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Wikipedia

Emo

May 11, 2024

This article is about the style of music. For other uses, see Emo (disambiguation).

Emo /ˈiːmoʊ/ is a music genre characterized by emotional, often confessional lyrics. It emerged as a style of hardcore punk and post-hardcore from the mid-1980s Washington, D.C. hardcore scene, where it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore. The bands Rites of Spring and Embrace, among others, pioneered the genre. In the early-to-mid 1990s, emo was adopted and reinvented by alternative rock, indie rock, punk rock, and pop-punk bands, including Sunny Day Real Estate, Jawbreaker, Cap'n Jazz, and Jimmy Eat World. By the mid-1990s, Braid, the Promise Ring, and the Get Up Kids emerged from Midwest emo, and several independent record labels began to specialize in the genre. Meanwhile, screamo, a more aggressive style of emo using screamed vocals, also emerged, pioneered by the San Diego bands Heroin and Antioch Arrow. Screamo achieved mainstream success in the 2000s with bands like Hawthorne Heights, Silverstein, Story of the Year, Thursday, the Used, and Underoath.

Emo
Other names
  • Emotional hardcore
  • emocore
Stylistic origins
Original
Subsequent
Cultural origins
Original
Subsequent
Subgenres
Fusion genres
Regional scenes
Other topics
Scene

Often seen as a subculture, emo also signifies a specific relationship between fans and artists and certain aspects of fashion, culture, and behavior. Emo fashion includes skinny jeans, black eyeliner, tight t-shirts with band names, studded belts, and flat, straight, jet-black hair with long bangs. Since the early-to-mid 2000s, fans of emo music who dress like this are referred to as "emo kids" or "emos". The emo subculture was stereotypically associated with social alienation, sensitivity, misanthropy, introversion, and angst. Purported links to depression, self-harm, and suicide, combined with its rise in popularity in the early 2000s, inspired a backlash against emo, with some bands, including My Chemical Romance and Panic! at the Disco, rejecting the emo label because of the social stigma and controversy surrounding it.

Emo and its subgenre emo pop entered mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the success of Jimmy Eat World and Dashboard Confessional, and many artists signed contracts with major record labels. Bands such as My Chemical Romance, AFI, Fall Out Boy, and The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus continued the genre's popularity during the rest of the decade. By the early 2010s, emo's popularity had declined, with some emo bands changing their sound and others disbanding. Meanwhile, however, a mainly underground emo revival emerged, with bands such as the World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die and Modern Baseball, some drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo. During the late 2010s, a fusion genre called emo rap became mainstream; its most famous artists included Lil Peep, XXXTentacion, and Juice Wrld.

Characteristics

 
The emo band Hawthorne Heights in 2007

Emo originated in hardcore punk[1][2] and is considered a form of post-hardcore.[3] Nonetheless, emo has also been considered a genre of alternative rock,[4] indie rock,[5] punk rock,[6] and pop punk.[7][8] Emo uses the guitar dynamics that use both the softness and loudness of punk rock music.[9] Some emo leans uses characteristics of progressive music with the genre's use of complex guitar work, unorthodox song structures, and extreme dynamic shifts.[1]

Lyrics, a focus in emo music, are typically emotional and often personal or confessional,[9] dealing with topics such as failed romance,[10] self-loathing, pain, insecurity, suicidal thoughts, love, and relationships.[9] AllMusic[unreliable source?] described emo lyrics as "usually either free-associative poetry or intimate confessionals".[1] Early emo bands were hardcore punk bands that used melody and emotional or introspective lyrics and that were less structured than regular hardcore punk, making early emo bands different from the aggression, anger, and verse-chorus-verse structures of regular hardcore punk.[11]

According to AllMusic, most 1990s emo bands "borrowed from some combination of Fugazi, Sunny Day Real Estate, and Weezer".[1] The New York Times described emo as "emotional punk or post-hardcore or pop-punk. That is, punk that wears its heart on its sleeve and tries a little tenderness to leaven its sonic attack. If it helps, imagine Ricky Nelson singing in the Sex Pistols."[12] Author Matt Diehl called emo a "more sensitive interpolation of punk's mission".[10] According to Merriam-Webster, emo is "a style of rock music influenced by punk rock and featuring introspective and emotionally fraught lyrics".[13]

History

 
Hardcore punk band Minor Threat in 1981

Predecessors

Pet Sounds, the Beach Boys' 1966 album, is sometimes considered the first emo album. According to music writer Luke Britton, such assertions are perhaps stated "wryly", and wrote that "it's generally accepted that the genre's pioneers" came later in the 1980s.[14] During the decade, many hardcore punk and post-hardcore bands formed in Washington, D.C. Post-hardcore, an experimental offshoot of hardcore punk, was inspired by post-punk.[15] Hardcore punk bands and post-hardcore bands who influenced early emo bands include Minor Threat,[16] Black Flag and Hüsker Dü.[17]

1984–1991: Origins

 
"Remainder" by Rites of Spring (1985)
The melodic guitars, varied rhythms and personal lyrics of Rites of Spring changed the hardcore punk scene and helped launch the "emotional hardcore" or "emocore" style in the 1980s.[18]
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Emo, which began as a post-hardcore subgenre,[3] was part of the 1980s hardcore punk[1] scene in Washington, D.C. as something different from the violent part of the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene.[11][18][19] Minor Threat fan Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984, using the musical style of hardcore punk and combining the musical style with melodic guitars, varied rhythms, and personal, emotional lyrics.[16] Many of the band's themes, including nostalgia, romantic bitterness and poetic desperation, became familiar tropes of later emo music.[20] Its performances were public, emotional purges where audience members sometimes wept.[21] Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat became a Rites of Spring fan (recording their only album and being their roadie) and formed the emo band Embrace, which explored similar themes of self-searching and emotional release.[22] Similar bands followed in connection with the "Revolution Summer” of 1985, an attempt by members of the Washington scene to break from the usual characteristics of hardcore punk to a hardcore punk style with different characteristics.[19] Bands such as Gray Matter, Beefeater, Fire Party, Dag Nasty, and Soulside were associated with the movement.[22][19]

Although the origins of the word "emo" are uncertain, evidence shows that the word "emo" was coined in the mid-1980s, specifically 1985. According to Andy Greenwald, author of Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo, "The origins of the term 'emo' are shrouded in mystery ... but it first came into common practice in 1985. If Minor Threat was hardcore, then Rites of Spring, with its altered focus, was emotional hardcore or emocore."[22] Michael Azerrad, author of Our Band Could Be Your Life, also traces the word's origins to the mid-1980s: "The style was soon dubbed 'emo-core,' a term everyone involved bitterly detested".[23] MacKaye traces it to 1985, attributing it to an article in Thrasher magazine referring to Embrace and other Washington, D.C. bands as "emo-core" (which he called "the stupidest fucking thing I've ever heard in my entire life").[24] Other accounts attribute the word to an audience member at an Embrace show, who shouted as an insult that the band was "emocore".[25][26] Others have said that MacKaye coined the word when he used it self-mockingly in a magazine, or that it originated with Rites of Spring.[26] The "emocore" label quickly spread through the DC punk scene, and was associated with many bands associated with Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records.[25] Although many of the bands rejected the term, it stayed. Jenny Toomey recalled, "The only people who used it at first were the ones that were jealous over how big and fanatical a scene it was. [Rites of Spring] existed well before the term did and they hated it. But there was this weird moment, like when people started calling music 'grunge,' where you were using the term even though you hated it."[27] The Washington, D.C. emo scene lasted only a few years, and by 1986, most of emo's major bands (including Rites of Spring, Embrace, Gray Matter and Beefeater) had broken up.[28] However, its ideas and aesthetics spread quickly across the country through a network of homemade zines, vinyl records and hearsay.[29] According to Greenwald, the Washington, D.C. scene laid the groundwork for emo's subsequent incarnations:

What had happened in D.C. in the mid-eighties—the shift from anger to action, from extroverted rage to internal turmoil, from an individualized mass to a mass of individuals—was in many ways a test case for the transformation of the national punk scene over the next two decades. The imagery, the power of the music, the way people responded to it, and the way the bands burned out instead of fading away—all have their origins in those first few performances by Rites of Spring. The roots of emo were laid, however unintentionally, by fifty or so people in the nation's capital. And in some ways, it was never as good and surely never as pure again. Certainly, the Washington scene was the only time "emocore" had any consensus definition as a genre.[30]

1991–1994: Reinvention

As the Washington, D.C. emo movement spread across the United States, local bands began to emulate its style.[31] Emo combined the fatalism, theatricality and isolation of The Smiths with hardcore punk's uncompromising, dramatic worldview.[31] Despite the number of bands and the variety of locales, emocore's late-1980s aesthetics remained more-or-less the same: "over-the-top lyrics about feelings wedded to dramatic but decidedly punk music."[31] During the early–mid 1990s, several new bands reinvented emo,[32] making emo expand by becoming a subgenre of genres like indie rock and pop punk.[1] Chief among them were Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate, who inspired cult followings, redefined emo and brought it a step closer to the mainstream.[32] In the wake of the 1991 success of Nirvana's Nevermind, underground music and subcultures were widely noticed in the United States. New distribution networks emerged, touring routes were codified, and regional and independent acts accessed the national stage.[32] Young people across the country became fans of independent music, and punk culture became mainstream.[32]

 
"Kiss the Bottle" by Jawbreaker (1992)
"Kiss the Bottle" is considered one of Jawbreaker's definitive and most-appreciated songs.[33]
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Sunny Day Real Estate performing in 2010

Emerging from the late 1980s and early 1990s San Francisco punk rock scene and forming in New York City, Jawbreaker combined pop punk with emotional and personal lyrics.[34][35][36] Singer-guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach focused his lyrics on personal, immediate topics often taken from his journal.[34] Often obscure and cloaked in metaphors, their relationship to Schwarzenbach's concerns gave his words a bitterness and frustration which made them universal and attractive to audiences.[37] Schwarzenbach became emo's first idol, as listeners related to the singer even more than to his songs.[37] Jawbreaker's 1994 album, 24 Hour Revenge Therapy, was popular with fans and is a touchstone of mid-1990s emo.[38] Although Jawbreaker signed with Geffen Records and toured with mainstream bands Nirvana and Green Day, Jawbreaker's 1995 album Dear You did not achieve mainstream success. Jawbreaker broke up soon afterwards, with Schwarzenbach forming emo band Jets to Brazil.[39]

Sunny Day Real Estate formed in Seattle at the height of the early 1990s grunge boom.[40] The music video for "Seven", lead track of the band's debut album Diary (1994), was played on MTV, giving the band more attention.[41] Another band often considered to be emo which emerged at the same time was California's Weezer.[42] Nonetheless, it is debated whether Weezer is emo. For example, Alternative Press argues that the emo label has been misapplied to the band,[43] and author Andy Greenwald also states that the band is not emo.[44] Jimmy Eat World, an Arizona emo band, also emerged at this time. Influenced by pop punk bands such as the Mr. T Experience and Horace Pinker,[45] Jimmy Eat World released its self-titled debut album in 1994.[46]

1994–1997: Underground popularity

The American punk and indie rock movements, which had been largely underground since the early 1980s, became part of mainstream culture during the mid-1990s. With Nirvana's success, major record labels capitalized on the popularity of alternative rock and other underground music by signing and promoting independent bands.[47] In 1994, the same year that Jawbreaker's 24 Hour Revenge Therapy and Sunny Day Real Estate's Diary were released, punk rock bands Green Day and the Offspring broke into the mainstream with diamond album Dookie[48] and multi-platinum album Smash,[49] respectively. After underground music went mainstream, emo retreated and reformed as a national subculture over the next few years.[47] Inspired by Jawbreaker, Drive Like Jehu and Fugazi, 1990s emo abandoned the elements of hardcore punk and used elements of indie rock, with punk rock's do-it-yourself work ethic but smoother songs and emotional vocals.[50]

