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Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

January 01, 1970

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi (Arabic: الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام بْن خُوَيْلِد الأَسَدِيّ, romanized: al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām ibn Khuwaylid al-ʾAsadī; c. 594–656) was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644) who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
الزُّبَيْر بْن الْعَوَّام
Native name
Arabic: زبير ابن العوام
Other name(s)Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God')
Abu Abd Allah
Bornc. 594
Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia)
Diedc. 656 (aged 61–62)
Basra, Rashidun Caliphate
Buried
Mazar Zubayr, Zubayriyya, Iraq
AllegianceRashidun Caliphate
Service/branch
Years of service624-656
RankAmir al Jaysh (Field commander of the caliphate army)[6]
Commands held
Battles/wars
Spouse(s)
Children
RelationsAl-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid (father)
Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib (mother)
Other work

An early convert to Islam, Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624, in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh. He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad. In the Battle of the Trench, due to his military service, Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah ('Disciple of Messenger of God') upon him. After Muhammad's demise, Zubayr was appointed as a commander, in the Ridda Wars, by caliph Abu Bakr. He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama. During Umar's caliphate, Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt, Levant, Persia, Sudan, and Tripolitania.

After Umar's assassination, Zubayr became an important political figure of the caliphate, being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman. During the latter's caliphate, Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues.[13] After Uthman was assassinated, Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali, though later withdrew allegiance, after Ali refused to avenge Uthman's death. Zubayr's forces engaged with Ali's forces in the Battle of the Camel in December 656. In the aftermath, while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer, he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz.

Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam's most accomplished commanders. The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise. The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively. The general's descendants, known as the Zubayrids, are found worldwide.

Ancestry and early life edit

His father was the brother of Khadija, Al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid of the Asad clan of the Quraysh tribe. His mother was Muhammad's aunt, Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib. Hence Zubayr was Muhammad's first cousin and brother in law.[14]: 75 

Zubayr ibn al-Awwam was born in Mecca in 594. He had two brothers, Sa'ib and Abd al-Kaaba; and two sisters Hind bint Al-Awwam, who would latter marry Zayd ibn Haritha,[14] and Zaynab bint al-Awwam who will mary her paternal cousin Hakim ibn Hizam. He has also a half-brother, Safi ibn Al-Harith, son of Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib precedent wedding with Harb ibn Umayya.[15]: 29 

Al-Awwam died while Zubayr was still young, the day of Al Ablaa, the third year of the Fijar War.[16] His mother, Safiyya, would beat him severely in order to make him "bold in battle".[14]: 76  While he was still a boy, Zubayr fought an adult man and beat him up so fiercely that the man's hand was broken. Safiyya, who was pregnant at the time, had to carry the man home.[14]: 765 

Conversion to Islam edit

Zubayr is said to have entered Islam at the age of 16. He was one of the first men to accept Islam under the influence of Abu Bakr,[17]: 115  and is said to have been the fourth or fifth adult male convert.[14]: 76 

Zubayr was one of the first fifteen emigrants to Abyssinia in 615,[17]: 146  until[clarification needed] he returned there in 616.[17]: 147  During his stay in Abyssinia, a rebellion against Najashi, king of Aksum and benefactor of the Muslim emigrants, broke out. Najashi met the rebels in battle on the banks of the Nile. The Muslims were greatly worried and decided to send Zubayr to seek news from Najashi. By using an inflated waterskin, he swam down the Nile river until he reached the point where the battle was raging. He watched until Najashi had defeated the rebels and then swam back to the Muslims to report the victory.[17]: 153  However, another version recorded Zubayr as crossing the Red Sea from the coast of the Arabian Peninsula.[Notes 2]

Zubayr was among those who returned to Mecca in 619 when he heard that the Meccans had converted to Islam. However, as they approached Mecca, they learned that the report was false, and they had to enter the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth.[17]: 167–168  While he stayed with early converts of Islam in Mecca, Zubayr was given a shared responsibility as a hafiz, someone who memorized every verse of the Quran, along with Abu Bakr, Abdur Rahman ibn Auf, Talha and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.[18] Zubayr joined the general emigration to Medina in 622. At first he lodged with Al-Mundhir ibn Muhammad. It is disputed who became Zubayr's sworn brother, as various traditions name different people, including Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, Talhah, Ka'b ibn Malik, or Salama ibn Salama.[14]: 76–77 [17]: 234  As a shrewd merchant, Zubayr diverted his trading business route from Mecca to Medina at the beginning of the emigration.[19]

Military career edit

See also: List of expeditions of Muhammad
 
Battle of Khandaq

Zubayr served as one of three main commanders of the Muslim forces in the Battle of Badr, along with Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib and Ali.[20] In the course of the battle, he killed the Quraish champion Ubayda ibn Sa'id Umayya clan.[21] According to some accounts Zubayr also killed Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid,[4] although others credit his death to Ali.[22]

At the Battle of Uhud, Zubayr volunteered to take up Muhammad's sword, though Muhammad chose to give the sword to Abu Dujana al-Ansari instead.[17]: 373  When the tide of the battle turned against the Muslim forces and many fled, Zubayr was among the few to stand with Muhammad.[14]: 78 [17]: 381  According to Mubarakpuri, Muhammad praised Zubayr as the "Hawari" for the first time due to his killing of Ibn Abi Talhah, a standard bearer of the Banu Abd al-Dar tribe.[23] During the last phase of the battle, when the tide of the battle were changed as now the Muslim forces has suffered setback from Khalid ibn al-Walid counterattack, the Muslims ranks were separated each others.[citation needed]

Not long after the battle of Uhud, Muhammad sent Zubayr and Abu Bakr to chase the victorious Quraish forces in Hamra al-Asad,[24] where they captured a Quraish soldier from Banu Jumah, Abu Izzah al-Jumahi.[25] Muhammad then ordered Zubayr to execute Abu Izzah for breaking his promise with Muhammad at the battle of Badr to not involve himself in the war against them anymore.[25]

Later, after the invasion of Banu Nadir which resulted in the exile of Banu al-Nadir from Medina, their landed estates, which included palm-date gardens and cultivation fields along with their fortress residences, were confiscated and divided among the Muslims.[26] Zubayr and Abu Salamah ibn `Abd al-Asad were acquired a shared property of al-Buwaylah from this campaign.[26]

Battle of the Trench edit

During the Battle of the Trench, Zubayr fought and killed Nawfal ibn Abdullah ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi in a duel.[27][Notes 3] However, other chroniclers such as Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani recorded the man killed by Zubayr as Uthman ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi.[28] The Muslim defenders cheered and praised the sharpness of the sword which Zubayr used, only for Zubayr to reply that it is not his sword which need to be complimented, but the strength of the arm which held the sword.[29] Zubayr caused the enemy horsemens to flee after he strike the horse of Qurayshite warrior named Hubayr ibn Abi Wahb al Makhzumi, cutting the horse armour and crupper of Hubayr horse.[30] Zubayr also played a reconnaissance role when he volunteered to spy on the Qurayza tribe for Muhammad. The latter then praised Zubayr: "Every Prophet has a disciple, and my disciple is Al-Zubayr."[14]: 79 

