fbpx
Wikipedia

Zaparoan languages

January 01, 1970

Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived.

Zaparoan
Saparoan
Geographic
distribution		western Amazon
Linguistic classificationSaparo–Yawan ?
  • Zaparoan
Glottologzapa1251

Languages edit

There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century,[1] every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them.

Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano remains unclassified in other descriptions.

Mason (1950) edit

Internal classification of the Zaparoan languages by Mason (1950):[2]

  • Zaparoan
    • Coronado group
      • Coronado (Ipapiza, Hichachapa, Kilinina)
        • Tarokeo
        • Chudavina (?)
        • Miscuara (?)
      • Oa (Oaki, Deguaca, Santa Rosina)
    • Andoa group
      • Andoa
        • Guallpayo
        • Guasaga
        • Murato
      • Gae (Siaviri)
      • Semigae
        • Aracohor
        • Mocosiohor
        • Usicohor
        • Ichocomohor
        • Itoromohor
        • Maithiore
        • Comacor (?)
      • Iquito (Amacacora, Kiturran, Puca-Uma)
        • Iquito
        • Maracana (Cawarano ?)
        • Auve
      • Asaruntoa (?)
    • Záparo group
      • Muegano
      • Curaray
      • Matagen
      • Yasuni
      • Manta
      • Nushino
      • Rotuno
      • Supinu

Genetic relations edit

The relationship of Zaparoan languages with other language families of the area is uncertain. It is generally considered isolated. Links with other languages or families have been proposed but none has been widely accepted so far.

  • Payne (1984) and Kaufman (1994) suggest a relationship with the Yaguan family in a Sáparo–Yáwan stock, contrary to Greenberg's (1987) classification.
  • Swadesh (1954) also groups Zaparoan with Yaguan within his Zaparo–Peba phylum.
  • Greenberg (1987) places Zaparoan together with the Cahuapanan family into a Kahuapana–Zaparo grouping within his larger Andean phylum, but this is generally rejected by historical linguists.
  • Kaufman (1994) notes that Tovar (1984) includes the unclassified Taushiro under Zaparoan following the tentative opinion of SSILA.
  • Stark (1985) includes the extinct Omurano under Zaparoan. Gordon (2005) follows Stark.
  • Mason (1950: 236–238) groups Bora–Witoto, Tupian, and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed Macro-Tupí-Guaranían family.[2]

Language contact edit

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Omurano, Arawakan, Quechuan, and Peba-Yagua language families due to contact.[3]

Family features edit

Pronouns edit

Zaparoan languages distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive we and consider the first person singular as the default person. A rare feature is the existence of two sets of personal pronouns with different syntactic values according to the nature of the sentence. Active pronouns are subject in independent clauses and object in dependent ones, while passive pronouns are subject in independent clauses and passive in dependent ones :

Thus

(Arabela) Cuno maaji cua masuu-nuju-quiaa na mashaca cua ratu-nu-ra. (this woman is always inviting me to drink masato[4] where cua is object in the main clause and subject in the subordinate one.
(Záparo) /tʃa na itʌkwaha/ (you will fall) cp /tajkwa ko pani tʃa tʃata ikwano/ (I don't want to go with you)[5]
Personal pronouns in Zaparoan languages
Zaparo Arabela Iquito Conambo
1st
person 		singular ko / kwi / k- janiya / -nijia / cua
cuo- / cu- / qui 		cu / quí / quíija kwiɣia / ku
plural excl kana /kaʔno canaa cana / canáaja
incl pa /p- pajaniya / paa / pa / po-
pue- / -pue 		p'++ja
2nd
person 		singular tʃa / tʃ- / k-/ ki quiajaniya / quiaa / quia / quio-
-quia / cero 		quia / quiáaja kyaχa
plural kina / kiʔno niajaniya / niaa / nia / nio-
3rd
person 		singular naw / no / n-ˑ nojuaja / na / ne- / no-
-Vri / -quinio 		anúu / anúuja
plural na nojori / na / no- naá / nahuaáca

Numerals edit

   Gloss    Zaparoan languages
Zaparo Andoa Arabela Iquito
1 nuquaqui nikínjo niquiriyatu núquiica
2 namisciniqui ishki caapiqui cuúmi
3 haimuckumarachi kímsa jiuujianaraca s++saramaj+táami
4 ckaramaitacka