 
Cap'n Jazz live in 2010

Many 1990s emo bands, such as Cap'n Jazz, Braid, Christie Front Drive, Mineral, Jimmy Eat World, the Get Up Kids and the Promise Ring, originated in the central U.S.[51] Many of the bands had a distinct vocal style and guitar melodies, which was later called Midwest emo.[52] According to Andy Greenwald, "this was the period when emo earned many, if not all, of the stereotypes that have lasted to this day: boy-driven, glasses-wearing, overly sensitive, overly brainy, chiming-guitar-driven college music."[50] Emo band Texas Is the Reason bridged the gap between indie rock and emo in their three-year lifespan on the East Coast, melding Sunny Day Real Estate's melodies and punk musicianship and singing directly to the listener.[53] In New Jersey, the band Lifetime played shows in fans' basements.[54] Lifetime's 1995 album, Hello Bastards on Jade Tree Records, fused hardcore punk with emo and eschewed cynicism and irony in favor of love songs.[54] The album sold tens of thousands of copies,[55] and Lifetime paved the way for New Jersey and Long Island emo bands Brand New, Midtown,[56] The Movielife, My Chemical Romance,[56] Saves the Day,[56][57] Senses Fail,[56] Taking Back Sunday[55][56] and Thursday.[56][58]

 
The band Weezer (pictured) released the album Pinkerton, an album that was originally a critical and commercial failure. Nonetheless, Pinkerton is considered one of the most important 1990s emo albums.[59]

The Promise Ring's music took a slower, smoother, pop punk approach to riffs, blending them with singer Davey von Bohlen's imagist lyrics delivered in a froggy croon and pronounced lisp and playing shows in basements and VFW halls.[60] Jade Tree released their debut album, 30° Everywhere, in 1996; it sold tens of thousands of copies and was successful by independent standards.[61] Greenwald describes the album as "like being hit in the head with cotton candy."[62] Other bands, such as Karate, the Van Pelt, Joan of Arc and the Shyness Clinic, played emo music with post-rock and noise rock influences.[63] Their common lyrical thread was "applying big questions to small scenarios."[63] A cornerstone of mid-1990s emo was Weezer's 1996 album, Pinkerton.[64] After the mainstream success of Weezer's self-titled debut album, Pinkerton showed a more dark and abrasive style.[65][66] Frontman Rivers Cuomo's songs focused on messy, manipulative sex and his insecurity about dealing with celebrity.[66] A critical and commercial failure,[66][67] Rolling Stone called it the third-worst album of the year.[68] Cuomo retreated from the public eye,[66] later referring to the album as "hideous" and "a hugely painful mistake".[69] However, Pinkerton found enduring appeal with young people who were discovering alternative rock and identified with its confessional lyrics and theme of rejection.[59] Sales grew steadily due to word of mouth, online message boards and Napster.[59] "Although no one was paying attention", writes Greenwald, "perhaps because no one was paying attention—Pinkerton became the most important emo album of the decade."[59] In 2004, James Montgomery of MTV described Weezer as "the most important band of the last 10 years".[70] Pinkerton's success grew very gradually, being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2001 and eventually being certified platinum by the RIAA in September 2016.[71]

 
"If I Could" by Mineral (1997)
Andy Greenwald calls "If I Could" "the ultimate expression" of 1990s emo.[72]
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Mid-1990s emo was embodied by Mineral, whose The Power of Failing (1997) and EndSerenading (1998) encapsulated emo tropes: somber music, accompanied by a shy narrator singing seriously about mundane problems.[72] Greenwald calls "If I Could" "the ultimate expression" of 1990s emo, writing that "the song's short synopsis—she is beautiful, I am weak, dumb, and shy; I am alone but am surprisingly poetic when left alone — sums up everything that emo's adherents admired and its detractors detested."[72] Another significant band was Braid, whose 1998 album Frame and Canvas and B-side song "Forever Got Shorter" blurred the line between band and listener; the group mirrored their audience in passion and sentiment, and sang in their fans' voice.[73]

 
"Why Did We Ever Meet" by The Promise Ring (1997)
The Promise Ring's Nothing Feels Good achieved wide success with an effective blend of pop and punk.[74]
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Although mid-1990s emo had thousands of young fans, it did not enter the national consciousness.[75] A few bands were offered contracts with major record labels, but most broke up before they could capitalize on the opportunity.[76] Jimmy Eat World signed to Capitol Records in 1995 and developed a following with their album, Static Prevails, but did not break into the mainstream yet.[77] The Promise Ring were the most commercially successful emo band of the time, with sales of their 1997 album Nothing Feels Good reaching the mid-five figures.[75] Greenwald calls the album "the pinnacle of its generation of emo: a convergence of pop and punk, of resignation and celebration, of the lure of girlfriends and the pull of friends, bandmates, and the road";[78] mid-1990s emo was "the last subculture made of vinyl and paper instead of plastic and megabytes."[79]

1997–2002: Independent success

Emo's popularity grew during the late 1990s, laying the foundation for mainstream success. Deep Elm Records released a series of eleven compilation albums, The Emo Diaries, from 1997 to 2007.[80] Emphasizing unreleased music from many bands, the series included Jimmy Eat World, Further Seems Forever, Samiam and the Movielife.[80] Jimmy Eat World's 1999 album, Clarity, was a touchstone for later emo bands.[81] In 2003, Andy Greenwald called Clarity "one of the most fiercely beloved rock 'n' roll records of the last decade."[81] Despite a warm critical reception and the promotion of "Lucky Denver Mint" in the Drew Barrymore comedy Never Been Kissed, Clarity was commercially unsuccessful.[82] Nevertheless, the album had steady word-of-mouth popularity and eventually sold over 70,000 copies.[83] Jimmy Eat World self-financed their next album, Bleed American (2001), before signing with DreamWorks Records. The album sold 30,000 copies in its first week, went gold shortly afterwards and went platinum in 2002, making emo become mainstream.[84] Drive-Thru Records developed a roster of primarily pop punk bands with emo characteristics, including Midtown, the Starting Line, the Movielife and Something Corporate.[85] Drive-Thru's partnership with MCA Records enabled its brand of emo-inflected pop to reach a wider audience.[86] Drive-Thru's unabashedly populist, capitalist approach to music allowed its bands' albums and merchandise to sell in stores such as Hot Topic.[87]

 
Saves the Day was one of the more successful emo bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s, when emo was still primarily underground.

Independent label Vagrant Records signed several successful late-1990s and early-2000s emo bands. The Get Up Kids had sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant. The label promoted them aggressively, sending them on tours opening for Green Day and Weezer.[88] Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reaching number 31 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.[89] Vagrant signed and recorded a number of other emo-related bands over the next two years, including the Anniversary, Reggie and the Full Effect, the New Amsterdams, Alkaline Trio, Saves the Day, Dashboard Confessional, Hey Mercedes and Hot Rod Circuit.[90] Saves the Day had developed a substantial East Coast following and sold almost 50,000 copies of their second album, Through Being Cool (1999),[57] before signing with Vagrant and releasing Stay What You Are (2001). Stay What You Are sold 15,000 copies in its first week,[91] reached number 100 on the Billboard 200[92] and sold at least 120,000 copies in the United States.[93] Vagrant organized a national tour with every band on its label, sponsored by corporations including Microsoft and Coca-Cola, during the summer of 2001. Its populist approach and use of the internet as a marketing tool made it one of the country's most-successful independent labels and helped popularize the word "emo".[94] According to Greenwald, "More than any other event, it was Vagrant America that defined emo to masses—mainly because it had the gumption to hit the road and bring it to them."[91]

2002–2010: Mainstream success

 
"The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World (2001)
"The Middle" topped Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks chart and helped Bleed American to go platinum.[95][96]
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The typical 2000s emo hairstyle

Emo broke into the mainstream media during the summer of 2002.[95] During this time, many fans of emo music had an appearance of short, dyed black hair with bangs cut high on the forehead, glasses with thick and black frames, and thrift store clothes. This fashion then became a huge part of emo's identity.[97] Jimmy Eat World's Bleed American album went platinum on the strength of "The Middle", which topped Billboard's Alternative Songs chart.[95][96][98] The mainstream success achieved by Jimmy Eat World paved the way for emo pop music that would appear during the rest of the 2000s,[99] with emo pop becoming a very common style of emo music during the 2000s.[100] The band Dashboard Confessional broke into the mainstream. Started by the band's guitarist and lead vocalist Chris Carrabba, Dashboard Confessional are known for sometimes creating acoustic songs.[101] Dashboard Confessional originally was a side project, as Carrabba was also a member of the emo band Further Seems Forever,[101] and Vacant Andys, a punk rock band Carraba helped start in 1995.[102] Dashboard Confessional's album The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most peaked at number 5 on the Independent Albums chart.[103] Dashboard Confessional was the first non-platinum-selling artist to record an episode of MTV Unplugged.[95] The 2002 resulting live album and video long-form was certified platinum by the RIAA on May 22, 2003, topped the Independent Albums chart, and, as of October 19, 2007, sold 316,000 copies.[103][101][104] With Dashboard Confessional's mainstream success, Carrabba appeared on a cover of the magazine Spin and according to Jim DeRogatis, "has become the 'face of emo' the way that Moby was deemed the prime exponent of techno or Kurt Cobain became the unwilling crown prince of grunge."[105] Three of Dashboard Confessional's studio albums, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most (2001), A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar (2003), and Dusk and Summer (2006), all were certified gold by the RIAA during the mid-2000s.[104] As of October 19, 2007, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most has sold 599,000 copies.[106] As of October 19, 2007, Dusk and Summer and A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar have sold 512,000 copies and 901,000 copies in the United States, respectively.[106] As of October 19, 2007, Dashboard Confessional's 2000 debut album The Swiss Army Romance sold 338,000 copies.[106] On August 10, 2003, The New York Times reported how, "from the three-chord laments of Alkaline Trio to the folky rants of Bright Eyes, from the erudite pop-punk of Brand New" to the entropic anthems of Thursday, much of the most exciting rock music" was appearing from the emo genre.[107]

Saves the Day toured with Green Day, Blink-182 and Weezer, playing in large arenas such as Madison Square Garden.[108] Saves the Day performed on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, appeared on the cover of Alternative Press and had music videos for "At Your Funeral" and "Freakish" in rotation on MTV2.[91][109] Taking Back Sunday released their debut album, Tell All Your Friends, on Victory Records in 2002. The album gave the band a taste of success in the emo scene with singles such as "Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team)" and "You're So Last Summer". Tell All Your Friends was eventually certified gold by the RIAA in 2005[110] and is considered one of emo's most-influential albums. As of May 8, 2009, Tell All Your Friends sold 790,000 copies.[111] Articles on Vagrant Records appeared in Time and Newsweek,[112] and the word "emo" became a catchall term for non-mainstream pop music.[113]

 
Taking Back Sunday performing on August 24, 2007

In the wake of this success, many emo bands were signed to major record labels and the genre became marketable.[114] According to DreamWorks Records senior A&R representative Luke Wood, "The industry really does look at emo as the new rap rock, or the new grunge. I don't think that anyone is listening to the music that's being made—they're thinking of how they're going to take advantage of the sound's popularity at retail."[115] Emo's apolitical nature, catchy music and accessible themes had broad appeal for a young, mainstream audience. Emo bands that emerged or broke into the mainstream during this time were rejected by many fans of older emo music.[100] As emo continued to be mainstream, it became quite common for emo bands to have black hair and wear eyeliner.[100] Taking Back Sunday had continued success in the next few years, with their 2004 album Where You Want To Be both reaching number three on the Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2005.[116] The album, as of February 17, 2006, sold more than 700,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[117] The band's 2006 album, Louder Now, reached number two on the Billboard 200, was certified gold by the RIAA a little less than two months after its release date,[118] and, as of May 8, 2009, sold 674,000 copies.[111]

 
The emo band Thursday performing live in 2006

A darker, more aggressive style of emo was also becoming popular. New Jersey–based Thursday signed a multimillion-dollar, multi-album contract with Island Def Jam after their 2001 album, Full Collapse, reached umber 178 on the Billboard 200.[119] Their music was more political and lacked pop hooks and anthems, influenced instead by the Smiths, Joy Division, and The Cure However, the band's accessibility, basement-show roots and touring with Saves the Day made them part of the emo movement.[120] Thursday's 2003 album, War All the Time, reached number seven on the Billboard 200.[121] Hawthorne Heights, Story of the Year, Underoath, and Alexisonfire, four bands frequently featured on MTV, have popularized screamo.[122] Other screamo bands include Silverstein,[123] Senses Fail[124][125] and Vendetta Red.[122] Underoath's albums They're Only Chasing Safety (2004)[126] and Define the Great Line (2006)[127] both were certified gold by the RIAA. The Used's self-titled album (2002) was certified gold by the RIAA on July 21, 2003.[128] The Used's self-titled album, as of August 22, 2009, has sold 841,000 copies.[129] The Used's album In Love and Death (2004) was certified gold by the RIAA on March 21, 2005.[130] In Love and Death, as of January 2, 2007, sold 689,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[131] Four Alexisonfire albums were certified gold or platinum in Canada.[132][133][134][135]

 
My Chemical Romance is known for their use of eyeliner and black clothing associated with emo fashion.

