fbpx
Wikipedia

Baloch nationalism

October 20, 2023

Baloch nationalism (Balochi: ج دۏستی بلۏچی; Urdu: بلوچ قوم پرستی; Persian: ناسیونالیسم بلوچ) is an ideology that asserts that the Baloch people, an ethnic group native to Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan, form a distinct nation. The origins of modern Baloch nationalism coupled with the insurgency in Balochistan involoving various militant organizations, go back to the period of the partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan, when Kalat, the largest Baloch princely state, acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan.[1]

Flag used by most Baloch nationalists and separatists.

Baloch ethnicity and nationalism Edit

Baloch nationalism is mostly popular in southern and eastern parts of Balochistan.

The Baloch nationalist movement's demands have ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, to outright secession and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan. The movement is secular and heavily influenced by leftist Marxist ideology, like its other counterparts in other parts of Pakistan.

The movement claims to receive considerable support from the Baloch diaspora in Oman, the UAE, Sweden, Norway, and other countries. Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from India,[2] although these have been denied by India.[3] Similarly, Afghanistan has acknowledged providing covert support to the Baloch nationalist militants. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Republic of Afghanistan provided sanctuary to Baloch militants. The Republic of Afghanistan had established training camps in Kandahar to train Baloch militants and also to provide arms and ammunition.[4][5]

Modern Baloch nationalism Edit

Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan (Organisation for Unity of the Baloch) based in Mastung in 1929, led by Yousaf Aziz Magsi, Abdul Aziz Kurd and others.[6] In November 1929, Yousaf Aziz Magsi published an article stating the aims of the group, namely:

  1. Unification and independence of Balochistan;
  2. A democratic, socialist system guided by Islamic universalism;
  3. Abolition of the sardari-jirga system;
  4. Free, compulsory education for the Baloch, and equality for Baloch women;
  5. Promotion of Baloch culture.[7][6]

Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman, Baloch intellectuals in Karachi formed a nationalist organisation, called the Baloch League.[7]

In February 1937, the Anjuman reorganised and became the Kalat State National Party, carrying on the Anjuman's political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan. They demanded the independence of the ancient Khanate of Kalat, which was later incorporated into Pakistan in 1955.[7] The party was dominated by more secular-minded, anti-imperialist and populist elements, such as Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo, Mir Gul Khan Naseer and Abdul Aziz Kurd. When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat, the party was the largest winner with a considerable majority.[7]

In 2017, the World Baloch Organisation placed advertisements on taxis in London to say #FreeBalochistan along with slogans such as "Stop enforced disappearances" and "Save the Baloch people". These were initially allowed but later denied permission by Transport for London. The World Baloch Organisation claimed that this was a result of pressure from the Pakistani Government after the British High Commissioner in Islamabad was summoned to appear before the Pakistani Foreign Secretary.[8]

Support for separatism in Pakistan's Balochistan Edit

The News International reported in 2012 that a local survey organization Gallup conducted a survey that revealed that the majority of Baloch do not support independence from Pakistan. About 37 percent of Baloch were in favour of independence. Amongst Balochistan's Pashtun population support for independence was even lower at 12 percent. However, a majority (67 percent) of Balochistan's population did favour greater provincial autonomy.[9][10]

A survey in 2009 by the Pew Research Center found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose ″Pakistani″ as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.[11]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Sheikh, Salman Rafi (2018). The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-02068-8.
  2. ^ "India supporting Baluchistan violence: Pak". Ia.refiff.com. 6 January 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  3. ^ "US bails out India from Balochistan wrangle". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  4. ^ Sirrs, Owen L. (2016). Pakistan Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert Action and Internal Operations. Routledge. ISBN 9781317196082.
  5. ^ Newton, Michael (2014). Famous Assassination in World History:An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 106. ISBN 9781610692861. By 1976, while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan, Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
  6. ^ a b Khosa, Tariq (20 July 2020). "Baloch Nationalism". Dawn. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development, Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004
  8. ^ Mortimer, Caroline (6 November 2017). "TfL removes 'Free Balochistan' adverts from London black cabs after pressure from Pakistani government". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  9. ^ Grare, Frédéric (11 April 2013). . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. According to a July 2012 survey, only 37 percent of the Baloch favor independence, and a mere 12 percent of Balochistan's Pashtuns favor that option. However, 67 percent of the total population supports greater provincial autonomy.
  10. ^ . Khaleej Times. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023.
  11. ^ "Pakistani Public Opinion – Chapter 2. Religion, Law, and Society". Pew Research Center. 13 August 2009.

Sources Edit

  • In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations, Selig Harrison, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1981
  • Baluch Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry, Selig Harrison 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine, International Security, Vol. 5 No. 3 (Winter 1980-1981) pp 152–163
  • , Paul Titus and Nina Swidler, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 47–69