Vocabulary edit

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Zaparoan language varieties.[6]

gloss Záparo Conambo Andoa Simigae Chiripuno Iquito Cahuarano
one nokoáki nukaki nikíño nóki núki
two namesániki tarkaningu ishki koːmi kómu
head ku-anák ku-anaka pan-aka p-anák p-anák pá-nak
eye nu-námits ku-iyamixa pa-namix henizy namixía puí-nami poí-nami
woman itumu maxi maxi mãxi muesaxí itémo
fire unámisok umáni ománi omani inámi inámi
sun yánuk yañakwa apánamu poánámu pananú núnami nianamí
star narika narexa arixya arishya narexa narexa
maize sáuk tasáuku dzáuku sakoó shakárok shekárok
house itü ité ki-t'a dahápu íta íta
white ushíksh ushikya ishi-sinwa makúshini mosotín musiténa

Proto-language edit

Proto-Zaparoan
Proto-Záparoan
Reconstruction ofZaparoan languages

Proto-Záparoan reconstructions by de Carvalho (2013):[7]

gloss Proto-Záparoan
‘bee, wasp’ *ahapaka
‘stick’ *amaka
‘to kill’ *amo
‘woman's sibling’ *ana-
‘cloud, smoke’ *anahaka
‘head’ *anaka
‘pain’ *anaw
‘to come’ *ani-
‘to cut down’ *anu-
‘to talk’ *ati-
‘to eat’ *atsa-
‘tooth’ *ika-
‘to go’ *ikwa-
‘foot’ *ino-
‘benefactive’ *-iɾa
‘fat, large (for fruits)’ *iɾisi
‘house’ *ita
‘urine’ *isa-
‘negative nominalization’ *-jaw
‘number suffix’ *-ka
‘hair; feather’ *kaha-
‘1st person, excl. plural’ *kana
‘to cut (hair)’ *kə-
‘raw’ *maha
‘to cook’ *mahi
‘to sleep’ *makə-
‘guts’ *mara
‘to tie’ *maraw-
‘to escape, to flee’ *masi-
‘to do’ *mi-
‘rotten’ *moka
‘3rd person plural’ *na-
‘hill’ *naku-
‘blood’ *nana-ka
‘3rd person singular’ *naw-
‘masculine, singular’ *-nu
‘infinitive’ *-nu
‘to want/like; love’ *pani-
‘fish; stingray?’ *sapi
‘to taste (food)’ *sani-
‘lice’ *sukana
‘bad’ *səsa
‘to lick’ *tamə-
‘foreigner, stranger; to hate?’ *tawə-
‘to listen’ *tawhi-
‘feminine, singular’ *-tu
‘causative suffix’ *-tə
‘where’ *tə-
‘to rest; to be new’ *tsami-
‘rain’ *umaru

Citations edit

  1. ^ La famille linguistique Zaparo, H. Beuchat and P. Rivet – Journal de la société des américanistes – Année 1908 lien Volume 5 pp. 235–249
  2. ^ a b Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
  3. ^ Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  4. ^ Rolland G. Rich (1999). Dicconario Arabella—Castellano. Instituto Lingüistico de Verano, Perú.
  5. ^ M. Catherine Peeke (1991). "Bosquejo Gramatical del Zaparo". Cuadernos Etnolingüisticos. No. 14. Instituto Lingüistico de Verano, Quito.
  6. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  7. ^ de Carvalho, F. O. (2013). On Záparoan as a valid genetic unity: Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 91-116. Accessed from DiACL, 9 February 2020.

General and cited references edit

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). "Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more". In D. L. Payne (ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). "The native languages of South America". In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Payne, Doris (1984). "Evidence for a Yaguan-Zaparoan Connection". In D. Derbyshire (ed.), SIL working papers: University of North Dakota session (Vol. 28; pp. 131–156).
  • Stark, Louisa R. (1985). "Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador: History and current status". In H. E. M. Klein & L. R. Stark (eds.), South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect (pp. 157–193). Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Suárez, Jorge. (1974). "South American Indian languages". In Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed., Vol. 17, pp. 105–112).
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1959). Mapas de clasificación lingüística de México y las Américas. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  • Tovar, Antonio; & Larrucea de Tovar, Consuelo (1984). Catálogo de las lenguas de América de Sur (new edition). Madrid: Gredos.

