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Texas A&M University

April 11, 2024

"TAMU" redirects here. For other uses, see Tamu.
"A&M University" redirects here. For other A&M universities, see A&M.

Texas A&M University (Texas A&M, A&M, or TAMU) is a public, land-grant, research university in College Station, Texas. It was founded in 1876 and became the flagship institution of the Texas A&M University System in 1948. Since 2021, Texas A&M has enrolled the largest student body in the United States,[14] and is the only university in Texas to hold simultaneous designations as a land-, sea-, and space-grant institution. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and a member of the Association of American Universities.

Texas A&M University
Former names
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (1871–1963)[1][note 1]
TypePublic land-grant research senior military college
Established1876; 148 years ago (1876)[2][note 2]
Parent institution
Texas A&M University System
AccreditationSACS
Academic affiliations
Endowment$19.2 billion (system-wide, 2023)[4]
PresidentMark A. Welsh III
ProvostAlan Sams
Academic staff
3,845 (Fall 2021)[5]
Total staff
11,114 (Fall 2021)[5][6]
Students72,982 (Fall 2021)[7][8]
Undergraduates57,428 (Fall 2021)[8]
Postgraduates10,650 (Fall 2021)[8]
5,112 (Fall 2021)[8]
Location
College Station
,
Texas
,
United States[9][note 3]

30°36′37″N 96°20′37″W / 30.61028°N 96.34361°W / 30.61028; -96.34361
CampusMidsize city[11], 5,500 acres (20 km2)[10]
Other campuses
NewspaperThe Battalion
ColorsAggie maroon and white[12][13]
   
NicknameAggies
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I FBS – SEC
MascotReveille X
Websitetamu.edu

The university was the first public higher education institution in Texas; it opened for classes on October 4, 1876, as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (A.M.C.) under the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Act. In the following decades, the college grew in size and scope, expanding to its largest enrollment during WWII before its first significant stagnation in enrollment post-war.[15] Enrollment grew again in the 1960s under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder, during whose tenure, the college desegregated, became coeducational, and ended the requirement for participation in the Corps of Cadets. In 1963, to reflect the institution's expanded roles and academic offerings, the Texas Legislature renamed the college Texas A&M University; the letters "A&M" were retained as a tribute to the university's former designation.

The university's main campus spans over 5,500 acres (22 km2), and includes the George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. The university offers degrees in more than 130 courses of study through 18 colleges, and houses 21 research institutes. As a senior military college, Texas A&M is one of six American universities with a full-time, volunteer Cadet Corps whose members study alongside civilian undergraduate students. About one-fifth of the student body lives on campus. Texas A&M has more than 1,000 officially recognized student organizations. Many students observe university traditions that govern conduct in daily life and sporting events. The university's students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Aggies, and its athletes compete in eighteen varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference.

History edit

Main article: History of Texas A&M University
 
Statue of Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross located in front of the Academic Building
 
Texas A&M in 1902
 
Staff at Texas A&M entering data for punch cards for new computers in the 1950s

Early years edit

In 1862, the U.S. Congress passed the Morrill Act, which auctioned land grants of public lands to establish endowments for colleges at which the "leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanical arts ... to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life".[16] In 1871, the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the state's first public institution of higher education,[16][17] the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, (Texas A.M.C.).[16] Brazos County donated 2,416 acres (10 km2) near Bryan, Texas, for the college's campus.[16] From its beginning until the late 1920s, students were officially nicknamed "Farmers" but the moniker "Aggies"—a common nickname for students at schools focused heavily on agriculture—gained favor and became the official student-body nickname in 1949.[18]

The first day of classes was set for October 2, 1876, but only six students enrolled on the first day. Classes were delayed and officially began on October 4 with six faculty members and forty students at the military school.[19] During the first semester, enrollment increased to 48 students and by the end of the 1877 spring semester, 106 students had enrolled. Admission was limited to white males, who were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training.[20] Originally, the college taught no classes in agriculture or engineering, instead concentrating on classical studies, languages, literature, and applied mathematics. After initial resistance from faculty, the college began to focus on degrees in scientific agriculture, and civil and mechanical engineering.[16][21] In 1881, enrollment grew to 258 but declined to 108 in 1883, the same year the University of Texas opened in Austin.[22] Although originally envisioned and annotated in the Texas Constitution as a branch of the soon-to-begin University of Texas, Texas A.M.C. had a separate Board of Directors from the University of Texas and was never incorporated into the University of Texas System.[16]

In the late 1880s, many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and advocated for the elimination of Texas A.M.C. In 1891, the college was saved from closure by its new president Lawrence Sullivan Ross, former Governor of Texas and former Confederate Brigadier General, by demonstrating the college could function and excel in its established form under proper leadership. Ross made many improvements to the campus, installing running water and permanent dormitories. Enrollment doubled under his tenure to 467 cadets as parents sent their sons to Texas A.M.C. to emulate the traits of Ross.[23] Many college traditions began under Ross's presidency, including the creation of the first Aggie Ring, the senior class ring.[23] Ross served until his death in 1898; to honor his contributions to the college, a statue of him was erected in 1918 in front of modern-day Academic Plaza.[23][24]

Initially, women were permitted to attend classes only as "special students" but were not permitted to seek degrees.[25] In 1893, Ethel Hudson, a daughter of one of the faculty, became the first woman to take classes; in 1899, her sisters Sophie and Mary Hudson did the same.[25] Though not explicitly envisioned as such, over time it became a de facto all-male institution and led to a decades-long debate about the role of women at the college.[25] In 1911, under pressure from the Texas Legislature, the college allowed women to attend classes during the summer semester.[25] A.M.C. expanded its academic offerings with the establishment of the School of Veterinary Medicine in 1915.[16]

World Wars era edit

Many Texas A&M alumni served during World War I and by 1918, 49% of all Aggies were in military service, a higher proportion than that of any other American college or university.[16] In early September 1918, the entire senior class enlisted, and there were plans to send the younger students at staggered dates throughout the next year. Many of the seniors were fighting in France when the war ended two months later.[26] More than 1,200 alumni served as commissioned officers. After the war, Texas A&M grew rapidly and became nationally recognized for its programs in agriculture, engineering, and military science.[16] The first graduate school was organized in 1924 and the school awarded its first PhD in 1940.[16] In 1925, Mary Evelyn Crawford Locke became the first female student to receive a diploma from Texas A&M but she was not allowed to participate in the graduation ceremony.[27] The following month, the Board of Directors officially prohibited all women from enrolling.[25]

Many Texas A&M alumni served in the military during World War II; the college's educational and technical training resulted in 20,229 trained combat troops for U.S. military efforts. Of those, 14,123 alumni served as officers, more than any other school, and more than the combined total of the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy.[28][29] At the start of World War II, Texas A&M was selected as one of six engineering colleges to participate in the Electronics Training Program, which would train Navy personnel to maintain new radar systems.[30] During the war, 29 Texas A&M graduates reached the rank of general.[16]

After the end of World War II, enrollment rapidly grew as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to fund their education;[31] however, enrollment stagnated in the following decade.[15]

University era edit

 
George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum

In 1948, the state legislature established the Texas A&M College Station campus as the flagship of a new system of universities, the Texas A&M University System. Its goal was to serve as the lead institution to foster the evolution of a statewide educational, research and service system.[32]

On July 1, 1959, Major General James Earl Rudder, class of 1932, became the 16th president of the college.[33][34] In 1963, with the backing of State Senator William T. "Bill" Moore, the 58th Legislature of Texas approved Rudder's proposal for a substantial expansion of the college. Over the coming years, Texas A&M augmented and upgraded its physical plant and facilities, and diversified and expanded its student body by admitting women and minorities. Membership in the Corps of Cadets also became voluntary from the start of the fall semester of 1963.[35] Initially, the decision to admit women made the student body very unhappy.[36] The change was initially resisted and some minor efforts to reverse it persisted for several decades. The positive impact of these changes was rapid. By 1972, on-campus housing was dedicated for women and in 1976, the student body elected its first Black student-body president.[36] In the same series of actions, the Texas legislature officially renamed the school "Texas A&M University",[37] specifying the symbolic nature of the letters "A" and "M", which reflect the institution's past, and no longer denote "Agricultural and Mechanical".[16]

By the time of his death in 1970, Rudder had overseen the growth of the college from 7,500 to 14,000 students from all 50 U.S. states and from 75 other nations.[37][38] In the 35 years following his death, Texas A&M more than tripled its enrollment from 14,000 students to more than 45,000.[39] Texas A&M became one of the first four universities given the designation sea-grant for its achievements in oceanography and marine resources development in 1971.[40] In 1989, the university earned the title space-grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to recognize its commitment to space research and participation in the Texas Space Grant Consortium.[41] In 1997, the university opened the Bush School of Government and Public Service and the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum—one of fifteen American presidential libraries operated by the National Archives and Records Administration.[42][43] Former U.S. President George H.W. Bush remained actively involved with the university, frequently visiting the campus and participating in special events until his death in 2018. He was buried on campus.[44]

With strong support from Rice University and the University of Texas, in May 2001, the Association of American Universities inducted Texas A&M on the basis of the depth of its research and academic programs.[45] As the student population increased, so did the university's diverse academic offerings. On July 12, 2013, Texas A&M Health Science Center was formally merged into the university.[46] On August 12, 2013, the university acquired the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law and renamed it the Texas A&M University School of Law.[47][48]

In 2017, the retention of the statue of Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross was in question after other institutions removed statues of former Confederate officers. The Texas A&M University System Chancellor, John Sharp, and President, Michael Young, announced the statue would remain on campus because it is not based upon his service in the Confederate Army.[49][50][51] Amid the Black Lives Matter movement and vandalism of the statue, attempts in 2020 by a group of students and activists to secure its removal were rebuffed by the university's administration, other students and alumni, and counter-protestors.[52][53][54] The university also confirmed that the removal of the statue would require Texas Congressional approval.[55]

In 2022, university president M. Katherine Banks implemented university-wide administrative restructuring that involved several changes to academic unit names and branding. The College of Science, the College of Geosciences, and the College of Liberal Arts, were merged to form the Texas A&M University College of Arts & Sciences. Several academic units underwent a change in name from "college" to "school". Additionally, the Texas A&M pharmacy unit was renamed the Texas A&M University Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy.[56] The following year, Banks suddenly resigned in July, only days after the resignation of the interim dean of the College of Arts & Sciences, after a botched attempted hiring of Kathleen McElroy to revive the university's journalism program.[57] The initial job offer, which included a multiyear offer and tenure,[58] was later watered down, with McElroy being presented with a succession of different offer letters. The final, which was rejected, was a one-year contract that could be terminated at any time.[59] Her potential hiring was heavily criticized by conservative groups and alumni, as the offer was made to a black woman who had previously worked at The New York Times and studied how to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion in newsrooms.[60] Shortly thereafter, the university paid McElroy $1 million to settle her legal claims.[61] After Banks resigned, Mark A. Welsh III, the dean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service, was appointed interim president.[62]

Campus edit

 
A view of the main campus, looking north from Kyle Field. At the center is the Academic Building with its copper dome
Main article: Campus of Texas A&M University

Texas A&M's College Station campus spans 5,200 acres (21 km2) and Research Park covers an additional 350 acres (1 km2).[9][63] The university is part of the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area of Brazos County, which is located in the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas) region, an area often referred to as "Aggieland".[64] Brazos Valley is centrally located within 200 miles (320 km) of three of the ten largest cities in the U.S. and 75% of the population of Texas and Louisiana—approximately 13 million people. The area's major roadway is State Highway 6, and several smaller state highways and Farm to Market Roads connect the area to larger highways such as Interstate 45.[65]

The College Station campus is bisected by a railroad track operated by Union Pacific.[66] The area east of the tracks, known as main campus, includes buildings for the colleges of engineering, architecture, geosciences, science, education, and liberal arts. Dormitories, the main dining centers, and many campus support facilities are also on the main campus. Notable buildings on main campus include Kyle Field, Sterling C. Evans Library, the Academic Building, Harrington Hall, the Memorial Student Center, the Administration Building, Rudder Tower, Albritton Bell Tower, and the Bonfire Memorial.[67] To the west of the railroad tracks lies West Campus, which includes most of the sports facilities, the business school, agricultural programs, life sciences, the veterinary college, the political science and economics school, George Bush School of Government and Public Service, George Bush Presidential Library, and two schools within the Texas A&M Health Science Center.[68]

 
The Century Tree, a campus landmark and subject to several traditions

Outside the main campus, the institution formally includes three branch campuses: Texas A&M University at Galveston is dedicated to marine research and hosts the Texas A&M Maritime Academy; Texas A&M University Higher Education Center at McAllen is dedicated to engineering, biomedical science, public health, and food systems industry management;[69] and Texas A&M University at Qatar (TAMUQ) in Education City, Al Rayyan, Qatar, is dedicated to engineering disciplines.[70]

Texas A&M Health maintains several other Health Science Centers and campuses away from the Bryan-College Station campus. The School of Engineering Medicine (EnMed), at the Houston Methodist Hospital, and the Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, are both located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston.[71] The School of Dentistry is located in Dallas, and the institution has a presence in Corpus Christi, Kingsville, Lufkin, McAllen, Round Rock, and Temple.[72] Texas A&M School of Law, formerly Texas Wesleyan University School of Law, is located in Fort Worth.[47][48] Texas A&M maintains the RELLIS Campus, formerly the Texas A&M University-Riverside Campus and Bryan Air Force Base, which was transferred from the university to become a separate entity within the Texas A&M University System in September 2015.[73]

Academics edit

 
Then-President George W. Bush with parents, former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush at Texas A&M's December 2008 convocation.