Emo pop, a pop punk-oriented subgenre of emo with pop-influenced hooks, became the main emo style during the mid-to late 2000s, with many of these bands being signed by Fueled by Ramen Records and some adopting a goth-inspired look.[99] My Chemical Romance broke into the mainstream with their 2004 album Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. My Chemical Romance is known for their goth-influenced emo appearance and creation of concept albums and rock operas.[136][137] Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2005.[138] The band's success continued with its third album, The Black Parade, which sold 240,000 copies in its first week of release[139] and was certified platinum by the RIAA in less than a year.[140] Fall Out Boy's album, From Under the Cork Tree, sold 2,700,000 copies in the United States.[141] The band's album, Infinity on High, topped the Billboard 200, sold 260,000 copies in its first week of release[142] and sold 1,400,000 copies in the United States.[141] Multiple Fall Out Boy songs reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100.[143] Panic! at the Disco's album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was certified double platinum by the RIAA[144] and its single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.[145] Panic! at the Disco are known for combining emo with electronics[146] and their album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is an emo album[147] with elements of dance-punk[148] and baroque pop.[149] The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus' "Face Down" peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100[150] and its album, Don't You Fake It, sold 852,000 copies in the United States.[151] AFI's albums Sing the Sorrow and Decemberunderground both were certified platinum by the RIAA,[152][153] with Decemberunderground peaking at number 1 on the Billboard 200.[154] Paramore's 2007 album Riot! was certified double platinum by the RIAA[155] and several Paramore songs appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 in the late 2000s, including "Misery Business", "Decode", "Crushcrushcrush", "That's What You Get", and "Ignorance".[156]

2010–present: Decline and emo revival

By 2010, emo's popularity began to wane. Many bands lost popularity or moved away from their emo roots;[157] My Chemical Romance's album, Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys, had its traditional pop punk style.[158] Paramore and Fall Out Boy both abandoned the emo genre with their 2013 albums, Paramore and Save Rock and Roll, respectively.[159][160][161] Paramore moved to a new wave-influenced style.[162] Panic! at the Disco moved away from their emo pop roots to a synth-pop style on Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!.[163] Many bands (including My Chemical Romance,[164] Alexisonfire,[165] and Thursday)[166] broke up, raising concerns about the genre's viability.[167]

During the latter 2010s, a mainly underground emo revival emerged,[168][169][170] drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo. Artists associated with this movement include Modern Baseball,[171] the World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die,[168][170][172] A Great Big Pile of Leaves,[168] Pianos Become the Teeth,[170] Empire! Empire! (I Was a Lonely Estate),[168] Touché Amoré,[168][172] Into It. Over It.,[168][172] and the Hotelier.[173] While many 2010s emo bands draw on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo, hardcore punk elements are consistently used by 2010s emo bands such as Title Fight[174] and Small Brown Bike.[175]

In the 2020s, emo's impact on mainstream music of the 2010s, as well as a revival of the genre itself, was noted in media outlets.[176][177] The BBC observed in 2018 "beyond guitar-based bands, the influence of emo can be seen in much of modern music, both in style and lyrical content" and "addressing mental health issues has become increasingly more common in pop".[14]

Subgenres and fusion genres

Subgenres

Screamo

Main article: Screamo
 
Screamo band Orchid performing in Bloomington, Indiana in 2000

The term "screamo" was initially applied to an aggressive offshoot of emo which developed in San Diego in 1991 and used short songs grafting "spastic intensity to willfully experimental dissonance and dynamics."[178] Screamo is a dissonant form of emo influenced by hardcore punk,[122] with typical rock instrumentation and noted for short songs, chaotic execution and screaming vocals.

 
The Used's self-titled album was called "one of the masterworks of the screamo movement" by The Kansas City Star.[179]

The genre is "generally based in the aggressive side of the overarching punk-revival scene."[122] It began at the Ché Café[180] with groups such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow,[181] Angel Hair, Mohinder, Swing Kids, and Portraits of Past.[182] They were influenced by Washington, D.C. post-hardcore (particularly Fugazi and Nation of Ulysses),[178] straight edge, the Chicago group Articles of Faith, the hardcore-punk band Die Kreuzen[183] and the post-punk and gothic rock bands like Bauhaus.[178] I Hate Myself is a band described as "a cornerstone of the 'screamo' genre" by author Matt Walker:[184] "Musically, I Hate Myself relied on being very slow and deliberate, with sharp contrasts between quiet, almost meditative segments that rip into loud and heavy portions driven by Jim Marburger's tidal wave scream."[185] Other early screamo bands include Pg. 99, Saetia, and Orchid.[186]

The Used, Thursday, Thrice and Hawthorne Heights, who all formed in the United States during the late 1990s and early 2000s and remained active throughout the 2000s, helped popularize screamo.[122] Post-hardcore bands such as Refused and At the Drive-In paved the way for these bands.[122] Screamo bands from the Canadian emo scene such as Silverstein[187] and Alexisonfire[188] also emerged at this time. By the mid-2000s, the saturation of the screamo scene caused many bands to expand beyond the genre and incorporate more-experimental elements. Non-screamo bands used the genre's characteristic guttural vocal style.[122] Some screamo bands during this time period were inspired by genres like pop punk and heavy metal.[122]

Jeff Mitchell of the Iowa State Daily wrote, "There is no set definition of what screamo sounds like but screaming over once deafeningly loud rocking noise and suddenly quiet, melodic guitar lines is a theme commonly affiliated with the genre."[189]

Sass

Sass (also known as sassy screamo, sasscore, white belt hardcore,[190] white belt, sassgrind or dancey screamo)[191] is a style that emerged from the late-1990s and early-2000s screamo scene.[192] The genre incorporates elements of post-punk, new wave, disco, electronic, dance-punk,[192] grindcore, noise rock, metalcore, mathcore and beatdown hardcore. The genre is characterized by often incorporating overtly flamboyant mannerisms, erotic lyrical content, synthesizers, dance beats and a lisping vocal style.[193] Sass bands include the Blood Brothers, An Albatross, The Number Twelve Looks Like You, the Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower, Daughters's early music, Orchid's later music[194][195] and SeeYouSpaceCowboy.[196]

Fusion genres

Emo pop

Main article: Emo pop

Emo pop (or emo pop punk) is a subgenre of emo known for its pop music influences, more concise songs and hook-filled choruses.[99] AllMusic describes emo pop as blending "youthful angst" with "slick production" and mainstream appeal, using "high-pitched melodies, rhythmic guitars, and lyrics concerning adolescence, relationships, and heartbreak."[99] The Guardian described emo pop as a cross between "saccharine boy-band pop" and emo.[197]

 
The Get Up Kids at the Bowery Ballroom in 2000
 
Fall Out Boy performing in 2006

Emo pop developed during the 1990s. Bands like Jawbreaker and Samiam are known for formulating the emo pop punk style.[198] According to Nicole Keiper of CMJ New Music Monthly, Sense Field's Building (1996) pushed the band "into the emo-pop camp with the likes of the Get Up Kids and Jejune".[199] As emo became commercially successful in the early 2000s, emo pop became popular with Jimmy Eat World's 2001 album Bleed American and the success of its single "The Middle".[99] Jimmy Eat World,[99] the Get Up Kids[200] and the Promise Ring[201] also are early emo pop bands. The emo pop style of Jimmy Eat World's album, Clarity[202] influenced later emo.[203] The emo band Braid's 1998 album Frame & Canvas has been described as emo pop by Blake Butler of AllMusic, who gave the Braid album four out of five stars and wrote that Frame & Canvas "proves to be one of Braid's best efforts".[204] Emo pop became successful during the late 1990s, with its popularity increasing in the early 2000s. The Get Up Kids sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant Records. The label promoted them, sending them on tours to open for Green Day and Weezer.[88] Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reached number 31 on Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart.[89] As of May 2, 2002, Something to Write Home About sold 134,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

As emo pop coalesced, the Fueled by Ramen label became a center of the movement and signed Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, and Paramore (all of whom had been successful).[99] Two regional scenes developed. The Florida scene was created by Fueled by Ramen; midwest emo-pop was promoted by Pete Wentz, whose Fall Out Boy rose to the forefront of the style during the mid-2000s.[99][205][206] Cash Cash released Take It to the Floor (2008); according to AllMusic, it could be "the definitive statement of airheaded, glittery, and content-free emo-pop[207] ... the transformation of emo from the expression of intensely felt, ripped-from-the-throat feelings played by bands directly influenced by post-punk and hardcore to mall-friendly Day-Glo pop played by kids who look about as authentic as the "punks" on an old episode of Quincy did back in the '70s was made pretty much complete".[207] You Me at Six released their 2008 debut album, Take Off Your Colours, described by AllMusic's Jon O'Brien as "follow[ing] the 'emo-pop for dummies' handbook word-for-word."[208] The album was certified gold in the UK.[209]

 
XXXTentacion (pictured) was influenced by a number of emo and alternative rock artists.[210]

Emo rap

Main article: Emo rap

Emo rap is a genre that combines emo music with hip hop music.[211] The genre began in the mid–to late 2010s.[211] Although emo rap typically uses regular instruments and sampling is often kept to a bare minimum, some artists sample 2000s pop punk and emo songs, a fusion first popularized by MC Lars in 2004.[212][213] A lot of the sampling is due to the artists who inspired the genre, such as Underoath and Brand New,[214] and is usually accompanied by original instruments. Prominent artists of emo hip hop include Lil Peep,[215] XXXTentacion,[211] and Nothing,Nowhere.[216][217]

In the mid-to late 2010s, emo rap broke into the mainstream. Deceased rapper XXXTentacion's song "Sad!" peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 30, 2018. XXXTentacion also had other mainstream songs. His song "Moonlight" peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 7, 2018, his song "Changes" peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 30, 2018, and his song "Jocelyn Flores" peaked at number 19 on June 30, 2018.[218] Emo rap musician Lil Uzi Vert's song "XO Tour Llif3" peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100[219] and the song was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA.[220] Although emo rap experienced much mainstream popularity during the mid-to late 2010s, emo rap musicians Lil Peep and XXXTentacion both died in November 2017 and June 2018, respectively.

In November 2017, Lil Peep died of a Fentanyl and Xanax overdose.[221] In June 2018, XXXTentacion was shot and killed in Florida.[222]

Fashion and subculture

"Emo girl" redirects here. For the Machine Gun Kelly and Willow Smith song, see Emo Girl.

