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Baloch people

October 15, 2023

The Baloch (/bəˈloʊtʃ/ bə-LOHCH) or Baluch (/bəˈluːtʃ/ bə-LOOCH; Balochi: بلۏچ, romanized: Balòc) are a nomadic,[11][12][13][14] pastoral,[15][16][17] Western Iranic ethnic group[18] native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia encompassing the countries of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. There are also Baloch diaspora communities in neighbouring regions, including in Central Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula.

Baloch
بلۏچ
A group of Baloch men
Total population
  • c. 10 million (2013)[1]
  • 3–5 million Baloch-speakers (Brill, 2011)[2]
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan6.86 million (2017 census)[3]
 Iran2 million (2013)[4]
 Oman500,000[citation needed]
Afghanistan2 million[5]
Turkmenistan36,000[6]
Languages
Balochi, Brahui, Saraiki, Jadgali, Punjabi

Second language:

Dari and Pashto in Afghanistan, Persian in Iran, Urdu in Pakistan
Religion
Majority:
Islam (mainly Sunni Islam)
Minority:
Related ethnic groups
Other Indo-Iranian peoples

Assimilation of non-Baloch tribes[a] into Baloch tribal system has been a major phenomenon throughout the history of Baloch people, and today a significant Baloch population has diverse origins.[19] The majority of Baloch reside within Pakistan. About 50% of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan,[20] while 40% are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number reside in the Pakistani Punjab. They make up nearly 3.6% of Pakistan's total population, and around 2% of the populations of both Iran and Afghanistan.[21]

Etymology

The exact origin of the word 'Baloch' is unclear. According to the Baloch historian Naseer Dashti (2012), the name of the ethnic group derives from 'Balaschik' living in Balasagan, between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in present-day Turkey and Azerbaijan, who are believed to have migrated to Balochistan during the Sasanian times.[22] The remnants of the original name such as 'Balochuk' and 'Balochiki' are said to be still used as ethnic names in Balochistan.[23] Some other writers suggest a derivation from Sanskrit words bal, meaning strength, and och meaning high or magnificent.[23] An earliest Sanskrit reference to the Baloch might be the Gwalior inscription of the Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Mihira Bhoja (r. 836–885), which says that the dynasty's founder Nagabhata I repelled a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas, translated as "Baluch foreigners" by D. R. Bhandarkar. The army in question is that of the Umayyad Caliphate after the conquest of Sindh.[24]

History

 
Sardar Ibrahim Khan Sanjrani, Baloch Sardar of Sistan, c. 1884
 
Palace of the Baloch Emir of Sindh in 1808

According to Baloch lore, their ancestors hail from Aleppo in what is now Syria.[25] They claim to be descendants of Ameer Hamza, uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who settled in Halab (present-day Aleppo). After the fight against second Umayyad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala (in which Ameer Hamza's descendants supported and fought alongside Husayn ibn Ali) in 680, descendants of Ameer Hamza migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward Sistan,[26] Iran.

Dayaram Gidumal writes that a Balochi legend is backed up by the medieval Qarmatians.[27] The fact that the Kalmatis were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century Muhammad Qasim Ferishta.[28] According to another historian Ali Sher Kanei, the author of Tuhfatul Kiram, in his history written in 1774 A.D, he believes that only the Rind tribe from Jalal Khan, a descendant of Muhammad ibn Harun, nicknamed Makurani, is a direct descendant of Hamza.[29] Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language, which is one of the Western Iranian languages, the original homeland of the Balochi tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central Caspian region. The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late Sasanian period. The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area. The migrations occurred over several centuries.[30]

By the 9th century, Arab writers refer to the Baloch as living in the area between Kerman, Khorasan, Sistan, and Makran in what is now eastern Iran.[31] Although they kept flocks of sheep, the Baloches also engaged in plundering travelers on the desert routes. This brought them into conflict with the Buyids, and later the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs. Adud al-Dawla of the Buyid dynasty launched a punitive campaign against them and defeated them in 971–972. After this, the Baloch continued their eastward migration towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan, although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian Sistan-Baluchestan and Kerman provinces. By the 13th–14th centuries, waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh, and by the 15th century into the Punjab.[31] According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, professor at University of Karachi, the Balochis migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,[32][33][34] or alternatively, from about 1300[35] to about 1850.[36][37][38] Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was not inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab.[39] The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the Persian Safavids and the Mughal emperors. Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area, by the 17th century, a tribal Brahui leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first "Khan of the Baloch". In 1666, he was succeeded by Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani who established the Khanate of Kalat under the Ahmadzai dynasty.[note 1] Originally in alliance with the Mughals, the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the British colonial government and the region effectively became part of the British Raj.[31]

Baloch culture

Main article: Culture of Balochistan
See also: Balochi clothing and Baloch cuisine
 
Baloch men performing traditional dance.

Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an important aspect of Baloch women's traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are dorr, heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm to the ears. They usually wear a gold brooch (tasni) that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest. In ancient times, especially during the pre-Islamic era, it was common for Baloch women to perform dances and sing folk songs at different events. The tradition of a Baloch mother singing lullabies to her children has played an important role in the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation since ancient times. Apart from the dressing style of the Baloch, indigenous and local traditions and customs are also of great importance to the Baloch.[45]

Baloch Culture Day is celebrated by the Balochi people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate their rich culture and history.[46]

Baloch tribes

See also: List of Baloch tribes
 
Baloch-inhabited areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran (pink) in 1980

Tradition

 
Baloch man in Sindhi traditional pantaloon-style Sindhi shalwar, 1845

Traditionally, Jalal Khan was the ruler and founder of the first Balochi confederacy in 12th century. (He may be the same as Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire.[47]) Jalal Khan left four sons – Rind Khan, Lashar Khan, Hoth Khan, Korai Khan and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who married his nephew Murad.[48]

Divisions

As of 2008 it was estimated that there were between eight and nine million Baloch people living in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. They were subdivided between over 130 tribes.[49] Some estimates put the figure at over 150 tribes, though estimates vary depending on how subtribes are counted.[50] The tribes, known as taman, are led by a tribal chief, the tumandar. Subtribes, known as paras, are led by a muqaddam.[51]

Five Baloch tribes derive their names from Khan's children. Many, if not all, Baloch tribes can be categorized as either Rind or Lashari based on their actual descent or historical tribal allegiances that developed into cross-generational relationships.[citation needed] This basic division was accentuated by a war lasting 30 years between the Rind and Lashari tribes in the 15th century.[52]

Pakistan

There are 180,000 Bugti based in Dera Bugti District. They are divided between the Rahija Bugti, Masori Bugti, Kalpar Bugti, Marehta Bugti and other sub-tribes.[49][53][full citation needed]

Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti led the Bugti as Tumandar until his death in 2006. Talal Akbar Bugti was the tribal leader and President of the Jamhoori Watan Party from 2006 until his death in 2015.[54]

There are 98,000 Marri based in Kohlo district,[49] who further divide themselves into Gazni Marri, Bejarani Marri, and Zarkon Marri.[49]

Tribalism

Violent intertribal competition has prevented any credible attempt at creating a nation-state. A myriad of militant secessionist movements, each loyal to their own tribal leader, threatens regional security and political stability.[55]

Genetics

For most Balochs, haplogroup R1a is the most common paternal clade,[56] while haplogroup L-M20 is the most common paternal clade in Makran.

Religion

See also: Hinduism in Balochistan
 
A zigri (a type of religious dance) in Gwarjak in 1891

The majority of the Baloch people in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims, with 64.78% belonging to the Deobandi movement, 33.38% to the Barelvi movement, and 1.25% to the Ahl-i Hadith movement. Shia Muslims comprise 0.59% of Balochs. Although Baloch leaders, backed by traditional scholarship, have held that the Baloch people are secular, Christine Fair and Ali Hamza found during their 2017 study that, when it comes to Islamism, "contrary to the conventional wisdom, Baloch are generally indistinguishable from other Pakistanis in Balochistan or the rest of Pakistan". There are virtually no statistically significant or substantive differences between Balochi Muslims and other Muslims in Pakistan in terms of religiosity, support for a sharia-compliant Pakistan state, liberating Muslims from oppression, etc.[57]

800,000 Pakistani Balochis are estimated to follow the Zikri sect.[58]

A small number of Balochs are non-Muslims, particularly in the Bugti clan which has Hindu and Sikh members.[7] There are Hindu Balochs in the Bugti, Marri, Rind, Bezenjo, Zehri, Mengal and other Baloch tribes.[8] The Bhagnaris are a Hindu Baloch community living in India[9] who trace their origin to southern Balochistan but migrated to India during the Partition.[10]

Baloch people from Pakistan

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A number of unrelated tribes with the name Ahmadzai exist.[40] There are two Pashtun tribes who are unrelated to each other with this name: the Ahmadzai who are a Waziri tribe and the Sulaimankhel Ahmadzai, part of the Ghilzai confederation.[41] However, the Ahmadzai Khans of Khalat were neither of these and belonged to a Brahui tribe.[42][43][44]
  1. ^ Brahuis, Jadgals, Jats and Africans