Administration and organization edit

Texas A&M is part of the Texas A&M University System, which consists of eleven universities, eight state agencies, and the RELLIS Campus. The system is governed by a ten-member Board of Regents, nine of whom are appointed by the Governor of Texas to six-year terms, and one non-voting Student Regent who is appointed to a one-year term. The Chancellor of the Texas A&M University System is responsible for day-to-day operations and is answerable to the Board of Regents.[74][75][76]

The university is led by the university president, who has executive responsibility, and is selected by and reports to the chancellor. The provost is responsible for all educational and service activities of the university, and reports to the president. The cabinet, as the institution's administrative arm, and the deans of the respective colleges, also report to the president.[74][75] The university and colleges are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and associated professional organizations offering degrees in 130 courses of study, over 260 professional and graduate degrees via its 17 colleges, and further opportunities in 21 research centers and institutes.[77][78][79]

Student body edit

Undergraduate admissions statistics
2021 entering
class[80]Change vs.
2016[81]
Admit rate63.0%
(  −2.8)
Test scores middle 50%*
SAT EBRW580–680
(  +50 median)
SAT Math580–700
(  +30 median)
ACT Composite26–32
(  +2 median)
High school GPA†
Top 10%65.84%
(  −1.8)
Top 25%91.53%
(  +0.8)
Top 50%98.96%
(  +0.4)
  • *Among students who chose to submit
  • †Among students whose school ranked

As of the fall semester in 2021, Texas A&M was the largest American university with an enrollment of 72,982 students[7][82] who were pursuing degrees in 17 academic colleges. The student body originates from all 50 U.S. states and over 120 other countries. Texas residents account for 86.27% of the student population and 7.42% are of international origin.[83] The demographics of the student body are 52.9% male and 47.1% female.[84] Members of ethnic minority groups make up 42.2% of the student population.[a] According to U.S. News & World Report, Texas A&M has a student-to-teacher ratio of 19:1 and an average-freshman-retention rate of 92%.[84][85] According to the institution, in 2019, it had a four-year-graduation rate of 59% and a six-year-graduation of 81.7%.[86] College of Engineering had the largest enrollment of 29.6%. The College of Liberal Arts and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences followed, enrolling 12% and 11% of the student body, respectively. The School of Education and Human Development and Mays Business School each enrolled 9%. The remaining schools enrolled less than 6% each. In addition, slightly more than 3% of the student body had not declared a major.[87]

As of 2019, the university enrolled the seventh-highest total of National Merit scholars in the United States and the third-highest among all public universities.[88][89] As of 2021, about 72% of the student body receives about $810 million in financial aid annually.[90] The admission rate of students who applied as undergraduates in 2020 was 63%.[91] The school is rated as "more selective" by U.S. News & World Report.[92][93]

Rankings edit

In a comparison of educational quality, faculty quality, and research output, the Center for World-Class Universities placed Texas A&M 57th nationally and 151st internationally in its 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) rankings.[103] In its 2021–2022 rankings, The Times Higher Education Supplement listed Texas A&M 61st among North America's universities and 193rd among world universities.[104] The 2021–2022 QS World University Rankings[105] placed the university 168th in the world. In its 2022 edition, the Center for World University Rankings placed Texas A&M as the 74th-best university globally and 41st nationally.[106] In the 2022 edition of the U.S. News & World Report ranking of universities, Texas A&M was placed 68th nationally and 130th globally.[107][108]

In 2021, The Washington Monthly assessed Texas A&M 21st nationally based on their criteria that weigh research, community service, and social mobility.[109] In 2021, Forbes rated Texas A&M as the 17th-best public university in the country and 50th overall.[110] After conducting a survey of leading employment recruiters, The Wall Street Journal ranked Texas A&M second nationally as "most likely to help students land a job in key careers and professions" and the 83rd-best college overall.[111][112] As of 2017, according to Best Value Schools,[113] Texas A&M graded first in nation as the best college for military veterans, based on a return on investment. As of 2015, Texas A&M was rated the second-best university for veterans in USA Today[114] and ninth for "business schools for veterans" by the Military Times.[115]

Endowment edit

 
The Memorial Student Center

The Texas A&M University System has an endowment valued at more than $12.7 billion; the second highest among U.S. public universities and seventh overall.[116] Apart from revenue received from tuition and research grants, as part of the university system, Texas A&M is partially funded from two endowments. The smaller endowment and investment assets, totaling $2.6 billion as of 2021, is run by the private Texas A&M Foundation.[117] A larger sum is distributed from the Texas Permanent University Fund (PUF), in which the system holds a one-third stake. As of 2021, the PUF ending net-asset value was approximately $30 billion.[118][119]

Research edit

 
Zachry Engineering Education Complex

The National Science Foundation ranked Texas A&M 16th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with $1.14 billion.[120][121] Concentrated in two primary areas, Research Valley and Research Park, the institution has over 11,750 acres (50 km2), which includes 3,000,000 square feet (279,000 m2) of dedicated research space.[122] The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifies Texas A&M among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" as of 2021.[123] Its research entities include the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine, the Texas Transportation Institute, the Cyclotron Institute, the Institute of Biosciences and Technology, and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology.[124] Texas A&M University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium.[125]

Texas A&M works with state and university agencies on local and international research projects to develop innovations in science and technology that can have commercial applications. In 2006, the Texas A&M University System was the first to explicitly state in its policy technology commercialization could be used for tenure. Passage of this policy was intended to give faculty more academic freedom and strengthen the university's industry partnerships.[126][127][128] The efforts of system-wide faculty and research departments have yielded millions of dollars for Texas A&M in royalty-bearing license agreements through more than 900 patents and 1,500 patent applications relating to a portfolio of over 2,600 inventions. On average, Texas A&M files over 50 patents and closes 25 license agreements per year.[129][130]

Texas A&M has led the world in several fields of cloning research. Scientists at the university's College of Veterinary Medicine created the first cloned pet, a cat named 'cc', on December 22, 2001.[131] Texas A&M was also the first academic institution to clone six species; cattle, a Boer goat, pigs, a cat, a deer, and a horse.[132] In 2016, the animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) targeted the university and alleged abusive experiments on dogs. According to Texas A&M, the dogs in question were given several experimental treatments to improve or cure a genetic condition that also affects humans. During this period, the dogs were under the care of board-certified veterinarians and other highly trained staff with oversight from multiple agencies including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Muscular Dystrophy Association.[133][134]

The university is also engaged in significant scientific exploration projects. In 2004, as part of its responsibilities under the space grant program, it joined a consortium of universities and countries to build the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile.[135][136] Construction began in November 2015; on its completion—which is scheduled for 2025—it will be the largest optical telescope ever constructed with seven mirrors, each with a diameter of 8.4 meters (9.2 yd), the equivalent of a mirror 24.5 meters (26.8 yd) across and ten times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope.[137][138] As part of a collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, Texas A&M completed the first conversion of a nuclear research reactor from using highly enriched uranium fuel (70%) to use low-enriched uranium (20%). The eighteen-month project ended on October 13, 2006, after the first-ever refueling of the reactor, thus fulfilling a portion of the United States' Global Nuclear Threat Reduction Initiative.[139] In 2013, geography researchers named the largest volcano on Earth, Tamu Massif, after the university in honor of their research contributions.[140]

Worldwide edit

 
Two professors, a graduate, and an undergraduate student at the TAMUQ branch campus

Of the university's numerous agreements and joint facilities of international cooperation, Texas A&M owns a multipurpose center in Mexico City, Soltis Research and Education Center near San Isidro, Costa Rica, and Santa Chiara Study Abroad Center in Castiglion Fiorentino, Italy.[141][142] During the 2018 academic year, over 5,600 Texas A&M students—primarily undergraduates—studied in 110 countries.[143] Marine research occurs on the university's branch campus, Texas A&M University at Galveston.[69] It also has collaborations with international facilities such as Hacienda Santa Clara in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico.[144][145]

The university is one of two American universities in partnership with CONACyT, Mexico's equivalent of the National Science Foundation, to support research in areas including biotechnology, telecommunications, energy, and urban development.[146] The university also hosts Las Americas Digital Research Network, an online architecture network for 26 universities in 12 nations, primarily in Central and South America.[147]

Founded in 1995 by then-emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and his wife, who is the mother of the current emir Sheikha Moza bint Nasser, Texas A&M University at Qatar was set up through an agreement between Texas A&M and the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development and continues its part of Qatar's efforts to expand higher education with the assistance of elite institutions from the United States.[148] All degrees at the Qatar campus are granted by the university's TAMU College of Engineering.[149] TAMUQ was opened in 2003, and the current contract extends through 2023.[150] The campus offers undergraduate degrees in chemical, electrical, mechanical and petroleum engineering, and a graduate degree in chemical engineering. TAMUQ has received awards for its research.[151] Texas A&M receives $76.2 million per year from the Qatar Foundation for the campus. In the agreement with the Qatar Foundation, TAMU agreed 70% of its undergraduates at its Qatar campus would be Qatari citizens.[148] The curriculum is designed to emulate the academic rigors of the facility at College Station but critics question whether this is possible due to Qatar's strict stance on some of the freedoms granted to U.S. students.[151][152] TAMU has also been criticized over its Qatari campus due to Qatar's alleged ties to Islamic terrorism and the country's human rights record.[153][154] In 2016, Texas A&M Aggie Conservatives, a campus activism group, criticized the campus and called for its immediate closure on the grounds it violated a commitment to educating Texans and diminished the credibility of engineering degrees of students at College Station.[155][156]

In 2013, Texas A&M signed an agreement to open a $200 million campus in Nazareth, Israel, as a "peace campus" for Arabs and Israelis.[157] The agreement led to protests from students at the Qatari campus, who called it "an insult to [their] people".[154][158] The planned campus in Nazareth was never opened; instead, Texas A&M opened a $6 million marine biology center in Haifa, Israel, in 2016.[159]

Student life edit

Student body composition as of May 2, 2023
Race and ethnicity[160] Total
White 57% 57
 
Hispanic 25% 25
 
Asian 10% 10
 
Other[b] 3% 3
 
Black 2% 2
 
Foreign national 1% 1
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[c] 23% 23
 
Affluent[d] 77% 77
 

Residential life edit

 
Sbisa Dining Hall and central utility plant water tower sporting the greeting, "Welcome to Aggieland"

As of 2020, approximately 20% of the Texas A&M student body lived on campus, primarily in one of two distinct housing sections located on opposite ends of the campus.[161] Both the Northside and Southside areas contain student residence halls. Some halls are single-sex.[162] Several halls include a "substance-free" floor whose residents pledge to refrain from bringing alcoholic beverages, recreational drugs, or tobacco products into the hall.[163]

Northside consists of seventeen student residence halls, including two dedicated to honors students.[164] Approximately half of the residence halls on campus are reserved for members of the Corps of Cadets.[165] The university also has four major apartment complexes for both staff and students, which are located both on and adjacent to the campus.[166][167]

Facilities for the Corps of Cadets are located in the Quadrangle, known as "The Quad", an area consisting of dormitories, Duncan Dining Hall, and the Corps training fields.[168][169] The Corps Arches, a series of twelve arches that allude to the spirit of the 12th Man, mark the entrance to the Quadrangle.[170][171] All cadets, except those who are married or who have had previous military service, must live in the Quad with assigned roommates from the same unit and graduating class.[168][172] The Aggie mascot Reveille, a Rough Collie, lives with her handlers in the Corps in the Quad.[173]

Corps of Cadets edit

Main article: Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets
 
The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band's Bugle Rank leads the band at halftime at a football game.
 
Robert Gates and senior cadets from the Corps of Cadets give the "gig 'em" sign at the Pentagon

Texas A&M is one of six United States senior military colleges.[174] As of 2019, the university's Corps of Cadets (or the Corps), with more than 2,500 members, is the largest uniformed student body outside the service academies.[174][165][175] Many members participate in Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) programs and earn commissions in the United States Armed Forces upon graduation.[176] Members of the Corps have served in every armed conflict fought by the United States since 1876, and over 285 alumni have served as generals or flag officers as of 2021.[176][175][177][178] Until 1965, Corps membership was mandatory. The Corps began accepting female members in the fall semester of 1974.[179]

The Corps of Cadets is composed of four major units, the Air Force Wing, the Army Brigade, the Navy/Marine Regiment, and the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, whose members may be affiliated with any military branch.[180] Parson's Mounted Cavalry is the only mounted ROTC unit in the United States.[181] The Ross Volunteer Company, one of the oldest student-run organizations in the state, is the official honor guard for the Governor of Texas.[182][183] The Fish Drill Team, a precision, close-order rifle drill team composed entirely of Corps freshmen, represents Texas A&M in local and national competitions. The team have won the national championship almost every year since their creation in 1946, and have appeared in several Hollywood films, including A Few Good Men and Courage Under Fire, in which they had prominent roles.[184]

The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, the nation's largest precision military marching band, provides music for university functions and presents halftime performances at football games.[185][186] Some band drills are so complicated they require band members to step between each other's feet to complete the maneuvers.[187][188] Membership of the Corps of Cadets is a requirement for joining the Aggie Band, whose members live by the same standards, schedules, and regimens as the rest of the Corps.[189]

Activities edit

 
The Texas A&M University Singing Cadets

Texas A&M has over 1,000 student organizations, including academic, service, religious, social, and common interest organizations,[190] and hosts 58 nationally or internationally recognized Greek Letter Organizations (GLOs). About 10% of the undergraduate population is affiliated with a GLO fraternity or sorority.[191][192]

One of the oldest student organizations is the Singing Cadets, an all-male choral group not affiliated with the Corps of Cadets with about 70 members that was founded in 1893.[193] Texas A&M Hillel, the oldest Hillel organization in the United States, was founded in 1920 at the original college.[194][195] Since 1955, the MSC Student Conference on National Affairs has held conferences, lectures, and other programs to discuss national and international issues with speakers.[196][197][198] The Department of Recreational Sports provides athletic activities to the university community; sports facilities include the Student Recreation Center, a natatorium; the Penberthy Rec Sports Complex; and the Omar Smith Instructional Tennis Center.[199] The Student Government Association (SGA), one of A&M's largest organizations, has over 1,300 student members in three branches, fifteen committees, and four commissions.[200] The Graduate Student Council, which was founded in 1995, serves as the student government for Texas A&M University's graduate and professional students.[201]

Student organizations have had a nationwide impact. Texas A&M students founded the largest one-day, student-run service project in America known as The Big Event. The annual service project allows students to serve the community by assisting local residents. Such events are now also held at other universities.[202][203] The organization CARPOOL, a student-run safe ride program, has provided over 250,000 free rides (as of 2016) to students who are unable to transport themselves home. Its organizers help other universities establish similar programs.[204][205] GLBT Aggies, formerly Gay Student Services (GSS), successfully sued the university for official recognition and the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the U.S. Constitution requires public universities to allow such student organizations under the First Amendment's "freedom to assemble" clause.[206][207]

Media edit

The university newspaper The Battalion has been in production since 1893.[208] The Aggieland, formerly known as The Olio and The Longhorn, is one of America's largest college yearbooks in number of pages and copies sold.[209][210] As of 2007, the university houses three public broadcasting stations: KAMU-TV, a PBS member station since 1970; KAMU-FM, a National Public Radio affiliate since 1977,[211] and the student-run station KANM, which bills itself "the college station of College Station".[212] W5AC, a student-run amateur radio club, broadcast the first live, play-by-play broadcast of a college football game at Kyle Field in November 1921.[213]

Traditions edit

Main article: Traditions of Texas A&M University
See also: Glossary of Texas A&M University terms
 