Origins

The beginning of emo as a subculture rather than just a style of music dates back to the mid-1990s San Diego screamo scene. The scene's bands, such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow and Swing Kids, and participants in this scene were often called "spock rock", in reference to their black-dyed hair with straight fringes.[190] As the vocalist of Swing Kids, Justin Pearson had choppy spikes protruding from the back of his head alongside straight fringes, which was a prototype for the emo haircut.[190] During this time, emo fashion was clean-cut and tended towards geek chic,[223] with clothing items like thick-rimmed glasses resembling 1950s musician Buddy Holly, button-down shirts, t-shirts, sweater vests, tight jeans, converse shoes, and cardigans being common.[9] After the 1998 release of the music video for "New Noise" by Swedish hardcore punk band Refused, straight, black hair with long, swooped bangs spread as a common fashion in hardcore punk. Refused adopted this haircut alongside black clothing and nail polish.[190] In January 2002, the Honolulu Advertiser described emo people as "intentionally unshowy": "these guys often ride bicycles, keep diaries, write poetry and hang out at coffee shops. They prefer art films to Hollywood blockbusters and frequent independent music stores. They are usually shy and introspective."[223]

 
Although not an emo band, Eighteen Visions' "fashioncore" look was a prototype for 2000s emo fashion.

Subsequent development

Metalcore band Eighteen Visions was the band that expanded the prototype of later emo fashion. As many hardcore bands in the 1990s had a hypermasculine image characterized by shaved heads, baseball caps and tattoos, Eighteen Visions wanted to rebel against this image. Inspired by the look of bands like Orgy and Unbroken, Eighteen Visions dressed in effeminate fashion, including skinny jeans, straightened hair, swooped bangs, black clothes and eyeliner. This emphasise on the band's presentation lead to them being derogatorily labeled "fashioncore".[190][224] Fashioncore became a popular trend in hardcore and metalcore in the early 2000s, and other bands labeled as fashioncore included Avenged Sevenfold, Bleeding Through and Atreyu.[225][226][227] Influenced by the members of Eighteen Visions, emos in the early 2000s became increasingly experimental with their hair, making use of layers, asymmetrical fringes and cutting hair using razorblades. Haircuts such as the Bob and the A-Line cut were also popular.[190] Around 2002, the term "scene queen" began to be used as a pejorative against attractive, popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture. Through this term, people who participated in the fashioncore-influenced style of emo dress began to be termed scene, which would eventually develop into its own subculture of emo.[190] Moreover, early to mid–2000s emo and pop punk bands like My Chemical Romance, AFI, and Good Charlotte wore black clothes and eyeliner.[228][229][230] These bands were often inspired by other bands that adopted a goth look, such as the Misfits and the Cure.[231][229][232]

 
Two emo teens

Mainstream prevalence

Emo fashion in the mid-to late 2000s included skinny jeans, tight T-shirts (usually short-sleeved, and often with the names of emo bands), studded belts, Converse sneakers, Vans and black wristbands.[233][234] Thick, horn-rimmed glasses remained in style to an extent,[233] and eye liner and black fingernails became common during the mid-2000s.[235][236] The best-known facet of emo fashion is its hairstyle: flat, straight, usually jet-black hair with long bangs covering much of the face,[234] which has been called a fad.[234] Emo fashion has been confused with goth[237] and scene fashion.[238]

As emo became a subculture, people who dressed in emo fashion and associated themselves with its music were known as "emo kids" or "emos".[234] My Chemical Romance,[234][236] Hawthorne Heights,[234] AFI,[234] Dashboard Confessional,[239] Taking Back Sunday,[240] Good Charlotte,[241] Brand New, From First to Last,[242] Bullet for My Valentine,[243] Story of the Year,[244] Funeral for a Friend,[245] Silverstein,[246] Simple Plan,[247] Aiden,[235] Fall Out Boy,[234][248] The Used,[235] Finch,[235] Panic! at the Disco,[247] Paramore,[247] Twenty One Pilots,[249] The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus[250] and The All-American Rejects[251] are all bands that emos are commonly known for listening to.

Controversy and backlash

Stereotypes

Emo has been associated with a stereotype of emotion, sensitivity, shyness, introversion or angst.[12][252][253] More controversially, stereotypes surrounding the genre included depression, self-harm and suicide,[234][254] in part stoked by depictions of emo fans as a "cult" by British tabloid Daily Mail.[255] Emos and goths were often distinguished by the stereotype that "emos hate themselves, while goths hate everyone."[256] In 2020, The Independent wrote on such stereotypes, that "emo was singled out for the destructive behaviour of teenagers who'd found a home in a subculture that offered them community and a vehicle for self-expression."[176]

Suicide and self harm

Main article: Suicide in music subcultures
Further information: My Chemical Romance § Daily Mail controversy

In 2008, emo music was blamed for the suicide by hanging of British teenager Hannah Bond by the coroner at her inquest and her mother, Heather Bond, who suggested that the music and fandom glamorised suicide. They suggested Hannah's apparent obsession with My Chemical Romance was linked to her death. It was said at the inquest that she was part of an Internet "emo cult", and an image of an emo girl with bloody wrists was on her Bebo page.[257] Hannah reportedly told her parents that her self-harm was an "emo initiation ceremony".[257] Heather Bond criticised emo culture: "There are 'emo' websites that show pink teddies hanging themselves."[257] The coroner's statements were featured in a series of articles in the Daily Mail.[255] After they were reported in NME, fans of emo music contacted the magazine to deny that it promoted self-harm and suicide.[258] My Chemical Romance reacted online: "We have recently learned of the suicide and tragic loss of Hannah Bond. We'd like to send our condolences to her family during this time of mourning. Our hearts and thoughts are with them".[259] The band also posted that they "are and always have been vocally anti-violence and anti-suicide".[259]

The Guardian later described the purported link and subsequent backlash against emo in the 2000s as a "moral panic",[260] while Kerrang! compared it to historic controversies involving Judas Priest and Ozzy Osbourne, unduly demonising the subculture, and poorly examining mental health issues of young people.[255]

 
"Fuck emo" graffiti in Mexico

Backlash

Emo received a lot of backlash during the 2000s. Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman said that there was a "real backlash" by bands on the tour against emo groups, but he dismissed the hostility as "juvenile".[261] The backlash intensified, with anti-emo groups attacking teenagers in Mexico City, Querétaro, and Tijuana in 2008.[262][263] Legislation was proposed in Russia's Duma regulating emo websites and banning emo attire in schools and government buildings, with the subculture perceived as a "dangerous teen trend" promoting anti-social behaviour, depression, social withdrawal and suicide.[264][265] The BBC reported that in March 2012, Shia militias in Iraq shot or beat to death as many as 58 young Iraqi emos.[266] Metalheads and punks often were known for hating emos and criticizing the emo subculture.[267]

Terminology

The term "emo" has been the subject of controversy amongst artists, critics, and fans alike. Some find the label to be loosely defined[268] with the term at times being used to describe any music that expresses emotion.[177] The mainstream success of emo and its related subculture caused the term to be conflated with other genres.[269]

Many bands labeled as emo rejected the emo label. In Chris Payne's book Where Are Your Boys Tonight? (2023), Bayside vocalist Anthony Raneri stated that he believed emo became "a dirty word" around the time of its mainstream success in the 2000s. He explains this derogatory use of the word derived from hipsters adopting the term to demean rock artists they saw as being "not as cool as" the popular indie rock groups of the time, namely the Strokes.[270] My Chemical Romance singer Gerard Way said in 2007 that emo is "a pile of shit":

"I think there are bands that we get lumped in with that are considered emo and, by default, that starts to make us emo. All I can say is that anyone actually listening to the records, putting the records next to each other and listening to them, [would know there are] actually no similarities."[271]

Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco said : "It's ignorant! The stereotype is guys that are weak and have failing relationships write about how sad they are. If you listen to our songs, not one of them has that tone."[272] Adam Lazzara of Taking Back Sunday said he always considered his band rock and roll instead of emo.[273] Guitarist of the Get Up Kids, Jim Suptic, noted the differences between the 2000s mainstream acts when compared to the emo bands of the 1990s, saying, “The punk scene we came out of and the punk scene now are completely different. It's like glam rock now. We played the Bamboozle fests this year and we felt really out of place... If this is the world we helped create, then I apologise.”[274] Vocalist of AFI, Davey Havok, described emo as “such a strange and meaningless word.”[275] Early emo musicians also have rejected the label. Guy Picciotto, the vocalist of Rites of Spring, said he considers the emo label "retarded" and always considered Rites of Spring a punk rock band: "The reason I think it's so stupid is that - what, like the Bad Brains weren't emotional? What - they were robots or something? It just doesn't make any sense to me."[276] Sunny Day Real Estate's members said they consider themselves simply a rock band, and said that back in the early days, the word "emocore" was an insult: "While I don't disrespect anyone for using the term emo-core, or rock, or anything, but back in the day, emo-core was just about the worst dis that you could throw on a band."[277]

The term “mall emo” has been used to separate mainstream bands like Paramore, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Panic! at the Disco, and Fall Out Boy from the less commercially viable bands that proceeded and succeeded them.[278][279][280] The term "mall emo" dates back to around 2002, when many emo fans did not like the change emo was going through at the time when the genre became mainstream.[97]

Tom Mullen, editor of the Anthology of Emo book, created the website Washed Up Emo in 2007 in response to the mainstream perceptions of the genre, intending to impart information about the genre's history.[281] He later created the website Is This Band Emo? in 2014, which explains whether various bands are classified under the genre alongside humorous responses.[282][283]

