος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
3. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "एक-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
4. δύο
5. δίς
6. δεύτερος
7. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "द्वि-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
8. τρίς
9. τρίτος
10. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "त्रि-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
11. Sihler, Andrew. New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. p. 412.
    Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.
12. "quăter". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
13. "quăterni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
14. "quartus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
15. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "चतुर्-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
16. "quinque". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
17. "quīni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
18. "quintus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
19. πέμπτος
20. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "पञ्च-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
21. "sēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
22. "sextus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
23. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "ἕξ". A Greek-English Lexicon. from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
24. ἕκτος^{[dead link]}
25. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "षट्-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
26. "septēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
27. ἑπτά
28. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). "सप्त-". A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 685239912.
29. "octōni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
30. "octāvus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
31. ἐννέα
32. ἔνατος
33. "dēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
34. "dĕcĭmus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
35. δέκα
36. δέκατος
37. "undēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
38. "undĕcĭmus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
39. ἕνδεκα
40. ἑνδέκατος
41. δώδεκα
42. δωδέκατος
43. "quindĕcim". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
44. "quindēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
45. "quindĕcĭmus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
46. "sēdĕcim". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
47. "quinquāginta". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
48. "quinquāgēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
49. "quinquāgēsĭmus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
50. Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles. "S". septĭfārĭam, septŭāgēsimus. A Latin Dictionary. from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2019 – via perseus.tufts.edu.
51. "quingenti". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
52. "quincenti". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
53. "quingēni". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
54. "quingentēsĭmus". from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
55. ἐννακόσιοι
56. ἐνακοσιοστός
57. χίλιοι
58. χιλιοστός
59. δισχίλιοι
60. τρισχίλιοι
61. τρισχιλιοστός
62. πεντακισχίλιοι
63. μυρίος
64. μυριαστός
65. ὀκτακισμύριοι

Bibliography

• Bauer-Ramazani, Christine (April 2008). "Prefixes—Amount, Relationship, Judgment, Other Prefixes". from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
• Buck, Carl Darling. Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin.
• Chrisomalis, Stephen. "Numerical Adjectives, Greek and Latin Number Prefixes". The Phrontistery. from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995). New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195083458.
• Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.).