Aggie ring for the class of 2004

Texas A&M culture is a product of the university's founding as a rural military and agricultural school. Although the school and surrounding community have grown and military training is no longer mandated, the university's history has instilled in students, according to Paul Burka, "the idealized elements of a small-town life: community, tradition, loyalty, optimism, and unabashed sentimentality".[214] Texas Monthly posits that Texas A&M students' respect for school traditions and values is the university's greatest strength.[215] These traditions enable and encourage students and alumni to cultivate the Aggie Spirit, a strong sense of loyalty and respect for the university.[216] They dictate many aspects of student life, including greeting others using the official school greeting of "Howdy!",[217] personal conduct at university sporting events, and students' word choices in conversation.[218]

A visible designation tradition among senior undergraduates, graduate students nearing the end of their programs, and former students is wearing an Aggie Ring, whose design has been relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1894.[219][220] Although not sanctioned by the university, many students "dunk" their newly acquired Aggie Rings into a pitcher of beer and drink the entire pitcher in seconds.[221]

 
The Ross Volunteers perform a rifleman's salute as candles are lit for the deceased at the 2007 Aggie Muster at Reed Arena

Texas A&M students have created two major traditions to honor deceased former students. The Aggie Muster is a ceremony of remembrance held annually on April 21, the anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto, to honor current and former students who died the previous year. Alumni also typically socialize and remember their time at the university. Over 300 Musters are held around the world, the largest taking place at Reed Arena on the university's main campus.[222] All Muster ceremonies feature the Roll Call for the Absent, in which names of deceased alumni are called, a family member or friend answers "here" and lights a candle to symbolize although their loved one is not physically present, his or her spirit will shine forever; this is traditionally followed by a three-volley salute.[223][224] The event received nationwide attention during World War II, when 25 Texas A&M alumni held a brief Aggie Muster during the Battle of Corregidor.[225]

Students who die while enrolled at Texas A&M are honored at Silver Taps, a ceremony that is held, when necessary, on the first Tuesday of the month. This tradition began as a memorial for former Texas A&M president Lawrence Sullivan Ross.[226] On the day of the ceremony, flags fly half-staff and notices are posted throughout campus. At 10:15 pm, lights around campus are extinguished and hymns are chimed from Albritton Tower while students and faculty gather in the Academic Plaza. Following a three-volley salute by the Ross Volunteer Firing Squad, six buglers play "Silver Taps", a choral version of the bugle call "Taps", from the dome of the university's Academic Building. The song is played three times towards the north, the south, and the west. The song is not played to the east, symbolizing that the sun will never again rise on the deceased student.[224]

Sports edit

 
The 2007 Student Bonfire

At university sporting events, Texas A&M students collectively are called the 12th Man; in the context of football games, students support the eleven players on the field and would be willing to enter the game if necessary. To symbolize their zeal and motivation, it is traditional for students to stand throughout the sports game.[227] The tradition of standing for games began on January 2, 1922, at the Dixie Classic, in which Texas A&M played Centre College. Texas A&M had so many injuries Coach Dana X. Bible feared he would not have enough men to finish the game. He called into the stands for E. King Gill, a reserve who had left football after the regular season to play basketball, to prepare to play in the game. Texas A&M won 22–14 but E. King Gill was the only player left available on the sidelines for the team.[228] In recent decades, the 12th Man is represented on the field by a walk-on player who wears a number-twelve jersey and participates in kick-offs.[229]

The 12th Man uses a variety of school yells, rather than cheers, to support Aggie teams. Each year, the student body elects five students to serve as Yell Leaders.[230] At midnight before each home football game at Kyle Field, or at a designated location at away games, fans gather to practice yells for the next day's game at an event called Midnight Yell Practice.[217][231] Led by the Yell Leaders and the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, the 12th Man practice yells, sing the War Hymn, joke about their opponents, and practice celebrating.[231][232] Sports Illustrated named Midnight Yell as one of the "100 Things You Gotta Do Before You Graduate".[233] At home football games, the 12th Man consists of more than 36,000 Texas A&M students and forms the largest student section in college football.[234] When singing the war hymn, A&M students cause the stands to sway; visiting press are warned prior to the game.[235]

Almost every year since 1909, Texas A&M students have built a large bonfire to celebrate their rivalry with the University of Texas.[236] Aggie Bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with the festivities surrounding the annual college football game between the universities.[237] Although it began as a trash pile,[238] Aggie Bonfire evolved into a massive, six-tiered structure, achieving a then-world-record height for a bonfire of 109 feet (30 m).[237][239][240] On November 18, 1999, the Aggie Bonfire collapsed during construction. Eleven enrolled students and one former student died and twenty-seven others were injured. The accident was later attributed to improper design and poor construction practices.[241] The victims' family members filed six lawsuits against Texas A&M officials, Aggie Bonfire officials, and the university. Half of the defendants settled their portion of the case in 2005,[242] and a federal appeals court dismissed the remaining lawsuits against the university in 2007.[243] Following the collapse, the university suspended the official sanction of the bonfire, but the tradition continues off-campus.[244][245]

Athletics edit

Main article: Texas A&M Aggies
 
A view from the student section of Kyle Field during a 2007 football game

Texas A&M University has been a member of the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA for all sports since 2012.[246][247] It was previously a charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996 and competed in the Big 12 Conference until June 30, 2012. The university has twenty sports teams, which are known as the Aggies, whose team colors are maroon and white.[248] As of 2021, Aggies had won 173 conference titles and 20 national championships.[249][250]

A&M's archrival is the University of Texas Longhorns, who regularly played in most athletic sports until they joined the Southeastern Conference. In 2004, sporting events between the Aggies and the Longhorns became known as the Lone Star Showdown; the most-watched event in the rivalry was the annual football game held on Thanksgiving.[251][252] Other long-standing rivalries include Texas Tech, Baylor University, the University of Arkansas, and Louisiana State University.[253][254][255][256]

The Texas A&M Athletic Hall of Fame was established in 1964 to "acknowledge athletes whose accomplishments on the field have brought credit to Texas A&M". As of 2018, it has 297 inductees. The Hall of Fame also hosts the Hall of Honor and Lettermen's Lifetime Achievement Award.[257] The Texas A&M Athletic Hall of Honor was established in 1977 to "recognizes individuals who have gone above and beyond in contributions and support of the athletic programs at Texas A&M".[257] The Lettermen's Lifetime Achievement Award was established in 2011 to recognize "lettermen, who after graduation, have gone on to gain prominence through his or her efforts in industry, commerce, technology, athletics, the professions, or other worthy endeavors".[257]

Football edit

Main article: Texas A&M Aggies football

The Aggies football team, which was founded in 1894, has won eighteen Southwest Conference championships, three Big 12 South Division championships, and one Big 12 championship. The university also claims three national championships.[258][259] As of 2021, the team has played in forty-two bowl games, of which they have won twenty,[260][261][262][263][264] and former players include forty-one first Team All-Americans, five Academic All-Americans, and Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow (1957) and Johnny Manziel (2012).[265][266] Since 1904, home football games have been played at Kyle Field, a stadium with a current capacity of 102,500.[267] As of 2024, the football team is led by Mike Elko in his first season as head coach.[268]

Basketball edit

Main articles: Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball and Texas A&M Aggies women's basketball
 
A men's basketball game at Reed Arena in January 2008

The Aggies men's basketball team, which was founded in 1912, has won eleven Southwest Conference championships and two Southwest Conference Tournament championships. The team has played in the National Invitation Tournament six times and in the NCAA Tournament eleven times, of which three resulted in the team progressing to the regional semifinals round, dubbed Sweet Sixteen—the highest round to which the Aggies have advanced—most recently in the 2015–16 season.[269] As of 2021, the men's basketball team is led by Buzz Williams in his tenth season as head coach.[270]

The women's basketball team has won one Southwest Conference Tournament championship, one regular season Big 12 Conference championship, two Big 12 Tournament championships, and two SEC Tournament championships—most recently in 2021. As of 2022, the Aggies women's team has advanced to sixteen NCAA Tournament appearances, including fourteen consecutive seasons, and won the National Championship in 2011. They have also twice competed in the Women's National Invitation Tournament, which they won in 1995.[271] The women's team was coached by Gary Blair from 2003[272] to his retirement in 2022.[273] Blair's replacement Joni Taylor began coaching the team in March 2022.[274]

Both the men's and women's basketball teams play in the 12,889-seat Reed Arena, which opened in 1998.[275][276]

Other sports edit

The Aggies women's soccer team was formed in 1993; as of 2021, it has taken part in every NCAA Tournament since 1995.[277] The women's volleyball team is a frequent qualifier for the annual NCAA tournament, and has played in thirteen consecutive NCAA Tournaments from 1993 to 2005.[278][279] Texas A&M also fields men's and women's teams in swimming and diving, golf, tennis, cross country, track and field, softball, baseball, and equestrianism.[280]

Notable alumni and faculty edit

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Texas A&M University people.
 
The Clayton W. Williams, Jr., Alumni Center is the home of The Association of Former Students.
 
Specimen Medal of Honor displayed at the Memorial Student Center for Horace S. Carswell

Alumni edit

With over 508,000 alumni,[281] Texas A&M University has one of the largest and most active alumni groups in America.[282] Many alumni have attained local, national, and international prominence. Jorge Quiroga and Martin Torrijos have served as heads of state of Bolivia and Panama, respectively. Rick Perry served as the United States Secretary of Energy and Governor of Texas and ran as a 2012 US presidential candidate. Congressman Louie Gohmert is also a Texas A&M graduate.[283] William A. Pailes, Michael E. Fossum, and Steven Swanson became NASA astronauts.[284] Mechanical engineer Holly Ridings became the first female chief flight director at NASA.[285] Phyllis Frye is a residing judge in Houston, Texas, and is the first transgender judge in the United States.[286] In 1903, twin sisters Mary Lockett Hutson Nelson and Sophie Palmer Hutson Rollins were the first women to complete the original college's civil engineering program but they did not receive their degrees until 99 years later because the college's charter at the time made no provision for female students.[287]

Several notable alumni have excelled in sports; these include Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow and Johnny Manziel; and Heisman runner-up, legislator, and actor John Kimbrough;[288] and Randy Barnes, indoor/outdoor shot put world-record holder. In popular culture, Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett, who played on the porch of their Northgate home on the university's campus, have become country singers.[289] Alumni in business include Lowry Mays, chairman and CEO of Clear Channel Communications;[288] George P. Mitchell, chairman and CEO of Mitchell Energy and Development Corporation;[283] Khalid A. Al-Falih, President and CEO of Saudi Aramco;[290] and Eduardo Castro-Wright, CEO of Wal-Mart Stores USA.[291]

Many alumni have become leaders in the armed forces. General Bernard Adolph Schriever, the architect of the Air Force's ballistic missile and military space program, became the namesake of Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado.[292][293] General Michael Moseley is a former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.[294] Seven alumni received the Medal of Honor in World War II: Horace S. Carswell, Jr., Thomas W. Fowler, William Harrell, Lloyd H. Hughes, George D. Keathley, Turney W. Leonard, and Eli L. Whiteley[295] Clarence E. Sasser received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War prior to enrolling at the university.[296][297]

Notable faculty edit

Notable Texas A&M faculty include eight Nobel Prize laureates; among them are Derek Barton,[298][299] Sheldon Glashow,[300] Robert H. Grubbs,[301] Dudley R. Herschbach,[302] Jack Kilby,[303] David Lee,[304][305] and Vernon L. Smith.[306] In addition, Norman Borlaug, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, is one of only five people to have won both the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.[307] U.S. Senator Phil Gramm taught economics at the university,[308] and Pulitzer Prize recipient Charles Gordone also taught at Texas A&M.[309] Aviation pioneer Fred Weick did much of his post-war research at Texas A&M.[310] Robert Gates served as president of the university between leaving his post as Director of Central Intelligence and his appointment as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense.[311]

Notes edit

  1. ^ The school was first given this name in 1871 (the year the Texas Legislature appropriated funds to begin A&M's construction), but did not open for instruction until 1876[2]
  2. ^ The seal contains the date 1876, the year in which Texas A&M began classes. Both 1871 (the year the Texas Legislature appropriated funds to begin A&M's construction) and 1876 can be considered the dates of establishment depending on the context of the usage.[2]
  3. ^ The institution's branch campuses, Texas A&M University at Galveston and Texas A&M University at Qatar, are considered part of Texas A&M's Main Campus. These branches are located in Galveston, Texas and in Education City, Al Rayyan, Qatar respectively.[9]
  1. ^ 22.4% Hispanic, 8.8% Asian, 7.2% international, 3.4% Black, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian, and 3.4% undetermined.
  2. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
  4. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