References

  1. ^ "Iran Minorities 2: Ethnic Diversity". The Iran Primer. United States Institute of Peace. 3 September 2013. Baluchis number between 4 million in Iran. They are part of a wider regional population of about 10 million spread across Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
  2. ^ Spooner, Brian (2011). "10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language". In Schiffman, Harold F. (ed.). Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors. Brill. p. 319. ISBN 978-9004201453. It [Balochi] is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Africa, and diaspora communities in other parts of the world.
  3. ^ "Number of Balochi-speaking people in Balochistan falls". Dawn News. 11 September 2017. However, the total number of Baloch people has increased from 4 million in 1998 to 6.86m in 2017. The count does not include the population of two districts – Quetta and Sibi – where people of various ethnicities, including Baloch and Pashtun also reside.
  4. ^ "UNPO: West Balochistan". unpo.org. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  5. ^ "Cultural Orientation Balochi" (PDF). Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center. 2019. p. 111. An estimated 500,000–600,000 Baloch live in southern Afghanistan, concentrated in southern Nimroz Province, and to a lesser degree in Helmand and Kandahar provinces.
  6. ^ Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (8 October 2015). State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-317-44820-4.
  7. ^ a b Kamal Siddiqi (30 July 2009). "Hingol Temple Symbolises Baloch Secularism". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  8. ^ a b "Over 100 Hindu Families in Pak Want To Migrate To India". Hindustan Times. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2020. Hindus have lived in several Baloch-dominated districts like Nushki, Dera Allah Yar, Mastung, Khuzdar, Kalat, Jaffarabad, Lasbela, Kharan, Sibi and Kachhi and territories inhabited by the Marri and Bugti tribes for centuries. Hindus are also part of the Bugti, Marri, Rind, Bezenjo, Zehri, Mengal and other Baloch tribes and live under the tribal system.
  9. ^ a b Roshni Nair (3 December 2016). "Mumbai's filmi daredevils with a cross-border history". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b Sadaf Modak (7 November 2016). "A piece of Balochistan in Mumbai since Partition – 150 families & Khatti Dal". Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  11. ^ Laura, Etheredge (15 January 2011). Persian Gulf States: Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-61530-327-4. The Baloch are traditionally nomads, but settled agricultural existence is becoming more common; every chief has a fixed resi- dence. The villages are collections of mud or stone huts; on the hills, enclosures of rough stone walls are covered with matting to serve as temporary habitations. The Baloch raise camels, cattle, sheep, and goats and engage in carpet making and embroidery. They engage in agriculture using simple methods and are chiefly Muslim.
  12. ^ Bashir, Shahzad; Crews, Robert D. (28 May 2012). Under the Drones. Harvard University Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-674-06476-8. In southwestern Afghanistan the Baloch have traditionally been nomads, and some of them continue to lead a nomadic way of life today. Over the course of the twentieth century most Baloch settled down in the southwest and started a sedentary way of life based on pastoral- ism and irrigated agriculture. Repeated droughts during the last two decades caused many Baloch to give up livestock farming and agriculture,
  13. ^ Gayer, Laurent (2014). Karachi: Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City. Oxford University Press. pp. 127_128. ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3. Lyari's first residents were Sindhi fishermen and Baloch nomads (pawans) from Makran, Lasbela and Kalat districts, flee- ing drought and tribal feuds. A first influx occurred around 1725, a few years before Sindhi banyas settled in Karachi and committed to expand it. A second wave of Baloch settlers arrived around 1770, when Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat, following an accord between the Khan and the Kalhora rulers of Sindh. A third wave of Baloch migra- tion took place after 1795, following the annexation of the city by the Talpur rulers of Sindh, which attracted Baloch tribesmen from interior Sindh and the Seraiki belt, many of whom found employment as guards, particularly at the Manora fort.
  14. ^ Shahrani, M. Nazif (10 February 2018). Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War. Indiana University Press. p. 276. ISBN 978-0-253-03026-9. According to one of the members of the group's lead- ing (Sardar) family whom I met in Pakistan in 2012, the reason for abandoning the settlements in southern Nimruz was that the Sanjerani landowners were threatened by the "communist regime" in Afghanistan in the 1980s. So the Sanjerani moved almost completely to Baloch areas in Pakistan and Iran. At the same time the Brahui, Baloch groups of pastoral nomads, established the main local mujahideen faction, the Jabhe-ye Nimruz and took over most of the for- mer property of the Sanjerani (see below).
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  16. ^ Phillips, David J. (2001). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-87808-352-7. They are united by language and a common culture, and the name Baluch has the connotation of a tent-dwelling nomadic pastoralist, although most of them have never lived like that. The Baluch practice different combinations of agriculture and pastoralism.
  17. ^ Dong, Shikui; Kassam, Karim-Aly S.; Tourrand, Jean François; Boone, Randall B. (30 August 2016). Building Resilience of Human-Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Springer. p. 4. ISBN 978-3-319-30732-9. Some pastoral groups in the world: (a) Tibetan in Qinghai, China; (b) Kirghiz in Badakhshan, Afghanistan: (c) Boran in Borana, Ethiopia; (d) Massai in Kenya; (e) Mongol in Inner Mongolia, China; (1) Tajik in Yangi Qala, Afghanistan; (g) Bedouin in Negev, Israel; (h) Baloch in northern Pakistan.
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  19. ^ Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 105. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5.
  20. ^ Blood, Peter, ed. "Baloch". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
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  23. ^ a b Dashti, The Baloch and Balochistan 2012, pp. 33–34.
  24. ^ Bhandarkar, D. R. (1929). "Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 10 (1/2): 30. JSTOR 41682407.
  25. ^ Olson; et al. (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101. ISBN 978-0313274978.
  26. ^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (2010). Oral Literature of Iranian Languages: Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik: Companion Volume II: History of Persian Literature A, Volume 18. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0857732651. The Baloch tribes rise up from their original home in Aleppo, all sons of Mir Hamza (generally taken to be the uncle of the prophet Muhammad) to fight against the second Ummayad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala in 680. After Hoseyn is slain, the angered Balochi tribes wander way eastwards
  27. ^ Gidumal, Dayaram (1888). History of Alienations in the Province of Sind: Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner's Office on the Authority of Bombay Government, Resolution No. 12, Dated 2nd January 1878, Revenue Department. Printed at the "Commissioner's Press".
  28. ^ Gazetteer. Government Central Press. 1880.
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Bibliography

  • Dashti, Naseer (2012), The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State, Trafford Publishing, pp. 33–, ISBN 978-1-4669-5896-8

Further reading

  • Axmann, Martin (2019). "Baluchistan and the Baluch people". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
  • Bulookbashi, Ali A.; Asatryan, Mushegh (2013). "Balūch". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baloch.

