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Wikipedia

Music video

A music video is a video of variable duration, that integrates a music song or a music album with imagery that is produced for promotional or musical artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a music marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings.

Although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared, they again came into prominence when Paramount Global's MTV based its format around the medium. These kinds of videos were described by various terms including "illustrated song", "filmed insert", "promotional (promo) film", "promotional clip", "promotional video", "song video", "song clip", "film clip" or simply "video".

Music videos use a wide range of styles and contemporary video-making techniques, including animation, live-action, documentary, and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film. Combining these styles and techniques has become more popular due to the variety for the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the song's lyrics, while others take a more thematic approach. Other music videos may not have any concept, being only a filmed version of the song's live concert performance.[1]

History and development

In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various artists to promote sales of their song "The Little Lost Child".[2] Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of still images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a popular form of entertainment known as the illustrated song, the first step toward music video.[2]

Talkies, soundies, and shorts

With the arrival of "talkies" many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts (produced by Warner Bros.) featured many bands, vocalists, and dancers. Animation artist Max Fleischer introduced a series of sing-along short cartoons called Screen Songs, which invited audiences to sing along to popular songs by "following the bouncing ball", which is similar to a modern karaoke machine. Early cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, which featured several interpretations of classical pieces, were built around music. The Warner Bros. cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Bros. musical films. Live-action musical shorts, featuring such popular artists as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters.

Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a two-reel short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period.

Soundies, produced and released for the Panoram film jukebox, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos.

Musician Louis Jordan made short films for his songs, some of which were spliced together into a feature film, Lookout Sister. These films were, according to music historian Donald Clarke, the "ancestors" of music video.[3]

 
Musicals of the 1950s led to short-form music videos

Musical films were another important precursor to a music video, and several well-known music videos have imitated the style of classic Hollywood musicals from the 1930s–50s. One of the best-known examples is Madonna's 1985 video for "Material Girl" (directed by Mary Lambert)[4] which was closely modelled on Jack Cole's staging of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Several of Michael Jackson's videos show the unmistakable influence of the dance sequences in classic Hollywood musicals, including the landmark "Thriller" and the Martin Scorsese-directed "Bad", which was influenced by the stylized dance "fights" in the film version of West Side Story.[5] According to the Internet Accuracy Project, DJ/singer J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson was the first to coin the phrase "music video", in 1959.[6]

In his autobiography, Tony Bennett claims to have created "...the first music video" when he was filmed walking along the Serpentine in Hyde Park, London, with the resulting clip being set to his recording of the song "Stranger in Paradise".[7] The clip was sent to UK and US television stations and aired on shows including Dick Clark's American Bandstand.[8]

The oldest example of a promotional music video with similarities to more abstract, modern videos seems to be the Czechoslovakia "Dáme si do bytu" ("Let's get to the apartment") created and directed by Ladislav Rychman.[9][10]

1960–1973: Promotional clips

In the late 1950s[11] the Scopitone, a visual jukebox, was introduced in France and short films were produced by many French artists, such as Serge Gainsbourg, Françoise Hardy, Jacques Dutronc, and the Belgian Jacques Brel to accompany their songs. Its use spread to other countries, and similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and Color-sonic in the U.S. were patented.[11] In 1961, for the Canadian-produced show Singalong Jubilee, Manny Pittson began pre-recording the music audio, went on-location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip-synching, then edited the audio and video together. Most music numbers were taped in-studio on stage, and the location shoot "videos" were to add variety.[12] In 1964, Kenneth Anger's experimental short film, Scorpio Rising used popular songs instead of dialogue.

In 1964, The Moody Blues producer Alex Murray wanted to promote his version of "Go Now". The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual style that predates Queen's similar "Bohemian Rhapsody" video by a full decade. It also predates what the Beatles did with promotional films of their single "Paperback Writer" and B-Side "Rain" both released in 1966.

Also in 1964, the Beatles starred in their first feature film, A Hard Day's Night, directed by Richard Lester. Shot in black-and-white and presented as a mock documentary, it interspersed comedic and dialogue sequences with musical tones. The musical sequences furnished basic templates on which numerous subsequent music videos were modeled. It was the direct model for the successful US TV series The Monkees (1966–1968), which was similarly composed of film segments that were created to accompany various Monkees songs.[13] The Beatles' second feature, Help! (1965), was a much more lavish affair, filmed in color in London and on international locations. The title track sequence, filmed in black-and-white, is arguably one of the prime archetypes of the modern performance-style music video, employing rhythmic cross-cutting, contrasting long shots and close-ups, and unusual shots and camera angles, such as the shot 50 seconds into the song, in which George Harrison's left hand and the neck of his guitar are seen in sharp focus in the foreground while the completely out-of-focus figure of John Lennon sings in the background.

In 1965, the Beatles began making promotional clips (then known as "filmed inserts") for distribution and broadcast in different countries—primarily the U.S.—so they could promote their record releases without having to make in-person appearances. Their first batch of promo films shot in late 1965 (including their then-current single, "Day Tripper"/"We Can Work It Out"), were fairly straightforward mimed-in-studio performance pieces (albeit sometimes in silly sets) and meant to blend in fairly seamlessly with television shows like Top of the Pops and Hullabaloo. By the time the Beatles stopped touring in late 1966, their promotional films, like their recordings, had become highly sophisticated. In May 1966 they filmed two sets of colour promotional clips for their current single "Rain"/"Paperback Writer" all directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg,[14] who went on to direct The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus and the Beatles' final film, Let It Be. The colour promotional clips for "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "Penny Lane", made in early 1967 and directed by Peter Goldman,[15] took the promotional film format to a new level. They used techniques borrowed from underground and avant-garde film, including reversed film and slow motion, dramatic lighting, unusual camera angles, and color filtering added in post-production. At the end of 1967 the group released their third film, the one hour, made-for-television project Magical Mystery Tour; it was written and directed by the group and first broadcast on the BBC on Boxing Day 1967. Although poorly received at the time for lacking a narrative structure, it showed the group to be adventurous music filmmakers in their own right.

 
The Beatles in Help!

Concert films were being released in the mid-1960s, at least as early as 1964, with the T.A.M.I. Show.

The monochrome 1965 clip for Bob Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" filmed by D. A. Pennebaker was featured in Pennebaker's Dylan film documentary Dont Look Back. Eschewing any attempt to simulate performance or present a narrative, the clip shows Dylan standing in a city back alley, silently shuffling a series of large cue cards (bearing key words from the song's lyrics).

Besides the Beatles, many other UK artists made "filmed inserts" so they could be screened on TV when the bands were not available to appear live. The Who featured in several promotional clips, beginning with their 1965 clip for "I Can't Explain". Their plot clip for "Happy Jack" (1966) shows the band acting like a gang of thieves. The promo film to "Call Me Lightning" (1968) tells a story of how drummer Keith Moon came to join the group: The other three band members are having tea inside what looks like an abandoned hangar when suddenly a "bleeding box" arrives, out of which jumps a fast-running, time lapse, Moon that the other members subsequently try to get a hold of in a sped-up slapstick chasing sequence to wind him down. Pink Floyd produced promotional films for their songs, including "San Francisco: Film", directed by Anthony Stern, "Scarecrow", "Arnold Layne" and "Interstellar Overdrive", the latter directed by Peter Whitehead, who also made several pioneering clips for The Rolling Stones between 1966 and 1968. The Kinks made one of the first "plot" promotional clips for a song. For their single "Dead End Street" (1966) a miniature comic movie was made. The BBC reportedly refused to air the clip because it was considered to be in "poor taste".[16]

The Rolling Stones appeared in many promotional clips for their songs in the 1960s. In 1966, Peter Whitehead directed two promo clips for their single "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing In The Shadow?"[17] In 1967, Whitehead directed a plot clip colour promo clip for the Stones single "We Love You", which first aired in August 1967.[18] This clip featured sped-up footage of the group recording in the studio, intercut with a mock trial that clearly alludes to the drug prosecutions of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards underway at that time. Jagger's girlfriend Marianne Faithfull appears in the trial scenes and presents the "judge" (Richards) with what may be the infamous fur rug that had featured so prominently in the press reports of the drug bust at Richards' house in early 1967. When it is pulled back, it reveals an apparently naked Jagger with chains around his ankles. The clip concludes with scenes of the Stones in the studio intercut with footage that had previously been used in the "concert version" promo clip for "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby". The group also filmed a color promo clip for the song "2000 Light Years From Home" (from their album Their Satanic Majesties Request) directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.[17] In 1968, Michael Lindsay-Hogg directed three clips for their single "Jumpin' Jack Flash" / "Child Of The Moon"—a color clip for "Child Of The Moon" and two different clips for "Jumpin' Jack Flash". In 1968, they collaborated with Jean-Luc Godard on the film Sympathy for the Devil, which mixed Godard's politics with documentary footage of the song's evolution during recording sessions.

In 1966, Nancy Sinatra filmed a clip for her song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'". Roy Orbison appeared in promotional clips, such as his 1968 hit, "Walk On".[19]

During late 1972–73 David Bowie featured in a series of promotional films directed by pop photographer Mick Rock, who worked extensively with Bowie in this period. Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles—"John, I'm Only Dancing" (May 1972), "The Jean Genie" (November 1972), the December 1972 US re-release of "Space Oddity" and the 1973 release of the single "Life on Mars?" (lifted from Bowie's earlier album Hunky Dory). The clip for "John, I'm Only Dancing" was made with a budget of just US$200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie's Rainbow Theatre concert on August 19, 1972. It shows Bowie and band mimicking to the record intercut with footage of the Lindsay Kemp mime troupe, dancing on stage and behind a back-lit screen. The clip was turned down by the BBC, who reportedly found the homosexual overtones of the film distasteful, accordingly Top of the Pops replaced it with footage of bikers and a dancer.[20] The "Jean Genie" clip, produced for just US$350, was shot in one day and edited in less than two days. It intercuts footage of Bowie and band in concert with contrasting footage of the group in a photographic studio, wearing black stage outfits, and standing against a white background. It also includes location footage with Bowie and Cyrinda Foxe (a MainMan employee and a friend of David and Angie Bowie) shot in San Francisco outside the famous Mars Hotel, with Fox posing provocatively in the street while Bowie lounges against the wall, smoking.[21]

Country music also picked up on the trend of promotional film clips to publicize songs. Sam Lovullo, the producer of the television series Hee Haw, explained his show presented "what were, in reality, the first musical videos",[22] while JMI Records made the same claim with Don Williams' 1973 song "The Shelter of Your Eyes".[23] Country music historian Bob Millard wrote that JMI had pioneered the country music video concept by "producing a 3-minute film" to go along with Williams' song.[23] Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show's staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers, before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song. "The video material was a very workable production item for the show," he wrote. "It provided picture stories for songs. However, some of our guests felt the videos took attention away from their live performances, which they hoped would promote record sales. If they had a hit song, they didn't want to play it under comic barnyard footage." The concept's mixed reaction eventually spelled an end to the "video" concept on Hee Haw.[22] Promotional films of country music songs, however, continued to be produced.