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April 11, 2024
texas, university, tamu, redirects, here, other, uses, tamu, university, redirects, here, other, universities, texas, tamu, public, land, grant, research, university, college, station, texas, founded, 1876, became, flagship, institution, system, 1948, since, 2. TAMU redirects here For other uses see Tamu A amp M University redirects here For other A amp M universities see A amp M Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M A amp M or TAMU is a public land grant research university in College Station Texas It was founded in 1876 and became the flagship institution of the Texas A amp M University System in 1948 Since 2021 Texas A amp M has enrolled the largest student body in the United States 14 and is the only university in Texas to hold simultaneous designations as a land sea and space grant institution It is classified among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity and a member of the Association of American Universities Texas A amp M UniversityFormer namesAgricultural and Mechanical College of Texas 1871 1963 1 note 1 TypePublic land grant research senior military collegeEstablished1876 148 years ago 1876 2 note 2 Parent institutionTexas A amp M University SystemAccreditationSACSAcademic affiliationsAAUORAUURASea grantSpace grant 3 Endowment 19 2 billion system wide 2023 4 PresidentMark A Welsh IIIProvostAlan SamsAcademic staff3 845 Fall 2021 5 Total staff11 114 Fall 2021 5 6 Students72 982 Fall 2021 7 8 Undergraduates57 428 Fall 2021 8 Postgraduates10 650 Fall 2021 8 Doctoral students5 112 Fall 2021 8 LocationCollege Station Texas United States 9 note 3 30 36 37 N 96 20 37 W 30 61028 N 96 34361 W 30 61028 96 34361CampusMidsize city 11 5 500 acres 20 km2 10 Other campusesGalvestonQatarNewspaperThe BattalionColorsAggie maroon and white 12 13 NicknameAggiesSporting affiliationsNCAA Division I FBS SECMascotReveille XWebsitetamu wbr eduThe university was the first public higher education institution in Texas it opened for classes on October 4 1876 as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas A M C under the provisions of the 1862 Morrill Land Grant Act In the following decades the college grew in size and scope expanding to its largest enrollment during WWII before its first significant stagnation in enrollment post war 15 Enrollment grew again in the 1960s under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder during whose tenure the college desegregated became coeducational and ended the requirement for participation in the Corps of Cadets In 1963 to reflect the institution s expanded roles and academic offerings the Texas Legislature renamed the college Texas A amp M University the letters A amp M were retained as a tribute to the university s former designation The university s main campus spans over 5 500 acres 22 km2 and includes the George H W Bush Presidential Library and Museum The university offers degrees in more than 130 courses of study through 18 colleges and houses 21 research institutes As a senior military college Texas A amp M is one of six American universities with a full time volunteer Cadet Corps whose members study alongside civilian undergraduate students About one fifth of the student body lives on campus Texas A amp M has more than 1 000 officially recognized student organizations Many students observe university traditions that govern conduct in daily life and sporting events The university s students alumni and sports teams are known as Aggies and its athletes compete in eighteen varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference Contents 1 History 1 1 Early years 1 2 World Wars era 1 3 University era 2 Campus 3 Academics 3 1 Administration and organization 3 2 Student body 3 3 Rankings 3 4 Endowment 3 5 Research 3 6 Worldwide 4 Student life 4 1 Residential life 4 2 Corps of Cadets 4 3 Activities 4 4 Media 5 Traditions 5 1 Sports 6 Athletics 6 1 Football 6 2 Basketball 6 3 Other sports 7 Notable alumni and faculty 7 1 Alumni 7 2 Notable faculty 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksHistory editMain article History of Texas A amp M University nbsp Statue of Lawrence Sullivan Sul Ross located in front of the Academic Building nbsp Texas A amp M in 1902 nbsp Staff at Texas A amp M entering data for punch cards for new computers in the 1950sEarly years edit In 1862 the U S Congress passed the Morrill Act which auctioned land grants of public lands to establish endowments for colleges at which the leading object shall be without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanical arts to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life 16 In 1871 the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the state s first public institution of higher education 16 17 the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas Texas A M C 16 Brazos County donated 2 416 acres 10 km2 near Bryan Texas for the college s campus 16 From its beginning until the late 1920s students were officially nicknamed Farmers but the moniker Aggies a common nickname for students at schools focused heavily on agriculture gained favor and became the official student body nickname in 1949 18 The first day of classes was set for October 2 1876 but only six students enrolled on the first day Classes were delayed and officially began on October 4 with six faculty members and forty students at the military school 19 During the first semester enrollment increased to 48 students and by the end of the 1877 spring semester 106 students had enrolled Admission was limited to white males who were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training 20 Originally the college taught no classes in agriculture or engineering instead concentrating on classical studies languages literature and applied mathematics After initial resistance from faculty the college began to focus on degrees in scientific agriculture and civil and mechanical engineering 16 21 In 1881 enrollment grew to 258 but declined to 108 in 1883 the same year the University of Texas opened in Austin 22 Although originally envisioned and annotated in the Texas Constitution as a branch of the soon to begin University of Texas Texas A M C had a separate Board of Directors from the University of Texas and was never incorporated into the University of Texas System 16 In the late 1880s many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and advocated for the elimination of Texas A M C In 1891 the college was saved from closure by its new president Lawrence Sullivan Ross former Governor of Texas and former Confederate Brigadier General by demonstrating the college could function and excel in its established form under proper leadership Ross made many improvements to the campus installing running water and permanent dormitories Enrollment doubled under his tenure to 467 cadets as parents sent their sons to Texas A M C to emulate the traits of Ross 23 Many college traditions began under Ross s presidency including the creation of the first Aggie Ring the senior class ring 23 Ross served until his death in 1898 to honor his contributions to the college a statue of him was erected in 1918 in front of modern day Academic Plaza 23 24 Initially women were permitted to attend classes only as special students but were not permitted to seek degrees 25 In 1893 Ethel Hudson a daughter of one of the faculty became the first woman to take classes in 1899 her sisters Sophie and Mary Hudson did the same 25 Though not explicitly envisioned as such over time it became a de facto all male institution and led to a decades long debate about the role of women at the college 25 In 1911 under pressure from the Texas Legislature the college allowed women to attend classes during the summer semester 25 A M C expanded its academic offerings with the establishment of the School of Veterinary Medicine in 1915 16 World Wars era edit Many Texas A amp M alumni served during World War I and by 1918 49 of all Aggies were in military service a higher proportion than that of any other American college or university 16 In early September 1918 the entire senior class enlisted and there were plans to send the younger students at staggered dates throughout the next year Many of the seniors were fighting in France when the war ended two months later 26 More than 1 200 alumni served as commissioned officers After the war Texas A amp M grew rapidly and became nationally recognized for its programs in agriculture engineering and military science 16 The first graduate school was organized in 1924 and the school awarded its first PhD in 1940 16 In 1925 Mary Evelyn Crawford Locke became the first female student to receive a diploma from Texas A amp M but she was not allowed to participate in the graduation ceremony 27 The following month the Board of Directors officially prohibited all women from enrolling 25 Many Texas A amp M alumni served in the military during World War II the college s educational and technical training resulted in 20 229 trained combat troops for U S military efforts Of those 14 123 alumni served as officers more than any other school and more than the combined total of the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy 28 29 At the start of World War II Texas A amp M was selected as one of six engineering colleges to participate in the Electronics Training Program which would train Navy personnel to maintain new radar systems 30 During the war 29 Texas A amp M graduates reached the rank of general 16 After the end of World War II enrollment rapidly grew as many former soldiers used the G I Bill to fund their education 31 however enrollment stagnated in the following decade 15 University era edit nbsp George H W Bush Presidential Library and MuseumIn 1948 the state legislature established the Texas A amp M College Station campus as the flagship of a new system of universities the Texas A amp M University System Its goal was to serve as the lead institution to foster the evolution of a statewide educational research and service system 32 On July 1 1959 Major General James Earl Rudder class of 1932 became the 16th president of the college 33 34 In 1963 with the backing of State Senator William T Bill Moore the 58th Legislature of Texas approved Rudder s proposal for a substantial expansion of the college Over the coming years Texas A amp M augmented and upgraded its physical plant and facilities and diversified and expanded its student body by admitting women and minorities Membership in the Corps of Cadets also became voluntary from the start of the fall semester of 1963 35 Initially the decision to admit women made the student body very unhappy 36 The change was initially resisted and some minor efforts to reverse it persisted for several decades The positive impact of these changes was rapid By 1972 on campus housing was dedicated for women and in 1976 the student body elected its first Black student body president 36 In the same series of actions the Texas legislature officially renamed the school Texas A amp M University 37 specifying the symbolic nature of the letters A and M which reflect the institution s past and no longer denote Agricultural and Mechanical 16 By the time of his death in 1970 Rudder had overseen the growth of the college from 7 500 to 14 000 students from all 50 U S states and from 75 other nations 37 38 In the 35 years following his death Texas A amp M more than tripled its enrollment from 14 000 students to more than 45 000 39 Texas A amp M became one of the first four universities given the designation sea grant for its achievements in oceanography and marine resources development in 1971 40 In 1989 the university earned the title space grant from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA to recognize its commitment to space research and participation in the Texas Space Grant Consortium 41 In 1997 the university opened the Bush School of Government and Public Service and the George H W Bush Presidential Library and Museum one of fifteen American presidential libraries operated by the National Archives and Records Administration 42 43 Former U S President George H W Bush remained actively involved with the university frequently visiting the campus and participating in special events until his death in 2018 He was buried on campus 44 With strong support from Rice University and the University of Texas in May 2001 the Association of American Universities inducted Texas A amp M on the basis of the depth of its research and academic programs 45 As the student population increased so did the university s diverse academic offerings On July 12 2013 Texas A amp M Health Science Center was formally merged into the university 46 On August 12 2013 the university acquired the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law and renamed it the Texas A amp M University School of Law 47 48 In 2017 the retention of the statue of Lawrence Sullivan Sul Ross was in question after other institutions removed statues of former Confederate officers The Texas A amp M University System Chancellor John Sharp and President Michael Young announced the statue would remain on campus because it is not based upon his service in the Confederate Army 49 50 51 Amid the Black Lives Matter movement and vandalism of the statue attempts in 2020 by a group of students and activists to secure its removal were rebuffed by the university s administration other students and alumni and counter protestors 52 53 54 The university also confirmed that the removal of the statue would require Texas Congressional approval 55 In 2022 university president M Katherine Banks implemented university wide administrative restructuring that involved several changes to academic unit names and branding The College of Science the College of Geosciences and the College of Liberal Arts were merged to form the Texas A amp M University College of Arts amp Sciences Several academic units underwent a change in name from college to school Additionally the Texas A amp M pharmacy unit was renamed the Texas A amp M University Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy 56 The following year Banks suddenly resigned in July only days after the resignation of the interim dean of the College of Arts amp Sciences after a botched attempted hiring of Kathleen McElroy to revive the university s journalism program 57 The initial job offer which included a multiyear offer and tenure 58 was later watered down with McElroy being presented with a succession of different offer letters The final which was rejected was a one year contract that could be terminated at any time 59 Her potential hiring was heavily criticized by conservative groups and alumni as the offer was made to a black woman who had previously worked at The New York Times and studied how to improve diversity equity and inclusion in newsrooms 60 Shortly thereafter the university paid McElroy 1 million to settle her legal claims 61 After Banks resigned Mark A Welsh III the dean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service was appointed interim president 62 Campus edit nbsp A view of the main campus looking north from Kyle Field At the center is the Academic Building with its copper domeMain article Campus of Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M s College Station campus spans 5 200 acres 21 km2 and Research Park covers an additional 350 acres 1 km2 9 63 The university is part of the Bryan College Station metropolitan area of Brazos County which is located in the Brazos Valley Southeast Central Texas region an area often referred to as Aggieland 64 Brazos Valley is centrally located within 200 miles 320 km of three of the ten largest cities in the U S and 75 of the population of Texas and Louisiana approximately 13 million people The area s major roadway is State Highway 6 and several smaller state highways and Farm to Market Roads connect the area to larger highways such as Interstate 45 65 The College Station campus is bisected by a railroad track operated by Union Pacific 66 The area east of the tracks known as main campus includes buildings for the colleges of engineering architecture geosciences science education and liberal arts Dormitories the main dining centers and many campus support facilities are also on the main campus Notable buildings on main campus include Kyle Field Sterling C Evans Library the Academic Building Harrington Hall the Memorial Student Center the Administration Building Rudder Tower Albritton Bell Tower and the Bonfire Memorial 67 To the west of the railroad tracks lies West Campus which includes most of the sports facilities the business school agricultural programs life sciences the veterinary college the political science and economics school George Bush School of Government and Public Service George Bush Presidential Library and two schools within the Texas A amp M Health Science Center 68 nbsp The Century Tree a campus landmark and subject to several traditionsOutside the main campus the institution formally includes three branch campuses Texas A amp M University at Galveston is dedicated to marine research and hosts the Texas A amp M Maritime Academy Texas A amp M University Higher Education Center at McAllen is dedicated to engineering biomedical science public health and food systems industry management 69 and Texas A amp M University at Qatar TAMUQ in Education City Al Rayyan Qatar is dedicated to engineering disciplines 70 Texas A amp M Health maintains several other Health Science Centers and campuses away from the Bryan College Station campus The School of Engineering Medicine EnMed at the Houston Methodist Hospital and the Texas A amp M Institute of Biosciences and Technology are both located in the Texas Medical Center in Houston 71 The School of Dentistry is located in Dallas and the institution has a presence in Corpus Christi Kingsville Lufkin McAllen Round Rock and Temple 72 Texas A amp M School of Law formerly Texas Wesleyan University School of Law is located in Fort Worth 47 48 Texas A amp M maintains the RELLIS Campus formerly the Texas A amp M University Riverside Campus and Bryan Air Force Base which was transferred from the university to become a separate entity within the Texas A amp M University System in September 2015 73 Academics edit nbsp Then President George W Bush with parents former President George H W Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush at Texas A amp M s December 2008 convocation Administration and organization edit Texas A amp M is part of the Texas A amp M University System which consists of eleven universities eight state agencies and the RELLIS Campus The system is governed by a ten member Board of Regents nine of whom are appointed by the Governor of Texas to six year terms and one non voting Student Regent who is appointed to