October 15, 2023
baloch, people, baloch, lohch, baluch, looch, balochi, بلۏچ, romanized, balòc, nomadic, pastoral, western, iranic, ethnic, group, native, balochistan, region, south, western, asia, encompassing, countries, pakistan, iran, afghanistan, there, also, baloch, dias. The Baloch b e ˈ l oʊ tʃ be LOHCH or Baluch b e ˈ l uː tʃ be LOOCH Balochi بلۏچ romanized Baloc are a nomadic 11 12 13 14 pastoral 15 16 17 Western Iranic ethnic group 18 native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia encompassing the countries of Pakistan Iran and Afghanistan There are also Baloch diaspora communities in neighbouring regions including in Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula BalochبلۏچA group of Baloch menTotal populationc 10 million 2013 1 3 5 million Baloch speakers Brill 2011 2 Regions with significant populations Pakistan6 86 million 2017 census 3 Iran2 million 2013 4 Oman500 000 citation needed Afghanistan2 million 5 Turkmenistan36 000 6 LanguagesBalochi Brahui Saraiki Jadgali Punjabi Second language Dari and Pashto in Afghanistan Persian in Iran Urdu in PakistanReligionMajority Islam mainly Sunni Islam Minority Hinduism 7 8 9 10 Related ethnic groupsOther Indo Iranian peoplesAssimilation of non Baloch tribes a into Baloch tribal system has been a major phenomenon throughout the history of Baloch people and today a significant Baloch population has diverse origins 19 The majority of Baloch reside within Pakistan About 50 of the total Baloch population live in the Pakistani province of Balochistan 20 while 40 are settled in Sindh and a significant albeit smaller number reside in the Pakistani Punjab They make up nearly 3 6 of Pakistan s total population and around 2 of the populations of both Iran and Afghanistan 21 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Baloch culture 4 Baloch tribes 4 1 Tradition 4 2 Divisions 4 3 Pakistan 4 4 Tribalism 5 Genetics 6 Religion 7 Baloch people from Pakistan 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymologyThe exact origin of the word Baloch is unclear According to the Baloch historian Naseer Dashti 2012 the name of the ethnic group derives from Balaschik living in Balasagan between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in present day Turkey and Azerbaijan who are believed to have migrated to Balochistan during the Sasanian times 22 The remnants of the original name such as Balochuk and Balochiki are said to be still used as ethnic names in Balochistan 23 Some other writers suggest a derivation from Sanskrit words bal meaning strength and och meaning high or magnificent 23 An earliest Sanskrit reference to the Baloch might be the Gwalior inscription of the Gurjara Pratihara ruler Mihira Bhoja r 836 885 which says that the dynasty s founder Nagabhata I repelled a powerful army of Valacha Mlecchas translated as Baluch foreigners by D R Bhandarkar The army in question is that of the Umayyad Caliphate after the conquest of Sindh 24 History nbsp Sardar Ibrahim Khan Sanjrani Baloch Sardar of Sistan c 1884 nbsp Palace of the Baloch Emir of Sindh in 1808According to Baloch lore their ancestors hail from Aleppo in what is now Syria 25 They claim to be descendants of Ameer Hamza uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who settled in Halab present day Aleppo After the fight against second Umayyad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala in which Ameer Hamza s descendants supported and fought alongside Husayn ibn Ali in 680 descendants of Ameer Hamza migrated to east or southeast of the central Caspian region specially toward Sistan 26 Iran Dayaram Gidumal writes that a Balochi legend is backed up by the medieval Qarmatians 27 The fact that the Kalmatis were ethnic Baluchis is also confirmed by the Persian historian in the 16th century Muhammad Qasim Ferishta 28 According to another historian Ali Sher Kanei the author of Tuhfatul Kiram in his history written in 1774 A D he believes that only the Rind tribe from Jalal Khan a descendant of Muhammad ibn Harun nicknamed Makurani is a direct descendant of Hamza 29 Based on an analysis of the linguistic connections of the Balochi language which is one of the Western Iranian languages the original homeland of the Balochi tribes was likely to the east or southeast of the central Caspian region The Baloch began migrating towards the east in the late Sasanian period The cause of the migration is unknown but may have been as a result of the generally unstable conditions in the Caspian area The migrations occurred over several centuries 30 By the 9th century Arab writers refer to the Baloch as living in the area between Kerman Khorasan Sistan and Makran in what is now eastern Iran 31 Although they kept flocks of sheep the Baloches also engaged in plundering travelers on the desert routes This brought them into conflict with the Buyids and later the Ghaznavids and the Seljuqs Adud al Dawla of the Buyid dynasty launched a punitive campaign against them and defeated them in 971 972 After this the Baloch continued their eastward migration towards what is now the Balochistan province of Pakistan although some remained behind and there are still Baloch in the eastern parts of the Iranian Sistan Baluchestan and Kerman provinces By the 13th 14th centuries waves of Baloch were moving into Sindh and by the 15th century into the Punjab 31 According to Dr Akhtar Baloch professor at University of Karachi the Balochis migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries 32 33 34 or alternatively from about 1300 35 to about 1850 36 37 38 Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period which varied according to local conditions According to Professor Baloch the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was not inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab 39 The area where the Baloch tribes settled was disputed between the Persian Safavids and the Mughal emperors Although the Mughals managed to establish some control over the eastern parts of the area by the 17th century a tribal Brahui leader named Mir Hasan established himself as the first Khan of the Baloch In 1666 he was succeeded by Mir Aḥmad Khan Qambarani who established the Khanate of Kalat under the Ahmadzai dynasty note 1 Originally in alliance with the Mughals the Khanate lost its autonomy in 1839 with the signing of a treaty with the British colonial government and the region effectively became part of the British Raj 31 Baloch cultureMain article Culture of Balochistan See also Balochi clothing and Baloch cuisine nbsp Baloch men performing traditional dance Gold ornaments such as necklaces and bracelets are an important aspect of Baloch women s traditions and among their most favoured items of jewellery are dorr heavy earrings that are fastened to the head with gold chains so that the heavy weight will not cause harm to the ears They usually wear a gold brooch tasni that is made by local jewellers in different shapes and sizes and is used to fasten the two parts of the dress together over the chest In ancient times especially during the pre Islamic era it was common for Baloch women to perform dances and sing folk songs at different events The tradition of a Baloch mother singing lullabies to her children has played an important role in the transfer of knowledge from generation to generation since ancient times Apart from the dressing style of the Baloch indigenous and local traditions and customs are also of great importance to the Baloch 45 Baloch Culture Day is celebrated by the Balochi people annually on 2 March with festivities to celebrate their rich culture and history 46 Baloch tribesSee also List of Baloch tribes nbsp Baloch inhabited areas of Pakistan Afghanistan and Iran pink in 1980Tradition nbsp Baloch man in Sindhi traditional pantaloon style Sindhi shalwar 1845Traditionally Jalal Khan was the ruler and founder of the first Balochi confederacy in 12th century He may be the same as Jalal ad Din Mingburnu the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire 47 Jalal Khan left four sons Rind Khan Lashar Khan Hoth Khan Korai Khan and a daughter Bibi Jato who married his nephew Murad 48 Divisions As of 2008 it was estimated that there were between eight and nine million Baloch people living in Afghanistan Iran and Pakistan They were subdivided between over 130 tribes 49 Some estimates put the figure at over 150 tribes though estimates vary depending on how subtribes are counted 50 The tribes known as taman are led by a tribal chief the tumandar Subtribes known as paras are led by a muqaddam 51 Five Baloch tribes derive their names from Khan s children Many if not all Baloch tribes can be categorized as either Rind or Lashari based on their actual descent or historical tribal allegiances that developed into cross generational relationships citation needed This basic division was accentuated by a war lasting 30 years between the Rind and Lashari tribes in the 15th century 52 Pakistan There are 180 000 Bugti based in Dera Bugti District They are divided between the Rahija Bugti Masori Bugti Kalpar Bugti Marehta Bugti and other sub tribes 49 53 full citation needed Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti led the Bugti as Tumandar until his death in 2006 Talal Akbar Bugti was the tribal leader and President of the Jamhoori Watan Party from 2006 until his death in 2015 54 There are 98 000 Marri based in Kohlo district 49 who further divide themselves into Gazni Marri Bejarani Marri and Zarkon Marri 49 Tribalism Violent intertribal competition has prevented any credible attempt at creating a nation state A myriad of militant secessionist movements each loyal to their own tribal leader threatens regional security and political stability 55 GeneticsFor most Balochs haplogroup R1a is the most common paternal clade 56 while haplogroup L M20 is the most common paternal clade in Makran ReligionSee also Hinduism in Balochistan nbsp A zigri a type of religious dance in Gwarjak in 1891The majority of the Baloch people in Pakistan are Sunni Muslims with 64 78 belonging to the Deobandi movement 33 38 to the Barelvi movement and 1 25 to the Ahl i Hadith movement Shia Muslims comprise 0 59 of Balochs Although Baloch leaders backed by traditional scholarship have held that the Baloch people are secular Christine Fair and Ali Hamza found during their 2017 study that when it comes to Islamism contrary to the conventional wisdom Baloch are generally indistinguishable from other Pakistanis in Balochistan or the rest of Pakistan There are virtually no statistically significant or substantive differences between Balochi Muslims and other Muslims in Pakistan in terms of religiosity support for a sharia compliant Pakistan state liberating Muslims from oppression etc 57 800 000 Pakistani Balochis are estimated to follow the Zikri sect 58 A small number of Balochs are non Muslims particularly in the Bugti clan which has Hindu and Sikh members 7 There are Hindu Balochs in the Bugti Marri Rind Bezenjo Zehri Mengal and other Baloch tribes 8 The Bhagnaris are a Hindu Baloch community living in India 9 who trace their origin to southern Balochistan but migrated to India during the Partition 10 Baloch people from PakistanMir Jafar Khan Jamali a veteran politician from Muslim League and a tribal leader from Balochistan He was a close friend of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah 59 Mir Chakar Rind Baloch folk hero 1468 1565 Zafarullah Khan Jamali the 15th prime minister of Pakistan 60 Asif Ali Zardari the 11th president