After the battle, Muhammad immediately instructed the Muslim army to march without ceasing or resting to the settlement of Banu Qurayza, a Jewish tribe who had reportedly betrayed the Muslims[citation needed] in the previous battle. Banu Qurayza was besieged for several days before the Muslim soldiers, including Zubayr, broke through with a battering ram, and forced the surrender and execution of the garrison.[20]

Pledge of the Tree edit

Main article: Pledge of the Tree

In March 628 CE (6 AH), Muhammad set out for Mecca to perform the ritual pilgrimage of Umrah.[31][4] The Quraysh denied the Muslims entry into the city and posted themselves outside Mecca, determined to offer resistance even though the Muslims did not have any intention or preparation for battle, which caused Muhammad to send Uthman ibn Affan as his envoy to meet with the leaders of Quraysh and negotiate their entry into the city.[4][31] The Quraysh had Uthman stay longer in Mecca than they originally planned, which caused Muhammad to believe that Uthman had been killed.[4] In response, Muhammad gathered his nearly 1,400 Sahaba and called them to pledge to fight until death and avenge the death of Uthman.[4] After the pledge, verses were revealed in the Qur'an commemorating and appreciating the pledge and those who made it:

Certainly Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree, and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity on them and rewarded them with a near victory.

— Sura Al-Fath, Ayah 18, Quran 48:18 (Translated by Shakir)

Due to this verse, the pledge is also known as the Pledge of Acceptance as it was believed in Islam to be a cause for God's blessing towards those who took pledge, including Zubayr,[31][4] while at the same day, the ratification of treaty of Hudaybiyyah also occurred.

Battle of Khaybar edit

In 628, Zubayr participated in the Battle of Khaybar,[32] defeating the Jewish champion Yassir in single combat. Afterward, the Muslims commented on how sharp his sword must have been; Zubayr replied that it had not been sharp but he had used it with great force.[17]: 513–514  Later during the battle, Zubayr fought and killed another opposing champion in a duel.[33] After the Muslims had conquered any[clarification needed] of these eight Khaybar fortresses, the Jewish treasurer, Kinana, was brought to Muhammad, but he refused to reveal where their money was hidden. However, later Muhammad ibn Maslama decapitated Kinana, in retaliation for his brother Mahmud,[17]: 515 [34]: 330–331  who had been killed in the battle a few days earlier.[17]: 511 [34]: 322–324  Zubayr was later made one of the eighteen chiefs who each supervised the division of a block of the spoils of victory.[17]: 522 

Later, as the Muslim forces returned to Medina from Khaybar, they passed one more hostile Jewish fortress in Wadi al-Qura. During this battle Zubayr facing at least two enemy who challenged him to a duel; Zubayr accepted and defeated them both.[35]

Conquest of Mecca until death of Muhammad edit

In December 629, on the eve of the Conquest of Mecca, Zubayr and Ali brought back to Muhammad a letter from a spy intended for the Quraysh, making Muhammad confident that the Muslims would now take Mecca by surprise.[17]: 545  When Muhammad entered Mecca, Zubayr held one of the three banners of the Emigrants[14]: 78  and commanded the left wing of the conquering army.[17]: 549 

 
Site of the battle in Hunayn valley, near Jaranan Mosque

Later, during the Battle of Hunayn in 630 CE (8 AH), the Hawazin tribe forces under Malik ibn Awf ambushed the Muslims under the valley, which drove almost the entire Muslim army into retreat except Muhammad and several of his men,[36] possibly including Zubayr.[20] However, the Hawazin forces paused as they almost surrounded Muhammad and his followers, giving time for the Muslim army to regroup. After they consolidated themselves and rescued Khalid, who has been gravely injured during the first clash, the Muslims commenced a general counterattack, with Zubayr on the front of the Rashidun cavalry.[Notes 4] The Hawazin forces were immediately driven out of the valley by the frontal attack led by Zubayr after a short engagement. Nafi' ibn Jubayr reported that he saw Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib passing instructions from Muhammad to Zubayr to plant the rallying flag.[37] After the battles in Awtas, the Muslims engaged in the lengthy Siege of Ta'if, although they did not succeed in forcing an immediate surrender of the Hawazin.[20] Later, Zubayr participated in the last campaign with Muhammad, the Expedition of Tabuk.[20]

At some point, Muhammad assigned Zubayr and Jahm ibn al-Suht to be registrars and auditors of the zakat funds.[38] Muhammad also employ Al-Zubayr as one of his scribe.[39] After the death of Muhammad, Ali ibn Zayd and several Tabi'un mentioned the scars covering Zubayr's body from wounds that he had suffered.[9][14]: 76  It is said that in all of the battles with Muhammad, Zubayr wore a distinctive yellow turban,[14]: 77  except for the Battle of Hunayn, in which he reportedly wore a red one.[4]

During Rashidun caliphate edit

Further information: Battle of Zhu Qissa and Battle of Yamama

Ridda Wars edit

In the third week of July 632, during the Ridda Wars, the rebel army under Tulayha moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa, from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina.[40] Abu Bakr received intelligence of the rebel movements, and immediately prepared for the defense of Medina in the form of newly organised elite guard unit al-Ḥaras wa-l-shurṭa to guard Medina.[41] Zubayr was appointed as one commander of these units.[1][40] These troops rode to the mountain passes of Medina at night, intercepting the rebel forces and forcing them to retreat to Dhu Qisha.[42]

Later, Abu Bakr insisted on sending Usama ibn Zayd to Balqa to execute the last will of Muhammad.[1] The caliph appointed Zubayr, Umar ibn al-Khattab,[43] and Khalid ibn al-Walid as officers under Usama.[44] Tabari states that the expedition was successful, and Usama reached Syria and became the first Muslim force to successfully raid Byzantine territory, thus paving the way for the subsequent Muslim conquests of Syria and Egypt from the Byzantine Empire.[Notes 5]

Since all horses and trained camels were brought by main army to Balqa, Abu Bakr and the rest of Haras forces left in the capital had to resort to fighting the rebels with only untrained camels.[46] However, as the rebels retreated to the foothills on the outskirts of the city, Abu Bakr and the Medinese army could not catch up to the battle in the outskirt of Medina due to their untrained camels, so they had to wait until the next day to gather momentum for the second strike. The Medinese army engaged the rebels in the Battle of Zhu Qissa, which resulted in a rout of the rebel army.[47] Then, after the rebels retreated from the outskirt of Medina, the caliph went further to the north to crush another Bedouin rebellion in Dumat al-Jandal.[48]

