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Arabela language

January 01, 1970

Arabela is a nearly extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family spoken in two Peruvian villages in tropical forest along the Napo tributary of the Arabela river.

Arabela
Tapweyokwaka
Native toPeru
Ethnicity400 Arabela (2007)[1]
Native speakers
50 (2002)[1]
Zaparoan
  • Arabela–Andoa
    • Arabela
Official status
Official language in
 Peru[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3arl
Glottologarab1268
ELPArabela
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Also known as Chiripuno and Chiripunu, it is spoken by fewer than 50 people out of an ethnic population of about 400.[1]

Since there are so few speakers of Arabela left, its speakers speak either Spanish or Quechua as a second language. The literacy rate for Arabela as a first language is about 10–30%, and about 50–75% for a second language. It uses a SOV word order.[1]

Like all native languages in Peru, it has an official status in areas where it is spoken.[2]

The language and its speakers edit

Arabela is a language of the Zaparoan family of languages. Zaparoan tongues were once widely spoken in the rain forest of north-eastern Peru, but Zaparoan-speaking people have been decimated by diseases, wars with neighboring native groups, and by quasi-enslavement during the rubber boom. Most Zaparoan communities have shifted to Lamas Quechua or Spanish, while others have been incorporated into Shuar groups. The few surviving Zaparoan languages are all severely endangered. Among those, Arabela is most closely related to Zaparo (the only one still spoken), Andoa and Conambo.

Current situation edit

The dominant languages of the area are Kichwa and Spanish, and they are both widely spoken by Arabelas. Kichwa has been the default language for native communities in the area since the rubber boom era, and has spread through trade mixed marriages. It is, however, losing ground to Spanish in the younger generations. The use of Arabela is restricted to a small elderly fraction of the population. The language is official per the Constitution of Peru, but this did not stop its decline. There is little written literature in Arabela. El Nuevo Testamento en Arabela del Perú, 2da ed. ©2008, La Liga Bíblica (the New Testament in Arabela) was completed in 2008.[3] A publication of select portions of the Old Testament was completed in 2009.[4] The language has been used in education by the Peruvian government, which has issued some school material in it. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been translated into Arabela in 1988.[5]

Dialectal divisions edit

There is no dialectal division among known Arabela speakers. A small group, called Pananuyuri, separated from other Arabelas roughly a century ago. Their fate is unknown but they may have survived, in which case their dialect is likely to have somewhat diverged from the other speakers'.[citation needed]

Phonology edit

The Arabela phonemic inventory is quite typical for a Zaparoan language. It has five places of articulation and a vowel inventory of five vowels common within the family.

Vowels edit

  • /ɪ/ can also be heard as a nasal [ẽ] when in nasal positions.
  • /a/ can have allophones [a, æ, ɛ, ɔ, ʌ].
  • /u/ can also be heard as [ʊ].

Consonants edit

Consonants
Bilabial Dental /
Alveolar 		Postalveolar Velar Glottal
Stop [p] [t] [k]
Fricative [s] [ʃ] [ɦ̃]
Nasal [m] [n]
Approximant [w] [j]
Trill [r]

Morphology edit

The noun edit

Arabela has no grammatical gender but for a few words, mostly describing persons, the sex can be specified by adding a suffix:

  • Cua niya-nu: 'my son'
  • Cua niya-tu: 'my daughter'

Arabela has two grammatical numbers, singular and plural. The plural is generally added by adding a suffix to the singular, the nature of this suffix varying according to the pluralized word.

  • tia: 'house' yields tiaca: 'houses'
  • maaji: 'woman' yields maajipohua: 'women'
  • niyacoo: 'unmarried girl' yields niyacoojori: 'unmarried girls'

In a few cases, however, the plural can be formed through suffix substitution, or by using a different root altogether.

  • caya: 'man' yields 'canuu'
  • maanu: 'group' yields 'maapue'
  • nucua: 'mother' yields 'nuhuocuaca'

A number of other words form their plural by removing a singular specific suffix:

  • saijia: 'stone' yields sai 'stone'

Pronouns edit

Arabela has a complex pronominal system, similar to the one of the other Zaparoan languages and distinguishes between active and passive personal pronouns. Active pronouns act as subjects in independent clauses and as objects in dependent ones.