of Pakistan Nabi Bakhsh Baloch research scholar historian educationist and linguist in Urdu English Persian and Sindhi languages Mir Hazar Khan Khoso jurist and caretaker prime minister of Pakistan from 25 March to 5 June 2013 Asif Saeed Khan Khosa the 26th chief justice of Pakistan 61 Sardar Usman Buzdar the current chief minister of Punjab province 62 Shireen Mazari the federal minister for human rights and a member of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf Quratulain Balouch Pakistani American singer and songwriter Abdul Rashid Ghazi Pakistani Diplomat and Religious Cleric 63 Farooq Leghari the 8th president of Pakistan 64 Maulana Muhammad Abdullah Islamic scholar who served as Chairman of Ruet e Hilal Committee 65 Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan Gadhi a Member of the Provincial Assembly and Ex Minister for Counter Terrorism Punjab Kiran Maqsood Baluch a Pakistani women cricketer Maulana Abdul Aziz Imam of Red Mosque Aftab Baloch a former Pakistani cricketer Zulfiqar Ali Khosa a former governor of Punjab province Mir Hazar Khan Khoso a former Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan Latif Khosa a former Governor of Punjab Muhammad Muqeem Khan Khoso a former Chief Sardar of the Khoso Tribe and former Member of the Provincial Assembly from PS 14 Jacobabad Sarfraz Bugti a former home minister of Balochistan Currently a member of the senate Abdul Quddus Bizenjo the current chief minister of Balochistan Sanaullah Khan Zehri the 15th chief minister of Balochistan 66 Siraj Raisani a member of Balochistan Awami Party 67 He is also a recipient of the Sitara e Shujaat star of bravery 68 Sherbaz Khan Mazari a Baluch veteran politician Sardar Mir Balakh Sher Mazari the interim prime minister of Pakistan in a 1993 caretaker government 69 Abdul Qadir Baloch a retired General in the Pakistan army Currently a Pakistani politician Khair Bakhsh Marri was a Baloch politician from the province of Balochistan in Pakistan 70 Akbar Bugti the former Tumandar of the Bugti tribe and Minister of State of Balochistan Province Muniba Mazari human rights activist artist and motivational speaker Yasir Nawaz director producer screenwriter and actor Naz Baloch Pakistani female politician Danish Nawaz television actor director and comedian Mahnoor Baloch Canadian Pakistani actress Eva B hip hop rapper and singer Bilal Lashari Pakistani filmmaker cinematographer screenwriter and actor Kaifi Khalil singer songwriter Hasnain Lehri Pakistani actor and model See alsoBaloch of Iran Baloch people in the United Arab Emirates Baloch of Turkmenistan Baloch people in India Omani Baloch Al Balushi Balochi cuisine Indo Iranian peoples Baloch nationalism 1898 Baloch uprising Baloch people in Punjab Baloch people in SindhNotes A number of unrelated tribes with the name Ahmadzai exist 40 There are two Pashtun tribes who are unrelated to each other with this name the Ahmadzai who are a Waziri tribe and the Sulaimankhel Ahmadzai part of the Ghilzai confederation 41 However the Ahmadzai Khans of Khalat were neither of these and belonged to a Brahui tribe 42 43 44 Brahuis Jadgals Jats and AfricansReferences Iran Minorities 2 Ethnic Diversity The Iran Primer United States Institute of Peace 3 September 2013 Baluchis number between 4 million in Iran They are part of a wider regional population of about 10 million spread across Iran Pakistan and Afghanistan Spooner Brian 2011 10 Balochi Towards a Biography of the Language In Schiffman Harold F ed Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors Brill p 319 ISBN 978 9004201453 It Balochi is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan Iran Afghanistan Oman and the Persian Gulf states Turkmenistan East Africa and diaspora communities in other parts of the world Number of Balochi speaking people in Balochistan falls Dawn News 11 September 2017 However the total number of Baloch people has increased from 4 million in 1998 to 6 86m in 2017 The count does not include the population of two districts Quetta and Sibi where people of various ethnicities including Baloch and Pashtun also reside UNPO West Balochistan unpo org Retrieved 21 January 2020 Cultural Orientation Balochi PDF Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center 2019 p 111 An estimated 500 000 600 000 Baloch live in southern Afghanistan concentrated in southern Nimroz Province and to a lesser degree in Helmand and Kandahar provinces Long Roger D Singh Gurharpal Samad Yunas Talbot Ian 8 October 2015 State and Nation Building in Pakistan Beyond Islam and Security Routledge p 129 ISBN 978 1 317 44820 4 a b Kamal Siddiqi 30 July 2009 Hingol Temple Symbolises Baloch Secularism Hindustan Times Retrieved 20 October 2020 a b Over 100 Hindu Families in Pak Want To Migrate To India Hindustan Times 3 January 2011 Retrieved 20 October 2020 Hindus have lived in several Baloch dominated districts like Nushki Dera Allah Yar Mastung Khuzdar Kalat Jaffarabad Lasbela Kharan Sibi and Kachhi and territories inhabited by the Marri and Bugti tribes for centuries Hindus are also part of the Bugti Marri Rind Bezenjo Zehri Mengal and other Baloch tribes and live under the tribal system a b Roshni Nair 3 December 2016 Mumbai s filmi daredevils with a cross border history Hindustan Times Retrieved 9 July 2020 a b Sadaf Modak 7 November 2016 A piece of Balochistan in Mumbai since Partition 150 families amp Khatti Dal Retrieved 20 October 2020 Laura Etheredge 15 January 2011 Persian Gulf States Kuwait Qatar Bahrain Oman and the United Arab Emirates The Rosen Publishing Group Inc p 66 ISBN 978 1 61530 327 4 The Baloch are traditionally nomads but settled agricultural existence is becoming more common every chief has a fixed resi dence The villages are collections of mud or stone huts