1974–1980: Beginnings of music television

The Australian TV shows Countdown and Sounds, both of which premiered in 1974, were significant in developing and popularizing what would later become the music video genre in Australia and other countries, and in establishing the importance of promotional film clips as a means of promoting both emerging acts and new releases by established acts. In early 1974, former radio DJ Graham Webb launched a weekly teen-oriented TV music show which screened on Sydney's ATN-7 on Saturday mornings; this was renamed Sounds Unlimited in 1975 and later shortened simply to Sounds. In need of material for the show, Webb approached Seven newsroom staffer Russell Mulcahy and asked him to shoot film footage to accompany popular songs for which there were no purpose-made clips (e.g. Harry Nilsson's "Everybody's Talkin"). Using this method, Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of about 25 clips for the show. The success of his early efforts encouraged Mulcahy to quit his TV job and become a full-time director, and he made clips for several popular Australian acts including Stylus, Marcia Hines, Hush and AC/DC.[24] As it gained popularity, Countdown talent coordinator Ian "Molly" Meldrum and producer Michael Shrimpton quickly realized that "film clips" were becoming an important new commodity in music marketing. Despite the show's minuscule budget, Countdown's original director Paul Drane was able to create several memorable music videos especially for the show, including the classic film-clips for the AC/DC hits "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" and "Jailbreak".[24] After relocating to the UK in the mid-1970s, Mulcahy made successful promo films for several noted British pop acts—his early UK credits included XTC's "Making Plans for Nigel" (1979) and his landmark video clip for The Buggles' "Video Killed the Radio Star" (1979), which became the first music video played on MTV in 1981.[25]

 
Footage of Freddie Mercury in the "Bohemian Rhapsody" music video during a Queen + Adam Lambert concert at the United Center, Chicago

In 1975, Queen employed Bruce Gowers to make a promotional video to show their new single "Bohemian Rhapsody" on the BBC music series Top of the Pops. According to rock historian Paul Fowles, the song is "widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy".[26] Rolling Stone has said of "Bohemian Rhapsody": "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven [sic] years before MTV went on the air."[27]

At the end of the 1970s, the broadcasting of music videos on television became more and more regular, in several countries. The music videos are, for example, broadcast in weekly music programs or inserted into various programs. In the United States, for example, on terrestrial networks at the end of the 1970s, music videos were sometimes broadcast on music shows: The Midnight Special, Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, and occasionally on certain talk shows.[28]

Video Concert Hall, created by Jerry Crowe and Charles Henderson and launched on November 1, 1979, was the first nationwide video music programming on American cable television, predating MTV by almost two years.[29][30][31][32] The USA Cable Network program Night Flight was one of the first American programs to showcase these videos as an art form.

In 1980, the music video to David Bowie's "Ashes to Ashes" became the most expensive ever made, having a production cost of $582,000 (equivalent to $1.91 million in 2021), the first music video to have a production cost of over $500,000.[33] The video was made in solarized color with stark black-and-white scenes and was filmed in different locations, including a padded room and a rocky shore.[34] The video became one of the most iconic ever made at the time, and its complex nature is seen as significant in the evolution of the music video.

The same year, the New Zealand group Split Enz had major success with the single "I Got You" and the album True Colours, and later that year they produced a complete set of promo clips for each song on the album (directed by their percussionist, Noel Crombie) and to market these on videocassette. This was followed a year later by the video album, The Completion Backward Principle by The Tubes, directed by the group's keyboard player, Michael Cotten, which included two videos directed by Russell Mulcahy ("Talk to Ya Later" and "Don't Want to Wait Anymore").[35] Among the first music videos were clips produced by ex-Monkee Michael Nesmith, who started making short musical films for Saturday Night Live.[13] In 1981, he released Elephant Parts, the first winner of a Grammy for music video, directed by William Dear. Billboard credits[29] the independently produced Video Concert Hall as being the first with nationwide video music programming on American television.[30][31][32]

1981–1991: Music videos go mainstream

In 1981, the U.S. video channel MTV launched, airing "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles and beginning an era of 24-hour-a-day music on television. With this new outlet for material, the music video would, by the mid-1980s, grow to play a central role in popular music marketing. Many important acts of this period, most notably Michael Jackson, Adam and the Ants, Duran Duran and Madonna, owed a great deal of their success to the skillful construction and seductive appeal of their videos.

Two key innovations in the development of the modern music video were the development of relatively inexpensive and easy-to-use video recording and editing equipment, and the development of visual effects created with techniques such as image compositing.[citation needed] The advent of high-quality color videotape recorders and portable video cameras coincided with the DIY ethos of the new wave era,[citation needed] enabling much pop acts to produce promotional videos quickly and cheaply, in comparison to the relatively high costs of using film. However, as the genre developed, music video directors increasingly turned to 35mm film as the preferred medium, while others mixed film and video. During the 1980s, music videos had become de rigueur for most recording artists. The phenomenon was famously parodied by BBC television comedy program Not The Nine O'Clock News who produced a spoof music video "Nice Video, Shame About The Song" (the title was a spoof of a recent pop hit "Nice Legs, Shame About Her Face").

In this period, directors and the acts they worked with began to discover and expand the form and style of the genre, using more sophisticated effects in their videos, mixing film and video, and adding a storyline or plot to the music video. Occasionally videos were made in a non-representational form, in which the musical artist was not shown. Because music videos are mainly intended to promote the artist, such videos are comparatively rare; three early 1980s examples are Bruce Springsteen's "Atlantic City", directed by Arnold Levine, David Mallet's video for David Bowie and Queen's "Under Pressure", and Ian Emes' video for Duran Duran's "The Chauffeur". One notable later example of the non-representational style is Bill Konersman's innovative 1987 video for Prince's "Sign o' the Times"[36] – influenced by Dylan's "Subterranean Homesick Blues" clip, it featured only the text of the song's lyrics.

In the early 1980s, music videos also began to discover political and social themes. Examples include the music videos for David Bowie's "China Girl" and "Let's Dance" (1983) which both discussed race issues.[37] In a 1983 interview, Bowie spoke about the importance of using music videos in addressing social issues, "Let's try to use the video format as a platform for some kind of social observation, and not just waste it on trotting out and trying to enhance the public image of the singer involved".[38]

In 1983, one of the most successful, influential and iconic music videos of all time was released: the nearly 14-minute-long video for Michael Jackson's song "Thriller", directed by John Landis. The video set new standards for production, having cost US $800,000 to film.[39][40] The video for "Thriller", along with earlier videos by Jackson for his songs "Billie Jean" and "Beat It", were instrumental in getting music videos by African-American artists played on MTV. Prior to Jackson's success, videos by African-American artists were rarely played on MTV: according to MTV, this was because it initially conceived itself as a rock-music-oriented channel, although musician Rick James was outspoken in his criticism of the cable channel, claiming in 1983 that MTV's refusal to air the music video for his song "Super Freak" and clips by other African-American performers was "blatant racism".[41] British rock singer David Bowie had also recently lashed out against MTV during an interview that he did with them prior to the release of "Thriller", stating that he was "floored" by how much MTV neglected black artists, bringing attention to how videos by the "few black artists that one does see" only appeared on MTV between 2:00 a.m. until 6:00 a.m. when nobody was watching.[42]

MTV also influences music video shows aired on other American TV channels, such as: Friday Night Videos, launched in 1983 on the terrestrial network NBC and MV3 launched in 1982.

On March 5, 1983, Country Music Television (CMT), was launched,[43] created and founded by Glenn D. Daniels and uplinked from the Video World Productions facility in Hendersonville, Tennessee. The MuchMusic video channel was launched in Canada in 1984. In 1984, MTV also launched the MTV Video Music Awards (later to be known as the VMAs), an annual awards event that would come to underscore MTV's importance in the music industry. The inaugural event rewarded the Beatles and David Bowie with the Video Vanguard Award for their work in pioneering the music video.

In 1985, MTV's Viacom launched the channel VH1 (then known as "VH-1: Video Hits One"), featuring softer music, and meant to cater to the slightly older baby-boomer demographic who were out-growing MTV. Internationally, MTV Europe was launched in 1987, and MTV Asia in 1991. Another important development in music videos was the launch of The Chart Show on the UK's Channel 4 in 1986. This was a program that composed entirely of music videos (the only outlet many videos had on British TV at the time[44]), with no presenters. Instead, the videos were linked by then state of the art computer graphics. The show moved to ITV in 1989.

The video for the 1985 Dire Straits song "Money for Nothing" made pioneering use of computer animation, and helped make the song an international hit. The song itself was a wry comment on the music-video phenomenon, sung from the point of view of an appliance deliveryman both drawn to and repelled by the outlandish images and personalities that appeared on MTV. In 1986, Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer" used special effects and animation techniques developed by British studio Aardman Animations. The video for "Sledgehammer" would go on to be a phenomenal success[45] and win nine MTV Video Music Awards. In the same year, Kraftwerk released the song Musique Non Stop. The video featured 3D animations of the group. It was a collaboration with Rebecca Allen of the New York Institute of Technology and ran continuously on MTV for a while.[46]

In 1988, the show Yo! MTV Raps introduced; the show helped to bring hip hop music to a mass audience for the first time.

1992–2004: Rise of the directors

In November 1992, MTV began listing to Chris Cunningham, Michel Gondry, Spike Jonze, Floria Sigismondi,[47] Stéphane Sednaoui, Mark Romanek and Hype Williams all got their start around this time; all brought a unique vision and style to the videos they directed. Some of these directors, including, Gondry, Jonze, Sigismondi,[48] and F. Gary Gray, went on to direct feature films. This continued a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as Lasse Hallström and David Fincher.

Two of the videos directed by Romanek in 1995 are notable for being two of the three most expensive music videos of all time: Michael and Janet Jackson's "Scream", which allegedly cost $7 million to produce, and Madonna's "Bedtime Story", which cost a reported $5 million. From this, "Scream" is the most expensive video to date. In the mid to late 1990s, Walter Stern directed "Firestarter" by The Prodigy, "Bitter Sweet Symphony" by The Verve, and "Teardrop" by Massive Attack.[49][50]

During this period, MTV launched channels around the world to show music videos produced in each local market: MTV Latin America in 1993, MTV India in 1996, and MTV Mandarin in 1997, among others. MTV2, originally called "M2" and meant to show more alternative and older music videos, debuted in 1996.

In 1999 Mariah Carey's "Heartbreaker" became one of the most expensive ever made, costing over $2.5 million.[51]

From 1991 to 2001, Billboard had its own Music Video Awards.

2005–present: Music video downloads and streaming

A video promoting Spoon's album Spacey Boy and Sadness Girl.

The website iFilm, which hosted short videos including music videos, launched in 1997. Napster, a peer-to-peer file sharing service which ran between 1999 and 2001, enabled users to share video files, including those for music videos. By the mid-2000s, MTV and many of its sister channels had largely abandoned showing music videos in favor of reality TV shows, which were more popular with its audiences, and which MTV had itself helped to pioneer with the show The Real World, which premiered in 1992.

2005 saw the launch of YouTube, which made the viewing of online video much faster and easier; Google Videos, Yahoo! Video, Facebook and Myspace's video functionality use similar technology. Such websites had a profound effect on the viewing of music videos; some artists began to see success as a result of videos seen mostly or entirely online. The band OK Go capitalized on the growing trend, having achieved fame through the videos for two of their songs, "A Million Ways" in 2005 and "Here It Goes Again" in 2006, both of which first became well-known online (OK Go repeated the trick with another high-concept video in 2010, for their song "This Too Shall Pass").

At its launch, Apple's iTunes Store provided a section of free music videos in high quality compression to be watched via the iTunes application. More recently the iTunes Store has begun selling music videos for use on Apple's iPod with video playback capability.