Later, according to Ibn Hisham on secondhand testimony, as Khalid ibn al-Walid engaged the biggest rebel faction led by Musaylimah, Zubayr has participated in the Battle of Yamama while bringing the ten-year old Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr on his horse.[Notes 6] Hisham ibn Urwah has recorded that when the Muslim army faced a dire situation in the battle, while one of Zubayr brother, Sa'ib ibn al-Awwam had also fallen during the battle, Zubayr gave a rousing speech towards the Muslims to reinvigorate their spirit, which then followed with the Muslims pushing back until they gained the upper hand in the battle.[52]

Campaign in Levant edit

Further information: Battle of Yarmouk
 
Map detailing where the battle took place

During the Rashidun invasion of the Levant, after Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah had pacified the area in Moab, he sent Zubayr and Fadl ibn Abbas to subdue the city of Amman.[53] Waqidi recorded that Said ibn Aamir al-Jumahi testified that during the battle, he saw in the front of Muslim army Zubayr and Fadl fighting ferociously against the Byzantines atop of their horses. Said ibn Amir followed by saying that the Rashidun army butchered the fleeing Byzantine soldiers, while some were captured as prisoners of war.[54][55] Then Zubair managed to kill the Byzantine commander Nicetas and subdued the city of Amman.[53]

Battle of the Yarmuk edit

Later, Zubayr participated in the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636.[56] In the battle, Zubayr was placed on the left wing commanded by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, leading his personal squadron among other dozen[clarification needed] squadrons of the left wing.[57] Zubayr twice charged alone against the row of Byzantine soldiers, breaking up their ranks and suffering a heavy shoulder injury in the process.[27][4] Abdullah ibn Zubayr, who at that time was still a child and was carried on his father's chest,[4][29][58] testified that his father was doing the salah prayer on top of his camel while fighting the enemy at the same time.[59] At some point, Zubayr fought side by side with Khalid ibn al-Walid and Hashim ibn Utba (also known as Hashim al-Marqal) until the three of them reached the tent of Vahan, commander of the Armenian division of the Byzantines, causing the chaotic retreat of the Armenian ranks.[60] Zubayr's brother, Abd al Rahman al-Zubayr, died in the battle.[27]

After the battle at Yarmuk, Zubayr continued to accompany the Muslim army in the Levant and captured the coastal city of Ayla (modern-day Aqaba).[61][10] After Jerusalem had been subdued, Zubayr accompanied caliph Umar to visit the city.[62]

Campaign in Persia edit

In 635 to 636, the caliph assembled his council, including Zubayr, Ali, and Talhah, about the battle plan to face the Persian army of Rostam Farrokhzad in Qadisiyyah.[63] At first the caliph himself led the forces (including Zubayr) from Arabia to Iraq,[63] but the council urges Umar not to lead the army and instead appoint someone else, as his presence was needed more urgently in the capital.[63] Umar agreed and asked the council to suggest the commander to lead the army. The council agreed to send Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas; Sa'd served as the overall commander on Persian conquest and won the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah.[63]

Later, the caliph heard that Sassanid forces from Mah, Qom, Hamadan, Ray, Isfahan, Azerbaijan, and Nahavand had gathered in Nahavand to counter the Arab invasion.[64] Caliph Umar responded by assembling a war council consisting of Zubayr, Ali, Uthman ibn Affan, Talha, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib to discuss the strategy to face the Sassanids in Nahavand.[65]

The caliph want to lead the army himself, but Ali urged the caliph to instead delegate the battlefield commands to the field commanders. The caliph decides to send Zubayr, Tulayha, Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib, Abdullah ibn Amr Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays and others under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to go to Nahavand,[66] to face the army of the Sasanian Empire in the battle of Nahavand.[67] The reinforcements sent to aid the army in Nahavand numbered 4,000 soldiers.[68] Then as the reinforcements from Medina arrived in Nahavand, Umar gave further instruction for the army from Kufa under Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman and the army of Basra under Abu Musa al-Ashari to merge with al-Nu'man's army under the overall command of al-Nu'man.[69] The Arabs won a huge victory (hailed by medieval chroniclers as Fatih al-Futuh or "victory of victories") against the 150,000-man Sassanid army,[67] more than half of whom were killed.[70][71] Where there are records about Zubayr involvement in this battle of Nahavand.[11]

Later, after the siege of Shushtar, the Sassanid's chief commander, Hormuzan was captured by the Rashidun army. Zubayr then urged caliph Umar to pardon Hormuzan, which Umar granted.[72]

Campaign in North Africa edit

Further information: Muslim conquest of Egypt, Oxyrhynchus, and Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
 
Mosque of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam in Benghazi, Libya
 
Djemilla mosque on Zubayr ibn al-Awwam street in Algeria
 
Map showing the path of the Islamic armies and their conquest of Egypt and Oxyrhynchus during the reign of the second caliph, Umar Ibn Al-Khattab.

After the conquest of Jerusalem caliph Umar stayed for while in Jerusalem,[73] Amr ibn al-As, who at that time was in Egypt besieging a Byzantine fortress, sent a message to Umar asking for reinforcements of exactly 8,000 soldiers. However, since at the moment the available manpower of the caliphate was strained, the caliph was only able to send 4,000 soldiers, led by four commanders.[Notes 7][Notes 8] The four commanders were two veteran Muhajireen, Zubayr and Miqdad ibn Aswad, and two Ansari commanders named Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari and Ubadah ibn al-Samit.[29] However, Baladhuri, Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Sa'd recorded that the four commander were Zubayr, Busr ibn Abi Artat, Umayr ibn Wahb, and Kharija ibn Hudhafa.[76][77][78][Notes 9]

There are differing opinions regarding the number of soldiers which Zubayr brought: some say 12,000, others only 8,000.[68] Military historian Khalid Mahmud supports the view that the force with Zubayr numbered 4,000 fighters, as it is similar to the number of soldiers in previous reinforcements at the battles of the Yarmuk, al-Qadisiyyah and later to the battle of Nahavand.[68] The second reason was the abrupt request for aid from Egypt only allowed for a small number of soldiers.[68]

As they arrived in Egypt, Zubayr immediately helped the Rashidun army capture the city of Faiyum.[80][81] After the fall of Faiyum, Zubayr march to Ain Shams to assist 'Amr in besieging the Byzantine fortress at Heliopolis, which had been besieged before by 'Amr unsuccessfully for months.[82][83] At Heliopolis Zubayr helped repel a surprise Byzantine counterattack at night against the Rashidun forces.[66] The Byzantines eventually surrendered and the prefect of the city Al-Muqawqis, agreed to pay 50,000 gold coins.[66]

Later, during the Siege of Babylon Fortress, early chroniclers the mid medieval chronicler Qatadah reported that Zubayr personally led his soldiers climbing the walls of the fortress,[4] then instructed his troops to shout Takbir the moment he reached the top of the wall.[Notes 10] Zubayr immediately descended from the top of the wall and opened the gates, which caused the entire Muslim army to enter, prompting the terrified Muqawqis to surrender.[Notes 11] In Tabari's version, it was the Byzantine garrison who opened the gate as they immediately surrendered after witnessed Zubayr climbing the fortress wall.[85] Ibn Abd al-Hakam noted that Zubayr skipped the siege of Alexandria, as the siege was conducted by 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit.[86]