a one year term The Chancellor of the Texas A amp M University System is responsible for day to day operations and is answerable to the Board of Regents 74 75 76 The university is led by the university president who has executive responsibility and is selected by and reports to the chancellor The provost is responsible for all educational and service activities of the university and reports to the president The cabinet as the institution s administrative arm and the deans of the respective colleges also report to the president 74 75 The university and colleges are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and associated professional organizations offering degrees in 130 courses of study over 260 professional and graduate degrees via its 17 colleges and further opportunities in 21 research centers and institutes 77 78 79 Student body edit Undergraduate admissions statistics2021 enteringclass 80 Change vs 2016 81 Admit rate63 0 nbsp 2 8 Test scores middle 50 SAT EBRW580 680 nbsp 50 median SAT Math580 700 nbsp 30 median ACT Composite26 32 nbsp 2 median High school GPA Top 10 65 84 nbsp 1 8 Top 25 91 53 nbsp 0 8 Top 50 98 96 nbsp 0 4 Among students who chose to submit Among students whose school rankedAs of the fall semester in 2021 Texas A amp M was the largest American university with an enrollment of 72 982 students 7 82 who were pursuing degrees in 17 academic colleges The student body originates from all 50 U S states and over 120 other countries Texas residents account for 86 27 of the student population and 7 42 are of international origin 83 The demographics of the student body are 52 9 male and 47 1 female 84 Members of ethnic minority groups make up 42 2 of the student population a According to U S News amp World Report Texas A amp M has a student to teacher ratio of 19 1 and an average freshman retention rate of 92 84 85 According to the institution in 2019 it had a four year graduation rate of 59 and a six year graduation of 81 7 86 College of Engineering had the largest enrollment of 29 6 The College of Liberal Arts and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences followed enrolling 12 and 11 of the student body respectively The School of Education and Human Development and Mays Business School each enrolled 9 The remaining schools enrolled less than 6 each In addition slightly more than 3 of the student body had not declared a major 87 As of 2019 the university enrolled the seventh highest total of National Merit scholars in the United States and the third highest among all public universities 88 89 As of 2021 about 72 of the student body receives about 810 million in financial aid annually 90 The admission rate of students who applied as undergraduates in 2020 was 63 91 The school is rated as more selective by U S News amp World Report 92 93 Rankings edit Academic rankingsNationalARWU 94 52 61Forbes 95 50U S News amp World Report 96 47Washington Monthly 97 79WSJ College Pulse 98 38GlobalARWU 99 151 200QS 100 134 THE 101 118U S News amp World Report 102 148In a comparison of educational quality faculty quality and research output the Center for World Class Universities placed Texas A amp M 57th nationally and 151st internationally in its 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities ARWU rankings 103 In its 2021 2022 rankings The Times Higher Education Supplement listed Texas A amp M 61st among North America s universities and 193rd among world universities 104 The 2021 2022 QS World University Rankings 105 placed the university 168th in the world In its 2022 edition the Center for World University Rankings placed Texas A amp M as the 74th best university globally and 41st nationally 106 In the 2022 edition of the U S News amp World Report ranking of universities Texas A amp M was placed 68th nationally and 130th globally 107 108 In 2021 The Washington Monthly assessed Texas A amp M 21st nationally based on their criteria that weigh research community service and social mobility 109 In 2021 Forbes rated Texas A amp M as the 17th best public university in the country and 50th overall 110 After conducting a survey of leading employment recruiters The Wall Street Journal ranked Texas A amp M second nationally as most likely to help students land a job in key careers and professions and the 83rd best college overall 111 112 As of 2017 according to Best Value Schools 113 Texas A amp M graded first in nation as the best college for military veterans based on a return on investment As of 2015 Texas A amp M was rated the second best university for veterans in USA Today 114 and ninth for business schools for veterans by the Military Times 115 Endowment edit nbsp The Memorial Student CenterThe Texas A amp M University System has an endowment valued at more than 12 7 billion the second highest among U S public universities and seventh overall 116 Apart from revenue received from tuition and research grants as part of the university system Texas A amp M is partially funded from two endowments The smaller endowment and investment assets totaling 2 6 billion as of 2021 is run by the private Texas A amp M Foundation 117 A larger sum is distributed from the Texas Permanent University Fund PUF in which the system holds a one third stake As of 2021 update the PUF ending net asset value was approximately 30 billion 118 119 Research edit nbsp Zachry Engineering Education ComplexThe National Science Foundation ranked Texas A amp M 16th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2021 with 1 14 billion 120 121 Concentrated in two primary areas Research Valley and Research Park the institution has over 11 750 acres 50 km2 which includes 3 000 000 square feet 279 000 m2 of dedicated research space 122 The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education classifies Texas A amp M among R1 Doctoral Universities Very high research activity as of 2021 123 Its research entities include the Hagler Institute for Advanced Study the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine the Texas Transportation Institute the Cyclotron Institute the Institute of Biosciences and Technology and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology 124 Texas A amp M University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium 125 Texas A amp M works with state and university agencies on local and international research projects to develop innovations in science and technology that can have commercial applications In 2006 the Texas A amp M University System was the first to explicitly state in its policy technology commercialization could be used for tenure Passage of this policy was intended to give faculty more academic freedom and strengthen the university s industry partnerships 126 127 128 The efforts of system wide faculty and research departments have yielded millions of dollars for Texas A amp M in royalty bearing license agreements through more than 900 patents and 1 500 patent applications relating to a portfolio of over 2 600 inventions On average Texas A amp M files over 50 patents and closes 25 license agreements per year 129 130 Texas A amp M has led the world in several fields of cloning research Scientists at the university s College of Veterinary Medicine created the first cloned pet a cat named cc on December 22 2001 131 Texas A amp M was also the first academic institution to clone six species cattle a Boer goat pigs a cat a deer and a horse 132 In 2016 the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA targeted the university and alleged abusive experiments on dogs According to Texas A amp M the dogs in question were given several experimental treatments to improve or cure a genetic condition that also affects humans During this period the dogs were under the care of board certified veterinarians and other highly trained staff with oversight from multiple agencies including the National Institutes of Health NIH and the Muscular Dystrophy Association 133 134 The university is also engaged in significant scientific exploration projects In 2004 as part of its responsibilities under the space grant program it joined a consortium of universities and countries to build the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile 135 136 Construction began in November 2015 on its completion which is scheduled for 2025 it will be the largest optical telescope ever constructed with seven mirrors each with a diameter of 8 4 meters 9 2 yd the equivalent of a mirror 24 5 meters 26 8 yd across and ten times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope 137 138 As part of a collaboration with the U S Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration Texas A amp M completed the first conversion of a nuclear research reactor from using highly enriched uranium fuel 70 to use low enriched uranium 20 The eighteen month project ended on October 13 2006 after the first ever refueling of the reactor thus fulfilling a portion of the United States Global Nuclear Threat Reduction Initiative 139 In 2013 geography researchers named the largest volcano on Earth Tamu Massif after the university in honor of their research contributions 140 Worldwide edit nbsp Two professors a graduate and an undergraduate student at the TAMUQ branch campusOf the university s numerous agreements and joint facilities of international cooperation Texas A amp M owns a multipurpose center in Mexico City Soltis Research and Education Center near San Isidro Costa Rica and Santa Chiara Study Abroad Center in Castiglion Fiorentino Italy 141 142 During the 2018 academic year over 5 600 Texas A amp M students primarily undergraduates studied in 110 countries 143 Marine research occurs on the university s branch campus Texas A amp M University at Galveston 69 It also has collaborations with international facilities such as Hacienda Santa Clara in San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico 144 145 The university is one of two American universities in partnership with CONACyT Mexico s equivalent of the National Science Foundation to support research in areas including biotechnology telecommunications energy and urban development 146 The university also hosts Las Americas Digital Research Network an online architecture network for 26 universities in 12 nations primarily in Central and South America 147 Founded in 1995 by then emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and his wife who is the mother of the current emir Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Texas A amp M University at Qatar was set up through an agreement between Texas A amp M and the Qatar Foundation for Education Science and Community Development and continues its part of Qatar s efforts to expand higher education with the assistance of elite institutions from the United States 148 All degrees at the Qatar campus are granted by the university s TAMU College of Engineering 149 TAMUQ was opened in 2003 and the current contract extends through 2023 150 The campus offers undergraduate degrees in chemical electrical mechanical and petroleum engineering and a graduate degree in chemical engineering TAMUQ has received awards for its research 151 Texas A amp M receives 76 2 million per year from the Qatar Foundation for the campus In the agreement with the Qatar Foundation TAMU agreed 70 of its undergraduates at its Qatar campus would be Qatari citizens 148 The curriculum is designed to emulate the academic rigors of the facility at College Station but critics question whether this is possible due to Qatar s strict stance on some of the freedoms granted to U S students 151 152 TAMU has also been criticized over its Qatari campus due to Qatar s alleged ties to Islamic terrorism and the country s human rights record 153 154 In 2016 Texas A amp M Aggie Conservatives a campus activism group criticized the campus and called for its immediate closure on the grounds it violated a commitment to educating Texans and diminished the credibility of engineering degrees of students at College Station 155 156 In 2013 Texas A amp M signed an agreement to open a 200 million campus in Nazareth Israel as a peace campus for Arabs and Israelis 157 The agreement led to protests from students at the Qatari campus who called it an insult to their people 154 158 The planned campus in Nazareth was never opened instead Texas A amp M opened a 6 million marine biology center in Haifa Israel in 2016 159 Student life editStudent body composition as of May 2 2023 Race and ethnicity 160 TotalWhite 57 57 Hispanic 25 25 Asian 10 10 Other b 3 3 Black 2 2 Foreign national 1 1 Economic diversityLow income c 23 23 Affluent d 77 77 Residential life edit nbsp Sbisa Dining Hall and central utility plant water tower sporting the greeting Welcome to Aggieland As of 2020 update approximately 20 of the Texas A amp M student body lived on campus primarily in one of two distinct housing sections located on opposite ends of the campus 161 Both the Northside and Southside areas contain student residence halls Some halls are single sex 162 Several halls include a substance free floor whose residents pledge to refrain from bringing alcoholic beverages recreational drugs or tobacco products into the hall 163 Northside consists of seventeen student residence halls including two dedicated to honors students 164 Approximately half of the residence halls on campus are reserved for members of the Corps of Cadets 165 The university also has four major apartment complexes for both staff and students which are located both on and adjacent to the campus 166 167 Facilities for the Corps of Cadets are located in the Quadrangle known as The Quad an area consisting of dormitories Duncan Dining Hall and the Corps training fields 168 169 The Corps Arches a series of twelve arches that allude to the spirit of the 12th Man mark the entrance to the Quadrangle 170 171 All cadets except those who are married or who have had previous military service must live in the Quad with assigned roommates from the same unit and graduating class 168 172 The Aggie mascot Reveille a Rough Collie lives with her handlers in the Corps in the Quad 173 Corps of Cadets edit Main article Texas A amp M University Corps of Cadets nbsp The Fightin Texas Aggie Band s Bugle Rank leads the band at halftime at a football game nbsp Robert Gates and senior cadets from the Corps of Cadets give the gig em sign at the PentagonTexas A amp M is one of six United States senior military colleges 174 As of 2019 the university s Corps of Cadets or the Corps with more than 2 500 members is the largest uniformed student body outside the service academies 174 165 175 Many members participate in Reserve Officers Training Corps ROTC programs and earn commissions in the United States Armed Forces upon graduation 176 Members of the Corps have served in every armed conflict fought by the United States since 1876 and over 285 alumni have served as generals or flag officers as of 2021 176 175 177 178 Until 1965 Corps membership was mandatory The Corps began accepting female members in the fall semester of 1974 179 The Corps of Cadets is composed of four major units the Air Force Wing the Army Brigade the Navy Marine Regiment and the Fightin Texas Aggie Band whose members may be affiliated with any military branch 180 Parson s Mounted Cavalry is the only mounted ROTC unit in the United States 181 The Ross Volunteer Company one of the oldest student run organizations in the state is the official honor guard for the Governor of Texas 182 183 The Fish Drill Team a precision close order rifle drill team composed entirely of Corps freshmen represents Texas A amp M in local and national competitions The team have won the national championship almost every year since their creation in 1946 and have appeared in several Hollywood films including A Few Good Men and Courage Under Fire in which they had prominent roles 184 The Fightin Texas Aggie Band the nation s largest precision military marching band provides music for university functions and presents halftime performances at football games 185 186 Some band drills are so complicated they require band members to step between each other s feet to complete the maneuvers 187 188 Membership of the Corps of Cadets is a requirement for joining the Aggie Band whose members live by the same standards schedules and regimens as the rest of the Corps 189 Activities edit nbsp The Texas A amp M University Singing CadetsTexas A amp M has over 1 000 student organizations including academic service religious social and common interest organizations 190 and hosts 58 nationally or internationally recognized Greek Letter Organizations GLOs About 10 of the undergraduate population is affiliated with a GLO fraternity or sorority 191 192 One of the oldest student organizations is the Singing Cadets an all male choral group not affiliated with the Corps of Cadets with about 70 members that was founded in 1893 193 Texas A amp M Hillel the oldest Hillel organization in the United States was founded in 1920 at the original college 194 195 Since 1955 the MSC Student Conference on National Affairs has held conferences lectures and other programs to discuss national and international issues with speakers 196 197 198 The Department of Recreational Sports provides athletic activities to the university community sports facilities include the Student Recreation Center a natatorium the Penberthy Rec Sports Complex and the Omar Smith Instructional Tennis Center 199 The Student Government Association SGA one of A amp M s largest organizations has over 1 300 student members in three branches fifteen committees and four commissions 200 The Graduate Student Council which was founded in 1995 serves as the student government for Texas A amp M University s graduate and professional students 201 Student organizations have had a nationwide impact Texas A amp M students founded the largest one day student run service project in America known as The Big Event The annual service project allows students to serve the community by assisting local residents Such events are now also held at other universities 202 203 The organization CARPOOL a student run safe ride program has provided over 250 000 free rides as of 2016 update to students who are unable to transport themselves home Its organizers help other universities establish similar programs 204 205 GLBT Aggies formerly Gay Student Services GSS successfully sued the university for official recognition and the Fifth U S Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the U S Constitution requires public universities to allow such student organizations under the First Amendment s freedom to assemble clause 206 207 Media edit The university newspaper The Battalion has been in production since 1893 208 The Aggieland formerly known as The Olio and The Longhorn is one of America s largest college yearbooks in number of