External links edit

 
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Zaparoan reconstructions
  • Proel: Familia Zaparoana
  • (English)

January 01, 1970
zaparoan, languages, zaparoan, also, sáparoan, záparo, zaparoano, zaparoana, endangered, language, family, peru, ecuador, with, fewer, than, speakers, zaparoan, speakers, seem, have, been, very, numerous, before, arrival, europeans, however, their, groups, hav. Zaparoan also Saparoan Zaparo Zaparoano Zaparoana is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans However their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare and only a handful of them have survived ZaparoanSaparoanGeographicdistributionwestern AmazonLinguistic classificationSaparo Yawan ZaparoanGlottologzapa1251 Contents 1 Languages 1 1 Mason 1950 2 Genetic relations 3 Language contact 4 Family features 4 1 Pronouns 4 2 Numerals 5 Vocabulary 6 Proto language 7 Citations 8 General and cited references 9 External linksLanguages editThere were 39 Zaparoan speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century 1 every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect Most of them have become extinct before being recorded however and we have information only about nine of them Zaparoan Zaparo group Zaparo Conambo Zaparo a few speakers left Conambo Arabela Andoa Arabela 50 speakers Andoa Iquito Cahuarano Iquito 35 speakers Cahuarano Unclassified Aushiri Omurano Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark 1985 Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan but Omurano remains unclassified in other descriptions Mason 1950 edit Internal classification of the Zaparoan languages by Mason 1950 2 Zaparoan Coronado group Coronado Ipapiza Hichachapa Kilinina Tarokeo Chudavina Miscuara Oa Oaki Deguaca Santa Rosina Andoa group Andoa Guallpayo Guasaga Murato Gae Siaviri Semigae Aracohor Mocosiohor Usicohor Ichocomohor Itoromohor Maithiore Comacor Iquito Amacacora Kiturran Puca Uma Iquito Maracana Cawarano Auve Asaruntoa Zaparo group Muegano Curaray Matagen Yasuni Manta Nushino Rotuno SupinuGenetic relations editThe relationship of Zaparoan languages with other language families of the area is uncertain It is generally considered isolated Links with other languages or families have been proposed but none has been widely accepted so far Payne 1984 and Kaufman 1994 suggest a relationship with the Yaguan family in a Saparo Yawan stock contrary to Greenberg s 1987 classification Swadesh 1954 also groups Zaparoan with Yaguan within his Zaparo Peba phylum Greenberg 1987 places Zaparoan together with the Cahuapanan family into a Kahuapana Zaparo grouping within his larger Andean phylum but this is generally rejected by historical linguists Kaufman 1994 notes that Tovar 1984 includes the unclassified Taushiro under Zaparoan following the tentative opinion of SSILA Stark 1985 includes the extinct Omurano under Zaparoan Gordon 2005 follows Stark Mason 1950 236 238 groups Bora Witoto Tupian and Zaparoan together as part of a proposed Macro Tupi Guaranian family 2 Language contact editJolkesky 2016 notes that there are lexical similarities with the Omurano Arawakan Quechuan and Peba Yagua language families due to contact 3 Family features editPronouns edit Zaparoan languages distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive we and consider the first person singular as the default person A rare feature is the existence of two sets of personal pronouns with different syntactic values according to the nature of the sentence Active pronouns are subject in independent clauses and object in dependent ones while passive pronouns are subject in independent clauses and passive in dependent ones Thus Arabela Cuno maaji cua masuu nuju quiaa na mashaca cua ratu nu ra this woman is always inviting me to drink masato 4 where cua is object in the main clause and subject in the subordinate one Zaparo tʃa na itʌkwaha you will fall cp tajkwa ko pani tʃa tʃata ikwano I don t want to go with you 5 dd Personal pronouns in Zaparoan languages Zaparo Arabela Iquito Conambo 1stperson singular ko kwi k janiya nijia cuacuo cu qui cu qui quiija kwiɣia ku plural excl kana kaʔno canaa cana canaaja incl pa p pajaniya paa pa po pue pue p ja 2ndperson singular tʃa tʃ k ki quiajaniya quiaa quia quio quia cero quia quiaaja kyaxa plural kina kiʔno niajaniya niaa nia nio 3rdperson singular naw no n ˑ nojuaja na ne no Vri quinio anuu anuuja plural na nojori na no naa nahuaaca Numerals edit Gloss Zaparoan languages Zaparo Andoa Arabela Iquito 1 nuquaqui nikinjo niquiriyatu nuquiica 2 namisciniqui ishki caapiqui cuumi 