Conquest of al-Bahnasa edit

Later in 639, the Rashidun forces marched south to the Byzantine city named Oxyrhynchus (al-Bahnasa in Arabic).[87] 'Amr delegated Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead Zubayr and a Muslim army of 10,000 under his command to invade the city, where they faced Sudanese Christian auxiliaries of the Byzantine-Beja coalition in the Battle of Darishkur.[88][Notes 12]

Before the battle, the Rashidun army camped in a place which called Dashur.[3] Benjamin Hendrickx reported that the African Christians mustered around 20,000 symmachoi (black Sudanese auxiliary units of Byzantine), 1,300 war elephants with howdahs housing archers,[91] and anti-cavalry units named al-Quwwad armed with iron staffs,[90] all of them commanded by a patrician named Batlus.[89][89][90] Al-Maqrizi and Waqidi stated in this conflict, Zubayr alongside Miqdad, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, and Uqba ibn Amir each led 500 Rashidun cavalry to fight against the elephant corps of Batlus, by using spears soaked in santonin plants and sulfur which then ignite their spears with flames to drive the elephants back in terror.[3][Notes 13] while the elephant riders were toppled from the elephant's back and crushed underfoot on the ground.[3] Meanwhile, the Quwwad warriors who used iron staffs were routed by the Rashidun cavalry soldiers who used a seized chain weapons on their hands to disarm the Quwwad staff weapons from their hands.[3] It was narrated by Rafi' ibn Malik that the final phase of this battle occurred when Zubayr and several other commanders led a night raid with 1,000 Rashidun cavalry, which routed the enemy encampments and seized many spoils, including numerous sheep.[8][92]

After the victory at Darishkur, the Byzantine Sudanese forces fled to al-Bahnasa and locked the gates, which was followed by the Muslims besieging the town, as the Byzantines were reinforced by the arrival of 50,000 men, according to the report of al-Maqqari.[89][90] The siege dragged on for months, until Khalid ibn al Walid commanded Zubayr, Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar and other commanders to intensify the siege and assigned them to lead around 10,000 Companions of the Prophet, among them 70 who were veterans of battle of Badr.[93] They besieged the city for 4 months as Miqdad lead 200 horsemens, while Zubayr led 300 horsemen, and Dhiraar, Abdullah ibn Umar, Uqba ibn Amir al-Juhani 200 horsemen each.[93] They camped in a village which was later renamed as Qays village, in honor of Qays ibn Harith, the overall commander of the Rashidun cavalry.[94] The Byzantines and their Coptic allies showered the Rashidun army with arrows and stones from the city wall,[Notes 14] until the Rashidun overcame the defenders, as Dhiraar came out from the battle with his entire body stained in blood, having slain 160 Byzantine soldiers during the battle.[93] Chroniclers recorded that the Rashidun army finally breached the city gate under either Khalid ibn al-Walid or Qays ibn Harith.[92][8][95]

After the conquest of Egypt and Sudan, al-Zubayr followed 'Amr to the west. The Muslim army under Amr continued their campaign toward Tripolitania.[12] It is recorded during the lengthy siege of Tripoli, seven or eight Muslim soldiers from the Madhlij tribe of Kinanah accidentally spotted an unguarded side of Tripoli and managed to slip into the city unnoticed.[96] Caught off guard, the confused Byzantine garrison was thrown in panic by the intruders and fled with their ships anchored in the harbor.[96] These Madhlij warriors used this opportunity to open the town gate and inform 'Amr, who led the Muslim army to enter the city unopposed.[96][Notes 15] After they subdued Tripoli, Libda, and Sirte in 643 AD (22 AH), 'Amr sent Zubayr to besiege Sabratha in advance,[12] before 'Amr joined him.[97] In 644, after Zubayr and Amr had stormed Sabratha, they continued on to conquer Sharwas, a city in the Nafusa Mountains.[98]

However, further conquests in Africa came to halt after caliph Umar instructed them to restrain from advancing and consolidate the pacified region first.[99] In 642, Zubayr settled in a house adjacent to the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As, neighboring the homes of other Sahabah such as Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, Abdullah ibn Umar, and Ubadah.[100]

At some point during Umar's reign, when Zubayr was in Medina, he along with Miqdad and the caliph's son, Abdullah ibn Umar, went to Khaybar to collect their share of the profits from properties and plantations in Khaybar in which they held a stake. These properties were managed and worked by the Jewish tribes of Khaybar, who has been subdued during the time of Muhammad.[101] However, the Jewish tribes in Khaybar refused and instead hurt Abdullah ibn Umar, who suffered a broken hand from their harassment.[101] This prompted caliph Umar to expel the entire Jewish population from Khaybar and give the properties to Muslim overlords.[101]

Reign of caliph Uthman edit

Later, as caliph Umar was dying in 644, he selected Zubayr and five other men to elect the next caliph. Zubayr personally gave his own vote to nominate Ali as caliph.[102] After this, Zubayr officially served as a member of Majlis-ash-Shura, which was responsible for the elections of the caliph and functioned as a governmental advisory council regarding the law.[103]

Later, in the year of 27 AH, during the Muslim conquest of North Africa, Zubayr and his son, Abdullah were sent by caliph Uthman as reinforcements for Abdallah ibn Sa'd when fighting a Byzantine splinter group of about 120,000 under Gregory the Patrician.[13][104] During this battle, Zubayr's son, Abdullah ibn Zubayr, played a pivotal role as he led an attack that caught Gregory off guard when the two forces were still in stalemate, and decapitated the Byzantine general, causing the resistance of the Byzantine army to crumble as their morale plummeted.[13]

When Abdullah ibn Masud passed away, Zubayr petitioned caliph Uthman to give Abdullah's pension to his heirs, which was granted by the caliph.[105] Later, when Miqdad ibn al-Aswad, one of Zubayr's fellow veterans, passed away from illness, Miqdad left a message for Zubayr to manage and sell one of his estates, from which the proceeds would be donated to Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali, with each receiving 18,000 dirhams from the endowment, while from the rest he also asked Zubayr to give each of Muhammad's wives 7,000 dirhams.[106]

Zubayr's engagement in caliph Uthman's policy of land exchanging resulted in him gaining lands in Egypt, such as Fustat and Alexandria.[19]

First civil war and Zubayr's death edit

Further information: Battle of the Camel
 
Tomb of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam at Basra, Iraq

Uthman was assassinated in 656. Zubayr had reason to hope that he would be elected as the next caliph, although he knew that his old ally Talha was also a strong contender.[107] However, Ali was elected,[108]: 166, 176  to the debate of Muhammad's widow Aisha.[109]: 52  Thereupon Zubayr met with Aisha and Talha in Mecca, claiming he had only given allegiance to Ali at swordpoint.[108]