The 2008 video for Weezer's "Pork and Beans" also captured this trend, by including at least 20 YouTube celebrities; the single became the most successful of Weezer's career, in chart performance. In 2007, the RIAA issued cease-and-desist letters to YouTube users to prevent single users from sharing videos, which are the property of the music labels. After its merger with Google, YouTube assured the RIAA that they would find a way to pay royalties through a bulk agreement with the major record labels.[citation needed] This was complicated by the fact that not all labels share the same policy toward music videos: some welcome the development and upload music videos to various online outlets themselves, viewing music videos as free advertising for their artists, while other labels view music videos not as an advertisement, but as the product itself.

To further signify the change in direction towards Music Video airplay, MTV officially dropped the Music Television tagline on February 8, 2010 from their logo in response to their increased commitment to non-scripted reality programming and other youth-oriented entertainment rising in prominence on their live broadcast.[52]

Vevo, a music video service launched by several major music publishers, debuted in December 2009.[53] The videos on Vevo are syndicated to YouTube, with Google and Vevo sharing the advertising revenue.[54]

As of 2017, the most-watched English-language video on YouTube was "Shape of You" by Ed Sheeran. As of 2018, the most-watched remix video on YouTube was "Te Bote" by Casper Mágico featuring Nio García, Darell, Nicky Jam, Bad Bunny, and Ozuna.

Official lo-fi Internet music clips

Following the shift toward internet broadcasting and the rising popularity of user-generated video sites such as YouTube around 2006, various independent filmmakers began films recording live sessions to present on the Web. Examples of this new way of creating and presenting a music video include Vincent Moon's work with The Take-Away Shows; In the Van sessions, a similar platform;[55] and the Dutch VPRO 3VOOR12, which puts out music videos recorded in elevators and other small, guerrilla filmmaking type locations in a similar tradition called Behind.[56] All of these swiftly recorded clips are made with minimal budgets and share similar aesthetics with the lo-fi music movement of the early nineties. Offering freedom from the increasingly burdensome financial requirements of high-production movie-like clips, it began as the only method for little-known indie music artists to present themselves to a wider audience, but increasingly this approach has been taken up by such major mainstream artists as R.E.M. and Tom Jones.[57]

Vertical videos

In the late 2010s, some artists began releasing alternative vertical videos tailored to mobile devices in addition to music videos; these vertical videos are generally platform-exclusive.[58] These vertical videos are often shown on Snapchat's "Discover" section or within Spotify playlists.[59] Early adopters of vertical video releases include the number-one hits "Havana" by Camila Cabello and "Girls Like You" by Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B. "Idontwannabeyouanymore" by Billie Eilish is the most-watched vertical video on YouTube.

Lyric videos

A lyric video is a type of music video in which the lyrics to the song are the primary visual element of the video. As such, they can be created with relative ease and often serve as a supplemental video to a more traditional music video.

The music video for R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Fall on Me" interspersed the song's lyrics with abstract film footage. In 1987, Prince released a video for his song "Sign o' the Times". The video featured the song's words pulsing to the music, presented alongside abstract geometric shapes, an effect created by Bill Konersman.[60][61] The following year, the video for the Talking Heads single "(Nothing But) Flowers" composed of the song's lyrics superimposed onto or next to members of the band, was released. In 1990, George Michael released "Praying for Time" as a lyric video. He had refused to make a traditional music video, so his label released a simple clip that displayed the song's lyrics on a black screen.[62]

Lyric videos rose to greater prominence in the 2010s, when it became relatively easy for artists to disperse videos through websites such as YouTube.[63] Many do not feature any visual related to the musician in question, but merely a background with the lyrics appearing over it as they are sung in the song.[63] In 2011, death metal band Krokmitën released the first lyric video for an entire album, "Alpha-Beta".[64] The concept album video featured imagery pulsing to the music and stylized typography created by bandleader Simlev. The 2016 song "Closer" by The Chainsmokers, featuring vocalist Halsey, is the most-watched lyric video on YouTube.[citation needed]

Censorship

As the concept and medium of a music video is a form of artistic expression, artists have been on many occasions censored if their content is deemed offensive. What may be considered offensive will differ in countries due to censorship laws and local customs and ethics. In most cases, the record label will provide and distribute videos edited or provide both censored and uncensored videos for an artist. In some cases, it has been known for music videos to be banned in their entirety as they have been deemed far too offensive to be broadcast.

1980s

The first video to be banned by MTV was Queen's 1982 hit "Body Language". Due to thinly veiled homoerotic undertones plus much skin and sweat (but apparently not enough clothing, save that worn by the fully clothed members of Queen themselves), it was deemed unsuitable for a television audience at the time. However, the channel did air Olivia Newton-John's 1981 video for the hit song "Physical", which lavished camera time on male models working out in string bikinis who spurn her advances, ultimately pairing off to walk to the men's locker rooms holding hands, though the network ended the clip before the overt homosexual "reveal" ending in some airings. The video for "Girls on Film" by Duran Duran, which featured topless women mud wrestling and other depictions of sexual fetishes was banned by the BBC. MTV did air the video, albeit in a heavily edited form.

Laura Branigan initially protested an MTV request to edit her "Self Control" video in 1984, but relented when the network refused to air the William Friedkin-directed clip, featuring the singer lured through an increasingly debauched, if increasingly stylized, series of nightclubs by a masked man who ultimately takes her to bed. In 1989, Cher's "If I Could Turn Back Time" video (where the singer performs the song in an extremely revealing body suit surrounded by a ship full of cheering sailors) was restricted to late-night broadcasts on MTV. The Sex Pistols' video for "God Save the Queen" was banned by the BBC for being "in gross bad taste". Mötley Crüe's video for "Girls, Girls, Girls" was banned by MTV for having completely nude women dancing around the members of the band in a strip club, although they did produce another version that was accepted by MTV.

In 1983, Entertainment Tonight ran a segment on censorship and "Rock Video Violence".[65] The episode explored the impact of MTV rock video violence on the youth of the early 1980s. Excerpts from the music videos of Michael Jackson, Duran Duran, Golden Earring, Kiss, Kansas, Billy Idol, Def Leppard, Pat Benatar and The Rolling Stones were shown. Dr. Thomas Radecki of the National Coalition on TV Violence was interviewed accusing the fledgling rock video business of excessive violence. Night Tracks' producer Tom Lynch weighed in on the effects of the video violence controversy. Recording artists John Cougar Mellencamp, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of Kiss, along with directors Dominic Orlando and Julien Temple, provided a defense of their work. The episode's conclusion was that the controversy will continue to grow. Some artists have used censorship as a publicity tool. In the 1980s, the show Top of the Pops was censorious in its approach to video content, so some acts made videos that they knew would be censored, using the resulting public controversy to promote their release. Examples of this tactic were Duran Duran's aforementioned "Girls on Film" and Frankie Goes to Hollywood with "Relax", directed by Bernard Rose.

1990s

In 1991, the dance segment of Michael Jackson's "Black or White" was edited out because it showed Jackson "inappropriately" touching himself in it. His most controversial video, for "They Don't Care About Us", was banned from MTV, VH1, and BBC due to the alleged anti-Semitic messages in the song and the visuals in the background of the "Prison Version" of the video.[66]

Madonna is the artist most associated with music video censorship. The controversy surrounding Madonna's marketing of her sexuality began with the video for "Lucky Star", and amplified over time due to clips such as "Like a Virgin". Outcry occurred over the subject matter (relating to teenage pregnancy) discussed in the video for the song "Papa Don't Preach". "Like a Prayer" courted heavy criticism due to its religious, sexual, and racially oriented imagery. In 1990, Madonna's music video for the song "Justify My Love" was banned by MTV due to its depiction of sadomasochism, homosexuality, cross-dressing, and group sex which generated a media firestorm. In Canada, the debate over the banning of "Justify My Love" by the music video network MuchMusic led to the launching in 1991 of Too Much 4 Much, a series of occasional, late-night specials (still being aired in the early 2000s) in which videos officially banned by MuchMusic were broadcast, followed by a panel discussion regarding why they were removed.

In 1992, The Shamen's video for the song "Ebeneezer Goode" was banned by the BBC due to its perceived subliminal endorsement of the recreational drug Ecstasy.[67] The Prodigy's 1997 video for "Smack My Bitch Up" was banned in some countries due to depictions of drug use and nudity. The Prodigy's video for "Firestarter" was banned by the BBC due to its references to arson.[68]

In 1993, the Australian rock band INXS' song "The Gift" was banned by MTV due to its use of Holocaust and Gulf War footage, among images of famine, pollution, war, and terrorism. As well as this, metal band Tool's music video for "Prison Sex" was banned from MTV, as the video and lyrics touch on the sensitive matter of child abuse.

2000s

In 2000, the music video for "Rock DJ" by Robbie Williams caused controversy due to the graphic nature of the video which features Williams stripping naked then peeling off his skin to reveal bloody flesh, followed by ripping off his muscles and organs until he is nothing but a blood-soaked skeleton. The video was censored in the UK during daytime hours and was broadcast unedited after 10 pm. The video was banned in Dominican Republic due to allegations of satanism.[69]

In 2001, Björk's video for "Pagan Poetry" was banned from MTV for depictions of sexual intercourse, fellatio, and body piercings. Her next single, "Cocoon", was also banned by MTV as it featured a nude Björk (though the nude body was usually a fitted bodysuit rigged with red string).

In 2002, t.A.T.u.'s video for "All the Things She Said" caused controversy as it featured the young Russian girls, Lena Katina and Yulia Volkova, embracing and eventually kissing. British TV presenters Richard and Judy campaigned to have the video banned claiming it pandered to “pedophiles” with the use of school uniforms and young girls kissing, although the campaign failed. Capitalizing on the controversy, the kiss was choreographed into their live performances. Top of the Pops aired the girls' performance with the kiss replaced by audience footage. NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno cut away from the girls' kiss to shots of the band. Throughout their promotional tour, t.A.T.u. protested by appearing in shirts reading "censored".

In 2004, Maroon 5's video for "This Love" generated controversy due to intimate scenes between the frontman Adam Levine and his then-girlfriend. Despite those particular scenes being shot at strategic angles, a censored version was released with a stream of computer-generated flowers added in to cover up more. The video for "(s)AINT" by Marilyn Manson was banned by their label due to its violence and sexual content. The following year, Eminem's video for "Just Lose It" caused controversy over its parody of Michael Jackson's 2005 child molestation trial, plastic surgery, and hair catching fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial. The video was banned from BET, and Jackson spoke out against the video, calling it "inappropriate and disrespectful to me, my children, my family, and the community at large". In 2004, many family groups and politicians lobbied for the banning of the Eric Prydz video "Call on Me" for containing women dancing in a sexually suggestive way; however, the video was not banned.