3 haimuckumarachi kimsa jiuujianaraca s saramaj taami 4 ckaramaitackaVocabulary editLoukotka 1968 lists the following basic vocabulary items for Zaparoan language varieties 6 gloss Zaparo Conambo Andoa Simigae Chiripuno Iquito Cahuarano one nokoaki nukaki nikino noki nuki two namesaniki tarkaningu ishki koːmi komu head ku anak ku anaka pan aka p anak p anak pa nak eye nu namits ku iyamixa pa namix henizy namixia pui nami poi nami woman itumu maxi maxi maxi muesaxi itemo fire unamisok umani omani omani inami inami sun yanuk yanakwa apanamu poanamu pananu nunami nianami star narika narexa arixya arishya narexa narexa maize sauk tasauku dzauku sakoo shakarok shekarok house itu ite ki t a dahapu ita ita white ushiksh ushikya ishi sinwa makushini mosotin musitenaProto language editProto ZaparoanProto ZaparoanReconstruction ofZaparoan languages Proto Zaparoan reconstructions by de Carvalho 2013 7 gloss Proto Zaparoan bee wasp ahapaka stick amaka to kill amo woman s sibling ana cloud smoke anahaka head anaka pain anaw to come ani to cut down anu to talk ati to eat atsa tooth ika to go ikwa foot ino benefactive iɾa fat large for fruits iɾisi house ita urine isa negative nominalization jaw number suffix ka hair feather kaha 1st person excl plural kana to cut hair ke raw maha to cook mahi to sleep make guts mara to tie maraw to escape to flee masi to do mi rotten moka 3rd person plural na hill naku blood nana ka 3rd person singular naw masculine singular nu infinitive nu to want like love pani fish stingray sapi to taste food sani lice sukana bad sesa to lick tame foreigner stranger to hate tawe to listen tawhi feminine singular tu causative suffix te where te to rest to be new tsami rain umaruCitations edit La famille linguistique Zaparo H Beuchat and P Rivet Journal de la societe des americanistes Annee 1908 lien Volume 5 pp 235 249 a b Mason John Alden 1950 The languages of South America In Steward Julian ed Handbook of South American Indians Vol 6 Washington D C Government Printing Office Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 pp 157 317 Jolkesky Marcelo Pinho de Valhery 2016 Estudo arqueo ecolinguistico das terras tropicais sul americanas Ph D dissertation 2 ed Brasilia University of Brasilia Rolland G Rich 1999 Dicconario Arabella Castellano Instituto Linguistico de Verano Peru M Catherine Peeke 1991 Bosquejo Gramatical del Zaparo Cuadernos Etnolinguisticos No 14 Instituto Linguistico de Verano Quito Loukotka Cestmir 1968 Classification of South American Indian languages Los Angeles UCLA Latin American Center de Carvalho F O 2013 On Zaparoan as a valid genetic unity Preliminary correspondences and the status of Omurano In Revista Brasileira de Linguistica Antropologica Vol 5 No 1 pp 91 116 Accessed from DiACL 9 February 2020 General and cited references editAdelaar Willem F H amp Muysken Pieter C 2004 The languages of the Andes Cambridge language surveys Cambridge University Press Campbell Lyle 1997 American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 509427 1 Greenberg Joseph H 1987 Language in the Americas Stanford Stanford University Press Kaufman Terrence 1990 Language history in South America What we know and how to know more In D L Payne ed Amazonian linguistics Studies in lowland South American languages pp 13 67 Austin University of Texas Press ISBN 0 292 70414 3 Kaufman Terrence 1994 The native languages of South America In C Mosley amp R E Asher eds Atlas of the World s Languages pp 46 76 London Routledge Payne Doris 1984 Evidence for a Yaguan Zaparoan Connection In D Derbyshire ed SIL working papers University of North Dakota session Vol 28 pp 131 156 Stark Louisa R 1985 Indigenous languages of lowland Ecuador History and current status In H E M Klein amp L R Stark eds South American Indian languages Retrospect and prospect pp 157 193 Austin University of Texas Press Suarez Jorge 1974 South American Indian languages In Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th ed Vol 17 pp 105 112 Swadesh Morris 1959 Mapas de clasificacion linguistica de Mexico y las Americas Mexico Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Tovar Antonio amp Larrucea de Tovar Consuelo 1984 Catalogo de las lenguas de America de Sur new edition Madrid Gredos External links edit nbsp Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Zaparoan reconstructions Proel Familia Zaparoana Zaparo s lost secrets Museum and Virtual Library Museums of Central Bank of Ecuador English Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Zaparoan languages amp oldid 1193790503, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.