Zubayr, Talha and Aisha called for Uthman's death to be avenged, and while Ali agreed, he said that he was not able to do it at the time.[109]: 18  The allies then gathered an army and marched to Basra, where they defeated the governor and took over the city,[109]: 69–70, 76 [110] putting to death everyone who had been implicated in the assassination of Uthman.[109]: 73  When they were challenged over why they now cared about Uthman, when they had shown him so much hostility during his lifetime, they claimed: "We wanted Uthman to meet our demands. We didn't want him to be killed."[109]: 69 

According to Adrian Brocket's translation of Tabari, Ali behaved like a man who suspected hostility towards himself, for he soon entered Basra with a professional army of 20,000.[109]: 121  For several days, there were negotiations, as both sides asserted they wanted only to see justice done.[109]: 122, 129, 130, 132, 152  But on 7 December 656, hostilities erupted as Aisha's warriors killed Ali's messenger-boy, and Ali responded, "Battle is now justified, so fight them!"[109]: 126–127 

Meanwhile, Ibn Kathir in his book al Bidaya wa Nihaya recorded a more detailed version that the side of Zubayr, Aisha, and Talha were in the way of agreement with Ali as through negotiation of al-Qa'qa ibn Amr as arbitrator.[111] However, suddenly Abdullah ibn Saba', Malik al-Ashtar and Shuraih ibn Awfa incited a riot within the ranks of Ali's soldiers during the negotiations, plunging both sides into confusion and thus inciting the start of the combat.[111]

The battle started, but according to some traditions at some point Zubayr lost the desire to fight. He said that Ali had talked him out of it during the negotiations on the grounds that they were cousins, and reminding him that Muhammad had once told Zubayr that he would one day fight Ali and he (Zubayr) would be on the wrong side. Zubay's son 'Abd Allah accused him of fearing Ali's army. 'Abd Allah was hostile to Ali because his mother was Aisha's sister and she had raised him like her son. In a sermon of his, Ali laments that 'Zubayr remained a part of our family until his wretched son Abd Allah came along'. Whatever the case, Zubayr left the battlefield while Aisha continued to direct her troops from her camel. A man named Amr ibn Jarmouz decided to track Zubayr's movements and followed him to a nearby field. It was time for prayer so, after each had asked the other what he was doing there, they agreed to pray. While Zubayr was prostrating, Amr ibn Jurmuz stabbed him in the neck and killed him.[109]: 111–112, 116, 126, 158–159 

Legacy edit

In Islamic scholarship edit

Further information: Majlis-ash-Shura

Zubayr is generally viewed by Islamic scholars as an important figure, who collectively classified Zubayr as being among the highest-ranked Companions of Muhammad, due to his inclusion among the ten Muslims to whom Muhammad guaranteed Paradise while they were still alive.[112][113]

Aside from his inclusion in the hadith about ten companion who guaranteed paradise, scholars also exalted Zubayr for these six particular events:

Shia Muslims generally view Zubayr negatively, as he is considered a heretic for his involvement in the Battle of the Camel.[115]

Prayer and ethics edit

Further information: Salah

Zubayr established a number of traditions in Islamic prayer and ethics, including a prayer gesture of clasping his right middle, ring, and pinky fingers while pointing the index finger and putting the thumb above the clasped middle finger,[116] whether to sit down while eating and drinking,[117] prohibiting sleep during Sübh,[118] and reciting sura Ar-Ra'd, Ayah 13|Quran 13:13 (Translated by Shakir) whenever a Muslim hears the sound of thunder.[119]

Hadith and law edit

Further information: Fatwa and Madhhab
 
population in 2009.[120] Four main Sunni Madhhabs in modern era were greatly influenced by az-Zubayr Jurisprudence

As one of principal companions of Muhammad who followed him from the beginning of Islam, many hadith are attributed to Zubayr.[4] However, there are very few hadith from Zubayr in comparison with other companions of Muhammad,[inconsistent] as he was reluctant to tell many hadith about Muhammad even though he had been constantly in his company. As he explained to his son Abdullah, "I heard Allah’s Messenger say, ‘Anyone who tells a lie about me should take a seat in the Fire.'"[14]: 80 

In his exegesis, Zubayr emphasized the importance of sunnah and tradition as guidance, as opposed to the more analytical qiyas method of Ahl al-Ra'y.[121] Thus, Sunni Islam Madhhab scholars have accepted hadith and exegesis from Zubayr as the source of Islam jurisprudence.[citation needed]

Zubayr's ruling on Islamic law have been influential to the Shafi'i,[122] Hanbali,[123] Hanafi,[124] and Zahiri schools.[125]

Contemporary edit

 
Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen (far left), 20th century Salafi scholar and Saudi Permanent Committee of Fatwa member.

In the modern era, Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta in Saudi Arabia used the practice of Zubayr as one of their source of fatawa, such as an act of government to spying any endangering act from enemy of the state, such as criminal behavior, alleged terrorism, and other illegal conduct.[126] The committee based this ruling of espionage from the act of Zubayr of spying on Banu Qurayza for their alleged betrayal during the Battle of the Trench on the instruction of Muhammad.[126]

In Egypt, Zubayr's jurisprudence has had widespread influence, as Grand Mufti of Egypt, Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy recorded that due to Zubayr and 'Amr ibn al-As's long stay in Egypt, Muslims in Egypt and Faqīh scholars of the country base much of their fatwa and rulings on Zubayr's verdicts during his tenure in Africa.[127]

Rules of war edit

Zubayr's conduct has been influential on Islamic interpretation of the rules of war, such as the use of military deception,[128] the division of spoils of war at the Battle of the Yarmuk,[129] the treatment of prisoners of war,[130] and the use of torture as a method of interrogation.[131][132]

Entrepreneurship edit

Further information on Islamic fundraising: Islamic banking and finance and Takaful
 
The Faisal Islamic Bank in Khartoum, Sudan.

Zubayr was known to be very wealthy as a result of his business career.[14]: 80  His practice of offering loans with no interest became widespread in the Islamic world.[133]

Manumission of slaves edit

Further information: Mawla

Zubayr owned at least a thousand slaves and reportedly freed one each day. Some of his ex-slaves became prominent in their own right, including Yarba ibn Rabban Mawla az-Zubayr, who became a scholar of hadith.[134] Another slave who gained prominence was Abu Yahya Mawla az-Zubayr.[135] Daniel Pipes argued that the practice of early Muslims such as Zubayr and Uthman ibn Affan of owning massive number of slaves and casual manumissions was the first indication of Mamluk, an Islamic military slave system.[136]

Descendants edit

Main article: Zubayrids

Zubayr's status as an early Muslim hero and model of religious piety prompted many ethnic communities across the world to claim themselves as his descendants. particularly in Hejaz and Egypt. The Zubairi community which dwells in India and Pakistan also claims Zubayr as their ancestor, as descendant clans of Zubayr allegedly migrated from their homeland to the Indian subcontinent during the Umayyad campaigns in India in the 7th century AD.[137][138][139]

The descendants of Zubayr, known as Zubayrids, were influential in Iraq and Iran.