pages and copies sold 209 210 As of 2007 the university houses three public broadcasting stations KAMU TV a PBS member station since 1970 KAMU FM a National Public Radio affiliate since 1977 211 and the student run station KANM which bills itself the college station of College Station 212 W5AC a student run amateur radio club broadcast the first live play by play broadcast of a college football game at Kyle Field in November 1921 213 Traditions editMain article Traditions of Texas A amp M University See also Glossary of Texas A amp M University terms nbsp Aggie ring for the class of 2004Texas A amp M culture is a product of the university s founding as a rural military and agricultural school Although the school and surrounding community have grown and military training is no longer mandated the university s history has instilled in students according to Paul Burka the idealized elements of a small town life community tradition loyalty optimism and unabashed sentimentality 214 Texas Monthly posits that Texas A amp M students respect for school traditions and values is the university s greatest strength 215 These traditions enable and encourage students and alumni to cultivate the Aggie Spirit a strong sense of loyalty and respect for the university 216 They dictate many aspects of student life including greeting others using the official school greeting of Howdy 217 personal conduct at university sporting events and students word choices in conversation 218 A visible designation tradition among senior undergraduates graduate students nearing the end of their programs and former students is wearing an Aggie Ring whose design has been relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1894 219 220 Although not sanctioned by the university many students dunk their newly acquired Aggie Rings into a pitcher of beer and drink the entire pitcher in seconds 221 nbsp The Ross Volunteers perform a rifleman s salute as candles are lit for the deceased at the 2007 Aggie Muster at Reed ArenaTexas A amp M students have created two major traditions to honor deceased former students The Aggie Muster is a ceremony of remembrance held annually on April 21 the anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto to honor current and former students who died the previous year Alumni also typically socialize and remember their time at the university Over 300 Musters are held around the world the largest taking place at Reed Arena on the university s main campus 222 All Muster ceremonies feature the Roll Call for the Absent in which names of deceased alumni are called a family member or friend answers here and lights a candle to symbolize although their loved one is not physically present his or her spirit will shine forever this is traditionally followed by a three volley salute 223 224 The event received nationwide attention during World War II when 25 Texas A amp M alumni held a brief Aggie Muster during the Battle of Corregidor 225 Students who die while enrolled at Texas A amp M are honored at Silver Taps a ceremony that is held when necessary on the first Tuesday of the month This tradition began as a memorial for former Texas A amp M president Lawrence Sullivan Ross 226 On the day of the ceremony flags fly half staff and notices are posted throughout campus At 10 15 pm lights around campus are extinguished and hymns are chimed from Albritton Tower while students and faculty gather in the Academic Plaza Following a three volley salute by the Ross Volunteer Firing Squad six buglers play Silver Taps a choral version of the bugle call Taps from the dome of the university s Academic Building The song is played three times towards the north the south and the west The song is not played to the east symbolizing that the sun will never again rise on the deceased student 224 Sports edit nbsp The 2007 Student BonfireAt university sporting events Texas A amp M students collectively are called the 12th Man in the context of football games students support the eleven players on the field and would be willing to enter the game if necessary To symbolize their zeal and motivation it is traditional for students to stand throughout the sports game 227 The tradition of standing for games began on January 2 1922 at the Dixie Classic in which Texas A amp M played Centre College Texas A amp M had so many injuries Coach Dana X Bible feared he would not have enough men to finish the game He called into the stands for E King Gill a reserve who had left football after the regular season to play basketball to prepare to play in the game Texas A amp M won 22 14 but E King Gill was the only player left available on the sidelines for the team 228 In recent decades the 12th Man is represented on the field by a walk on player who wears a number twelve jersey and participates in kick offs 229 The 12th Man uses a variety of school yells rather than cheers to support Aggie teams Each year the student body elects five students to serve as Yell Leaders 230 At midnight before each home football game at Kyle Field or at a designated location at away games fans gather to practice yells for the next day s game at an event called Midnight Yell Practice 217 231 Led by the Yell Leaders and the Fightin Texas Aggie Band the 12th Man practice yells sing the War Hymn joke about their opponents and practice celebrating 231 232 Sports Illustrated named Midnight Yell as one of the 100 Things You Gotta Do Before You Graduate 233 At home football games the 12th Man consists of more than 36 000 Texas A amp M students and forms the largest student section in college football 234 When singing the war hymn A amp M students cause the stands to sway visiting press are warned prior to the game 235 Almost every year since 1909 Texas A amp M students have built a large bonfire to celebrate their rivalry with the University of Texas 236 Aggie Bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with the festivities surrounding the annual college football game between the universities 237 Although it began as a trash pile 238 Aggie Bonfire evolved into a massive six tiered structure achieving a then world record height for a bonfire of 109 feet 30 m 237 239 240 On November 18 1999 the Aggie Bonfire collapsed during construction Eleven enrolled students and one former student died and twenty seven others were injured The accident was later attributed to improper design and poor construction practices 241 The victims family members filed six lawsuits against Texas A amp M officials Aggie Bonfire officials and the university Half of the defendants settled their portion of the case in 2005 242 and a federal appeals court dismissed the remaining lawsuits against the university in 2007 243 Following the collapse the university suspended the official sanction of the bonfire but the tradition continues off campus 244 245 Athletics editMain article Texas A amp M Aggies nbsp A view from the student section of Kyle Field during a 2007 football gameTexas A amp M University has been a member of the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA for all sports since 2012 246 247 It was previously a charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996 and competed in the Big 12 Conference until June 30 2012 The university has twenty sports teams which are known as the Aggies whose team colors are maroon and white 248 As of 2021 update Aggies had won 173 conference titles and 20 national championships 249 250 A amp M s archrival is the University of Texas Longhorns who regularly played in most athletic sports until they joined the Southeastern Conference In 2004 sporting events between the Aggies and the Longhorns became known as the Lone Star Showdown the most watched event in the rivalry was the annual football game held on Thanksgiving 251 252 Other long standing rivalries include Texas Tech Baylor University the University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University 253 254 255 256 The Texas A amp M Athletic Hall of Fame was established in 1964 to acknowledge athletes whose accomplishments on the field have brought credit to Texas A amp M As of 2018 it has 297 inductees The Hall of Fame also hosts the Hall of Honor and Lettermen s Lifetime Achievement Award 257 The Texas A amp M Athletic Hall of Honor was established in 1977 to recognizes individuals who have gone above and beyond in contributions and support of the athletic programs at Texas A amp M 257 The Lettermen s Lifetime Achievement Award was established in 2011 to recognize lettermen who after graduation have gone on to gain prominence through his or her efforts in industry commerce technology athletics the professions or other worthy endeavors 257 Football edit Main article Texas A amp M Aggies football The Aggies football team which was founded in 1894 has won eighteen Southwest Conference championships three Big 12 South Division championships and one Big 12 championship The university also claims three national championships 258 259 As of 2021 the team has played in forty two bowl games of which they have won twenty 260 261 262 263 264 and former players include forty one first Team All Americans five Academic All Americans and Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow 1957 and Johnny Manziel 2012 265 266 Since 1904 home football games have been played at Kyle Field a stadium with a current capacity of 102 500 267 As of 2024 the football team is led by Mike Elko in his first season as head coach 268 Basketball edit Main articles Texas A amp M Aggies men s basketball and Texas A amp M Aggies women s basketball nbsp A men s basketball game at Reed Arena in January 2008The Aggies men s basketball team which was founded in 1912 has won eleven Southwest Conference championships and two Southwest Conference Tournament championships The team has played in the National Invitation Tournament six times and in the NCAA Tournament eleven times of which three resulted in the team progressing to the regional semifinals round dubbed Sweet Sixteen the highest round to which the Aggies have advanced most recently in the 2015 16 season 269 As of 2021 the men s basketball team is led by Buzz Williams in his tenth season as head coach 270 The women s basketball team has won one Southwest Conference Tournament championship one regular season Big 12 Conference championship two Big 12 Tournament championships and two SEC Tournament championships most recently in 2021 As of 2022 update the Aggies women s team has advanced to sixteen NCAA Tournament appearances including fourteen consecutive seasons and won the National Championship in 2011 They have also twice competed in the Women s National Invitation Tournament which they won in 1995 271 The women s team was coached by Gary Blair from 2003 272 to his retirement in 2022 273 Blair s replacement Joni Taylor began coaching the team in March 2022 274 Both the men s and women s basketball teams play in the 12 889 seat Reed Arena which opened in 1998 275 276 Other sports edit The Aggies women s soccer team was formed in 1993 as of 2021 it has taken part in every NCAA Tournament since 1995 277 The women s volleyball team is a frequent qualifier for the annual NCAA tournament and has played in thirteen consecutive NCAA Tournaments from 1993 to 2005 278 279 Texas A amp M also fields men s and women s teams in swimming and diving golf tennis cross country track and field softball baseball and equestrianism 280 Notable alumni and faculty editFor a more comprehensive list see List of Texas A amp M University people nbsp The Clayton W Williams Jr Alumni Center is the home of The Association of Former Students nbsp Specimen Medal of Honor displayed at the Memorial Student Center for Horace S CarswellAlumni edit With over 508 000 alumni 281 Texas A amp M University has one of the largest and most active alumni groups in America 282 Many alumni have attained local national and international prominence Jorge Quiroga and Martin Torrijos have served as heads of state of Bolivia and Panama respectively Rick Perry served as the United States Secretary of Energy and Governor of Texas and ran as a 2012 US presidential candidate Congressman Louie Gohmert is also a Texas A amp M graduate 283 William A Pailes Michael E Fossum and Steven Swanson became NASA astronauts 284 Mechanical engineer Holly Ridings became the first female chief flight director at NASA 285 Phyllis Frye is a residing judge in Houston Texas and is the first transgender judge in the United States 286 In 1903 twin sisters Mary Lockett Hutson Nelson and Sophie Palmer Hutson Rollins were the first women to complete the original college s civil engineering program but they did not receive their degrees until 99 years later because the college s charter at the time made no provision for female students 287 Several notable alumni have excelled in sports these include Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow and Johnny Manziel and Heisman runner up legislator and actor John Kimbrough 288 and Randy Barnes indoor outdoor shot put world record holder In popular culture Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett who played on the porch of their Northgate home on the university s campus have become country singers 289 Alumni in business include Lowry Mays chairman and CEO of Clear Channel Communications 288 George P Mitchell chairman and CEO of Mitchell Energy and Development Corporation 283 Khalid A Al Falih President and CEO of Saudi Aramco 290 and Eduardo Castro Wright CEO of Wal Mart Stores USA 291 Many alumni have become leaders in the armed forces General Bernard Adolph Schriever the architect of the Air Force s ballistic missile and military space program became the namesake of Schriever Air Force Base Colorado 292 293 General Michael Moseley is a former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 294 Seven alumni received the Medal of Honor in World War II Horace S Carswell Jr Thomas W Fowler William Harrell Lloyd H Hughes George D Keathley Turney W Leonard and Eli L Whiteley 295 Clarence E Sasser received the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War prior to enrolling at the university 296 297 Notable faculty edit Notable Texas A amp M faculty include eight Nobel Prize laureates among them are Derek Barton 298 299 Sheldon Glashow 300 Robert H Grubbs 301 Dudley R Herschbach 302 Jack Kilby 303 David Lee 304 305 and Vernon L Smith 306 In addition Norman Borlaug a Nobel Peace Prize laureate is one of only five people to have won both the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal 307 U S Senator Phil Gramm taught economics at the university 308 and Pulitzer Prize recipient Charles Gordone also taught at Texas A amp M 309 Aviation pioneer Fred Weick did much of his post war research at Texas A amp M 310 Robert Gates served as president of the university between leaving his post as Director of Central Intelligence and his appointment as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense 311 Notes edit The school was first given this name in 1871 the year the Texas Legislature appropriated funds to begin A amp M s construction but did not open for instruction until 1876 2 The seal contains the date 1876 the year in which Texas A amp M began classes Both 1871 the year the Texas Legislature appropriated funds to begin A amp M s construction and 1876 can be considered the dates of establishment depending on the context of the usage 2 The institution s branch campuses Texas A amp M University at Galveston and Texas A amp M University at Qatar are considered part of Texas A amp M s Main Campus These branches are located in Galveston Texas and in Education City Al Rayyan Qatar respectively 9 22 4 Hispanic 8 8 Asian 7 2 international 3 4 Black 0 2 Native American 0 1 Native Hawaiian and 3 4 undetermined Other consists of Multiracial Americans amp those who prefer to not say The percentage of students who received an income based federal Pell grant intended for low income students The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum References edit Frequently Asked Questions Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on July 30 2015 a b c History of the University Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 31 2021 The State of Texas agreed to create a college under the terms of the Morrill Act in November 1866 but actual formation didn t come until the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas by the Texas state legislature on April 17 1871 Texas A amp M University About Texas A amp M Archived from the original on August 9 2010 As of June 30 2021 U S and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2023 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY22 to FY23 Report National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA February 15 2024 Retrieved February 15 2024 a b Faculty Headcount Fall 2021 Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on November 21 2021 Retrieved November 23 2021 Staff Demographics Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on November 21 2021 Retrieved November 23 2021 a b Texas A amp M Reports Fall 2021 Enrollment Texas A amp M Today August 31 2021 Archived from the original on September 13 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 a b c d Student Demographics Texas A amp M University Retrieved October 23 2021 a b c History and Development Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved March 4 2015 Texas A amp M UAC Bulletin PDF Texas A amp M University p 4 Archived from the original PDF on September 15 2012 Retrieved February 20 2008 IPEDS Texas A amp M University College Station nces ed gov National Center for Educational Statistics Retrieved December 21 2021 Web Color Palette Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Brand Colors Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Record Enrollment Numbers Continue at Texas A amp M Texas A amp M University October 20 2021 Retrieved December 21 2021 a b Historical Enrollment Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M University December 15 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l Dethloff Henry C Texas A amp M University Handbook of Texas Texas State Historical Association Retrieved November 1 2021 The Texas Constitution Article 7 Education Section 13 Agricultural and Mechanical College State of Texas Archived from the original on June 10 2007 Retrieved August 6 2007 Staff Article What is an Aggie And other facts about Texas A amp M The Gainesville Sun Archived from the original on September 28 2021 Retrieved October 18 2021 Texas A amp M University August 1 2012 The Cadence Texas A amp M University Corps of Cadets p 14 Dethloff Henry C 1975 A Pictorial History of Texas A amp M University 1876 1976 Texas A amp M University Press pp 16 17 Dethloff Henry C 1975 A Pictorial History of Texas A amp M University 1876 