As of 2005, the Egyptian state censorship committee banned at least 20 music videos which featured sexual connotations due to Muslim moral viewpoints.[70] The music video of "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" which featured Jessica Simpson in character as Daisy Duke, was controversial for featuring Simpson in "revealing" outfits and washing the General Lee car in her bikini.[71] The controversy resulted in the music video being banned in some countries.[72]

In 2008, Justice's video for their song "Stress" was boycotted by several major music television channels due to allegations of racism and violence; the video depicts several youths committing different crimes throughout the streets of Paris, with the youths mainly being of North African descent.[73]

While country music has largely avoided controversy surrounding video content, it has never been immune. The music video for the 2003 Rascal Flatts song "I Melt" is a case in point, gaining notoriety for clips featuring guitarist Joe Don Rooney's bare butt, and model Christina Auria taking a shower nude.[74] The video was the first aired on CMT to show nudity,[75] and eventually reached #1 on the network's "Top Twenty Countdown" program.[76] However, GAC banned the video when the group refused to release an edited version.[75]

2010s

In 2010, Thirty Seconds to Mars' video "Hurricane" was censored due to its major elements of violence, nudity and sex.[77] The short film was later released with a clean version that can air on television.[78] The explicit version is available on the band's official website with a viewing certificate of 18+.[79]

In 2010, a rumor circulated that Lady Gaga's video "Telephone" was banned by MTV, a rumour which reached some press outlets. The rumor claimed that MTV had banned the video because the content could not be shown within their programming. MTV denied the ban and showed the video frequently on European MTV programming.[80] Lady Gaga's previous videos have also attracted criticism for their sexually suggestive content; the video for "LoveGame" was not played on the Australian music video program Video Hits; however, other Australian programs aired the video uncensored. The video for "Alejandro" was criticized by the Catholic League, for showing the singer dressed in a red latex fetish version of a nun's habit, simulating rape, and appearing to swallow a rosary.[81]

Ciara's video for "Ride" was banned by BET, with the network citing that the video was too sexually charged. The video was also subsequently banned by all UK television channels.[82]

In 2011, the video for "S&M", which features the Barbadian singer Rihanna whipping a tied-up white man, taking hostages and indulging in a lesbian kiss, was banned in eleven countries and was flagged as inappropriate for viewers that are under 18 on YouTube.[83]

Commercial release

Video album

Music videos have been released commercially on physical formats such as videotape, LaserDisc, DVD and Blu-ray. Similar to an audio album, a video album is a long-form release containing multiple music videos on a disc. The market for video albums is considerably smaller than for audio albums and audio singles. Video albums are eligible for gold certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) after record labels shipped 50,000 units to retailers, while both audio albums and singles have to ship 500,000 units to achieve gold.[84] One of the early video albums was Eat to the Beat (1979) by American rock band Blondie, a videocassette containing music videos of all tracks from their fourth studio album of the same name. It was produced by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions and directed by David Mallet. The music videos were recorded in New York and New Jersey, with some songs featuring the band playing in a concert fashion, and some others having scenarios based on the songs' lyrics.[85] Another popular video album was Olivia Physical (1982) by Olivia Newton-John, which won the Video of the Year at the 25th Grammy Awards.[86] The video collection features music videos of all songs from her ninth studio album, Physical (1981).

Due to the increase of video albums popularity, Billboard magazine introduced the weekly best-selling music video sales ranking in the United States, titled the Top Music Videocassette chart on March 30, 1985 (now known as Music Video Sales chart).[87] Its first chart-topper was Private Dancer (1984), a videocassette by Tina Turner containing four music videos.[88] The Official Charts Company began the similar chart in the United Kingdom on January 30, 1994, with Bryan Adams's So Far So Good reaching number one.[89] According to the RIAA, the Eagles' Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne (2005) is the top-certified longform music video with 30-time platinum (three million units shipped),[90] while the Rolling Stones' Four Flicks (2005) is the top-certified music video boxset with 19-time platinum (1.9 million units shipped).[91]

Video single

A video single contains no more than three music videos in the form of a videotape, LaserDisc or DVD. In 1983, British synthpop band The Human League released the first commercial video single titled The Human League Video Single on both VHS and Betamax.[92] It was not a huge commercial success due to the high retail price of £10.99, compared to around £1.99 for a 7" vinyl single. The VHS single gained higher levels of mainstream popularity when Madonna released "Justify My Love" as a video single in 1990 following the blacklisting of the video by MTV. "Justify My Love" remains the best-selling video single of all time.[93]

The DVD single was introduced in the late 1990s as a replacement for the videotape single. Although many record companies in the United States refused to issue CD singles, they readily issued DVD singles, and some popular DVD singles include Kelly Clarkson's "A Moment Like This", Jessica Simpson's "With You", Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love", Christina Aguilera’s "Fighter", Britney Spears’s "Toxic" and Iron Maiden's "Satellite 15... The Final Frontier". According to the RIAA, a music video single is defined as 1-2 songs per video OR under 15 minutes running time. In 2003, the first certified platinum and gold music DVD singles were certified by the RIAA.[94] Noteworthy early DVD singles in the United States include Sly and Robbie's "Superthruster" (1999), Björk's "All Is Full of Love" (1999), and Madonna's "Music" (2000).[95]

In the United Kingdom where up to 3 physical formats are eligible for the chart, DVD singles are quite common (with the single available on DVD as well as CD and/or vinyl record). As with other single formats, DVD singles have a limited production run, often causing them to become collector's items. The DVD single never experienced a high amount of popularity in the United Kingdom because when artists started releasing them in the early 2000s, the CD single had started declining. They were also seen as expensive. Some artists would not release DVD singles and instead put their music videos as enhanced content on a CD single/album.

Beginning in the early 2000s, artists in Japan may release singles in the CD+DVD format. Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki has been credited as the "creator of the CD+DVD format"; one of the examples is her 2005 single "Fairyland". The CD+DVD format is more expensive and usually contains one or more music videos, and sometimes a "making of" section or other bonus material is included.

The Japanese music conglomerate Hello! Project released corresponding DVD singles for almost all of its CD single releases.The company calls them Single Vs. A Single V usually contains a music video for the title song plus several more of its versions and a making-of. Sometimes, an Event V (エベントV) will be released at Hello! Project fan club events that will offer alternate shots of a promotional video, or bonus footage, like backstage footage or footage from a photoshoot not released anywhere else. As of 2017, Single Vs are no longer released; instead Hello! Project acts now put the music videos on DVDs included in a CD single's limited edition. The DVD singles are popular and chart in the generic Oricon DVD sales chart, due to the non-existence of a separate DVD single ranking in Japan.

Unofficial music videos

Unofficial, fan-made music videos are typically made by synchronizing existing footage from other sources, such as television series or films, with the song. The first known fan video, or songvid, was created by Kandy Fong in 1975 using still images from Star Trek loaded into a slide carousel and played in conjunction with a song.[96] Fan videos made using videocassette recorders soon followed.[97] With the advent of easy distribution over the internet and cheap video-editing software, fan-created videos began to gain wider notice in the late 1990s.

A well-known example of an unofficial video is one made for Danger Mouse's illegal mashup from his The Grey Album, of the Jay-Z track "Encore" with music sampled from the Beatles' White Album, in which concert footage of the Beatles is remixed with footage of Jay-Z and hip-hop dancers.[98]

In 2004, a Placebo fan from South Africa[99] made a claymation video for the band's song "English Summer Rain" and sent it to the band. They liked the result so much that it was included on their greatest hits DVD.[100]

In 2016, a Flash animation for song "Come Together" by the Beatles was included on The Beatles Blu-ray disc.

Music video stations

Music video shows

See also

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Further reading

  • Banks, Jack (1996) Monopoly Television: Mtv's Quest to Control the Music Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-1820-3
  • Burns, Lori A. and Stan Hawkins, eds. (2019) The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Video Analysis. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 9781501342332
  • Clarke, Donald (1995) The Rise and Fall of Popular Music St. Martin's Pressy ISBN 0-312-11573-3
  • Denisoff, R. Serge (1991) Inside MTV New Brunswick: Transaction publishers, ISBN 0-88738-864-7
  • Durant, Alan (1984). Cited in Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  • Frith, Simon, Andrew Goodwin & Lawrence Grossberg (1993) Sound & Vision. The music video reader London: Routledge ISBN 0-415-09431-3
  • Goodwin, Andrew (1992) Dancing in the Distraction Factory : Music Television and Popular Culture University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0-8166-2063-6
  • Illescas, Jon E. (2015) La Dictadura del Videoclip. Industria musical y sueños prefabricados El Viejo Topo ISBN 978-84-16288-55-7
  • Johnson, Henry & Oli Wilson (2016) "Music video and online social media: A case study of the discourse around Japanese imagery in the New Zealand indie scene". Sites: A Journal of Social Anthropology & Cultural Studies 13 (2): 163–186. ISSN 1179-0237
  • Kaplan, E. Ann (1987) Rocking Around the Clock. Music Television, Postmodernism, and Consumer Culture London & New York: Routledge ISBN 0-415-03005-6
  • Keazor, Henry; Wübbena, Thorsten (2010). Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video. transcript Verlag. ISBN 383761185X
  • Kleiler, David (1997) You Stand There: Making Music Video Three Rivers Press ISBN 0-609-80036-1
  • Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
  • Shore, Michael (1984) The Rolling Stone book of rock video New York: Quill ISBN 0-688-03916-2
  • Turner, G. Video Clips and Popular Music, in Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 1/1,1983, 107–110
  • Vernallis, Carol (2004) Experiencing Music Video: Aesthetics and Cultural Context Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-11798-1
  • Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art Chap. IV.2.1.4.2: Music Videos.