Personal characteristics edit

Zubayr is described as of medium height, lean, dark-complexioned, and hairy, though with a thin beard. His hair hung down to his shoulders, and he did not dye it after it turned white.[14]: 80  One report described him as having had blue eyes.[140] Other reports consider him burly and tall.[4] Much of his body was covered with battle scars from his many military engagements.[9] He was said to possess extraordinary physical strength,[27] As he was said being able to split an adult man body perfectly into two with a single blow of his sword.[29]

Zubayr owned many horses,[141] and established a high quality pedigree which was bred by his descendants for generations.[142] He possessed a large number of properties,[14]: 77  many slaves,[143] and vast wealth, though he was said to be generous.

Family edit

Lineage of Zubayr ibn Awwam[Notes 16]
Fihr ibn Malik / Quraysh[144]
Common ancestor of Quraysh tribe confederation
Ghalib ibn Fihr
Lu'ay ibn Ghalib
Ka'b ibn Lu'ay
Murrah ibn Ka'b
KilabFatimah bint Sa'd
Qusai ibn Kilab
common ancestor of banu Asad & banu Hashim		Hubba bint Hulail
great-great-great-grandmother
Abd al-Uzza ibn Qusai
paternal great-great grandfather		`Abd Manaf ibn Qusai
maternal great-great-grandfather		Atikah bint Murrah
maternal great-great-grandmother
Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza
paternal great grandfather (Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza [id] clan progenitor)		Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
maternal great grandfather (Banu Hashim progenitor)		Salma bint `Amr
maternal gread grandmother
Khuwaylid ibn Asad
paternal grandfather		Halah bint Wuhayb
maternal grandmother		`Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim
maternal grandfather		Fatimah bint `Amr
maternal step grandmother
Umm Al-Khair Umaima bint Malik
step mother		Awwam ibn Khuwaylid
father		Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib
mother		`Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
maternal uncle		Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
maternal uncle
Abdullah ibn Al-Awwam
step brother		Abdul Rahman ibn Al-AWwam
step brother		Zainab bint Al-Awwam
step sister		Hind bint AwWam
sister		Umm Habib Bint Al-Awwam
sister		ZUBAYR IBN AL-AWWAMAl-Sa'ib bin Al-Awwam
brother		Abd al Kaaba al-Awwam
brother
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
paternal aunt		MUHAMMAD
maternal cousin
Fatimah bint Muhammad
paternal niece (paternal side)/cousin once removed (maternal side)		Ali bin Abi Thalib
maternal cousin
Legend
descent
adoption
marriage
 1, 2 
 spouse order

Zubayr married eight times and had twenty children.[14]: 75 

  1. Asma bint Abi Bakr. They were married before the Hijra of 622 and divorced when Urwa was young, around 645.[15]: 179 
    1. Abdullah
    2. Al-Mundhir
    3. Asim
    4. Al-Muhajir
    5. Khadija the Elder
    6. Umm Al-Hasan
    7. Aisha
    8. Urwa
  2. Umm Kulthum bint Uqba of the Umayya clan. They were married in 629, but she disliked him, and they were divorced in a matter of months. After their daughter was born, Umm Kulthum married Abdur Rahman bin Awf.[15]: 163 
    1. Zaynab
  3. Al-Halal bint Qays of the Asad tribe.
    1. Khadija the Younger
  4. Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid of the Umayya clan. She was one of the emigrants who returned from Abyssinia in 628.[15]: 164 
    1. Khalid
    2. Amr
    3. Habiba
    4. Sawda
    5. Hind
  5. Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf of the Kalb tribe.
    1. Mus'ab
    2. Hamza
    3. Ramla
  6. Atiqa bint Zayd of the Adi clan, a widow of Umar.[14]: 85 
  7. Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh of the Kalb tribe, a widow of Abdur Rahman ibn Awf. Al-Zubayr divorced her only seven days after the wedding. She used to tell other women, "When one of you marries, she should not be deceived by seven days after what Al-Zubayr has done to me."[15]: 208–209  She did not, however, enlarge on the nature of the "deception".
  8. Umm Ja'far Zaynab bint Marthad of the Thaalaba tribe.
    1. Ubayda
    2. Ja'far

There were reports from Zubayr's wives that he had "some harshness towards women".[15]: 163 [15]: 163  Atiqa only agreed to marry him on the condition that he would never beat her.[146] However, contemporary writer Abdo Khal questioned the validity of this narration as he viewed the stories as based on unverified laymen interpretations in modern social media.[147]

Zubayr gave his male children the names of the Sahaba who died as Shahid (martyrs):

The two most notable of his sons were Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, who claimed the caliphate during the reign of Yazid ibn Muawiyah,[150] along with Zubayr's youngest son from Asma', Urwah ibn al-Zubayr, member of the most influential group of jurists known collectively as The Seven Fuqaha of Medina, prominent hadith scholar, and the first writer of Seerah or Maghazi.[151]

One of Zubayr's daughters, Ramlah bint al-Zubayr, married the Umayyad prince Khalid ibn Yazid,[152] despite the fact that Khalid was also the one who had killed Ramlah's brother Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr in the Battle of Maskin in 691.[153] Ibn Asakir recorded that Ramlah was famous for her extraordinary beauty.[152] Ramlah's beauty inspired Khalid to extoll her in his poems. However, this caused some trouble for Khalid, as various factions who disliked the Umayyad regime, such as the Shu'ubiyya movement, the Shia, and the Kharijites, spread exaggerated rumors regarding Khalid's poems for Ramlah. When these rumors reached the ears of the caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, he in turn berated and scolded Khalid's conduct, which the caliph regarded as vanity.[154]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Coined Jund al Misr by Ibn Ashakir[5]
  2. ^ The book reviewer, adding the sources of this material which was not found in the original edition of Mahmud al-Misry's book,Shahabatur Rasulullah.[4]
  3. ^ Dhahabi also supported this version, through a firsthand witness of the battle named Ibn Abi Zannad[4]
  4. ^ The narrations of Zubayr's advance accompanied by Muslim horsemen came from Akram without quoting sources,[7] while Basalamah said that Zubayr charged alone without being accompanied by borrowing narrator's chains from Ibn Hisham.[20]
  5. ^ Tabari: "advanced quickly to Dhu al-Marwah and the valley and ended up doing what the Prophet had ordered him to do, dispersing horsemen among the Quda'a tribes (who were Ghassanid vassals) and raiding Abil. He took captives and booty, and his completion of the mission was within forty days, excepting the time of his return."[45]
  6. ^ Bukhari reported that the day ten-year-old Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr was brought by his father to the battlefield was during the Battle of Yarmouk against the Byzantines.[49][50][51] Dhahabi reasoned this happened during Yamama as the younger Zubayr was exactly ten years old at that time, while Ibn Kathir argued the day Zubayr brought his son to the battlefield happened during Yarmouk instead.[4] However, Ibn Kathir still argued Zubayr indeed fought in the Battle of Yamama and a suffered permanent injury on his shoulder[29]
  7. ^ John of Nikiû supported this traditions from Muslim chroniclers that the reinforcements numbered 4,000 although John did not mention the 4 commanders.[74]
  8. ^ Hendrickx mentioned there were at least a thousand Black African soldiers under Ubadah, among these reinforcements.[75]
  9. ^ Regardless of the version, Claude Cahen remarked that this reinforcement army did not include any chieftains or tribes that rebelled during the Ridda Wars, which means this army consisted solely of those who had proven loyal from the beginning of the Caliphate.[79]
  10. ^ Baladhuri said Zubayr climbed the Babylon fortress wall alone,[84] while other sources said he climbed it with a handful of soldiers.[4]
  11. ^ The entire narration is found in Qatadah's work, Futuh as-Sham wa Misr, pages 209 and 227.[4]
  12. ^ The compilation records about the conquest of Sudan and southern Egypt were compiled in Futuhat Bahnasa by Waqidi and records of al-Maqrizi.[89][90]
  13. ^ The original versions of collective narrations from Waqidi, Masudi, Sa'id ibn Jubayr, Abu Jaafar Al-Tabarani, Ibn Khalikan, Muhammad bin Ishaq and Ibn Hisham, differ about the Muslim commanders at the Battle of Darishkur. The broadest even mentioned that Khalid ibn al-Walid, Khawlah bint al-Azwar(sister of Dhiraar), Al-Qa'qa' ibn Amr al-Tamimi and Abdurrahman ibn Abu Bakar(son of Abu Bakar) also attended this battle, and more details regarding the such as Zubayr and other commanders leading 500 Rashidun cavalry each.[8]
  14. ^ Waqidi recorded that around 5,000 Sahabah fell during the battle.[93]
  15. ^ The number of the Madhlij warriors was given as seven or eight, depending on the secondary sources.[96]
  16. ^ Genealogists and historians disagree over who is the ancestor named Quraish, whether it is Qusay ibn Kilab[144] or Fihr ibn Malik,[145]