1976 Texas A amp M University Press p 18 Adams John A Jr 2001 Keepers of the Spirit Texas A amp M University Press p 16 table 1 1 ISBN 1 58544 127 9 a b c Ferrell Christopher 2001 Ross Elevated College from Reform School The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on September 7 2009 Retrieved March 22 2007 Bridges Ken August 7 2021 Texas History Minute The story of Lawrence Sullivan Sul Ross Weatherford Democrat Retrieved December 28 2021 a b c d e Kavanagh Colleen 2001 Questioning Tradition The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on December 26 2004 Retrieved June 24 2008 Liffick Brandie October 30 2001 Tradition spanning generations The Battalion Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved March 22 2007 Jordan Carol Spring 2010 One Voice Not Just Our Fathers University Spirit The Texas A amp M Foundation Magazine Texas A amp M University Foundation Retrieved February 16 2011 permanent dead link Adams John A Jr 2001 Keepers of the Spirit Texas A amp M University Press pp 160 163 ISBN 1 58544 127 9 Dethloff Henry C Texas A amp M University The Handbook of Texas Archived from the original on December 3 2010 Retrieved October 2 2014 DeSoto Clinton B November 1942 The Navy Trains Radio Technicians Vol 26 pp 13 18 116 120 Retrieved July 27 2012 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Gillentine Kristy March 11 2007 Aggies recall days at Annex The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on October 16 2017 Retrieved June 24 2008 A amp M System History Texas A amp M University System Archived from the original on March 20 2011 Retrieved February 16 2011 James Earl Rudder 32 Collection 1918 2001 amp 124 Cushing Library Archived from the original on September 28 2021 Retrieved October 19 2021 Dethloff Henry C 1975 A Pictorial History of Texas A amp M University 1876 1976 College Station Texas Texas A amp M University Press p 184 Borden Robert C Bull of the Brazos dies Moore was champion of Texas A amp M The Bryan College Station Eagle May 28 1999 pp 1 3 a b Burnham Jordan Women and students of color break barriers represent A amp M s student body The Battalion Archived from the original on August 8 2022 Retrieved May 21 2022 a b Ferrell Christopher Rudder s influence is evident on campus The Bryan College Station Eagle Bryan College Station Archived from the original on September 8 2014 Retrieved June 29 2009 Bean Christopher B Fall 2008 James Earl Rudder and the Transformation of Texas A amp M University Journal of South Texas 21 2 119 31 Historical Enrollment Texas A amp M University Retrieved January 2 2022 NOAA timeline 1970s NOAA Retrieved January 2 2022 Texas A amp M University Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 Archived from the original on August 1 2009 Retrieved May 22 2007 Bush Library George Bush Presidential Library and Museum Archived from the original on April 27 2007 Retrieved April 21 2007 George Bush Presidential Library and Museum Opens NARA January 1998 Archived from the original on July 21 2017 Retrieved September 15 2017 President George H W Bush Buried at Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M University December 7 2018 Archived from the original on August 17 2021 Retrieved August 17 2021 Texas A amp M Selected For Membership In Association Of American Universities Press release Texas A amp M University May 7 2001 Archived from the original on July 27 2009 Retrieved April 2 2009 Texas A amp M Health Science Center Moves Under Administration Of Texas A amp M University Press release Texas A amp M University July 12 2013 Archived from the original on July 21 2013 Retrieved July 16 2013 a b Kennedy Mike August 16 2013 Texas A amp M buys law school from Texas Wesleyan University www asumag com Archived from the original on April 21 2021 Retrieved April 21 2021 a b Acquisition by Texas A amp M law tamu edu Archived from the original on April 21 2021 Retrieved April 21 2021 Surette Rusty A amp M to review historical artifacts but Sul Ross statue will remain on campus KBTX Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved August 26 2017 Texas A amp M officials say Sul Ross statue will remain The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on August 23 2017 Retrieved August 26 2017 Henkhaus Luke University Chancellor and President say Sul Ross statue will not be removed The Battalion Archived from the original on August 22 2017 Retrieved August 26 2017 Rodriguez Megan January 27 2021 Officials Texas A amp M to keep Sul Ross statue on campus The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on August 17 2021 Retrieved August 17 2021 Chavez Chris July 2 2020 Texas A amp M Athletes Lead Calls to Remove Campus Statue Sports Illustrated Archived from the original on August 17 2021 Retrieved August 17 2021 McGee Kate January 28 2021 Texas A amp M officials say moving Sul Ross statue is no longer an option but students say the university never made that clear The Texas Tribune Archived from the original on August 17 2021 Retrieved August 17 2021 Justin Raga August 7 2020 Texas A amp M can t remove Sul Ross statue without the Legislature s approval Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton says The Texas Tribune Archived from the original on August 17 2021 Retrieved August 17 2021 Texas A amp M University Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy Annual Report 2021 2022 PDF Retrieved April 13 2023 Franklin Jonathan July 21 2023 Texas A amp M president retires immediately over fallout from botched journalist hire NPR Retrieved July 21 2023 Bogel Borroughs Nicholas Tumin Remy July 21 2023 Texas A amp M President Resigns Amid Fallout Over Journalism Program The New York Times Archived from the original on July 21 2023 Retrieved July 22 2023 Texas A amp M regents could offer a settlement to the journalism professor at center of hiring controversy KHOU11 July 30 2023 Retrieved July 30 2023 McGee Kate July 11 2023 Texas A amp M recruited a UT professor to revive its journalism program then backtracked after DEI hysteria The Texas Tribune Retrieved July 21 2023 Quinn Ryan August 4 2023 The Toll of a Botched Hire Inside Higher Ed Retrieved August 4 2023 Regents Name Mark A Welsh III as Interim President of Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M Today July 30 2023 Retrieved July 30 2023 About Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on January 18 2011 Retrieved February 20 2008 Appelt Aggieland Visitor Center Texas A amp M University 2007 Archived from the original on February 21 2011 Retrieved February 16 2011 Bryan College Station Quick Facts Bryan College Station Texas Chamber of Commerce 2007 Archived from the original on February 8 2009 Retrieved April 5 2009 Jackson Luke October 1 2004 Union Pacific Texas A amp M CS officials agree to slow trains The Battalion Archived from the original on November 22 2007 Retrieved April 18 2007 Free On Campus Bus Service Offered at Texas A amp M University Press release Texas A amp M University November 6 1996 Archived from the original on September 17 2009 Retrieved April 18 2007 The Campus in 2020 Connect East and West Campus Texas A amp M University 2007 Archived from the original on January 16 2011 Retrieved February 16 2011 a b Texas A amp M University at Galveston The Handbook of Texas Archived from the original on July 15 2011 Retrieved May 22 2007 Texas A amp M University at Qatar Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on May 3 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Dixon Diamond August 24 2021 Texas A amp M University to establish Intercollegiate School of Engineering Medicine VitalRecord Archived from the original on April 12 2023 Retrieved April 12 2023 Colleges amp Regional Campuses health tamu edu Archived from the original on January 4 2021 Retrieved December 6 2020 Texas A amp M announces plans to expand Riverside campus The Bryan College Station Eagle May 2 2016 Archived from the original on April 13 2021 Retrieved December 6 2020 a b Organizational Structure New Employee Welcome Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on August 5 2021 Retrieved August 5 2021 a b The Texas A amp M University System Organization Chart Texas A amp M University System Archived from the original on August 5 2021 Retrieved August 5 2021 Governor Abbott Appoints University Student Regents and Student Representative to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board Texas Governor Press Release Archived from the original on June 28 2021 Retrieved August 5 2021 Accreditations Texas A amp M University College Station TX Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Academics Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Centers amp Institutes Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Student Body Texas A amp M University Retrieved November 23 2021 Student Body Texas A amp M University Retrieved November 23 2021 Zwerneman By Brent March 15 2022 Paranoia prevalent at Texas A amp M but it might be justified especially after NCAA tournament snub Houston Chronicle Retrieved April 5 2022 Student Enrollment Distribution Texas A amp M University Retrieved January 2 2022 a b Accountability Student Demographics Texas A amp M University Retrieved December 21 2021 Texas A amp M University Academics Best Colleges U S News amp World Report Rankings Retrieved November 2 2021 Webb Brandon November 14 2019 Retention And Graduation Rates Climb At Texas A amp M Texas A amp M Today Retrieved November 2 2021 Student Enrollment by College Texas A amp M University Retrieved November 22 2021 Texas A amp M Ranked No 1 in Texas for National Merit Scholar Enrollment March 14 2019 Retrieved December 21 2021 Annual Report PDF National Merit Scholarship Corporation October 31 2020 Retrieved December 21 2021 Financial Solutions for Your Education Texas A amp M University Retrieved April 2 2022 Texas A amp M University College Station Texas A amp M College Station Best College US News U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 2 2022 Texas A amp M University College Station Texas A amp M College Station Best College US News U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on September 8 2014 Retrieved April 2 2014 How to Use the 2022 U S News Best Colleges Directory U S News amp World Report Retrieved April 2 2022 ShanghaiRanking s 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved February 10 2024 Forbes America s Top Colleges List 2023 Forbes Retrieved September 22 2023 2023 2024 Best National Universities U S News amp World Report Retrieved September 22 2023 2023 National University Rankings Washington Monthly Retrieved February 10 2024 2024 Best Colleges in the U S The Wall Street Journal College Pulse Retrieved January 27 2024 ShanghaiRanking s 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Retrieved February 10 2024 QS World University Rankings 2024 Top global universities Quacquarelli Symonds Retrieved June 27 2023 World University Rankings 2024 Times Higher Education Retrieved September 27 2023 2022 23 Best Global Universities Rankings U S News amp World Report Retrieved February 25 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021 Shanghai Jiao Tong University Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 World University Rankings 2022 THES Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 QS World University Rankings Top Universities Retrieved September 13 2021 Global 2000 List by the Center for World University Rankings Center for World University Rankings Archived from the original on June 18 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 Texas A amp M University College Station U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on August 6 2019 Retrieved September 13 2021 Texas A amp M University College Station U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 2020 National Universities Rankings The Washington Monthly August 28 2020 Archived from the original on September 13 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 50 Texas A amp M University College Station Forbes July 15 2021 Archived from the original on September 13 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 Texas A amp M University College Station The Wall Street Journal September 17 2020 Archived from the original on January 15 2021 Retrieved September 13 2021 Schools Rankings Calculated From 479 Recruiter Responses The Wall Street Journal September 13 2010 Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved September 13 2010 Best Colleges for Veterans Ranked by Return on Investment ROI Best Value Schools Best Value Schools Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 18 2017 The top 10 colleges in the U S for veterans USA Today College November 11 2015 Archived from the original on December 1 2017 Retrieved November 18 2017 Best for Vets Business Schools 2016 Military Times Military Times Archived from the original on November 11 2017 Retrieved November 18 2017 10 Universities With the Biggest Endowments U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on July 20 2021 Retrieved July 31 2021 Financials Texas A amp M Foundation Retrieved January 2 2022 Permanent University Fund The University of Texas Investment Management Company Archived from the original on July 26 2021 Retrieved July 25 2021 Permanent University Fund Texas State Historical Association Archived from the original on April 12 2012 Retrieved May 15 2012 Universities Report Largest Growth in Federally Funded R amp D Expenditures since FY 2011 NSF National Science Foundation ncses nsf gov Retrieved December 28 2023 Zalaznick Matt January 6 2023 Billion dollar business These are higher ed s top 30 R amp D performers University Business Retrieved December 28 2023 Frequently Asked Questions Research Park Archived from the original on January 4 2007 Retrieved January 1 2007 Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup carnegieclassifications iu edu Center for Postsecondary Education Archived from the original on July 19 2020 Retrieved July 18 2020 Texas A amp M University Centers and Institutes Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on June 26 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 University of Arkansas to House SEC Academic Consortium Southeastern Conference October 31 2006 Retrieved January 9 2022 Regents Approve Patents and Commercialization of Research as New Consideration for Faculty Tenure Press release The Texas A amp M University System May 26 2006 Archived from the original on May 6 2007 Retrieved April 11 2009 Butkus Ben August 6 2007 Texas A amp M s Use of Tech Commercialization As Basis for Awarding Tenure Gains Traction Applied Biosystems Archived from the original on September 17 2009 Retrieved April 11 2009 Lipka Sara May 30 2006 Texas A amp M Will Allow Consideration of Faculty Members Patents in Tenure Process The Chronicle of Higher Education Texas A amp M University System Office of Technology Commercialization PDF senate texas gov Archived PDF from the original on October 4 2021 Retrieved October 19 2021 Profile on Research and Graduate Studies PDF Press release Texas A amp M University 2005 Archived from the original PDF on June 14 2007 Retrieved January 1 2007 First pet clone is a cat BBC News February 15 2002 Archived from the original on May 8 2009 Retrieved April 5 2009 Lozano Juan A June 27 2009 Texas A amp M Cloning project raises questions still The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on September 7 2009 Retrieved April 30 2007 Malisow Craig December 9 2016 Disturbing Footage Shows A amp M Dogs Used in Medical Research Updated Houstonpress com Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved June 28 2018 Surette Rusty December 12 2016 Texas A amp M responds to PETA video showing dogs used for medical research Kbtx com Archived from the original on June 28 2018 Retrieved June 28 2018 Partnerships Giant Magellan Telescope Giant Magellan Telescope Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved February 21 2016 GMTO Giant Magellan Telescope Archived from the original on March 30 2012 Retrieved February 21 2016 GMTO Frequently Asked Questions Giant Magellan Telescope Organization Archived from the original on March 1 2016 Retrieved February 27 2016 Images from Groundbreaking Giant Magellan Telescope Archived from the original on March 7 2016 Retrieved February 21 2016 McCann Jessica October 18 2006 A amp M reactor gets safer uranium The Battalion Archived from the original on February 4 2013 Retrieved January 1 2007 World s Largest Volcano Now Named TAMU Tamu Times Texas A amp M University September 5 2013 Archived from the original on September 8 2013 Retrieved September 7 2013 International Programs Office Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on May 10 2007 Retrieved May 22 2007 Lee Jane March 9 2009 A piece of A amp M in the rainforest of Costa Rica Center offers students chance to study abroad amid preserved natural scene The Battalion Archived from the original on September 12 2009 Retrieved March 9 2009 Education Abroad International Programs Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on July 26 2021 Retrieved July 29 2021 Inauguracion del Centro de Estudios e Investigacion Hacienda Santa Clara Government of San Miguel Allende October 23 2015 Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved December 14 2015 Garcia Alejandra October 24 2015 Arranca centro de investigacion Hacienda Santa Clara Periodico Correo Guanajuato Archived from the original on July 1 2017 Retrieved December 14 2015 Collaborative Research Grant Program Texas A amp M University CONACYT Archived from the original on February 3 2007 Retrieved January 1 2007 Introduction Las Americas Digital Research Network Archived from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved January 1 2007 a b Anderson Nick Texas university gets 76 million each year to operate in Qatar contract says The Washington Post Archived from the original on June 1 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 Undergraduate Degrees Texas A amp M Qatar Archived from the original on October 28 2012 Retrieved November 21 2012 Hamilton Reeve May 25 2012 After 10 Years in Qatar A amp M is Ready for 10 More by Reeve Hamilton The Texas Tribune Archived from the original on May 5 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 a b TAMUQ wins 23 awards Qatari National Research Fund May 17 2015 Retrieved September 20 2022 Anderson Nick In Qatar s Education City U S colleges are building an academic oasis The Washington Post Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 Advocate questions motive behind Qatar s financial ties to U S colleges Gulf News Journal April 8 2016 Archived from the original on April 18 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 a b While U S universities see dollar signs in Qatari partnerships