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links

May 11, 2024
this, article, about, style, music, other, uses, disambiguation, music, genre, characterized, emotional, often, confessional, lyrics, emerged, style, hardcore, punk, post, hardcore, from, 1980s, washington, hardcore, scene, where, known, emotional, hardcore, e. This article is about the style of music For other uses see Emo disambiguation Emo ˈ iː m oʊ is a music genre characterized by emotional often confessional lyrics It emerged as a style of hardcore punk and post hardcore from the mid 1980s Washington D C hardcore scene where it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore The bands Rites of Spring and Embrace among others pioneered the genre In the early to mid 1990s emo was adopted and reinvented by alternative rock indie rock punk rock and pop punk bands including Sunny Day Real Estate Jawbreaker Cap n Jazz and Jimmy Eat World By the mid 1990s Braid the Promise Ring and the Get Up Kids emerged from Midwest emo and several independent record labels began to specialize in the genre Meanwhile screamo a more aggressive style of emo using screamed vocals also emerged pioneered by the San Diego bands Heroin and Antioch Arrow Screamo achieved mainstream success in the 2000s with bands like Hawthorne Heights Silverstein Story of the Year Thursday the Used and Underoath EmoOther namesEmotional hardcoreemocoreStylistic originsOriginal Post hardcorehardcore punk Subsequent Alternative rockindie rockpop punkCultural originsOriginal Mid 1980sWashington D C Subsequent Early to mid 1990sNew YorkWestern United StatesMidwestern United StatesSubgenresScreamoFusion genresEmo pop emo rapRegional scenesWashington D C Midwestern U S New JerseyOther topicsScene Often seen as a subculture emo also signifies a specific relationship between fans and artists and certain aspects of fashion culture and behavior Emo fashion includes skinny jeans black eyeliner tight t shirt s with band names studded belts and flat straight jet black hair with long bangs Since the early to mid 2000s fans of emo music who dress like this are referred to as emo kids or emos The emo subculture was stereotypically associated with social alienation sensitivity misanthropy introversion and angst Purported links to depression self harm and suicide combined with its rise in popularity in the early 2000s inspired a backlash against emo with some bands including My Chemical Romance and Panic at the Disco rejecting the emo label because of the social stigma and controversy surrounding it Emo and its subgenre emo pop entered mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the success of Jimmy Eat World and Dashboard Confessional and many artists signed contracts with major record labels Bands such as My Chemical Romance AFI Fall Out Boy and The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus continued the genre s popularity during the rest of the decade By the early 2010s emo s popularity had declined with some emo bands changing their sound and others disbanding Meanwhile however a mainly underground emo revival emerged with bands such as the World Is a Beautiful Place amp I Am No Longer Afraid to Die and Modern Baseball some drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo During the late 2010s a fusion genre called emo rap became mainstream its most famous artists included Lil Peep XXXTentacion and Juice Wrld Contents 1 Characteristics 2 History 2 1 Predecessors 2 2 1984 1991 Origins 2 3 1991 1994 Reinvention 2 4 1994 1997 Underground popularity 2 5 1997 2002 Independent success 2 6 2002 2010 Mainstream success 2 7 2010 present Decline and emo revival 3 Subgenres and fusion genres 3 1 Subgenres 3 1 1 Screamo 3 1 1 1 Sass 3 2 Fusion genres 3 2 1 Emo pop 3 2 2 Emo rap 4 Fashion and subculture 4 1 Origins 4 2 Subsequent development 4 3 Mainstream prevalence 5 Controversy and backlash 5 1 Stereotypes 5 1 1 Suicide and self harm 5 2 Backlash 5 3 Terminology 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Bibliography 8 External linksCharacteristics nbsp The emo band Hawthorne Heights in 2007 Emo originated in hardcore punk 1 2 and is considered a form of post hardcore 3 Nonetheless emo has also been considered a genre of alternative rock 4 indie rock 5 punk rock 6 and pop punk 7 8 Emo uses the guitar dynamics that use both the softness and loudness of punk rock music 9 Some emo leans uses characteristics of progressive music with the genre s use of complex guitar work unorthodox song structures and extreme dynamic shifts 1 Lyrics a focus in emo music are typically emotional and often personal or confessional 9 dealing with topics such as failed romance 10 self loathing pain insecurity suicidal thoughts love and relationships 9 AllMusic unreliable source described emo lyrics as usually either free associative poetry or intimate confessionals 1 Early emo bands were hardcore punk bands that used melody and emotional or introspective lyrics and that were less structured than regular hardcore punk making early emo bands different from the aggression anger and verse chorus verse structures of regular hardcore punk 11 According to AllMusic most 1990s emo bands borrowed from some combination of Fugazi Sunny Day Real Estate and Weezer 1 The New York Times described emo as emotional punk or post hardcore or pop punk That is punk that wears its heart on its sleeve and tries a little tenderness to leaven its sonic attack If it helps imagine Ricky Nelson singing in the Sex Pistols 12 Author Matt Diehl called emo a more sensitive interpolation of punk s mission 10 According to Merriam Webster emo is a style of rock music influenced by punk rock and featuring introspective and emotionally fraught lyrics 13 History nbsp Hardcore punk band Minor Threat in 1981 Predecessors Pet Sounds the Beach Boys 1966 album is sometimes considered the first emo album According to music writer Luke Britton such assertions are perhaps stated wryly and wrote that it s generally accepted that the genre s pioneers came later in the 1980s 14 During the decade many hardcore punk and post hardcore bands formed in Washington D C Post hardcore an experimental offshoot of hardcore punk was inspired by post punk 15 Hardcore punk bands and post hardcore bands who influenced early emo bands include Minor Threat 16 Black Flag and Husker Du 17 1984 1991 Origins nbsp Remainder by Rites of Spring 1985 source source The melodic guitars varied rhythms and personal lyrics of Rites of Spring changed the hardcore punk scene and helped launch the emotional hardcore or emocore style in the 1980s 18 Problems playing this file See media help Emo which began as a post hardcore subgenre 3 was part of the 1980s hardcore punk 1 scene in Washington D C as something different from the violent part of the Washington D C hardcore scene 11 18 19 Minor Threat fan Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984 using the musical style of hardcore punk and combining the musical style with melodic guitars varied rhythms and personal emotional lyrics 16 Many of the band s themes including nostalgia romantic bitterness and poetic desperation became familiar tropes of later emo music 20 Its performances were public emotional purges where audience members sometimes wept 21 Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat became a Rites of Spring fan recording their only album and being their roadie and formed the emo band Embrace which explored similar themes of self searching and emotional release 22 Similar bands followed in connection with the Revolution Summer of 1985 an attempt by members of the Washington scene to break from the usual characteristics of hardcore punk to a hardcore punk style with different characteristics 19 Bands such as Gray Matter Beefeater Fire Party Dag Nasty and Soulside were associated with the movement 22 19 Although the origins of the word emo are uncertain evidence shows that the word emo was coined in the mid 1980s specifically 1985 According to Andy Greenwald author of Nothing Feels Good Punk Rock Teenagers and Emo The origins of the term emo are shrouded in mystery but it first came into common practice in 1985 If Minor Threat was hardcore then Rites of Spring with its altered focus was emotional hardcore or emocore 22 Michael Azerrad author of Our Band Could Be Your Life also traces the word s origins to the mid 1980s The style was soon dubbed emo core a term everyone involved bitterly detested 23 MacKaye traces it to 1985 attributing it to an article in Thrasher magazine referring to Embrace and other Washington D C bands as emo core which he called the stupidest fucking thing I ve ever heard in my entire life 24 Other accounts attribute the word to an audience member at an Embrace show who shouted as an insult that the band was emocore 25 26 Others have said that MacKaye coined the word when he used it self mockingly in a magazine or that it originated with Rites of Spring 26 The emocore label quickly spread through the DC punk scene and was associated with many bands associated with Ian MacKaye s Dischord Records 25 Although many of the bands rejected the term it stayed Jenny Toomey recalled The only people who used it at first were the ones that were jealous over how big and fanatical a scene it was Rites of Spring existed well before the term did and they hated it But there was this weird moment like when people started calling music grunge where you were using the term even though you hated it 27 The Washington D C emo scene lasted only a few years and by 1986 most of emo s major bands including Rites of Spring Embrace Gray Matter and Beefeater had broken up 28 However its ideas and aesthetics spread quickly across the country through a network of homemade zines vinyl records and hearsay 29 According to Greenwald the Washington D C scene laid the groundwork for emo s subsequent incarnations What had happened in D C in the mid eighties the shift from anger to action from extroverted rage to internal turmoil from an individualized mass to a mass of individuals was in many ways a test case for the transformation of the national punk scene over the next two decades The imagery the power of the music the way people responded to it and the way the bands burned out instead of fading away all have their origins in those first few performances by Rites of Spring The roots of emo were laid however unintentionally by fifty or so people in the nation s capital And in some ways it was never as good and surely never as pure again Certainly the Washington scene was the only time emocore had any consensus definition as a genre 30 1991 1994 Reinvention As the Washington D C emo movement spread across the United States local bands began to emulate its style 31 Emo combined the fatalism theatricality and isolation of The Smiths with hardcore punk s uncompromising dramatic worldview 31 Despite the number of bands and the variety of locales emocore s late 1980s aesthetics remained more or less the same over the top lyrics about feelings wedded to dramatic but decidedly punk music 31 During the early mid 1990s several new bands reinvented emo 32 making emo expand by becoming a subgenre of genres like indie rock and pop punk 1 Chief among them were Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate who inspired cult followings redefined emo and brought it a step closer to the mainstream 32 In the wake of the 1991 success of Nirvana s Nevermind underground music and subcultures were widely noticed in the United States New distribution networks emerged touring routes were codified and regional and independent acts accessed the national stage 32 Young people across the country became fans of independent music and punk culture became mainstream 32 nbsp Kiss the Bottle by Jawbreaker 1992 source source track Kiss the Bottle is considered one of Jawbreaker s definitive and most appreciated songs 33 Problems playing this file See media help nbsp Sunny Day Real Estate performing in 2010 Emerging from the late 1980s and early 1990s San Francisco punk rock scene and forming in New York City Jawbreaker combined pop punk with emotional and personal lyrics 34 35 36 Singer guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach focused his lyrics on personal immediate topics often taken from his journal 34 Often obscure and cloaked in metaphors their relationship to Schwarzenbach s concerns gave his words a bitterness and frustration which made them universal and attractive to audiences 37 Schwarzenbach became emo s first idol as listeners related to the singer even more than to his songs 37 Jawbreaker s 1994 album 24 Hour Revenge Therapy was popular with fans and is a touchstone of mid 1990s emo 38 Although Jawbreaker signed with Geffen Records and toured with mainstream bands Nirvana and Green Day Jawbreaker s 1995 album Dear You did not achieve mainstream success Jawbreaker broke up soon afterwards with Schwarzenbach forming emo band Jets to Brazil 39 Sunny Day Real Estate formed in Seattle at the height of the early 1990s grunge boom 40 The music video for Seven lead track of the band s debut album Diary 1994 was played on MTV giving the band more attention 41 Another band often considered to be emo which emerged at the same time was California s Weezer 42 Nonetheless it is debated whether Weezer is emo For example Alternative Press argues that the emo label has been misapplied to the band 43 and author Andy Greenwald also states that the band is not emo 44 Jimmy Eat World an Arizona emo band also emerged at this time Influenced by pop punk bands such as the Mr T Experience and Horace Pinker 45 Jimmy Eat World released its self titled debut album in 1994 46 1994 1997 Underground popularity The American punk and indie rock movements which had been largely underground since the early 1980s became part of mainstream culture during the mid 1990s With Nirvana s success major record labels capitalized on the popularity of alternative rock and other underground music by signing and promoting independent bands 47 In 1994 the same year that Jawbreaker s 24 Hour Revenge Therapy and Sunny Day Real Estate s Diary were released punk rock bands Green Day and the Offspring broke into the mainstream with diamond album Dookie 48 and multi platinum album Smash 49 respectively After underground music went mainstream emo retreated and reformed as a national subculture over the next few years 47 Inspired by Jawbreaker Drive Like Jehu and Fugazi 1990s emo abandoned the elements of hardcore punk and used elements of indie rock with punk rock s do it yourself work ethic but smoother songs and emotional vocals 50 nbsp Cap n Jazz live in 2010 Many 1990s emo bands such as Cap n Jazz Braid Christie Front Drive Mineral Jimmy Eat World the Get Up Kids and the Promise Ring originated in the central U S 51 Many of the bands had a distinct vocal style and guitar melodies