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A music video is a video of variable duration that integrates a music song or a music album with imagery that is produced for promotional or musical artistic purposes Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a music marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings Although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared they again came into prominence when Paramount Global s MTV based its format around the medium These kinds of videos were described by various terms including illustrated song filmed insert promotional promo film promotional clip promotional video song video song clip film clip or simply video Music videos use a wide range of styles and contemporary video making techniques including animation live action documentary and non narrative approaches such as abstract film Combining these styles and techniques has become more popular due to the variety for the audience Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the song s lyrics while others take a more thematic approach Other music videos may not have any concept being only a filmed version of the song s live concert performance 1 Contents 1 History and development 1 1 Talkies soundies and shorts 1 2 1960 1973 Promotional clips 1 3 1974 1980 Beginnings of music television 1 4 1981 1991 Music videos go mainstream 1 5 1992 2004 Rise of the directors 1 6 2005 present Music video downloads and streaming 1 6 1 Official lo fi Internet music clips 1 6 2 Vertical videos 1 6 3 Lyric videos 2 Censorship 2 1 1980s 2 2 1990s 2 3 2000s 2 4 2010s 3 Commercial release 3 1 Video album 3 2 Video single 4 Unofficial music videos 5 Music video stations 6 Music video shows 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingHistory and development EditIn 1894 sheet music publishers Edward B Marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various artists to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child 2 Using a magic lantern Thomas projected a series of still images on a screen simultaneous to live performances This would become a popular form of entertainment known as the illustrated song the first step toward music video 2 Talkies soundies and shorts Edit With the arrival of talkies many musical short films were produced Vitaphone shorts produced by Warner Bros featured many bands vocalists and dancers Animation artist Max Fleischer introduced a series of sing along short cartoons called Screen Songs which invited audiences to sing along to popular songs by following the bouncing ball which is similar to a modern karaoke machine Early cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on camera in live action segments during the cartoons The early animated films by Walt Disney such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia which featured several interpretations of classical pieces were built around music The Warner Bros cartoons even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Bros musical films Live action musical shorts featuring such popular artists as Cab Calloway were also distributed to theaters Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a two reel short film called St Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period Soundies produced and released for the Panoram film jukebox were musical films that often included short dance sequences similar to later music videos Musician Louis Jordan made short films for his songs some of which were spliced together into a feature film Lookout Sister These films were according to music historian Donald Clarke the ancestors of music video 3 Musicals of the 1950s led to short form music videos Musical films were another important precursor to a music video and several well known music videos have imitated the style of classic Hollywood musicals from the 1930s 50s One of the best known examples is Madonna s 1985 video for Material Girl directed by Mary Lambert 4 which was closely modelled on Jack Cole s staging of Diamonds Are a Girl s Best Friend from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Several of Michael Jackson s videos show the unmistakable influence of the dance sequences in classic Hollywood musicals including the landmark Thriller and the Martin Scorsese directed Bad which was influenced by the stylized dance fights in the film version of West Side Story 5 According to the Internet Accuracy Project DJ singer J P The Big Bopper Richardson was the first to coin the phrase music video in 1959 6 In his autobiography Tony Bennett claims to have created the first music video when he was filmed walking along the Serpentine in Hyde Park London with the resulting clip being set to his recording of the song Stranger in Paradise 7 The clip was sent to UK and US television stations and aired on shows including Dick Clark s American Bandstand 8 The oldest example of a promotional music video with similarities to more abstract modern videos seems to be the Czechoslovakia Dame si do bytu Let s get to the apartment created and directed by Ladislav Rychman 9 10 1960 1973 Promotional clips Edit In the late 1950s 11 the Scopitone a visual jukebox was introduced in France and short films were produced by many French artists such as Serge Gainsbourg Francoise Hardy Jacques Dutronc and the Belgian Jacques Brel to accompany their songs Its use spread to other countries and similar machines such as the Cinebox in Italy and Color sonic in the U S were patented 11 In 1961 for the Canadian produced show Singalong Jubilee Manny Pittson began pre recording the music audio went on location and taped various visuals with the musicians lip synching then edited the audio and video together Most music numbers were taped in studio on stage and the location shoot videos were to add variety 12 In 1964 Kenneth Anger s experimental short film Scorpio Rising used popular songs instead of dialogue In 1964 The Moody Blues producer Alex Murray wanted to promote his version of Go Now The short film clip he produced and directed to promote the single has a striking visual style that predates Queen s similar Bohemian Rhapsody video by a full decade It also predates what the Beatles did with promotional films of their single Paperback Writer and B Side Rain both released in 1966 Also in 1964 the Beatles starred in their first feature film A Hard Day s Night directed by Richard Lester Shot in black and white and presented as a mock documentary it interspersed comedic and dialogue sequences with musical tones The musical sequences furnished basic templates on which numerous subsequent music videos were modeled It was the direct model for the successful US TV series The Monkees 1966 1968 which was similarly composed of film segments that were created to accompany various Monkees songs 13 The Beatles second feature Help 1965 was a much more lavish affair filmed in color in London and on international locations The title track sequence filmed in black and white is arguably one of the prime archetypes of the modern performance style music video employing rhythmic cross cutting contrasting long shots and close ups and unusual shots and camera angles such as the shot 50 seconds into the song in which George Harrison s left hand and the neck of his guitar are seen in sharp focus in the foreground while the completely out of focus figure of John Lennon sings in the background In 1965 the Beatles began making promotional clips then known as filmed inserts for distribution and broadcast in different countries primarily the U S so they could promote their record releases without having to make in person appearances Their first batch of promo films shot in late 1965 including their then current single Day Tripper We Can Work It Out were fairly straightforward mimed in studio performance pieces albeit sometimes in silly sets and meant to blend in fairly seamlessly with television shows like Top of the Pops and Hullabaloo By the time the Beatles stopped touring in late 1966 their promotional films like their recordings had become highly sophisticated In May 1966 they filmed two sets of colour promotional clips for their current single Rain Paperback Writer all directed by Michael Lindsay Hogg 14 who went on to direct The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus and the Beatles final film Let It Be The colour promotional clips for Strawberry Fields Forever and Penny Lane made in early 1967 and directed by Peter Goldman 15 took the promotional film format to a new level They used techniques borrowed from underground and avant garde film including reversed film and slow motion dramatic lighting unusual camera angles and color filtering added in post production At the end of 1967 the group released their third film the one hour made for television project Magical Mystery Tour it was written and directed by the group and first broadcast on the BBC on Boxing Day 1967 Although poorly received at the time for lacking a narrative structure it showed the group to be adventurous music filmmakers in their own right The Beatles in Help Concert films were being released in the mid 1960s at least as early as 1964 with the T A M I Show The monochrome 1965 clip for Bob Dylan s Subterranean Homesick Blues filmed by D A Pennebaker was featured in Pennebaker s Dylan film documentary Dont Look Back Eschewing any attempt to simulate performance or present a narrative the clip shows Dylan standing in a city back alley silently shuffling a series of large cue cards bearing key words from the song s lyrics Besides the Beatles many other UK artists made filmed inserts so they could be screened on TV when the bands were not available to appear live The Who featured in several promotional clips beginning with their 1965 clip for I Can t Explain Their plot clip for Happy Jack 1966 shows the band acting like a gang of thieves The promo film to Call Me Lightning 1968 tells a story of how drummer Keith Moon came to join the group The other three band members are having tea inside what looks like an abandoned hangar when suddenly a bleeding box arrives out of which jumps a fast running time lapse Moon that the other members subsequently try to get a hold of in a sped up slapstick chasing sequence to wind him down Pink Floyd produced promotional films for their songs including San Francisco Film directed by Anthony Stern Scarecrow Arnold Layne and Interstellar Overdrive the latter directed by Peter Whitehead who also made several pioneering clips for The Rolling Stones between 1966 and 1968 The Kinks made one of the first plot promotional clips for a song For their single Dead End Street 1966 a miniature comic movie was made The BBC reportedly refused to air the clip because it was considered to be in poor taste 16 The Rolling Stones appeared in many promotional clips for their songs in the 1960s In 1966 Peter Whitehead directed two promo clips for their single Have You Seen Your Mother Baby Standing In The Shadow 17 In 1967 Whitehead directed a plot clip colour promo clip for the Stones single We Love You which first aired in August 1967 18 This clip featured sped up footage of the group recording in the studio intercut with a mock trial that clearly alludes to the drug prosecutions of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards underway at that time Jagger s girlfriend Marianne Faithfull appears in the trial scenes and presents the judge Richards with what may be the infamous fur rug that had featured so prominently in the press reports of the drug bust at Richards house in early 1967 When it is pulled back it reveals an apparently naked Jagger with chains around his ankles The clip concludes with scenes of the Stones in the studio intercut with footage that had previously been used in the concert version promo clip for Have You Seen Your Mother Baby The group also filmed a color promo clip for the song 2000 Light Years From Home from their album Their Satanic Majesties Request directed by Michael Lindsay Hogg 17 In 1968 Michael Lindsay Hogg directed three clips for their single Jumpin Jack Flash Child Of The Moon a color clip for Child Of The Moon and two different clips for Jumpin Jack Flash In 1968 they collaborated with Jean Luc Godard on the film Sympathy for the Devil which mixed Godard s politics with documentary footage of the song s evolution during recording sessions In 1966 Nancy Sinatra filmed a clip for her song These Boots Are Made for Walkin Roy Orbison appeared in promotional clips such as his 1968 hit Walk On 19 During late 1972 73 David Bowie featured in a series of promotional films directed by pop photographer Mick Rock who worked extensively with Bowie in this period Rock directed and edited four clips to promote four consecutive David Bowie singles John I m Only Dancing May 1972 The Jean Genie November 1972 the December 1972 US re release of Space Oddity and the 1973 release of the single Life on Mars lifted from Bowie s earlier album Hunky Dory The clip for John I m Only Dancing was made with a budget of just US 200 and filmed at the afternoon rehearsal for Bowie s Rainbow Theatre concert on August 19 1972 It shows Bowie and band mimicking to the record intercut with footage of the Lindsay Kemp mime troupe dancing on stage and behind a back lit screen The clip was turned down by the BBC who reportedly found the homosexual overtones of the film distasteful accordingly Top of the Pops replaced it with footage of bikers and a dancer 20 The Jean Genie clip produced for just US 350 was shot in one day and edited in less than two days It intercuts footage of Bowie and band in concert with contrasting footage of the group in a photographic studio wearing black stage outfits and standing against a white background It also includes location footage with Bowie and Cyrinda Foxe a MainMan employee and a friend of David and Angie Bowie shot in San Francisco outside the famous Mars Hotel with Fox posing provocatively in the street while Bowie lounges against the wall smoking 21 Country music also picked up on the trend of promotional film clips to publicize songs Sam Lovullo the producer of the television series Hee Haw explained his show presented what were in reality the first musical videos 22 while JMI Records made the same claim with Don Williams 1973 song The Shelter of Your Eyes 23 Country music historian Bob Millard wrote that JMI had pioneered the country music video concept by producing a 3 minute film to go along with Williams song 23 Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show s staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song The video material was a very workable production item for the show he wrote It provided picture stories for songs However some of our guests felt the videos took attention away from their live performances which they hoped would promote record sales If they had a hit song they didn t want to play it under comic barnyard footage The concept s mixed reaction eventually spelled an end to the video concept