Primary sources edit

  • Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam of Urwah ibn Zubayr, an historian during Rashidun era.
  • Earliests records of Maghazi (historical records regarding Islamic conquests) of Muhammad by Tabi'in historian Aban ibn Uthman
  • Recorded narrations of Maghazi classifications by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
  • Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate
  • Sahih Bukhari Chapter 57: Book of Jihad, regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition
  • Sahih Muslim Chapter 19: Kitab Al-Jihad Wa'l-Siyar (The Book of Jihad And Expedition), regarding ethics and conduct during wartime
  • Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, a collection of hadith compiled by the Ahmad ibn Hanbal(d. 241 AH/855 AD) to whom the Hanbali fiqh(legislation) is attributed
  • 'Jami at-Tirmidhi', also known as Sunan at-Tirmidhi, is one of "the six books" (Kutub al-Sittah – the six major hadith collections); authored by Al-Tirmidhi
  • Sunan Abu Dawood, one of the Kutub al-Sittah (six major hadith collections), collected by Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
  • Masabih al-Sunnah contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests, including those directly involved in the conquest. Authored by Al-Baghawi
  • Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (The Life of the Prophet), an edited recension by Ibn Isḥāq
  • Tarikh al-Islam al-kabir, 'Great History of Islam' (50 vols., in Arabic); Ibn Hajar received it from adh-Dhahabi
  • Siyar a`lam al-nubala, biographical manuscript of Companions of Muhammad, authored by adh-Dhahabi
  • History of the Prophets and Kings, more commonly known as Tarikh al-Tabari (تاريخ الطبري) or Tarikh-i Tabari or The History of al-Tabari (Persian: تاریخ طبری)
  • Historical excerpts from Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi, scholar and historian from the Caliphate of Córdoba
  • History of Damascus (Arabic: Tarikh Dimashq) is one of the most important books about the Islamic history of Syria, covering the life of important figures who resided in or visited Damascus. Authored by Ibn Ashakir
  • Futuh al-Buldan, The Conquest of (the) countries, a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri of Abbasid-era Baghdad
  • Futūḥ mișr wa akhbārahā, Conquest of Egypt and some account of it, i.e. of the country) authored by Ibn Abd al-Hakam
  • Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi (Arabic: كتاب التاريخ والمغازي, "Book of History and Campaigns") by al-Waqidi.
  • Sahdba ma'a yl-Batlus (The book of the conquest of al-Bahnasa and what befell the Companions of Muhammad with the Patrician Batlus).
  • Al-Mawāʻiẓ wa-al-Iʻtibār bi-Dhikr al-Khiṭaṭ wa-al-āthār; a historical excerpt authored by al-Maqrizi.
  • Genealogical Kawahla Nisba manuscript by Sheykh Abdullah Gadula Balilu al-Kawahla.
  • Zubayrids governor coin inscription found by modern archaeologs in Bishapur.
  • Tradition account from Shaykh Fati al-Basri regarding Zubayr ibn al-Awwam descendants.

Secondary sources edit

  1. ^ a b c Rashid 1983.
  2. ^ Sourdel 1965, p. 910.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Norris 1986, p. 76-78.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z al-Misri (2015, p. Zubayr ibn Awwam chapter)
  5. ^ Ibn Ashakir 1995, p. 486.
  6. ^ al-Mubarak 1997, p. 18.
  7. ^ a b Akram 2007, p. 5.
  8. ^ a b c d Waqidi, Muhammad ibn Umar (2008). فتوح الشام (نسخة منقحة) (Revised ed.). p. 48. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n al-Asfahani 2016, p. 226.
  10. ^ a b Al-Asqalani 2000, p. 349.
  11. ^ a b Arif al-Khatib (2018). الحبيب الاعظم [Al-Habib Al-'Azim] (Bukel) (in Arabic). Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 86. ISBN 9782745186652. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  12. ^ a b c al-Maghlouth 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d Ismail Ali, Ahmad (1998). تاريخ بلاد الشام [History of Sham country] (Ebook) (in Arabic). .ع.إ. علي،. p. 151. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  16. ^ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, al-Maʿārif, p. 219. p. 89.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  18. ^ Abdullah et al. 2016, p. 43. quoting al-Azami, 2005; Ahmad Don, 1991; al-Zarqani, t.th.
  19. ^ a b Ibrahim 2011, p. 88.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Ibn Hisham & Basalamah (2019)
  21. ^ Zubaidi, Hashim & Sharif 2002, p. 706.
  22. ^ Guillaume/Ishaq p. 337.
  23. ^ a b Mubarakpuri1 (2009)
  24. ^ al-Mubarakpuri (2008, pp. 415–418)
  25. ^ a b al-Mubarakpuri (2008, pp. 416–418)
  26. ^ a b Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi, Muhammad (2018). "Role of Booty in the Economy During the Prophet's Time". Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Islamic Economics 1989 (in Indonesian). 1. Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) - Department of Economics.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Ibn Kathir 2009.
  28. ^ al Asqalani, Ibn Hajjar (5 October 2011). "Fath al Bari". Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  29. ^ a b c d e adh-Dhahabī 2008.
  30. ^ Faizer 2013, p. 231
  31. ^ a b c Rizqullah Ahmad, Maftukhin & Basyaruddin (2017, p. 29)
  32. ^ Fazier 2013, p. 339.
  33. ^ Fazier 2013, p. 349.
  34. ^ a b Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi. Kitab al-Maghazi. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., and Tayob, A. K. (2011). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford & New York: Routledge.
  35. ^ Fazier (2013, pp. 349–350)
  36. ^ Rizqullah Ahmad, Maftukhin & Basyaruddin (2017, p. 778): Most scholars, including Bukhari, Muslims, Tirmidhi, and Albani accept the primary report that only Muhammad and two of his uncles, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, stood their ground.
  37. ^ Al-Qastallani 1905, p. Sahih al-Bukhari » Fighting for the Cause of Allah (Jihaad) - كتاب الجهاد والسير » Hadith 2976.
  38. ^ Al Jaffri, Sawandi & Mohammad 2016, p. 172.
  39. ^ Azami 2008, p. 97; Ibn Syabah, at Tanbih wa al Isyraf, p.245; Ibn Kathir al-Bidayah wan Nihayah, V/344; al Iraqi, al Ajalatus Saniyyah , p. 246; Ibn Sayyid an Nas. Uyunul Tsar, II/315.
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  46. ^ Ibn Jarir at-Tabari 2015, p. 46; Khorasani Parizi 2011.
  47. ^ al-Hanbali 2014, p. 86
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  • Pu