on the hills enclosures of rough stone walls are covered with matting to serve as temporary habitations The Baloch raise camels cattle sheep and goats and engage in carpet making and embroidery They engage in agriculture using simple methods and are chiefly Muslim Bashir Shahzad Crews Robert D 28 May 2012 Under the Drones Harvard University Press p 140 ISBN 978 0 674 06476 8 In southwestern Afghanistan the Baloch have traditionally been nomads and some of them continue to lead a nomadic way of life today Over the course of the twentieth century most Baloch settled down in the southwest and started a sedentary way of life based on pastoral ism and irrigated agriculture Repeated droughts during the last two decades caused many Baloch to give up livestock farming and agriculture Gayer Laurent 2014 Karachi Ordered Disorder and the Struggle for the City Oxford University Press pp 127 128 ISBN 978 0 19 935444 3 Lyari s first residents were Sindhi fishermen and Baloch nomads pawans from Makran Lasbela and Kalat districts flee ing drought and tribal feuds A first influx occurred around 1725 a few years before Sindhi banyas settled in Karachi and committed to expand it A second wave of Baloch settlers arrived around 1770 when Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat following an accord between the Khan and the Kalhora rulers of Sindh A third wave of Baloch migra tion took place after 1795 following the annexation of the city by the Talpur rulers of Sindh which attracted Baloch tribesmen from interior Sindh and the Seraiki belt many of whom found employment as guards particularly at the Manora fort Shahrani M Nazif 10 February 2018 Modern Afghanistan The Impact of 40 Years of War Indiana University Press p 276 ISBN 978 0 253 03026 9 According to one of the members of the group s lead ing Sardar family whom I met in Pakistan in 2012 the reason for abandoning the settlements in southern Nimruz was that the Sanjerani landowners were threatened by the communist regime in Afghanistan in the 1980s So the Sanjerani moved almost completely to Baloch areas in Pakistan and Iran At the same time the Brahui Baloch groups of pastoral nomads established the main local mujahideen faction the Jabhe ye Nimruz and took over most of the for mer property of the Sanjerani see below Nahyan Mansoor Bin Tahnoon Al Hussain Jamal Ghafoor Asad ul 9 May 2019 Tribes of Pakistan Cambridge Scholars Publishing p 73 ISBN 978 1 5275 3439 1 The Baloch like the Brahuis are divided geographically into two groups the Suleimani northerners and the Makrani southerners occupying the respective parts of the province with the central areas inhabited by the Brahuis Historically they have also been a nomadic pastoral people living in the open and avoiding towns Phillips David J 2001 Peoples on the Move Introducing the Nomads of the World William Carey Library p 289 ISBN 978 0 87808 352 7 They are united by language and a common culture and the name Baluch has the connotation of a tent dwelling nomadic pastoralist although most of them have never lived like that The Baluch practice different combinations of agriculture and pastoralism Dong Shikui Kassam Karim Aly S Tourrand Jean Francois Boone Randall B 30 August 2016 Building Resilience of Human Natural Systems of Pastoralism in the Developing World Interdisciplinary Perspectives Springer p 4 ISBN 978 3 319 30732 9 Some pastoral groups in the world a Tibetan in Qinghai China b Kirghiz in Badakhshan Afghanistan c Boran in Borana Ethiopia d Massai in Kenya e Mongol in Inner Mongolia China 1 Tajik in Yangi Qala Afghanistan g Bedouin in Negev Israel h Baloch in northern Pakistan Zehi Pirmohamad A Cultural Anthropology of Baluchis Iran Chamber Society Breseeg Taj Mohammad 2004 Baloch Nationalism Its Origin and Development Royal Book Company p 105 ISBN 978 969 407 309 5 Blood Peter ed Baloch Pakistan A Country Study Washington GPO for the Library of Congress 1995 Central Intelligence Agency 2013 The World Factbook Ethnic Groups Archived from the original on 16 November 2018 Retrieved 3 November 2014 Dashti The Baloch and Balochistan 2012 pp 8 33 34 44 a b Dashti The Baloch and Balochistan 2012 pp 33 34 Bhandarkar D R 1929 Indian Studies No I Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 10 1 2 30 JSTOR 41682407 Olson et al 1994 An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires Greenwood Publishing Group p 101 ISBN 978 0313274978 Kreyenbroek Philip G 2010 Oral Literature of Iranian Languages Kurdish Pashto Balochi Ossetic Persian and Tajik Companion Volume II History of Persian Literature A Volume 18 I B Tauris ISBN 978 0857732651 The Baloch tribes rise up from their original home in Aleppo all sons of Mir Hamza generally taken to be the uncle of the prophet Muhammad to fight against the second Ummayad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala in 680 After Hoseyn is slain the angered Balochi tribes wander way eastwards Gidumal Dayaram 1888 History of Alienations in the Province of Sind Compiled from the Jagir and Other Records in the Commissioner s Office on the Authority of Bombay Government Resolution No 12 Dated 2nd January 1878 Revenue Department Printed at the Commissioner s Press Gazetteer Government Central Press 1880 Castro Madrid Instituto Salazar y 1983 Comunicaciones al Decimoquinto XV Congreso Internacional de las Ciencias Genealogica y Heraldica in Spanish Ediciones Hidalguia ISBN 978 84 00 05342 0 Elfenbein J 1988 Baluchistan iii Baluchi Language and Literature Encyclopedia Iranica Retrieved 30 December 2014 a b c Spooner Brian 1988 BALUCHISTAN i Geography History and Ethnography Encyclopedia Iranica Retrieved 30 December 2014 Mann Michael 2003 Little Ice Age In MacCracken Michael C Perry John S eds Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change