External links Edit

October 20, 2023
baloch, nationalism, balochi, دۏستی, بلۏچی, urdu, بلوچ, قوم, پرستی, persian, ناسیونالیسم, بلوچ, ideology, that, asserts, that, baloch, people, ethnic, group, native, pakistan, iran, afghanistan, form, distinct, nation, origins, modern, coupled, with, insurgenc. Baloch nationalism Balochi ج دۏستی بلۏچی Urdu بلوچ قوم پرستی Persian ناسیونالیسم بلوچ is an ideology that asserts that the Baloch people an ethnic group native to Pakistan Iran and Afghanistan form a distinct nation The origins of modern Baloch nationalism coupled with the insurgency in Balochistan involoving various militant organizations go back to the period of the partition of British India and subsequent independence of Pakistan when Kalat the largest Baloch princely state acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan 1 Flag used by most Baloch nationalists and separatists Baloch ethnicity and nationalism EditBaloch nationalism is mostly popular in southern and eastern parts of Balochistan The Baloch nationalist movement s demands have ranged from greater cultural economic and political rights to political autonomy to outright secession and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan The movement is secular and heavily influenced by leftist Marxist ideology like its other counterparts in other parts of Pakistan The movement claims to receive considerable support from the Baloch diaspora in Oman the UAE Sweden Norway and other countries Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from India 2 although these have been denied by India 3 Similarly Afghanistan has acknowledged providing covert support to the Baloch nationalist militants In the 1960s and 1970s the Republic of Afghanistan provided sanctuary to Baloch militants The Republic of Afghanistan had established training camps in Kandahar to train Baloch militants and also to provide arms and ammunition 4 5 Modern Baloch nationalism EditBaloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the Anjuman e Ittehad e Balochan Organisation for Unity of the Baloch based in Mastung in 1929 led by Yousaf Aziz Magsi Abdul Aziz Kurd and others 6 In November 1929 Yousaf Aziz Magsi published an article stating the aims of the group namely Unification and independence of Balochistan A democratic socialist system guided by Islamic universalism Abolition of the sardari jirga system Free compulsory education for the Baloch and equality for Baloch women Promotion of Baloch culture 7 6 Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman Baloch intellectuals in Karachi formed a nationalist organisation called the Baloch League 7 In February 1937 the Anjuman reorganised and became the Kalat State National Party carrying on the Anjuman s political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan They demanded the independence of the ancient Khanate of Kalat which was later incorporated into Pakistan in 1955 7 The party was dominated by more secular minded anti imperialist and populist elements such as Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo Mir Gul Khan Naseer and Abdul Aziz Kurd When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat the party was the largest winner with a considerable majority 7 In 2017 the World Baloch Organisation placed advertisements on taxis in London to say FreeBalochistan along with slogans such as Stop enforced disappearances and Save the Baloch people These were initially allowed but later denied permission by Transport for London The World Baloch Organisation claimed that this was a result of pressure from the Pakistani Government after the British High Commissioner in Islamabad was summoned to appear before the Pakistani Foreign Secretary 8 Support for separatism in Pakistan s Balochistan EditThe News International reported in 2012 that a local survey organization Gallup conducted a survey that revealed that the majority of Baloch do not support independence from Pakistan About 37 percent of Baloch were in favour of independence Amongst Balochistan s Pashtun population support for independence was even lower at 12 percent However a majority 67 percent of Balochistan s population did favour greater provincial autonomy 9 10 A survey in 2009 by the Pew Research Center found that 58 of respondents in Balochistan chose Pakistani as their primary mode of identification 32 chose their ethnicity and 10 chose both equally 11 See also EditBalochistan Liberation Army Insurgency in Balochistan Sindhudesh Sindhudesh Liberation Army Separatist movements of Pakistan SaraikistanReferences Edit Sheikh Salman Rafi 2018 The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan 1947 1977 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 351 02068 8 India supporting Baluchistan violence Pak Ia refiff com 6 January 2006 Retrieved 14 October 2014 US bails out India from Balochistan wrangle The Times of India Retrieved 14 October 2014 Sirrs Owen L 2016 Pakistan Inter Services Intelligence Directorate Covert Action and Internal Operations Routledge ISBN 9781317196082 Newton Michael 2014 Famous Assassination in World History An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 106 ISBN 9781610692861 By 1976 while proxy guerilla war with Pakistan Daoud faced rising Islamic fundamentalists movement led by exiled cleric aided openly by Pakistani prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto a b Khosa Tariq 20 July 2020 Baloch Nationalism Dawn Retrieved 11 January 2023 a b c d Baloch Nationalism Its Origin and Development Taj Mohammad Breseeg 2004 Mortimer Caroline 6 November 2017 TfL removes Free Balochistan adverts from London black cabs after pressure from Pakistani government The Independent UK Retrieved 17 December 2017 Grare Frederic 11 April 2013 Balochistan The State Versus the Nation Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 According to a July 2012 survey only 37 percent of the Baloch favor independence and a mere 12 percent of Balochistan s Pashtuns favor that option However 67 percent of the total population supports greater provincial autonomy Only 37 Baloch favour independence UK survey Khaleej Times 15 August 2012 Archived from the original on 19 August 2023 Pakistani Public Opinion Chapter 2 Religion Law and Society Pew Research Center 13 August 2009 Sources EditIn Afghanistan s Shadow Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations Selig Harrison Carnegie Endowment for International Peace New York 1981 Baluch Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry Selig Harrison Archived 2012 10 25 at the Wayback Machine International Security Vol 5 No 3 Winter 1980 1981 pp 152 163 Knights Not Pawns Ethno Nationalism and Regional Dynamics in Post Colonial Balochistan Paul Titus and Nina Swidler International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol 32 No 1 Feb 2000 pp 47 69External links EditThe Resurgence of Baluch Nationalism Frederic Grare Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Paper No 65 January 2006 Balochistan s history of insurgency Pakistan The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan International Crisis Group Asia Report N 119 14 September 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Baloch nationalism amp oldid 1177954527, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.