on Hee Haw 22 Promotional films of country music songs however continued to be produced 1974 1980 Beginnings of music television Edit The Australian TV shows Countdown and Sounds both of which premiered in 1974 were significant in developing and popularizing what would later become the music video genre in Australia and other countries and in establishing the importance of promotional film clips as a means of promoting both emerging acts and new releases by established acts In early 1974 former radio DJ Graham Webb launched a weekly teen oriented TV music show which screened on Sydney s ATN 7 on Saturday mornings this was renamed Sounds Unlimited in 1975 and later shortened simply to Sounds In need of material for the show Webb approached Seven newsroom staffer Russell Mulcahy and asked him to shoot film footage to accompany popular songs for which there were no purpose made clips e g Harry Nilsson s Everybody s Talkin Using this method Webb and Mulcahy assembled a collection of about 25 clips for the show The success of his early efforts encouraged Mulcahy to quit his TV job and become a full time director and he made clips for several popular Australian acts including Stylus Marcia Hines Hush and AC DC 24 As it gained popularity Countdown talent coordinator Ian Molly Meldrum and producer Michael Shrimpton quickly realized that film clips were becoming an important new commodity in music marketing Despite the show s minuscule budget Countdown s original director Paul Drane was able to create several memorable music videos especially for the show including the classic film clips for the AC DC hits It s a Long Way to the Top If You Wanna Rock n Roll and Jailbreak 24 After relocating to the UK in the mid 1970s Mulcahy made successful promo films for several noted British pop acts his early UK credits included XTC s Making Plans for Nigel 1979 and his landmark video clip for The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star 1979 which became the first music video played on MTV in 1981 25 Footage of Freddie Mercury in the Bohemian Rhapsody music video during a Queen Adam Lambert concert at the United Center Chicago In 1975 Queen employed Bruce Gowers to make a promotional video to show their new single Bohemian Rhapsody on the BBC music series Top of the Pops According to rock historian Paul Fowles the song is widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy 26 Rolling Stone has said of Bohemian Rhapsody Its influence cannot be overstated practically inventing the music video seven sic years before MTV went on the air 27 At the end of the 1970s the broadcasting of music videos on television became more and more regular in several countries The music videos are for example broadcast in weekly music programs or inserted into various programs In the United States for example on terrestrial networks at the end of the 1970s music videos were sometimes broadcast on music shows The Midnight Special Don Kirshner s Rock Concert and occasionally on certain talk shows 28 Video Concert Hall created by Jerry Crowe and Charles Henderson and launched on November 1 1979 was the first nationwide video music programming on American cable television predating MTV by almost two years 29 30 31 32 The USA Cable Network program Night Flight was one of the first American programs to showcase these videos as an art form In 1980 the music video to David Bowie s Ashes to Ashes became the most expensive ever made having a production cost of 582 000 equivalent to 1 91 million in 2021 the first music video to have a production cost of over 500 000 33 The video was made in solarized color with stark black and white scenes and was filmed in different locations including a padded room and a rocky shore 34 The video became one of the most iconic ever made at the time and its complex nature is seen as significant in the evolution of the music video The same year the New Zealand group Split Enz had major success with the single I Got You and the album True Colours and later that year they produced a complete set of promo clips for each song on the album directed by their percussionist Noel Crombie and to market these on videocassette This was followed a year later by the video album The Completion Backward Principle by The Tubes directed by the group s keyboard player Michael Cotten which included two videos directed by Russell Mulcahy Talk to Ya Later and Don t Want to Wait Anymore 35 Among the first music videos were clips produced by ex Monkee Michael Nesmith who started making short musical films for Saturday Night Live 13 In 1981 he released Elephant Parts the first winner of a Grammy for music video directed by William Dear Billboard credits 29 the independently produced Video Concert Hall as being the first with nationwide video music programming on American television 30 31 32 1981 1991 Music videos go mainstream Edit In 1981 the U S video channel MTV launched airing Video Killed the Radio Star by The Buggles and beginning an era of 24 hour a day music on television With this new outlet for material the music video would by the mid 1980s grow to play a central role in popular music marketing Many important acts of this period most notably Michael Jackson Adam and the Ants Duran Duran and Madonna owed a great deal of their success to the skillful construction and seductive appeal of their videos Two key innovations in the development of the modern music video were the development of relatively inexpensive and easy to use video recording and editing equipment and the development of visual effects created with techniques such as image compositing citation needed The advent of high quality color videotape recorders and portable video cameras coincided with the DIY ethos of the new wave era citation needed enabling much pop acts to produce promotional videos quickly and cheaply in comparison to the relatively high costs of using film However as the genre developed music video directors increasingly turned to 35mm film as the preferred medium while others mixed film and video During the 1980s music videos had become de rigueur for most recording artists The phenomenon was famously parodied by BBC television comedy program Not The Nine O Clock News who produced a spoof music video Nice Video Shame About The Song the title was a spoof of a recent pop hit Nice Legs Shame About Her Face In this period directors and the acts they worked with began to discover and expand the form and style of the genre using more sophisticated effects in their videos mixing film and video and adding a storyline or plot to the music video Occasionally videos were made in a non representational form in which the musical artist was not shown Because music videos are mainly intended to promote the artist such videos are comparatively rare three early 1980s examples are Bruce Springsteen s Atlantic City directed by Arnold Levine David Mallet s video for David Bowie and Queen s Under Pressure and Ian Emes video for Duran Duran s The Chauffeur One notable later example of the non representational style is Bill Konersman s innovative 1987 video for Prince s Sign o the Times 36 influenced by Dylan s Subterranean Homesick Blues clip it featured only the text of the song s lyrics In the early 1980s music videos also began to discover political and social themes Examples include the music videos for David Bowie s China Girl and Let s Dance 1983 which both discussed race issues 37 In a 1983 interview Bowie spoke about the importance of using music videos in addressing social issues Let s try to use the video format as a platform for some kind of social observation and not just waste it on trotting out and trying to enhance the public image of the singer involved 38 In 1983 one of the most successful influential and iconic music videos of all time was released the nearly 14 minute long video for Michael Jackson s song Thriller directed by John Landis The video set new standards for production having cost US 800 000 to film 39 40 The video for Thriller along with earlier videos by Jackson for his songs Billie Jean and Beat It were instrumental in getting music videos by African American artists played on MTV Prior to Jackson s success videos by African American artists were rarely played on MTV according to MTV this was because it initially conceived itself as a rock music oriented channel although musician Rick James was outspoken in his criticism of the cable channel claiming in 1983 that MTV s refusal to air the music video for his song Super Freak and clips by other African American performers was blatant racism 41 British rock singer David Bowie had also recently lashed out against MTV during an interview that he did with them prior to the release of Thriller stating that he was floored by how much MTV neglected black artists bringing attention to how videos by the few black artists that one does see only appeared on MTV between 2 00 a m until 6 00 a m when nobody was watching 42 MTV also influences music video shows aired on other American TV channels such as Friday Night Videos launched in 1983 on the terrestrial network NBC and MV3 launched in 1982 On March 5 1983 Country Music Television CMT was launched 43 created and founded by Glenn D Daniels and uplinked from the Video World Productions facility in Hendersonville Tennessee The MuchMusic video channel was launched in Canada in 1984 In 1984 MTV also launched the MTV Video Music Awards later to be known as the VMAs an annual awards event that would come to underscore MTV s importance in the music industry The inaugural event rewarded the Beatles and David Bowie with the Video Vanguard Award for their work in pioneering the music video In 1985 MTV s Viacom launched the channel VH1 then known as VH 1 Video Hits One featuring softer music and meant to cater to the slightly older baby boomer demographic who were out growing MTV Internationally MTV Europe was launched in 1987 and MTV Asia in 1991 Another important development in music videos was the launch of The Chart Show on the UK s Channel 4 in 1986 This was a program that composed entirely of music videos the only outlet many videos had on British TV at the time 44 with no presenters Instead the videos were linked by then state of the art computer graphics The show moved to ITV in 1989 The video for the 1985 Dire Straits song Money for Nothing made pioneering use of computer animation and helped make the song an international hit The song itself was a wry comment on the music video phenomenon sung from the point of view of an appliance deliveryman both drawn to and repelled by the outlandish images and personalities that appeared on MTV In 1986 Peter Gabriel s song Sledgehammer used special effects and animation techniques developed by British studio Aardman Animations The video for Sledgehammer would go on to be a phenomenal success 45 and win nine MTV Video Music Awards In the same year Kraftwerk released the song Musique Non Stop The video featured 3D animations of the group It was a collaboration with Rebecca Allen of the New York Institute of Technology and ran continuously on MTV for a while 46 In 1988 the show Yo MTV Raps introduced the show helped to bring hip hop music to a mass audience for the first time 1992 2004 Rise of the directors Edit In November 1992 MTV began listing to Chris Cunningham Michel Gondry Spike Jonze Floria Sigismondi 47 Stephane Sednaoui Mark Romanek and Hype Williams all got their start around this time all brought a unique vision and style to the videos they directed Some of these directors including Gondry Jonze Sigismondi 48 and F Gary Gray went on to direct feature films This continued a trend that had begun earlier with directors such as Lasse Hallstrom and David Fincher Two of the videos directed by Romanek in 1995 are notable for being two of the three most expensive music videos of all time Michael and Janet Jackson s Scream which allegedly cost 7 million to produce and Madonna s Bedtime Story which cost a reported 5 million From this Scream is the most expensive video to date In the mid to late 1990s Walter Stern directed Firestarter by The Prodigy Bitter Sweet Symphony by The Verve and Teardrop by Massive Attack 49 50 During this period MTV launched channels around the world to show music videos produced in each local market MTV Latin America in 1993 MTV India in 1996 and MTV Mandarin in 1997 among others MTV2 originally called M2 and meant to show more alternative and older music videos debuted in 1996 In 1999 Mariah Carey s Heartbreaker became one of the most expensive ever made costing over 2 5 million 51 From 1991 to 2001 Billboard had its own Music Video Awards 2005 present Music video downloads and streaming Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source A video promoting Spoon s album Spacey Boy and Sadness Girl The website iFilm which hosted short videos including music videos launched in 1997 Napster a peer to peer file sharing service which ran between 1999 and 2001 enabled users to share video files including those for music videos By the mid 2000s MTV and many of its sister channels had largely abandoned showing music videos in favor of reality TV shows which were more popular with its audiences and which MTV had itself helped to pioneer with the show The Real World which premiered in 1992 2005 saw the launch of YouTube which made the viewing of online video much faster and easier Google Videos Yahoo Video Facebook and Myspace s video functionality use similar technology Such websites had a profound effect on the viewing of music videos some artists began to see success as a result of videos seen mostly or entirely online The band OK Go capitalized on the growing trend having achieved fame through the videos for two of their songs A Million Ways in 2005 and Here It Goes Again in 2006 both of which first became well known online OK Go repeated the trick with another high concept video in 2010 for their song This Too Shall Pass At its launch Apple s iTunes Store provided a section of free music videos in high quality compression to be watched via the iTunes application More recently the iTunes Store has begun selling music videos for use on Apple s iPod with video playback capability The 2008 video for Weezer s Pork and Beans also captured this trend by including at least 20 YouTube celebrities the single became the most successful of Weezer s career in chart performance In 2007 the RIAA issued cease and desist letters to YouTube users to prevent single users from sharing videos which are the property of the music labels After its merger with Google YouTube assured the RIAA that they would find a way to pay royalties through a bulk agreement with the major record labels citation needed This was complicated by the fact that not all labels share the same policy toward music videos some welcome the development and upload music videos to various online outlets themselves viewing music videos as free advertising for their artists while other labels