which was later called Midwest emo 52 According to Andy Greenwald this was the period when emo earned many if not all of the stereotypes that have lasted to this day boy driven glasses wearing overly sensitive overly brainy chiming guitar driven college music 50 Emo band Texas Is the Reason bridged the gap between indie rock and emo in their three year lifespan on the East Coast melding Sunny Day Real Estate s melodies and punk musicianship and singing directly to the listener 53 In New Jersey the band Lifetime played shows in fans basements 54 Lifetime s 1995 album Hello Bastards on Jade Tree Records fused hardcore punk with emo and eschewed cynicism and irony in favor of love songs 54 The album sold tens of thousands of copies 55 and Lifetime paved the way for New Jersey and Long Island emo bands Brand New Midtown 56 The Movielife My Chemical Romance 56 Saves the Day 56 57 Senses Fail 56 Taking Back Sunday 55 56 and Thursday 56 58 nbsp The band Weezer pictured released the album Pinkerton an album that was originally a critical and commercial failure Nonetheless Pinkerton is considered one of the most important 1990s emo albums 59 The Promise Ring s music took a slower smoother pop punk approach to riffs blending them with singer Davey von Bohlen s imagist lyrics delivered in a froggy croon and pronounced lisp and playing shows in basements and VFW halls 60 Jade Tree released their debut album 30 Everywhere in 1996 it sold tens of thousands of copies and was successful by independent standards 61 Greenwald describes the album as like being hit in the head with cotton candy 62 Other bands such as Karate the Van Pelt Joan of Arc and the Shyness Clinic played emo music with post rock and noise rock influences 63 Their common lyrical thread was applying big questions to small scenarios 63 A cornerstone of mid 1990s emo was Weezer s 1996 album Pinkerton 64 After the mainstream success of Weezer s self titled debut album Pinkerton showed a more dark and abrasive style 65 66 Frontman Rivers Cuomo s songs focused on messy manipulative sex and his insecurity about dealing with celebrity 66 A critical and commercial failure 66 67 Rolling Stone called it the third worst album of the year 68 Cuomo retreated from the public eye 66 later referring to the album as hideous and a hugely painful mistake 69 However Pinkerton found enduring appeal with young people who were discovering alternative rock and identified with its confessional lyrics and theme of rejection 59 Sales grew steadily due to word of mouth online message boards and Napster 59 Although no one was paying attention writes Greenwald perhaps because no one was paying attention Pinkerton became the most important emo album of the decade 59 In 2004 James Montgomery of MTV described Weezer as the most important band of the last 10 years 70 Pinkerton s success grew very gradually being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2001 and eventually being certified platinum by the RIAA in September 2016 71 nbsp If I Could by Mineral 1997 source source Andy Greenwald calls If I Could the ultimate expression of 1990s emo 72 Problems playing this file See media help Mid 1990s emo was embodied by Mineral whose The Power of Failing 1997 and EndSerenading 1998 encapsulated emo tropes somber music accompanied by a shy narrator singing seriously about mundane problems 72 Greenwald calls If I Could the ultimate expression of 1990s emo writing that the song s short synopsis she is beautiful I am weak dumb and shy I am alone but am surprisingly poetic when left alone sums up everything that emo s adherents admired and its detractors detested 72 Another significant band was Braid whose 1998 album Frame and Canvas and B side song Forever Got Shorter blurred the line between band and listener the group mirrored their audience in passion and sentiment and sang in their fans voice 73 nbsp Why Did We Ever Meet by The Promise Ring 1997 source source The Promise Ring s Nothing Feels Good achieved wide success with an effective blend of pop and punk 74 Problems playing this file See media help Although mid 1990s emo had thousands of young fans it did not enter the national consciousness 75 A few bands were offered contracts with major record labels but most broke up before they could capitalize on the opportunity 76 Jimmy Eat World signed to Capitol Records in 1995 and developed a following with their album Static Prevails but did not break into the mainstream yet 77 The Promise Ring were the most commercially successful emo band of the time with sales of their 1997 album Nothing Feels Good reaching the mid five figures 75 Greenwald calls the album the pinnacle of its generation of emo a convergence of pop and punk of resignation and celebration of the lure of girlfriends and the pull of friends bandmates and the road 78 mid 1990s emo was the last subculture made of vinyl and paper instead of plastic and megabytes 79 1997 2002 Independent success Emo s popularity grew during the late 1990s laying the foundation for mainstream success Deep Elm Records released a series of eleven compilation albums The Emo Diaries from 1997 to 2007 80 Emphasizing unreleased music from many bands the series included Jimmy Eat World Further Seems Forever Samiam and the Movielife 80 Jimmy Eat World s 1999 album Clarity was a touchstone for later emo bands 81 In 2003 Andy Greenwald called Clarity one of the most fiercely beloved rock n roll records of the last decade 81 Despite a warm critical reception and the promotion of Lucky Denver Mint in the Drew Barrymore comedy Never Been Kissed Clarity was commercially unsuccessful 82 Nevertheless the album had steady word of mouth popularity and eventually sold over 70 000 copies 83 Jimmy Eat World self financed their next album Bleed American 2001 before signing with DreamWorks Records The album sold 30 000 copies in its first week went gold shortly afterwards and went platinum in 2002 making emo become mainstream 84 Drive Thru Records developed a roster of primarily pop punk bands with emo characteristics including Midtown the Starting Line the Movielife and Something Corporate 85 Drive Thru s partnership with MCA Records enabled its brand of emo inflected pop to reach a wider audience 86 Drive Thru s unabashedly populist capitalist approach to music allowed its bands albums and merchandise to sell in stores such as Hot Topic 87 nbsp Saves the Day was one of the more successful emo bands during the late 1990s and early 2000s when emo was still primarily underground Independent label Vagrant Records signed several successful late 1990s and early 2000s emo bands The Get Up Kids had sold over 15 000 copies of their debut album Four Minute Mile 1997 before signing with Vagrant The label promoted them aggressively sending them on tours opening for Green Day and Weezer 88 Their 1999 album Something to Write Home About reaching number 31 on Billboard s Top Heatseekers chart 89 Vagrant signed and recorded a number of other emo related bands over the next two years including the Anniversary Reggie and the Full Effect the New Amsterdams Alkaline Trio Saves the Day Dashboard Confessional Hey Mercedes and Hot Rod Circuit 90 Saves the Day had developed a substantial East Coast following and sold almost 50 000 copies of their second album Through Being Cool 1999 57 before signing with Vagrant and releasing Stay What You Are 2001 Stay What You Are sold 15 000 copies in its first week 91 reached number 100 on the Billboard 200 92 and sold at least 120 000 copies in the United States 93 Vagrant organized a national tour with every band on its label sponsored by corporations including Microsoft and Coca Cola during the summer of 2001 Its populist approach and use of the internet as a marketing tool made it one of the country s most successful independent labels and helped popularize the word emo 94 According to Greenwald More than any other event it was Vagrant America that defined emo to masses mainly because it had the gumption to hit the road and bring it to them 91 2002 2010 Mainstream success nbsp The Middle by Jimmy Eat World 2001 source source track The Middle topped Billboard s Modern Rock Tracks chart and helped Bleed American to go platinum 95 96 Problems playing this file See media help nbsp The typical 2000s emo hairstyle Emo broke into the mainstream media during the summer of 2002 95 During this time many fans of emo music had an appearance of short dyed black hair with bangs cut high on the forehead glasses with thick and black frames and thrift store clothes This fashion then became a huge part of emo s identity 97 Jimmy Eat World s Bleed American album went platinum on the strength of The Middle which topped Billboard s Alternative Songs chart 95 96 98 The mainstream success achieved by Jimmy Eat World paved the way for emo pop music that would appear during the rest of the 2000s 99 with emo pop becoming a very common style of emo music during the 2000s 100 The band Dashboard Confessional broke into the mainstream Started by the band s guitarist and lead vocalist Chris Carrabba Dashboard Confessional are known for sometimes creating acoustic songs 101 Dashboard Confessional originally was a side project as Carrabba was also a member of the emo band Further Seems Forever 101 and Vacant Andys a punk rock band Carraba helped start in 1995 102 Dashboard Confessional s album The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most peaked at number 5 on the Independent Albums chart 103 Dashboard Confessional was the first non platinum selling artist to record an episode of MTV Unplugged 95 The 2002 resulting live album and video long form was certified platinum by the RIAA on May 22 2003 topped the Independent Albums chart and as of October 19 2007 sold 316 000 copies 103 101 104 With Dashboard Confessional s mainstream success Carrabba appeared on a cover of the magazine Spin and according to Jim DeRogatis has become the face of emo the way that Moby was deemed the prime exponent of techno or Kurt Cobain became the unwilling crown prince of grunge 105 Three of Dashboard Confessional s studio albums The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most 2001 A Mark a Mission a Brand a Scar 2003 and Dusk and Summer 2006 all were certified gold by the RIAA during the mid 2000s 104 As of October 19 2007 The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most has sold 599 000 copies 106 As of October 19 2007 Dusk and Summer and A Mark a Mission a Brand a Scar have sold 512 000 copies and 901 000 copies in the United States respectively 106 As of October 19 2007 Dashboard Confessional s 2000 debut album The Swiss Army Romance sold 338 000 copies 106 On August 10 2003 The New York Times reported how from the three chord laments of Alkaline Trio to the folky rants of Bright Eyes from the erudite pop punk of Brand New to the entropic anthems of Thursday much of the most exciting rock music was appearing from the emo genre 107 Saves the Day toured with Green Day Blink 182 and Weezer playing in large arenas such as Madison Square Garden 108 Saves the Day performed on Late Night with Conan O Brien appeared on the cover of Alternative Press and had music videos for At Your Funeral and Freakish in rotation on MTV2 91 109 Taking Back Sunday released their debut album Tell All Your Friends on Victory Records in 2002 The album gave the band a taste of success in the emo scene with singles such as Cute Without the E Cut from the Team and You re So Last Summer Tell All Your Friends was eventually certified gold by the RIAA in 2005 110 and is considered one of emo s most influential albums As of May 8 2009 Tell All Your Friends sold 790 000 copies 111 Articles on Vagrant Records appeared in Time and Newsweek 112 and the word emo became a catchall term for non mainstream pop music 113 nbsp Taking Back Sunday performing on August 24 2007 In the wake of this success many emo bands were signed to major record labels and the genre became marketable 114 According to DreamWorks Records senior A amp R representative Luke Wood The industry really does look at emo as the new rap rock or the new grunge I don t think that anyone is listening to the music that s being made they re thinking of how they re going to take advantage of the sound s popularity at retail 115 Emo s apolitical nature catchy music and accessible themes had broad appeal for a young mainstream audience Emo bands that emerged or broke into the mainstream during this time were rejected by many fans of older emo music 100 As emo continued to be mainstream it became quite common for emo bands to have black hair and wear eyeliner 100 Taking Back Sunday had continued success in the next few years with their 2004 album Where You Want To Be both reaching number three on the Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2005 116 The album as of February 17 2006 sold more than 700 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan 117 The band s 2006 album Louder Now reached number two on the Billboard 200 was certified gold by the RIAA a little less than two months after its release date 118 and as of May 8 2009 sold 674 000 copies 111 nbsp The emo band Thursday performing live in 2006 A darker more aggressive style of emo was also becoming popular New Jersey based Thursday signed a multimillion dollar multi album contract with Island Def Jam after their 2001 album Full Collapse reached umber 178 on the Billboard 200 119 Their music was more political and lacked pop hooks and anthems influenced instead by the Smiths Joy Division and The Cure However the band s accessibility basement show roots and touring with Saves the Day made them part of the emo movement 120 Thursday s 2003 album War All the Time reached number seven on the Billboard 200 121 Hawthorne Heights Story of the Year Underoath and Alexisonfire four bands frequently featured on MTV have popularized screamo 122 Other screamo bands include Silverstein 123 Senses Fail 124 125 and Vendetta Red 122 Underoath s albums They re Only Chasing Safety 2004 126 and Define the Great Line 2006 127 both were certified gold by the RIAA The Used s self titled album 2002 was certified gold by the RIAA on July 21 2003 128 The Used s self titled album as of August 22 2009 has sold 841 000 copies 129 The Used s album In Love and Death 2004 was certified gold by the RIAA on March 21 2005 130 In Love and Death as of January 2 2007 sold 689 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan 131 Four Alexisonfire albums were certified gold or platinum in Canada 132 133 134 135 nbsp My Chemical Romance is known for their use of eyeliner and black clothing associated with emo fashion Emo pop a pop punk oriented subgenre of emo with pop influenced hooks became the main emo style during the mid to late 2000s with many of these bands being signed by Fueled by Ramen Records and some adopting a goth inspired