Personal pronouns edit

Personal pronouns
First singular Second singular Third singular First plural inclusive First plural exclusive Second plural Third plural
Independent clause subject janiya
-nijiya 		quiajaniya
quiaa
-quiaa 		nojuajua
-Vri 		paa
-pue
paajaniya 		canaa niajaniya
niaa 		nojori
Independent clause object cua quia na
quinio 		pa canaa nia nojori
na
-no

Anaphoric pronouns edit

The verbal ending -no is used as an anaphoric. It can also mark the subject of a subordinate sentence when it refers to the object of the main sentence.

Demonstrative pronouns edit

Arabela has three kinds of demonstrative pronouns:

  • noo indicates an object close to the speaker
  • nio indicates an object further away from the speaker (Nio-te quia panishano—is it what you want)
  • cuno indicates a contrast between objects or persons (cuno-cuaja cua sare—this is my dog)

Interrogative pronouns edit

Arabela has a rather restricted of interrogative pronouns, composed of:

  • cana: who
  • canapue: who (plural)
  • casaa: what
  • taa: how, how much
  • taamueca: how
  • tee: where
  • teje: where from
  • teyano: who, which

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Arabela at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ a b "CONSTITUCION POLÍTICA DEL PERÚ 1993". February 17, 2006. from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-02. Artículo 48º Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y, en las zonas donde predominen, también lo son el quechua, el aimara y las demás lenguas aborígenes, según la ley.
  3. ^ El Nuevo Testamento en Arabela scriptureearth.org
  4. ^ Porciones del Antiguo Testamento scriptureearth.org
  5. ^ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Arabela

Bibliography edit

  • Dicconario Arabela—Castellano, Rolland G. Rich, Instituto Lingüistico de Verano, Perú – 1999
  • Rich, Furne. 1963. "Arabela Phonemes and High-Level Phonology," SPIL I, 193-206