view music videos not as an advertisement but as the product itself To further signify the change in direction towards Music Video airplay MTV officially dropped the Music Television tagline on February 8 2010 from their logo in response to their increased commitment to non scripted reality programming and other youth oriented entertainment rising in prominence on their live broadcast 52 Vevo a music video service launched by several major music publishers debuted in December 2009 53 The videos on Vevo are syndicated to YouTube with Google and Vevo sharing the advertising revenue 54 As of 2017 the most watched English language video on YouTube was Shape of You by Ed Sheeran As of 2018 the most watched remix video on YouTube was Te Bote by Casper Magico featuring Nio Garcia Darell Nicky Jam Bad Bunny and Ozuna Official lo fi Internet music clips Edit Following the shift toward internet broadcasting and the rising popularity of user generated video sites such as YouTube around 2006 various independent filmmakers began films recording live sessions to present on the Web Examples of this new way of creating and presenting a music video include Vincent Moon s work with The Take Away Shows In the Van sessions a similar platform 55 and the Dutch VPRO 3VOOR12 which puts out music videos recorded in elevators and other small guerrilla filmmaking type locations in a similar tradition called Behind 56 All of these swiftly recorded clips are made with minimal budgets and share similar aesthetics with the lo fi music movement of the early nineties Offering freedom from the increasingly burdensome financial requirements of high production movie like clips it began as the only method for little known indie music artists to present themselves to a wider audience but increasingly this approach has been taken up by such major mainstream artists as R E M and Tom Jones 57 Vertical videos Edit In the late 2010s some artists began releasing alternative vertical videos tailored to mobile devices in addition to music videos these vertical videos are generally platform exclusive 58 These vertical videos are often shown on Snapchat s Discover section or within Spotify playlists 59 Early adopters of vertical video releases include the number one hits Havana by Camila Cabello and Girls Like You by Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B Idontwannabeyouanymore by Billie Eilish is the most watched vertical video on YouTube Lyric videos Edit A lyric video is a type of music video in which the lyrics to the song are the primary visual element of the video As such they can be created with relative ease and often serve as a supplemental video to a more traditional music video The music video for R E M s 1986 song Fall on Me interspersed the song s lyrics with abstract film footage In 1987 Prince released a video for his song Sign o the Times The video featured the song s words pulsing to the music presented alongside abstract geometric shapes an effect created by Bill Konersman 60 61 The following year the video for the Talking Heads single Nothing But Flowers composed of the song s lyrics superimposed onto or next to members of the band was released In 1990 George Michael released Praying for Time as a lyric video He had refused to make a traditional music video so his label released a simple clip that displayed the song s lyrics on a black screen 62 Lyric videos rose to greater prominence in the 2010s when it became relatively easy for artists to disperse videos through websites such as YouTube 63 Many do not feature any visual related to the musician in question but merely a background with the lyrics appearing over it as they are sung in the song 63 In 2011 death metal band Krokmiten released the first lyric video for an entire album Alpha Beta 64 The concept album video featured imagery pulsing to the music and stylized typography created by bandleader Simlev The 2016 song Closer by The Chainsmokers featuring vocalist Halsey is the most watched lyric video on YouTube citation needed Censorship EditSee also Sexuality in music videos As the concept and medium of a music video is a form of artistic expression artists have been on many occasions censored if their content is deemed offensive What may be considered offensive will differ in countries due to censorship laws and local customs and ethics In most cases the record label will provide and distribute videos edited or provide both censored and uncensored videos for an artist In some cases it has been known for music videos to be banned in their entirety as they have been deemed far too offensive to be broadcast 1980s Edit The first video to be banned by MTV was Queen s 1982 hit Body Language Due to thinly veiled homoerotic undertones plus much skin and sweat but apparently not enough clothing save that worn by the fully clothed members of Queen themselves it was deemed unsuitable for a television audience at the time However the channel did air Olivia Newton John s 1981 video for the hit song Physical which lavished camera time on male models working out in string bikinis who spurn her advances ultimately pairing off to walk to the men s locker rooms holding hands though the network ended the clip before the overt homosexual reveal ending in some airings The video for Girls on Film by Duran Duran which featured topless women mud wrestling and other depictions of sexual fetishes was banned by the BBC MTV did air the video albeit in a heavily edited form Laura Branigan initially protested an MTV request to edit her Self Control video in 1984 but relented when the network refused to air the William Friedkin directed clip featuring the singer lured through an increasingly debauched if increasingly stylized series of nightclubs by a masked man who ultimately takes her to bed In 1989 Cher s If I Could Turn Back Time video where the singer performs the song in an extremely revealing body suit surrounded by a ship full of cheering sailors was restricted to late night broadcasts on MTV The Sex Pistols video for God Save the Queen was banned by the BBC for being in gross bad taste Motley Crue s video for Girls Girls Girls was banned by MTV for having completely nude women dancing around the members of the band in a strip club although they did produce another version that was accepted by MTV In 1983 Entertainment Tonight ran a segment on censorship and Rock Video Violence 65 The episode explored the impact of MTV rock video violence on the youth of the early 1980s Excerpts from the music videos of Michael Jackson Duran Duran Golden Earring Kiss Kansas Billy Idol Def Leppard Pat Benatar and The Rolling Stones were shown Dr Thomas Radecki of the National Coalition on TV Violence was interviewed accusing the fledgling rock video business of excessive violence Night Tracks producer Tom Lynch weighed in on the effects of the video violence controversy Recording artists John Cougar Mellencamp Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley of Kiss along with directors Dominic Orlando and Julien Temple provided a defense of their work The episode s conclusion was that the controversy will continue to grow Some artists have used censorship as a publicity tool In the 1980s the show Top of the Pops was censorious in its approach to video content so some acts made videos that they knew would be censored using the resulting public controversy to promote their release Examples of this tactic were Duran Duran s aforementioned Girls on Film and Frankie Goes to Hollywood with Relax directed by Bernard Rose 1990s Edit In 1991 the dance segment of Michael Jackson s Black or White was edited out because it showed Jackson inappropriately touching himself in it His most controversial video for They Don t Care About Us was banned from MTV VH1 and BBC due to the alleged anti Semitic messages in the song and the visuals in the background of the Prison Version of the video 66 Madonna is the artist most associated with music video censorship The controversy surrounding Madonna s marketing of her sexuality began with the video for Lucky Star and amplified over time due to clips such as Like a Virgin Outcry occurred over the subject matter relating to teenage pregnancy discussed in the video for the song Papa Don t Preach Like a Prayer courted heavy criticism due to its religious sexual and racially oriented imagery In 1990 Madonna s music video for the song Justify My Love was banned by MTV due to its depiction of sadomasochism homosexuality cross dressing and group sex which generated a media firestorm In Canada the debate over the banning of Justify My Love by the music video network MuchMusic led to the launching in 1991 of Too Much 4 Much a series of occasional late night specials still being aired in the early 2000s in which videos officially banned by MuchMusic were broadcast followed by a panel discussion regarding why they were removed In 1992 The Shamen s video for the song Ebeneezer Goode was banned by the BBC due to its perceived subliminal endorsement of the recreational drug Ecstasy 67 The Prodigy s 1997 video for Smack My Bitch Up was banned in some countries due to depictions of drug use and nudity The Prodigy s video for Firestarter was banned by the BBC due to its references to arson 68 In 1993 the Australian rock band INXS song The Gift was banned by MTV due to its use of Holocaust and Gulf War footage among images of famine pollution war and terrorism As well as this metal band Tool s music video for Prison Sex was banned from MTV as the video and lyrics touch on the sensitive matter of child abuse 2000s Edit In 2000 the music video for Rock DJ by Robbie Williams caused controversy due to the graphic nature of the video which features Williams stripping naked then peeling off his skin to reveal bloody flesh followed by ripping off his muscles and organs until he is nothing but a blood soaked skeleton The video was censored in the UK during daytime hours and was broadcast unedited after 10 pm The video was banned in Dominican Republic due to allegations of satanism 69 In 2001 Bjork s video for Pagan Poetry was banned from MTV for depictions of sexual intercourse fellatio and body piercings Her next single Cocoon was also banned by MTV as it featured a nude Bjork though the nude body was usually a fitted bodysuit rigged with red string In 2002 t A T u s video for All the Things She Said caused controversy as it featured the young Russian girls Lena Katina and Yulia Volkova embracing and eventually kissing British TV presenters Richard and Judy campaigned to have the video banned claiming it pandered to pedophiles with the use of school uniforms and young girls kissing although the campaign failed Capitalizing on the controversy the kiss was choreographed into their live performances Top of the Pops aired the girls performance with the kiss replaced by audience footage NBC s The Tonight Show with Jay Leno cut away from the girls kiss to shots of the band Throughout their promotional tour t A T u protested by appearing in shirts reading censored In 2004 Maroon 5 s video for This Love generated controversy due to intimate scenes between the frontman Adam Levine and his then girlfriend Despite those particular scenes being shot at strategic angles a censored version was released with a stream of computer generated flowers added in to cover up more The video for s AINT by Marilyn Manson was banned by their label due to its violence and sexual content The following year Eminem s video for Just Lose It caused controversy over its parody of Michael Jackson s 2005 child molestation trial plastic surgery and hair catching fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial The video was banned from BET and Jackson spoke out against the video calling it inappropriate and disrespectful to me my children my family and the community at large In 2004 many family groups and politicians lobbied for the banning of the Eric Prydz video Call on Me for containing women dancing in a sexually suggestive way however the video was not banned As of 2005 the Egyptian state censorship committee banned at least 20 music videos which featured sexual connotations due to Muslim moral viewpoints 70 The music video of These Boots Are Made for Walkin which featured Jessica Simpson in character as Daisy Duke was controversial for featuring Simpson in revealing outfits and washing the General Lee car in her bikini 71 The controversy resulted in the music video being banned in some countries 72 In 2008 Justice s video for their song Stress was boycotted by several major music television channels due to allegations of racism and violence the video depicts several youths committing different crimes throughout the streets of Paris with the youths mainly being of North African descent 73 While country music has largely avoided controversy surrounding video content it has never been immune The music video for the 2003 Rascal Flatts song I Melt is a case in point gaining notoriety for clips featuring guitarist Joe Don Rooney s bare butt and model Christina Auria taking a shower nude 74 The video was the first aired on CMT to show nudity 75 and eventually reached 1 on the network s Top Twenty Countdown program 76 However GAC banned the video when the group refused to release an edited version 75 2010s Edit In 2010 Thirty Seconds to Mars video Hurricane was censored due to its major elements of violence nudity and sex 77 The short film was later released with a clean version that can air on television 78 The explicit version is available on the band s official website with a viewing certificate of 18 79 In 2010 a rumor circulated that Lady Gaga s video Telephone was banned by MTV a rumour which reached some press outlets The rumor claimed that MTV had banned the video because the content could not be shown within their programming MTV denied the ban and showed the video frequently on European MTV programming 80 Lady Gaga s previous videos have also attracted criticism for their sexually suggestive content the video for LoveGame was not played on the Australian music video program Video Hits however other Australian programs aired the video uncensored The video for Alejandro was criticized by the Catholic League for showing the singer dressed in a red latex fetish version of a nun s habit simulating rape and appearing to swallow a rosary 81 Ciara s video for Ride was banned by BET with the network citing that the video was too sexually charged The video was also subsequently banned by all UK television channels 82 In 2011 the video for S amp M which features the Barbadian singer Rihanna whipping a tied up white man taking hostages and indulging in a lesbian kiss was banned in eleven countries and was flagged as inappropriate for viewers that are under 18 on YouTube 83 Commercial release EditVideo album Edit Music videos have been released commercially on physical formats such as videotape LaserDisc DVD and Blu ray Similar to an audio album a video album is a long form release