look 99 My Chemical Romance broke into the mainstream with their 2004 album Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge My Chemical Romance is known for their goth influenced emo appearance and creation of concept albums and rock operas 136 137 Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2005 138 The band s success continued with its third album The Black Parade which sold 240 000 copies in its first week of release 139 and was certified platinum by the RIAA in less than a year 140 Fall Out Boy s album From Under the Cork Tree sold 2 700 000 copies in the United States 141 The band s album Infinity on High topped the Billboard 200 sold 260 000 copies in its first week of release 142 and sold 1 400 000 copies in the United States 141 Multiple Fall Out Boy songs reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 143 Panic at the Disco s album A Fever You Can t Sweat Out was certified double platinum by the RIAA 144 and its single I Write Sins Not Tragedies reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 145 Panic at the Disco are known for combining emo with electronics 146 and their album A Fever You Can t Sweat Out is an emo album 147 with elements of dance punk 148 and baroque pop 149 The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Face Down peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 150 and its album Don t You Fake It sold 852 000 copies in the United States 151 AFI s albums Sing the Sorrow and Decemberunderground both were certified platinum by the RIAA 152 153 with Decemberunderground peaking at number 1 on the Billboard 200 154 Paramore s 2007 album Riot was certified double platinum by the RIAA 155 and several Paramore songs appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 in the late 2000s including Misery Business Decode Crushcrushcrush That s What You Get and Ignorance 156 2010 present Decline and emo revival By 2010 emo s popularity began to wane Many bands lost popularity or moved away from their emo roots 157 My Chemical Romance s album Danger Days The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys had its traditional pop punk style 158 Paramore and Fall Out Boy both abandoned the emo genre with their 2013 albums Paramore and Save Rock and Roll respectively 159 160 161 Paramore moved to a new wave influenced style 162 Panic at the Disco moved away from their emo pop roots to a synth pop style on Too Weird to Live Too Rare to Die 163 Many bands including My Chemical Romance 164 Alexisonfire 165 and Thursday 166 broke up raising concerns about the genre s viability 167 During the latter 2010s a mainly underground emo revival emerged 168 169 170 drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo Artists associated with this movement include Modern Baseball 171 the World Is a Beautiful Place amp I Am No Longer Afraid to Die 168 170 172 A Great Big Pile of Leaves 168 Pianos Become the Teeth 170 Empire Empire I Was a Lonely Estate 168 Touche Amore 168 172 Into It Over It 168 172 and the Hotelier 173 While many 2010s emo bands draw on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo hardcore punk elements are consistently used by 2010s emo bands such as Title Fight 174 and Small Brown Bike 175 In the 2020s emo s impact on mainstream music of the 2010s as well as a revival of the genre itself was noted in media outlets 176 177 The BBC observed in 2018 beyond guitar based bands the influence of emo can be seen in much of modern music both in style and lyrical content and addressing mental health issues has become increasingly more common in pop 14 Subgenres and fusion genresSubgenres Screamo Main article Screamo nbsp Screamo band Orchid performing in Bloomington Indiana in 2000 The term screamo was initially applied to an aggressive offshoot of emo which developed in San Diego in 1991 and used short songs grafting spastic intensity to willfully experimental dissonance and dynamics 178 Screamo is a dissonant form of emo influenced by hardcore punk 122 with typical rock instrumentation and noted for short songs chaotic execution and screaming vocals nbsp The Used s self titled album was called one of the masterworks of the screamo movement by The Kansas City Star 179 The genre is generally based in the aggressive side of the overarching punk revival scene 122 It began at the Che Cafe 180 with groups such as Heroin Antioch Arrow 181 Angel Hair Mohinder Swing Kids and Portraits of Past 182 They were influenced by Washington D C post hardcore particularly Fugazi and Nation of Ulysses 178 straight edge the Chicago group Articles of Faith the hardcore punk band Die Kreuzen 183 and the post punk and gothic rock bands like Bauhaus 178 I Hate Myself is a band described as a cornerstone of the screamo genre by author Matt Walker 184 Musically I Hate Myself relied on being very slow and deliberate with sharp contrasts between quiet almost meditative segments that rip into loud and heavy portions driven by Jim Marburger s tidal wave scream 185 Other early screamo bands include Pg 99 Saetia and Orchid 186 The Used Thursday Thrice and Hawthorne Heights who all formed in the United States during the late 1990s and early 2000s and remained active throughout the 2000s helped popularize screamo 122 Post hardcore bands such as Refused and At the Drive In paved the way for these bands 122 Screamo bands from the Canadian emo scene such as Silverstein 187 and Alexisonfire 188 also emerged at this time By the mid 2000s the saturation of the screamo scene caused many bands to expand beyond the genre and incorporate more experimental elements Non screamo bands used the genre s characteristic guttural vocal style 122 Some screamo bands during this time period were inspired by genres like pop punk and heavy metal 122 Jeff Mitchell of the Iowa State Daily wrote There is no set definition of what screamo sounds like but screaming over once deafeningly loud rocking noise and suddenly quiet melodic guitar lines is a theme commonly affiliated with the genre 189 Sass Sass also known as sassy screamo sasscore white belt hardcore 190 white belt sassgrind or dancey screamo 191 is a style that emerged from the late 1990s and early 2000s screamo scene 192 The genre incorporates elements of post punk new wave disco electronic dance punk 192 grindcore noise rock metalcore mathcore and beatdown hardcore The genre is characterized by often incorporating overtly flamboyant mannerisms erotic lyrical content synthesizers dance beats and a lisping vocal style 193 Sass bands include the Blood Brothers An Albatross The Number Twelve Looks Like You the Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower Daughters s early music Orchid s later music 194 195 and SeeYouSpaceCowboy 196 Fusion genres Emo pop Main article Emo pop Emo pop or emo pop punk is a subgenre of emo known for its pop music influences more concise songs and hook filled choruses 99 AllMusic describes emo pop as blending youthful angst with slick production and mainstream appeal using high pitched melodies rhythmic guitars and lyrics concerning adolescence relationships and heartbreak 99 The Guardian described emo pop as a cross between saccharine boy band pop and emo 197 nbsp The Get Up Kids at the Bowery Ballroom in 2000 nbsp Fall Out Boy performing in 2006 Emo pop developed during the 1990s Bands like Jawbreaker and Samiam are known for formulating the emo pop punk style 198 According to Nicole Keiper of CMJ New Music Monthly Sense Field s Building 1996 pushed the band into the emo pop camp with the likes of the Get Up Kids and Jejune 199 As emo became commercially successful in the early 2000s emo pop became popular with Jimmy Eat World s 2001 album Bleed American and the success of its single The Middle 99 Jimmy Eat World 99 the Get Up Kids 200 and the Promise Ring 201 also are early emo pop bands The emo pop style of Jimmy Eat World s album Clarity 202 influenced later emo 203 The emo band Braid s 1998 album Frame amp Canvas has been described as emo pop by Blake Butler of AllMusic who gave the Braid album four out of five stars and wrote that Frame amp Canvas proves to be one of Braid s best efforts 204 Emo pop became successful during the late 1990s with its popularity increasing in the early 2000s The Get Up Kids sold over 15 000 copies of their debut album Four Minute Mile 1997 before signing with Vagrant Records The label promoted them sending them on tours to open for Green Day and Weezer 88 Their 1999 album Something to Write Home About reached number 31 on Billboard s Top Heatseekers chart 89 As of May 2 2002 Something to Write Home About sold 134 000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan As emo pop coalesced the Fueled by Ramen label became a center of the movement and signed Fall Out Boy Panic at the Disco and Paramore all of whom had been successful 99 Two regional scenes developed The Florida scene was created by Fueled by Ramen midwest emo pop was promoted by Pete Wentz whose Fall Out Boy rose to the forefront of the style during the mid 2000s 99 205 206 Cash Cash released Take It to the Floor 2008 according to AllMusic it could be the definitive statement of airheaded glittery and content free emo pop 207 the transformation of emo from the expression of intensely felt ripped from the throat feelings played by bands directly influenced by post punk and hardcore to mall friendly Day Glo pop played by kids who look about as authentic as the punks on an old episode of Quincy did back in the 70s was made pretty much complete 207 You Me at Six released their 2008 debut album Take Off Your Colours described by AllMusic s Jon O Brien as follow ing the emo pop for dummies handbook word for word 208 The album was certified gold in the UK 209 nbsp XXXTentacion pictured was influenced by a number of emo and alternative rock artists 210 Emo rap Main article Emo rap Emo rap is a genre that combines emo music with hip hop music 211 The genre began in the mid to late 2010s 211 Although emo rap typically uses regular instruments and sampling is often kept to a bare minimum some artists sample 2000s pop punk and emo songs a fusion first popularized by MC Lars in 2004 212 213 A lot of the sampling is due to the artists who inspired the genre such as Underoath and Brand New 214 and is usually accompanied by original instruments Prominent artists of emo hip hop include Lil Peep 215 XXXTentacion 211 and Nothing Nowhere 216 217 In the mid to late 2010s emo rap broke into the mainstream Deceased rapper XXXTentacion s song Sad peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 30 2018 XXXTentacion also had other mainstream songs His song Moonlight peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 on July 7 2018 his song Changes peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 30 2018 and his song Jocelyn Flores peaked at number 19 on June 30 2018 218 Emo rap musician Lil Uzi Vert s song XO Tour Llif3 peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 219 and the song was certified 6 platinum by the RIAA 220 Although emo rap experienced much mainstream popularity during the mid to late 2010s emo rap musicians Lil Peep and XXXTentacion both died in November 2017 and June 2018 respectively In November 2017 Lil Peep died of a Fentanyl and Xanax overdose 221 In June 2018 XXXTentacion was shot and killed in Florida 222 Fashion and subculture Emo girl redirects here For the Machine Gun Kelly and Willow Smith song see Emo Girl Origins The beginning of emo as a subculture rather than just a style of music dates back to the mid 1990s San Diego screamo scene The scene s bands such as Heroin Antioch Arrow and Swing Kids and participants in this scene were often called spock rock in reference to their black dyed hair with straight fringes 190 As the vocalist of Swing Kids Justin Pearson had choppy spikes protruding from the back of his head alongside straight fringes which was a prototype for the emo haircut 190 During this time emo fashion was clean cut and tended towards geek chic 223 with clothing items like thick rimmed glasses resembling 1950s musician Buddy Holly button down shirts t shirts sweater vests tight jeans converse shoes and cardigans being common 9 After the 1998 release of the music video for New Noise by Swedish hardcore punk band Refused straight black hair with long swooped bangs spread as a common fashion in hardcore punk Refused adopted this haircut alongside black clothing and nail polish 190 In January 2002 the Honolulu Advertiser described emo people as intentionally unshowy these guys often ride bicycles keep diaries write poetry and hang out at coffee shops They prefer art films to Hollywood blockbusters and frequent independent music stores They are usually shy and introspective 223 nbsp Although not an emo band Eighteen Visions fashioncore look was a prototype for 2000s emo fashion Subsequent development Metalcore band Eighteen Visions was the band that expanded the prototype of later emo fashion As many hardcore bands in the 1990s had a hypermasculine image characterized by shaved heads baseball caps and tattoos Eighteen Visions wanted to rebel against this image Inspired by the look of bands like Orgy and Unbroken Eighteen Visions dressed in effeminate fashion including skinny jeans straightened hair swooped bangs black clothes and eyeliner This emphasise on the band s presentation lead to them being derogatorily labeled fashioncore 190 224 Fashioncore became a popular trend in hardcore and metalcore in the early 2000s and other bands labeled as fashioncore included Avenged Sevenfold Bleeding Through and Atreyu 225 226 227 Influenced by the members of Eighteen Visions emos in the early 2000s became increasingly experimental with their hair making use of layers asymmetrical fringes and cutting hair using razorblades Haircuts such as the Bob and the A Line cut were also popular 190 Around 2002 the term scene queen began to be used as a pejorative against attractive popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture Through this term people who participated in the fashioncore influenced style of emo dress began to be termed scene which would eventually develop into its own subculture of emo 190 Moreover early to mid 2000s emo and pop punk bands like My Chemical Romance AFI and Good Charlotte wore black clothes and eyeliner 228 229 230 These bands were often inspired by other bands that adopted a goth look such as the Misfits and the Cure 231 229 232 nbsp Two emo teens Mainstream prevalence Emo fashion in the mid to late 2000s included skinny jeans tight T shirts usually short sleeved and often with the names of emo bands studded belts Converse sneakers Vans and black wristbands 233 234 Thick horn rimmed glasses remained in style to an extent 233 and eye liner and black fingernails became common during the mid 2000s 235 236 The best known facet of emo fashion is its hairstyle flat straight