some cry foul Gulf News Journal September 24 2015 Archived from the original on October 4 2015 Retrieved April 29 2016 Nakano Hanna April 14 2016 Texas A amp M faculty unhappy with Qatar campus Gulf News Journal Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved April 29 2016 Nakano Hanna April 15 2016 Exporting American higher education to the Middle East Gulf News Journal Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved April 29 2016 Skop Yarden October 22 2013 Texas A amp M University to Establish New Campus in Nazareth Haaretz Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved April 29 2016 Fugen Paulo Students at TAMUQ share opposing views regarding new campus in Israel The Daily Q Archived from the original on May 31 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 JNi Media December 14 2015 Texas A amp M Kills 200 Million Arab University in Nazareth Opens 6 Million Center in Haifa Instead The Jewish Press Archived from the original on April 4 2016 Retrieved April 29 2016 College Scorecard Texas A amp M University College Station United States Department of Education Retrieved March 20 2024 Texas A amp M University Student Life U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 Womack Stuart August 23 2006 Dorms Go Through Changes The Battalion Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 A New Place to Hang Your Hat The Battalion September 2 2002 Archived from the original on November 24 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Northside Halls Texas A amp M University 2007 Archived from the original on May 22 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 a b Corps Housing Texas A amp M University 2022 Retrieved January 8 2022 Near Campus Apartments Texas A amp M University Department of Residence Life Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 Apartments Texas A amp M University Department of Residence Life Archived from the original on July 30 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 a b Corps Housing Texas A amp M University May 2021 Retrieved December 21 2021 Cadet Resident Handbook Texas A amp M University May 2006 Archived from the original on April 26 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Ochoa Abigail March 6 2019 Corps and military monuments on campus The Battalion Archived from the original on December 22 2021 Retrieved December 21 2021 Corps Arches Texas A amp M University Texas A amp M University Corps of Cadets Archived from the original on March 4 2011 Retrieved April 5 2009 Filbin Melissa August 22 2007 Traditions 101 The Battalion Archived from the original on December 12 2007 Retrieved September 14 2007 Cadet Resident Handbook Texas A amp M University Corps of Cadets Archived from the original on April 26 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 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University Archived from the original on October 8 2013 Retrieved March 4 2015 Adams John A Jr 2001 Keepers of the Spirit Texas A amp M University Press p 55 ISBN 1 58544 127 9 Special Units Texas A amp M University Corps of Cadets Archived from the original on February 28 2014 Retrieved March 2 2014 Nading Tanya November 2 2001 Corps Fish Drill Team Reinstated The Battalion Archived from the original on June 23 2009 Retrieved April 13 2007 Mahler Samantha March 6 2019 Now the largest military band in the nation the Aggie Band started with 13 volunteers The Battalion Archived from the original on January 8 2022 Retrieved January 8 2022 Fightin Texas Aggie Band Texas A amp M Corps of Cadets Archived from the original on March 1 2014 Retrieved March 2 2014 Fightin Texas Aggie Band Marching Fundamentals Handbook PDF Fightin Texas Aggie Band Retrieved January 8 2022 The Aggie Band Doing the Impossible The Association of Former Students Archived from the original WMV on June 14 2007 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the original on April 14 2021 Retrieved November 2 2020 Birkner Gabrielle May 6 2005 A Cushy Fit In Bush Country The Jewish Week Archived from the original on May 13 2013 Retrieved May 15 2012 registration required Bacon Amy 2009 Building Leaders Living Traditions The Memorial Student Center at Texas A amp M College Station Texas Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 978 1 60344 095 0 The Eagle from Bryan Texas on November 28 1962 Page 10 The Bryan College Station Eagle Archived from the original on July 30 2021 Retrieved May 29 2017 via Newspapers com The Eagle from Bryan Texas on November 28 1962 Page 1 Newspapers com Archived from the original on July 30 2021 Retrieved May 29 2017 Recreation Center Texas A amp M University Retrieved August 3 2006 Student Government Association Texas A amp M University 2009 Archived from the original on May 22 2008 Retrieved May 9 2009 Graduate Student Council GSC Archived from the original on May 28 2010 Retrieved June 16 2010 Tuggle Donnie March 27 2021 Texas A amp M s The Big Event returned for the 38th year KBTX Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Retrieved January 8 2022 The Big Event The Big Event Archived from the original on May 10 2007 Retrieved May 15 2007 Bowser Heather February 3 2009 SafeRides Gives 10 000th Ride Home The Daily News Record Archived from the original on September 19 2009 Retrieved February 3 2009 CARPOOL Archived from the original on February 26 2011 Retrieved January 2 2007 GLBT Aggies recognize court battled founding The Battalion April 1 2008 Archived from the original on February 4 2013 Retrieved June 16 2011 Wiessler Judy April 1 1985 A amp M loses 9 year battle in gay case Houston Chronicle p Section 1 page 1 Archived from the original on May 12 2012 Retrieved October 28 2009 The Princeton Review 2008 Best Colleges Rankings The Princeton Review August 31 2007 Archived from the original on March 9 2006 Retrieved January 30 2008 Welcome to Aggieland Yearbook About Us Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on December 14 2012 Retrieved April 5 2009 Welcome to Aggieland Yearbook History Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on December 15 2012 Retrieved April 5 2007 Feltman Brittney Murphy Chace March 30 2007 KAMU FM Celebrates Anniversary with HD Preview KBTX Archived from the original on September 27 2007 Retrieved April 5 2007 About KANM Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on April 16 2007 Retrieved April 5 2007 Schultz Charles R 2003 First Play by Play Radio Broadcast of a College Football Game PDF Brazos County Historical Commission Archived from the original PDF on September 23 2015 Retrieved April 5 2009 Burka Paul April 2000 The Aggie Bonfire Tragedy Texas Monthly Vol 28 Issue 4 ed p 116 Burka Paul November 2006 Agent of Change Texas Monthly pp 155 159 250 264 Tresaugue Matthew July 7 2007 Gift has nice ring to it Houston Chronicle p A1 A8 a b Hallett Vicky 2005 The Aggie Way of Life U S News amp World Report Archived from the original on August 26 2005 Retrieved June 25 2007 Gravois John January 5 2007 Memorandum The Chronicle of Higher Education Vol 53 no 18 Short Subjects ed p A6 Kane Maureen October 30 2001 Tradition sets A amp M aside as the oldest institution of higher learning in Texas The Battalion Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved June 30 2007 Aggie Ring Requirements The Association of Former Students Archived from the original on May 9 2008 Retrieved May 24 2007 Wirt Ashley November 9 2006 Aggies find new ways of ring dunking The Battalion Archived from the original on January 19 2008 Retrieved May 18 2007 Lozano Juan A April 22 2000 Especially solemn rite of Muster Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on June 23 2009 Retrieved August 16 2007 Lopez John P November 26 2002 Tragedy strikes A amp M family Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on June 23 2009 Retrieved August 16 2007 a b Eisterhold Michelle October 18 2006 Klein youth killed while walking near A amp M campus Houston Chronicle Houston Community Newspapers Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved June 23 2008 Tutt Bob April 16 1994 Enemy shells at Corregidor couldn t stop Aggie Muster Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on June 23 2009 Retrieved August 16 2007 Hegstrom Edward December 8 1999 Silver Taps honors Aggie Bonfire victims Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on June 23 2009 Retrieved August 16 2007 Twelfth Man Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on December 29 2006 Retrieved December 31 2006 Cook Beano October 8 2006 Ten Days That Shook the Sport ESPN Archived from the original on February 10 2007 Retrieved July 26 2007 Heater Jay December 27 2006 LaMantia A amp M s Main 12th Man Oakland Tribune Archived from the original on May 9 2012 Retrieved April 30 2007 Alvarado Nicole April 20 2007 Yell Leaders represent Aggie Spirit past present and future The Battalion Archived from the original on September 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distinction as Texas symbol Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on December 25 2007 Retrieved February 28 2007 Vanities of the Bonfire American Scientist November December 2000 Archived from the original on June 24 2009 Retrieved February 28 2007 Morris Dave Memories of an Aggie bonfire boy Salon com Archived from the original on February 11 2007 Retrieved August 14 2007 American Statesman staff Virtual tour commemorates Nov 18 1999 Texas A amp M Bonfire collapse Austin American Statesman Retrieved January 8 2022 Cook John Lee Jr Bonfire Collapse PDF U S Department of Homeland Security Archived PDF from the original on September 17 2008 Retrieved March 3 2007 Kapitan Craig September 3 2006 Bonfire case under scrutiny by court The Bryan College Station Eagle Bryan College Station Archived from the original on April 11 2013 Retrieved April 2 2009 Van Der Werf Martin April 25 2007 Appeals Court Upholds Dismissal of Lawsuits Over Texas A amp M Bonfire Accident The Chronicle of Higher Education Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved May 24 2007 Milloy Ross E February 5 2002 Southwest Texas Aggie President Cancels Bonfire The New York Times Archived from the original on November 12 2007 Retrieved March 3 2007 Off campus Texas A amp M bonfire brings out thousands The Badger Herald November 26 2002 Archived from the original on November 10 2007 Retrieved March 3 2007 Texas A amp M Aggies officially get accepted into the SEC ESPN September 27 2011 Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved May 19 2019 Texas History Highlights A Look Back at the Southwest Conference The Dallas Morning News 2007 Archived from the original on July 4 2018 Retrieved July 4 2018 Texas A amp M Aggies Big 12 Conference Archived from the original on April 22 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Texas A amp M University Facts Athletics Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on December 22 2007 Retrieved May 19 2019 Texas A amp M University Facts Athletics Texas A amp M University Athletics Archived from the original on December 22 2007 Retrieved December 21 2021 Lone Star Showdown 112th UT vs A amp M game Friday News 8 Austin November 23 2005 Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Aggies Top No 5 Longhorns Before Record Crowd 20 16 Texas A amp M University Athletic Department November 26 1999 Archived from the original on June 7 2009 Retrieved April 2 2009 Dirocco Michael November 23 2006 A Nameless Game The Florida Times Union Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved May 17 2007 Griffin Tim September 27 2006 Texas instate rivalry grabs weekend spotlight ESPN Archived from the original on November 4 2012 Retrieved May 17 2007 Zimmer Kelln November 15 2001 T sippers or tortilla throwers The Battalion Archived from the original on September 8 2009 Retrieved March 25 2008 Hairopoulos Kate March 10 2008 Texas A amp M Arkansas to renew football rivalry at new Cowboys stadium The Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on March 15 2008 Retrieved March 27 2008 a b c Texas A amp M Athletic Hall of Fame Texas A amp M University 12th Man Archived from the original on August 25 2019 Aggie Football s Championships Texas A amp M Athletics Archived from the original on July 17 2012 Retrieved May 15 2012 Petchesky Barry September 7 2012 Texas A amp M Picked Up Two National Championships Two Conference Titles Over The Summer Deadspin Archived from the original on March 23 2017 Retrieved March 22 2017 The Complete Texas A amp M Bowl History Dallas Morning News December 17 2017 Retrieved January 18 2022 Wake Forest vs Texas A amp M ESPN Retrieved January 18 2022 NC State vs Texas A amp M ESPN Retrieved January 18 2022 Oklahoma State vs Texas A amp M ESPN Retrieved January 18 2022 Texas A amp M vs North Carolina ESPN Retrieved January 18 2022 2005 Texas A amp M Football History and Records PDF Texas A amp M University Athletic Department 2006 pp 60 70 72 Archived from the original PDF on April 3 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Winners Archive The Heisman Trophy Trust Retrieved December 21 2021 Hairopoulus Kate A amp M boasts trio of talented tailbacks Dallas Morning News Archived from the original on September 24 2015 Retrieved June 28 2018 Lewis Dustin December 21 2021 Jimbo Fisher leaving for Texas A amp M won t coach Florida State Saturday Sports Illustrated Retrieved January 18 2022 Texas A amp M Basketball s Championship History Texas A amp M Athletics Archived from the original on May 4 2012 Retrieved May 15 2012 Borzello Jeff April 3 2019 Texas A amp M hires Va Tech s Williams as coach Archived from the original on September 8 2021 Texas A amp M Women s Basketball History 12th Man 2021 Archived from the original on August 10 2021 Retrieved August 10 2021 Patrick Dick March 6 2007 On women s basketball Texas A amp M completes turnaround USA Today Archived from the original on March 9 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Weaver Morgan February 24 2022 Gary Blair s impact felt on and off the court KBTX Retrieved April 11 2022 Towers Chip March 23 2022 Joni Taylor leaves Georgia to Coach Texas A amp M The Atlanta Journal Constitution Retrieved April 11 2022 G Rollie White Coliseum Texas A amp M Athletic Department Archived from the original on January 6 2009 Retrieved April 1 2009 Reed Arena Texas A amp M Athletic Department Archived from the original on February 10 2009 Retrieved April 1 2009 Texas A amp M Soccer History 12th Man Association 2021 Archived from the original on July 31 2021 Retrieved July 31 2021 Texas A amp M Volleyball History 12th Man Association 2021 Archived from the original on July 30 2021 Retrieved July 30 2021 2006 2007 Big 12 Postseason Championships Schedule Big 12 Conference 2007 Archived from the original on May 29 2007 Retrieved May 17 2007 12th Man 12th Man 2022 Retrieved April 11 2022 Former Students Texas A amp M University Archived from the original on July 16 2021 Retrieved July 25 2021 Overturf Jordan June 26 2014 Texas A amp M s Association of Former Students celebrating 135 years The Eagle Archived from the original on October 19 2021 Retrieved August 10 2021 a b Former Student Achievements Texas A amp M University 2003 Archived from the original on February 23 2007 Retrieved April 30 2007 Geller Marc B July 14 2006 Fossum chillaxin in space Gov Rick Perry makes a call to Aggie in orbit The Monitor Archived from the original on November 3 2012 Retrieved April 30 2007 Stuckey Alex September 17 2018 Texas native becomes first female to lead NASA s Mission Control flight directors Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on September 22 2018 Retrieved September 22 2018 Feldman Claudia May 3 2009 Texas A amp M hands out first Phyllis Frye award Houston Chronicle Archived from the original on March 27 2019 Retrieved March 19 2019 Dateline Texas The Houston Chronicle May 5 2002 Retrieved November 19 2019 a b Eagle Staff Reports January 1 2005 Return to Glory The Cotton Bowl Texas A amp M vs Tennessee Cotton Bowl Insider Aggie Sports Archived from the original on July 11 2007 Retrieved May 16 2007 Hall Michael 2015 The Secret History of Texas Music Texas Monthly Archived from the original on July 23 2021 Retrieved July 23 2021 Khalid Al Falih appointed Saudi Aramco President and CEO effective January 1 2009 AME Info November 3 2008 Archived from the original on July 24 2009 Retrieved January 3 2009 Mero Jenny Boyle Matthew January 24 2006 Rising Star Eduardo Castro Wright Wal Mart Dr Wiesner is a notable psychotherapist in The Woodlands Texas Meet Corporate America s next generation of leaders Fortune Archived from the original on February 16 2007 Retrieved May 18 2007 Boyne Walter J October 2000 The Man Who Built the Missiles Air Force Magazine Air Force Association 80 Schriever Air Force Base United States Air Force 2007 Archived from the original on March 3 2016 Retrieved May 16 2007 General T Michael Moseley United States Air Force 2007 Archived from the original on May 9 2007 Retrieved May 16 2007 Campusologies and Required Knowledge Company P10 2007 Archived from the original on September 29 2007 Retrieved May 16 2007 Vietnam War US Department of Defense Archived from the original on September 30 2017 Retrieved July 31 2021 Smith Larry Earl 2003 Beyond Glory Medal of Honor Heroes in Their Own Words W W Norton amp Company p 331 ISBN 978 0 393 05134 6 Retrieved May 28 2013 Clarence Sasser Texas A amp M Sir Derek Barton Dies From Heart Attack Texas A amp M University Office of University Relations March 17 1998 Retrieved December 3 2021 Front Matter The Bartonian Legacy Published by Imperial College Press and Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co 2000 pp i xi doi 10 1142 9781860943089 fmatter ISBN 978 1 86094 246 4 Sheldon Glashow The Nobel Foundation Retrieved June 6 2007 Nobel Prize Winner To Join Texas A amp M University at Qatar Faculty tamuTimes Archived from the original on February 10 2014 Retrieved May 23 2012 Kuhlmann Steve April 6 2016 Annual Physics and Engineering festival set for April 8 9 The Bryan College Station Eagle Retrieved December 21 2021 Jack S Kilby The Nobel Foundation Retrieved June 6 2007 Nobel Prize Winner to Join Texas A amp M Physics Faculty Texas A amp M University College of Science Archived from the original on March 7 2010 Retrieved May 26 2011 David M Lee The Nobel Foundation Archived from the original on July 3 2011 Retrieved May 26 2011 Texas A amp M University Institute for Advanced Study Faculty Fellows Vernon Smith Texas A amp M University Institute for Advanced Study Archived from the original on August 10 2014 Retrieved November 8 2012 Former Student Achievements Archived from the original on February 23 2007 Retrieved January 8 2022 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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