External links edit

January 01, 1970
arabela, language, arabela, nearly, extinct, indigenous, american, language, zaparoan, family, spoken, peruvian, villages, tropical, forest, along, napo, tributary, arabela, river, arabelatapweyokwakanative, toperuethnicity400, arabela, 2007, native, speakers5. Arabela is a nearly extinct indigenous American language of the Zaparoan family spoken in two Peruvian villages in tropical forest along the Napo tributary of the Arabela river ArabelaTapweyokwakaNative toPeruEthnicity400 Arabela 2007 1 Native speakers50 2002 1 Language familyZaparoan Arabela AndoaArabelaOfficial statusOfficial language in Peru 2 Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code arl class extiw title iso639 3 arl arl a Glottologarab1268ELPArabelaThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Also known as Chiripuno and Chiripunu it is spoken by fewer than 50 people out of an ethnic population of about 400 1 Since there are so few speakers of Arabela left its speakers speak either Spanish or Quechua as a second language The literacy rate for Arabela as a first language is about 10 30 and about 50 75 for a second language It uses a SOV word order 1 Like all native languages in Peru it has an official status in areas where it is spoken 2 Contents 1 The language and its speakers 2 Current situation 3 Dialectal divisions 4 Phonology 4 1 Vowels 4 2 Consonants 5 Morphology 5 1 The noun 5 2 Pronouns 5 2 1 Personal pronouns 5 2 2 Anaphoric pronouns 5 2 3 Demonstrative pronouns 5 2 4 Interrogative pronouns 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksThe language and its speakers editArabela is a language of the Zaparoan family of languages Zaparoan tongues were once widely spoken in the rain forest of north eastern Peru but Zaparoan speaking people have been decimated by diseases wars with neighboring native groups and by quasi enslavement during the rubber boom Most Zaparoan communities have shifted to Lamas Quechua or Spanish while others have been incorporated into Shuar groups The few surviving Zaparoan languages are all severely endangered Among those Arabela is most closely related to Zaparo the only one still spoken Andoa and Conambo Current situation editThe dominant languages of the area are Kichwa and Spanish and they are both widely spoken by Arabelas Kichwa has been the default language for native communities in the area since the rubber boom era and has spread through trade mixed marriages It is however losing ground to Spanish in the younger generations The use of Arabela is restricted to a small elderly fraction of the population The language is official per the Constitution of Peru but this did not stop its decline There is little written literature in Arabela El Nuevo Testamento en Arabela del Peru 2da ed c 2008 La Liga Biblica the New Testament in Arabela was completed in 2008 3 A publication of select portions of the Old Testament was completed in 2009 4 The language has been used in education by the Peruvian government which has issued some school material in it The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has been translated into Arabela in 1988 5 Dialectal divisions editThere is no dialectal division among known Arabela speakers A small group called Pananuyuri separated from other Arabelas roughly a century ago Their fate is unknown but they may have survived in which case their dialect is likely to have somewhat diverged from the other speakers citation needed Phonology editThe Arabela phonemic inventory is quite typical for a Zaparoan language It has five places of articulation and a vowel inventory of five vowels common within the family Vowels edit Vowels Front Back Close i u Near close ɪ Mid o Open a ɪ can also be heard as a nasal ẽ when in nasal positions a can have allophones a ae ɛ ɔ ʌ u can also be heard as ʊ Consonants edit Consonants Bilabial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Glottal Stop p t k Fricative s ʃ ɦ Nasal m n Approximant w j Trill r Morphology editThe noun edit Arabela has no grammatical gender but for a few words mostly describing persons the sex can be specified by adding a suffix Cua niya nu my son Cua niya tu my daughter Arabela has two grammatical numbers singular and plural The plural is generally added by adding a suffix to the singular the nature of this suffix varying according to the pluralized word tia house yields tiaca houses maaji woman yields maajipohua women niyacoo unmarried girl yields niyacoojori unmarried girls In a few cases however the plural can be formed through suffix substitution or by using a different root altogether caya man yields canuu maanu group yields maapue nucua mother yields nuhuocuaca A number of other words form their plural by removing a singular specific suffix saijia stone yields sai stone Pronouns edit Arabela has a complex pronominal system similar to the one of the other Zaparoan languages and distinguishes between active and passive personal pronouns Active pronouns act as subjects in independent clauses and as objects in dependent ones Personal pronouns edit Personal pronouns First singular Second singular Third singular First plural inclusive First plural exclusive Second plural Third plural Independent clause subject janiya nijiya quiajaniya quiaa quiaa nojuajua Vri paa pue paajaniya canaa niajaniya niaa nojori Independent clause object cua quia na quinio pa canaa nia nojori na no Anaphoric pronouns edit The verbal ending no is used as an anaphoric It can also mark the subject of a subordinate sentence when it refers to the object of the main sentence Demonstrative pronouns edit Arabela has three kinds of demonstrative pronouns noo indicates an object close to the speaker nio indicates an object further away from the speaker Nio te quia panishano is it what you want cuno indicates a contrast between objects or persons cuno cuaja cua sare this is my dog Interrogative pronouns edit Arabela has a rather restricted of interrogative pronouns composed of cana who canapue who plural casaa what taa how how much taamueca how tee where teje where from teyano who whichReferences edit a b c d Arabela at Ethnologue 25th ed 2022 nbsp a b CONSTITUCION POLITICA DEL PERU 1993 February 17 2006 Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 Retrieved 2009 03 02 Articulo 48º Son idiomas oficiales el castellano y en las zonas donde predominen tambien lo son el quechua el aimara y las demas lenguas aborigenes segun la ley El Nuevo Testamento en Arabela scriptureearth org Porciones del Antiguo Testamento scriptureearth org The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in ArabelaBibliography editDicconario Arabela Castellano Rolland G Rich Instituto Linguistico de Verano Peru 1999 Rich Furne 1963 Arabela Phonemes and High Level Phonology SPIL I 193 206External links editDryer Matthew S Haspelmath Martin eds 2013 Arabela World Atlas of Language Structures Online Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Arabela Dicconario Arabella Castellano Rolland G Rich Instituto Linguistico de Verano Peru 1999 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arabela language amp oldid 1169792241, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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