usually jet black hair with long bangs covering much of the face 234 which has been called a fad 234 Emo fashion has been confused with goth 237 and scene fashion 238 As emo became a subculture people who dressed in emo fashion and associated themselves with its music were known as emo kids or emos 234 My Chemical Romance 234 236 Hawthorne Heights 234 AFI 234 Dashboard Confessional 239 Taking Back Sunday 240 Good Charlotte 241 Brand New From First to Last 242 Bullet for My Valentine 243 Story of the Year 244 Funeral for a Friend 245 Silverstein 246 Simple Plan 247 Aiden 235 Fall Out Boy 234 248 The Used 235 Finch 235 Panic at the Disco 247 Paramore 247 Twenty One Pilots 249 The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus 250 and The All American Rejects 251 are all bands that emos are commonly known for listening to Controversy and backlashThe neutrality of this section is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this message Stereotypes Emo has been associated with a stereotype of emotion sensitivity shyness introversion or angst 12 252 253 More controversially stereotypes surrounding the genre included depression self harm and suicide 234 254 in part stoked by depictions of emo fans as a cult by British tabloid Daily Mail 255 Emos and goths were often distinguished by the stereotype that emos hate themselves while goths hate everyone 256 In 2020 The Independent wrote on such stereotypes that emo was singled out for the destructive behaviour of teenagers who d found a home in a subculture that offered them community and a vehicle for self expression 176 Suicide and self harm Main article Suicide in music subculturesFurther information My Chemical Romance Daily Mail controversy In 2008 emo music was blamed for the suicide by hanging of British teenager Hannah Bond by the coroner at her inquest and her mother Heather Bond who suggested that the music and fandom glamorised suicide They suggested Hannah s apparent obsession with My Chemical Romance was linked to her death It was said at the inquest that she was part of an Internet emo cult and an image of an emo girl with bloody wrists was on her Bebo page 257 Hannah reportedly told her parents that her self harm was an emo initiation ceremony 257 Heather Bond criticised emo culture There are emo websites that show pink teddies hanging themselves 257 The coroner s statements were featured in a series of articles in the Daily Mail 255 After they were reported in NME fans of emo music contacted the magazine to deny that it promoted self harm and suicide 258 My Chemical Romance reacted online We have recently learned of the suicide and tragic loss of Hannah Bond We d like to send our condolences to her family during this time of mourning Our hearts and thoughts are with them 259 The band also posted that they are and always have been vocally anti violence and anti suicide 259 The Guardian later described the purported link and subsequent backlash against emo in the 2000s as a moral panic 260 while Kerrang compared it to historic controversies involving Judas Priest and Ozzy Osbourne unduly demonising the subculture and poorly examining mental health issues of young people 255 nbsp Fuck emo graffiti in Mexico Backlash Emo received a lot of backlash during the 2000s Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman said that there was a real backlash by bands on the tour against emo groups but he dismissed the hostility as juvenile 261 The backlash intensified with anti emo groups attacking teenagers in Mexico City Queretaro and Tijuana in 2008 262 263 Legislation was proposed in Russia s Duma regulating emo websites and banning emo attire in schools and government buildings with the subculture perceived as a dangerous teen trend promoting anti social behaviour depression social withdrawal and suicide 264 265 The BBC reported that in March 2012 Shia militias in Iraq shot or beat to death as many as 58 young Iraqi emos 266 Metalheads and punks often were known for hating emos and criticizing the emo subculture 267 Terminology The term emo has been the subject of controversy amongst artists critics and fans alike Some find the label to be loosely defined 268 with the term at times being used to describe any music that expresses emotion 177 The mainstream success of emo and its related subculture caused the term to be conflated with other genres 269 Many bands labeled as emo rejected the emo label In Chris Payne s book Where Are Your Boys Tonight 2023 Bayside vocalist Anthony Raneri stated that he believed emo became a dirty word around the time of its mainstream success in the 2000s He explains this derogatory use of the word derived from hipsters adopting the term to demean rock artists they saw as being not as cool as the popular indie rock groups of the time namely the Strokes 270 My Chemical Romance singer Gerard Way said in 2007 that emo is a pile of shit I think there are bands that we get lumped in with that are considered emo and by default that starts to make us emo All I can say is that anyone actually listening to the records putting the records next to each other and listening to them would know there are actually no similarities 271 Brendon Urie of Panic at the Disco said It s ignorant The stereotype is guys that are weak and have failing relationships write about how sad they are If you listen to our songs not one of them has that tone 272 Adam Lazzara of Taking Back Sunday said he always considered his band rock and roll instead of emo 273 Guitarist of the Get Up Kids Jim Suptic noted the differences between the 2000s mainstream acts when compared to the emo bands of the 1990s saying The punk scene we came out of and the punk scene now are completely different It s like glam rock now We played the Bamboozle fests this year and we felt really out of place If this is the world we helped create then I apologise 274 Vocalist of AFI Davey Havok described emo as such a strange and meaningless word 275 Early emo musicians also have rejected the label Guy Picciotto the vocalist of Rites of Spring said he considers the emo label retarded and always considered Rites of Spring a punk rock band The reason I think it s so stupid is that what like the Bad Brains weren t emotional What they were robots or something It just doesn t make any sense to me 276 Sunny Day Real Estate s members said they consider themselves simply a rock band and said that back in the early days the word emocore was an insult While I don t disrespect anyone for using the term emo core or rock or anything but back in the day emo core was just about the worst dis that you could throw on a band 277 The term mall emo has been used to separate mainstream bands like Paramore Hawthorne Heights My Chemical Romance Panic at the Disco and Fall Out Boy from the less commercially viable bands that proceeded and succeeded them 278 279 280 The term mall emo dates back to around 2002 when many emo fans did not like the change emo was going through at the time when the genre became mainstream 97 Tom Mullen editor of the Anthology of Emo book created the website Washed Up Emo in 2007 in response to the mainstream perceptions of the genre intending to impart information about the genre s history 281 He later created the website Is This Band Emo in 2014 which explains whether various bands are classified under the genre alongside humorous responses 282 283 See alsoList of emo artists SceneReferencesCitations a b c d e f Emo AllMusic Archived from the original on May 14 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 Bryant 2014 p 134 a b Cooper Ryan Post Hardcore A Definition About com Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved July 12 2016 all emo is post hardcore but 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The Mood Swing Vote Slate Archived from the original on December 28 2020 Retrieved February 10 2018 The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus Proves They re Still Leaders of Old School Emo With New EP American Songwriter July 23 2020 Archived from the original on September 27 2021 Retrieved September 27 2021 Kara Connolly Celebrates the Sweet 16 of The All American Rejects Emo Hit Swing Swing with a Pop Ballad Version Rock the Pigeon October 16 2018 Archived from the original on September 27 2021 Retrieved September 27 2021 Bunning Shane June 8 2006 The attack of the clones an emo lution in the fashion industry Newspace School of Journalism and Communication University of Queensland Archived from the original on August 30 2007 Retrieved October 20 2007 Stiernberg Bonnie March 13 2007 What is emo The Daily Illini Archived from the original on October 28 2007 Retrieved October 20 2007 Walsh Jeremy October 18 2007 Bayside takes Manhattan Times Ledger Archived from the original on October 21 2007 Retrieved October 20 2007 a b c We Are Not A Cult Remembering the war on emo Kerrang October 23 2019 Retrieved May 26 2022 About Emo Youth Subculture PDF University of California Los Angeles Archived PDF from the original on October 14 2019 Retrieved April 22 2019 a b c Emo music attacked over teen suicide NME May 8 2008 Archived from the original on April 11 2016 Retrieved April 21 2020 Emo fans defend their music against suicide claims NME May 8 2008 Archived from the original on April 11 2016 Retrieved April 21 2020 a b My Chemical Romance speak about emo suicide NME May 25 2008 Archived from the original on July 30 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 My Chemical Romance how the vilified band turned antipathy into triumph the Guardian May 10 2022 Retrieved May 26 2022 Diehl 2013 p 83 Grillo Ioan March 27 2008 Mexico s Emo Bashing Problem Time Archived from the original on April 11 2014 Retrieved May 12 2009 Emo kids attacked in Mexico and Chile NME March 27 2008 Archived from the original on August 3 2018 Retrieved August 2 2018 Emo to be made illegal in Russia New laws planned to stop dangerous teen trends NME July 23 2008 Archived from the original on August 6 2016 Retrieved September 29 2008 Sean Michaels July 21 2008 Russia wages war on emo kids The Guardian Archived from the original on March 5 2017 Retrieved September 29 2008 Iraqi emo youths reportedly killed by conservative militias BBC March 11 2012 Archived from the original on March 12 2012 Retrieved March 12 2012 Wells Steven April 1 2008 The Mexican emocalypse The Guardian Archived from the original on December 22 2019 Retrieved December 21 2019 The Emo Revival Drudges Up a Genre Debate 34th Street Magazine Archived from the original on October 31 2021 Retrieved October 31 2021 100 Best Emo Songs of All Time February 13 2020 Archived from the original on February 13 2020 Retrieved October 31 2021 Payne Chris 2023 Where Are Your Boys Tonight The Oral History of Emo s Mainstream Explosion 1999 2008 Dey Street Books p 109 ISBN 9780063251281 Our scene was all honesty and grit and basements and connection And that scene was like drugs and sort of the revival of glam rock They were like rock stars They wore ripped clothes they were selling what we were doing But they weren t living it you know That s where emo as a dirty word I feel comes from from hipsters because it s not as cool as the Strokes Nothing s as cool as the Strokes though you know what I mean The Strokes are like the coolest band They just sell cool To this day so many people try to fight off that emo tag It s because of those early 2000s hipsters thinking it s not cool My Chemical Romance brand emo shit NME September 20 2007 Archived from the original on March 27 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 Panic At The Disco declare emo Bullshit The band reject weak stereotype NME October 18 2006 Archived from the original on December 28 2010 Retrieved August 10 2008 Adam Lazzara On Taking Back Sunday Being Classified As Emo I Never Considered Us An Emo Band Rock Sound August 21 2019 Retrieved August 24 2022 If this is the world we helped create then I apologise the Get up Kids Get Back In Depth Drowned in Sound Archived from the original on November 3 2019 Retrieved October 31 2021 Davey Havok on the Insulting Term Emo and Why AFI Will Probably Stay Together Til They re as Old as the Rolling Stones January 31 2017 Archived from the original on August 25 2018 Retrieved October 31 2021 Prindle Mark Guy Picciotto interview Retrieved August 24 2022 Sunny Day Real Estate Talks About the Emo Core Tag MTV November 12 1998 Retrieved August 24 2022 Oh So Emo Panel Archived from the original on October 31 2021 Retrieved October 31 2021 Sellout The Major Label Feeding Frenzy That Swept Punk Emo and Hardcore 1994 2007 by Dan Ozzi 377 PGS Razorcake Archived from the original on October 31 2021 Retrieved October 31 2021 The beginner s guide to the evolution of emo NME April 30 2018 Archived from the original on August 13 2018 Retrieved August 13 2018 Sayles Justin July 26 2022 Meet the Man Trying to Move Emo Beyond Its Hair Metal Past The Ringer Archived from the original on July 26 2022 Retrieved February 6 2024 Sayles Justin July 25 2022 The Slightly Abridged Dictionary of Emo The Ringer Archived from the original on July 25 2022 Retrieved February 6 2024 Coplan Chris January 22 2015 Is your favorite band emo This website has the answer Consequence Archived from the original on January 23 2015 Retrieved February 6 2024 Bibliography Adler Patricia A Adler Peter 2011 The Tender Cut Inside the Hidden World of Self Injury NYU Press ISBN 9780814705186 Azerrad Michael 2001 Our Band Could Be Your Life Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981 1991 New York City New York U S Little Brown and Company ISBN 978 0 316 78753 6 Blush Steven 2001 American Hardcore A Tribal History New York City New York U S Feral House ISBN 978 0 922915 71 2 Bryant Tom 2014 Not the Life It Seems The True Lives of My Chemical Romance Da Capo Press ISBN 978 0 306 82350 3 Diehl Matt 2013 My So Called Punk Green Day Fall Out Boy The Distillers Bad Religion How Neo Punk Stage Dived into the Mainstream St Martin s Griffin ISBN 9781466853065 Greenwald Andy 2003 Nothing Feels Good Punk Rock Teenagers and Emo New York City New York U S St Martin s Griffin ISBN 978 0 312 30863 6 Hansen Mark Victor 2009 The Richest Kids in America Hay House Inc ISBN 9781401937256 Luerssen John D 2004 Rivers Edge The Weezer Story Toronto Ontario Canada ECW Press ISBN 978 1 55022 619 5 Sawyer Sarah 2008 Fall Out Boy The Rosen Publishing Group ISBN 9781404218192 Shuker Roy 2017 Popular Music The Key Concepts Routledge ISBN 9781317189534 Walker Matt 2016 Gainesville Punk A History of Bands amp Music Arcadia Publishing ISBN 9781626197671 External links nbsp Media related to Emo at Wikimedia Commons Album by album emo timeline at Wondering Sound Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emo amp oldid 1218646489 Fashion and subculture, 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