Volume 1 The Earth System Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change PDF John Wiley amp Sons Archived from the original PDF on 24 January 2013 Retrieved 17 November 2012 Lamb H H 1972 The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800 Climate present past and future London Methuen p 107 ISBN 0 416 11530 6 noted in Grove 2004 4 Earth observatory Glossary L N NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Green Belt MD NASA Retrieved 17 July 2015 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Miller et al 2012 Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea ice ocean feedbacks Geophysical Research Letters 39 31 January abstract formerly on AGU website accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015 see press release on AGU website accessed 11 July 2015 Grove J M Little Ice Ages Ancient and Modern Routledge London 2 volumes 2004 Matthews J A and Briffa K R The Little Ice Age re evaluation of an evolving concept Geogr Ann 87 A 1 pp 17 36 2005 Retrieved 17 July 2015 1 4 3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance AR4 WGI Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Climate Change Science Ipcc ch Retrieved 24 June 2013 From Zardaris to Makranis How the Baloch came to Sindh Kieffer Ch M AḤMADZi Encyclopaedia Iranica Online ed United States Columbia University Ethnic Identity in Afghanistan Naval Postgraduate School Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 Retrieved 3 January 2015 Bettina Bruns Judith Miggelbrink 8 October 2011 Subverting Borders Doing Research on Smuggling and Small Scale Trade Springer Science amp Business Media p 52 footnote 12 ISBN 978 3 531 93273 6 Minahan James 2012 Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 48 ISBN 978 1 59884 659 1 Axmann Martin 2008 Back to the Future The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism 1915 1955 Oxford University Press p 22 ISBN 978 0 19 547645 3 Baloch Society amp culture Baask com Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 Retrieved 7 September 2010 Baloch Cultural Day celebrated with colourful functions gatherings Pakistan Today 2 March 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2018 Dashti Naseer 2012 The Baloch and Balochistan A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State Bloomington Indiana Trafford Publishing pp 103 104 ISBN 978 1 4669 5896 8 Badalkhan Sabir 2013 Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore Balochistan Monograph Series V Naples Italy Universita degli studi di Napoli p 20 ISBN 978 88 6719 060 7 a b c d Tahir Muhammad 3 April 2008 Tribes and Rebels The Players in the Balochistan Insurgency Terrorism Monitor Jamestown Foundation 6 7 Retrieved 6 December 2017 Baloch Muhammad Amin 1999 Inside Ormara Muhammad Amin Baloch p 83 Bonarjee P D 1899 A handbook of the fighting races of India Thacker Spink amp Co p 47 Asimov M S Bosworth C E 1992 History of Civilizations of Central Asia vol 4 part 1 Motilal Banarsidass Publishing p 305 Pakistan Horizon Volume 59 Issues 3 4 Pakistan Institute of International Affairs 2006 JWP leader Talal Bugti passes away in Quetta The Express Tribune 27 April 2015 Jugdep S Chima 2015 Ethnic Subnationalist Insurgencies in South Asia Identities Interests and Challenges to State Authority Routledge p 126 ISBN 978 1138839922 R Y920 YTree yfull com Retrieved 20 January 2021 Fair C Christine and Hamza Ali 2017 Rethinking Baloch Secularism What the Data Say Peace and Conflict Studies Vol 24 No 1 Article 1 Williams Victoria R 24 February 2020 Indigenous Peoples An Encyclopedia of Culture History and Threats to Survival 4 volumes ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1 4408 6118 5 Dr Shahida Jaffrey Jamali 6 April 2017 Remembering Mir Jaffar Khan Jamali Daily Times Zafarullah Khan Jamali Age Political Party Family and Education ARYNEWS 11 August 2018 Justice Asif Saeed Khosa to be sworn in as 26th Chief Justice of Pakistan thenews com pk Haider Sikandar 18 August 2018 Poorest Baloch tribe s chief set to rule Punjab The Nation Walsh Declan 2021 The Nine Lives of Pakistan Dispatches from a Divided Nation Bloomsbury Publishing pp 32 33 Farooq Ahmad Khan Bhutto s pick until he sacked her The National 30 October 2010 Mansoor Riaz 2006 Hayat Shaheed E Islam حیات شہید ای اسلام Maktaba Faridia p 57 Notezai Muhammad Akbar 10 January 2018 Profile Sanullah Zehri more of a Sardar than a politician Dawn Pakistan I am Siraj Khan Raisani Baloch amp I will die a Pakistani thenews com pk President Alvi confers top civil military awards for excellence on Pakistan Day Dawn Pakistan 23 March 2019 Balakh Sher Mazari Age Son Family Political party ARYNEWS 15 July 2018 Hasan Mansoor 11 June 2014 Khair Bakhsh Marri a fighter all the way Dawn Pakistan Retrieved 21 August 2020 BibliographyDashti Naseer 2012 The Baloch and Balochistan A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State Trafford Publishing pp 33 ISBN 978 1 4669 5896 8Further readingAxmann Martin 2019 Baluchistan and the Baluch people In Fleet Kate Kramer Gudrun Matringe Denis Nawas John Rowson Everett eds Encyclopaedia of Islam 3rd ed Brill Online ISSN 1873 9830 Bulookbashi Ali A Asatryan Mushegh 2013 Baluch In Madelung Wilferd Daftary Farhad eds Encyclopaedia Islamica Online Brill Online ISSN 1875 9831 External linksBaloch people at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Resources from Wikiversity nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baloch Iran The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Baloch people at Curlie nbsp Wikimedia Atlas of Iran Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baloch people amp oldid 1179473832, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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