containing multiple music videos on a disc The market for video albums is considerably smaller than for audio albums and audio singles Video albums are eligible for gold certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America RIAA after record labels shipped 50 000 units to retailers while both audio albums and singles have to ship 500 000 units to achieve gold 84 One of the early video albums was Eat to the Beat 1979 by American rock band Blondie a videocassette containing music videos of all tracks from their fourth studio album of the same name It was produced by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions and directed by David Mallet The music videos were recorded in New York and New Jersey with some songs featuring the band playing in a concert fashion and some others having scenarios based on the songs lyrics 85 Another popular video album was Olivia Physical 1982 by Olivia Newton John which won the Video of the Year at the 25th Grammy Awards 86 The video collection features music videos of all songs from her ninth studio album Physical 1981 Due to the increase of video albums popularity Billboard magazine introduced the weekly best selling music video sales ranking in the United States titled the Top Music Videocassette chart on March 30 1985 now known as Music Video Sales chart 87 Its first chart topper was Private Dancer 1984 a videocassette by Tina Turner containing four music videos 88 The Official Charts Company began the similar chart in the United Kingdom on January 30 1994 with Bryan Adams s So Far So Good reaching number one 89 According to the RIAA the Eagles Farewell 1 Tour Live from Melbourne 2005 is the top certified longform music video with 30 time platinum three million units shipped 90 while the Rolling Stones Four Flicks 2005 is the top certified music video boxset with 19 time platinum 1 9 million units shipped 91 Video single Edit A video single contains no more than three music videos in the form of a videotape LaserDisc or DVD In 1983 British synthpop band The Human League released the first commercial video single titled The Human League Video Single on both VHS and Betamax 92 It was not a huge commercial success due to the high retail price of 10 99 compared to around 1 99 for a 7 vinyl single The VHS single gained higher levels of mainstream popularity when Madonna released Justify My Love as a video single in 1990 following the blacklisting of the video by MTV Justify My Love remains the best selling video single of all time 93 The DVD single was introduced in the late 1990s as a replacement for the videotape single Although many record companies in the United States refused to issue CD singles they readily issued DVD singles and some popular DVD singles include Kelly Clarkson s A Moment Like This Jessica Simpson s With You Beyonce s Crazy in Love Christina Aguilera s Fighter Britney Spears s Toxic and Iron Maiden s Satellite 15 The Final Frontier According to the RIAA a music video single is defined as 1 2 songs per video OR under 15 minutes running time In 2003 the first certified platinum and gold music DVD singles were certified by the RIAA 94 Noteworthy early DVD singles in the United States include Sly and Robbie s Superthruster 1999 Bjork s All Is Full of Love 1999 and Madonna s Music 2000 95 In the United Kingdom where up to 3 physical formats are eligible for the chart DVD singles are quite common with the single available on DVD as well as CD and or vinyl record As with other single formats DVD singles have a limited production run often causing them to become collector s items The DVD single never experienced a high amount of popularity in the United Kingdom because when artists started releasing them in the early 2000s the CD single had started declining They were also seen as expensive Some artists would not release DVD singles and instead put their music videos as enhanced content on a CD single album Beginning in the early 2000s artists in Japan may release singles in the CD DVD format Japanese singer Ayumi Hamasaki has been credited as the creator of the CD DVD format one of the examples is her 2005 single Fairyland The CD DVD format is more expensive and usually contains one or more music videos and sometimes a making of section or other bonus material is included The Japanese music conglomerate Hello Project released corresponding DVD singles for almost all of its CD single releases The company calls them Single Vs A Single V usually contains a music video for the title song plus several more of its versions and a making of Sometimes an Event V エベントV will be released at Hello Project fan club events that will offer alternate shots of a promotional video or bonus footage like backstage footage or footage from a photoshoot not released anywhere else As of 2017 Single Vs are no longer released instead Hello Project acts now put the music videos on DVDs included in a CD single s limited edition The DVD singles are popular and chart in the generic Oricon DVD sales chart due to the non existence of a separate DVD single ranking in Japan Unofficial music videos EditUnofficial fan made music videos are typically made by synchronizing existing footage from other sources such as television series or films with the song The first known fan video or songvid was created by Kandy Fong in 1975 using still images from Star Trek loaded into a slide carousel and played in conjunction with a song 96 Fan videos made using videocassette recorders soon followed 97 With the advent of easy distribution over the internet and cheap video editing software fan created videos began to gain wider notice in the late 1990s A well known example of an unofficial video is one made for Danger Mouse s illegal mashup from his The Grey Album of the Jay Z track Encore with music sampled from the Beatles White Album in which concert footage of the Beatles is remixed with footage of Jay Z and hip hop dancers 98 In 2004 a Placebo fan from South Africa 99 made a claymation video for the band s song English Summer Rain and sent it to the band They liked the result so much that it was included on their greatest hits DVD 100 In 2016 a Flash animation for song Come Together by the Beatles was included on The Beatles Blu ray disc Music video stations EditMain article List of music video television channelsMusic video shows Edit24 Hours of Love MTV2 premiered in 2002 3ABN Today Music 3ABN Praise Him Music Network ABC Rocks ABC America s Top 10 Syndication Back to Nature 3ABN 3ABN International 3ABN Praise Him Music Network 106 amp Park BET CD UK Hotshots ITV1 1998 2007 Top of the Pops BBC 1964 2006 The Click List Top 10 Videos Logo Countdown ABC 8 Track Flashback VH1 Friday Night Videos NBC Goodnight LA KABC Good Rockin Tonite CBC Headbangers Ball MTV2 Jack s Big Music Show Noggin Jukebox AITV Syndication Kidsongs PBS Kids Praise Too 3ABN 3ABN International 3ABN Kids Network Loaded Fuse Los 10 Pedidos MTV Latin America Magnify Him 3ABN Dare to Dream Network 3ABN Praise Him Music Network Melodias del Corazon 3ABN Latino Melody From My Heart 3ABN 3ABN International 3ABN Praise Him Music Network The Metric Marvels NBC Night Tracks TBS Piano Praise 3ABN 3ABN Praise Him Music Network Pop Up Video VH1 Praise 3ABN 3ABN International 3ABN Praise Him Music Network Rage ABC Schoolhouse Rock ABC The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour CBS first broadcast in 1968 Sidewalks Video Nite Syndication Soundwaves Syndication Video Hits Australia Network Ten Video Hits Canada CBC Video Jukebox TV series HBO TRL MTV Power Fuse Fuse MuchOnDemand MuchMusic Music Station TV Asahi New York Hot Tracks Syndication U Choose 40 C4 VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown VH1 Volvamos a la Naturaleza 3ABN Latino Your Favorites by Request 3ABN 3ABN International 3ABN Praise Him Music Network See also EditAnime music video Concert video design First 24 hour music video List of music video directors One shot music video Semiotics of music videos Video artReferences Edit Cutietta Robert 1985 Using Rock Music Videos to Your Advantage Music Educators Journal 71 6 47 49 doi 10 2307 3396475 JSTOR 3396475 S2CID 143833289 a b Music Video 1900 Style PBS 2004 Archived from the original on January 4 2010 Clarke pg 39 Music Video Database Material Girl Mvdbase com Archived from the original on January 15 2019 Retrieved June 13 2013 Film Encyclopedia Dance From Musicals To Music Videos Filmreference com Retrieved June 13 2013 J P The Big Bopper Richardson Internet Accuracy Project Retrieved January 21 2007 Cole Clay October 1 2009 Sh Boom The Explosion of Rock n Roll 1953 1968 Morgan James Publishing p 238 ISBN 9781600377686 Retrieved June 8 2014 Bennett Tony December 7 2010 The Good Life The Autobiography Of Tony Bennett Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1416573661 History of Czechoslovak music clips before 1989 ceskatelevize cz The best of duets ceskatelevize cz a b Almind Gert J Jukebox History 1952 1998 Ernest J October 1 2004 Remembering Singalong Jubilee Formac Publishing Company ISBN 978 0 88780 642 1 a b Lefkowitz Eric 1989 1990 Monkees Tale Berkeley CA Last Gasp pp 4 10 26 66 76 ISBN 0 86719 378 6 Music Video Database Mvdbase com Archived from the original on November 19 2012 Retrieved June 13 2013 Music Video Database Peter Goldman Mvdbase com Archived from the original on November 19 2012 Retrieved June 13 2013 Dave Emlen s Kinks Website Kinks Music Videos Kinks it rit edu Archived from the original on February 17 2009 Retrieved June 13 2013 a b Music Video Database The Rolling Stones Mvdbase com Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved June 5 2014 Music Video Database We Love You Mvdbase com Archived from the original on August 26 2013 Retrieved June 13 2013 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Roy Orbison Walk On YouTube com October 3 2009 Retrieved June 15 2017 The Ziggy Stardust Companion John I m Only Dancing 5years com Archived from the original on August 27 2013 Retrieved June 13 2013 The Ziggy Stardust Companion The Jean Genie 5years com Archived from the original on August 26 2013 Retrieved June 13 2013 a b Lovullo Sam and Mark Eliot Life in the Kornfield My 25 Years at Hee Haw Boulevard Books New York 1996 p 34 ISBN 1 57297 028 6 a b Millard Bob Country Music 70 Years of America s Favorite Music HarperCollins New York 1993 p 179 ISBN 0 06 273244 7 a b Dino Scatena Clip go the years Sydney Morning Herald February 26 2005 Retrieved June 13 2013 Biography for Russell Mulcahy at IMDb Fowles Paul 2009 A Concise History of Rock Music Mel Bay Publications Inc p 243 ISBN 978 0 7866 6643 0 Sutherland Mark October 30 2015 Party On Queen s Brian May 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12 2010 Rihanna causes controversy with S amp M video watch it here mirror co uk February 2 2011 Retrieved June 23 2011 About the Awards RIAA riaa com Retrieved December 4 2017 Inc Nielsen Business Media October 11 1980 Billboard Nielsen Business Media Inc Retrieved June 28 2018 via Google Books Dennis McDougal The Last Mogul Lew Wasserman MCA and the Hidden History of Hollywood New York Da Capo 2001 p 407 Music Video Sales Page 1 Billboard Billboard Archived from the original on June 17 2019 Retrieved December 4 2017 Inc Nielsen Business Media March 30 1985 Billboard Nielsen Business Media Inc Retrieved June 28 2018 via Google Books Official Music Video Chart Top 50 Official Charts Company www officialcharts com Retrieved June 28 2018 Gold amp Platinum RIAA riaa com Retrieved June 28 2018 Gold amp Platinum RIAA riaa com Retrieved June 28 2018 Virgin Records 1983 Madonna Justify My Love 1990 Rolling Stone July 13 2011 Archived from the original on June 15 2012 Retrieved March 18 2015 Wolf Jessica May 25 2003 RIAA lauds DVD singles Video Store Archived from the original on September 10 2016 Retrieved June 10 2016 subscription required Mancini Rob August 14 2000 Madonna Delivers New Videos On DVD MTV News Retrieved June 10 2016 Coppa Francesca November 19 2007 Celebrating Kandy Fong Founder of Fannish Music Video In Media Res A Media Commons Project Retrieved August 12 2009 Brown Lyndsay Stories as Pieces and Fragments as Wholes The Influence of Final Cut Pro and Nonlinear Digital Editing on Fan Videos Archived from the original on January 25 2008 Retrieved September 29 2007 The Beatles vs Jay Z The Grey Album on YouTube www t75 org music Placebo English Summer Rain video details and DVD special indielondon co uk Archived from the original on May 16 2021 Retrieved June 13 2013 Once More with Feeling DVD audio commentary Virgin 2004Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Music videos Look up music video in Wiktionary the free dictionary Banks Jack 1996 Monopoly Television Mtv s Quest to Control the Music Westview Press ISBN 0 8133 1820 3 Burns Lori A and Stan Hawkins eds 2019 The Bloomsbury Handbook of Popular Music Video Analysis Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN 9781501342332 Clarke Donald 1995 The Rise and Fall of Popular Music St Martin s Pressy ISBN 0 312 11573 3 Denisoff R Serge 1991 Inside MTV New Brunswick Transaction publishers ISBN 0 88738 864 7 Durant Alan 1984 Cited in Middleton Richard 1990 2002 Studying Popular Music Philadelphia Open University Press ISBN 0 335 15275 9 Frith Simon Andrew Goodwin amp Lawrence Grossberg 1993 Sound amp Vision The music video reader London Routledge ISBN 0 415 09431 3 Goodwin Andrew 1992 Dancing in the Distraction Factory Music Television and Popular Culture University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0 8166 2063 6 Illescas Jon E 2015 La Dictadura del Videoclip Industria musical y suenos prefabricados El Viejo Topo ISBN 978 84 16288 55 7 Johnson Henry amp Oli Wilson 2016 Music video and online social media A case study of the discourse around Japanese imagery in the New Zealand indie scene Sites A Journal of Social Anthropology amp Cultural Studies 13 2 163 186 ISSN 1179 0237 Kaplan E Ann 1987 Rocking Around the Clock Music Television Postmodernism and Consumer Culture London amp New York Routledge ISBN 0 415 03005 6 Keazor Henry Wubbena Thorsten 2010 Rewind Play Fast Forward The Past Present and Future of the Music Video transcript Verlag ISBN 383761185X Kleiler David 1997 You Stand There Making Music Video Three Rivers Press ISBN 0 609 80036 1 Middleton Richard 1990 2002 Studying Popular Music Philadelphia Open University Press ISBN 0 335 15275 9 Shore Michael 1984 The Rolling Stone book of rock video New York Quill ISBN 0 688 03916 2 Turner G Video Clips and Popular Music in Australian Journal of Cultural Studies 1 1 1983 107 110 Vernallis Carol 2004 Experiencing Music Video Aesthetics and Cultural Context Columbia University Press ISBN 0 231 11798 1 Thomas Dreher History of Computer Art Chap IV 2 1 4 2 Music Videos Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Music video amp oldid 1127315840, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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