January 01, 1970
zubayr, awwam, khuwaylid, asadi, arabic, الز, ال, ام, الأ, romanized, zubayr, ʿawwām, khuwaylid, ʾasadī, arab, muslim, commander, service, islamic, prophet, muhammad, caliphs, bakr, umar, played, leading, role, ridda, wars, against, rebel, tribes, arabia, late. Al Zubayr ibn al Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al Asadi Arabic الز ب ي ر ب ن ال ع و ام ب ن خ و ي ل د الأ س د ي romanized al Zubayr ibn al ʿAwwam ibn Khuwaylid al ʾAsadi c 594 656 was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr r 632 634 and Umar r 634 644 who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632 633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633 634 Byzantine Syria in 634 638 and the Exarchate of Africa in 639 643 Al Zubayr ibn al Awwamالز ب ي ر ب ن ال ع و امNative nameArabic زبير ابن العوامOther name s Hawari Rasul Allah Disciple of Messenger of God Abu Abd AllahBornc 594 Mecca Hejaz Arabia present day Saudi Arabia Diedc 656 aged 61 62 Basra Rashidun CaliphateBuriedMazar Zubayr Zubayriyya IraqAllegianceRashidun CaliphateService wbr branchRashidun army Khatiba al Khudra e were coined by Tabari 1 Jund Filastin Palestine division 2 Jund al Misr Egypt division 3 4 Notes 1 Years of service624 656RankAmir al Jaysh Field commander of the caliphate army 6 Commands heldField commander of Battle of Badr Conquest of Mecca 4 and Muslim conquest of Egypt 4 Rashidun cavalry commander in Battle of Hunayn 7 and conquest of al Bahnasa 8 Commander of the Basra army of Aisha Battles warsBattles under Muhammad Battle of Badr Battle of Uhud Battle of Hamra al Asad 9 Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa 9 Invasion of Banu Nadir 9 Expedition of Badr al Maw id 9 Expedition of Dhat al Riqa 9 Expedition of Dumat al Jandal 9 Expedition of al Muraysi 9 Battle of the Trench 4 Invasion of Banu Qurayza 9 Invasion of Banu Lahyan 9 Expedition of Dhu Qarad 9 Conquest of Fadak 9 Battle of Khaybar Third Expedition of Wadi al Qura 9 Conquest of Mecca Hunayn amp Awtas Siege of Ta if Battle of Tabuk Apostate wars Defense of Medina Expedition of Balqa Battle of Yamama Muslim conquest of the Levant Capture of Amman Battle of Yarmouk Capture of Ayla 10 Muslim conquest of Persia Battle of Nahavand 11 Muslim conquest of Egypt Capture of Faiyum Battle of Heliopolis Siege of Heliopolis Siege of Babylon Fortress Muslim conquest of Sudan Battle of Darishkur 3 Siege of Bahnasa 3 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb Siege of Tripolitania Siege of Cyrenaica Siege of Sabratha 12 Siege of Sharwas city Battle of Sufetula 13 First caliphate civil war Battle of the Camel Spouse s Asma bint Abi Bakr Umm Kulthum bint Uqba Atiqa bint Zayd Rabab bint Unayf Tumadir bint al AsbaghChildrenAbd Allah Urwa Mus ab Khalid ZaynabRelationsAl Awwam ibn Khuwaylid father Safiyya bint Abd al Muttalib mother Other workFirst chain Narrator of HadithMufti of the Rashidun CaliphateMajlis ash Shura advisory council memberRegistrar of zakat and charity An early convert to Islam Zubayr was a commander in the Battle of Badr in 624 in which the latter was instrumental in defeating the opponent forces of the Quraysh He participated in almost all of the early Muslim battles and expeditions under Muhammad In the Battle of the Trench due to his military service Muhammad bestowed the title Hawari Rasul Allah Disciple of Messenger of God upon him After Muhammad s demise Zubayr was appointed as a commander in the Ridda Wars by caliph Abu Bakr He was involved in the defense of Medina and Battle of Yamama During Umar s caliphate Zubayr served in the Muslim conquests of Egypt Levant Persia Sudan and Tripolitania After Umar s assassination Zubayr became an important political figure of the caliphate being the chief advisor of the Shura that elected the third caliph Uthman During the latter s caliphate Zubayr advised the caliph in political and religious issues 13 After Uthman was assassinated Zubayr pledged allegiance to the fourth caliph Ali though later withdrew allegiance after Ali refused to avenge Uthman s death Zubayr s forces engaged with Ali s forces in the Battle of the Camel in December 656 In the aftermath while Zubayr was prostrating in prayer he was killed by Amr ibn Jurmuz Zubayr is generally considered by historians to be one of early Islam s most accomplished commanders The Sunni Islamic tradition credits Zubayr as being promised paradise The Shia Islamic tradition views Zubayr negatively The general s descendants known as the Zubayrids are found worldwide Contents 1 Ancestry and early life 1 1 Conversion to Islam 2 Military career 2 1 Battle of the Trench 2 2 Pledge of the Tree 2 3 Battle of Khaybar 2 4 Conquest of Mecca until death of Muhammad 2 5 During Rashidun caliphate 2 5 1 Ridda Wars 2 5 2 Campaign in Levant 2 5 2 1 Battle of the Yarmuk 2 5 3 Campaign in Persia 2 5 4 Campaign in North Africa 2 5 4 1 Conquest of al Bahnasa 2 5 5 Reign of caliph Uthman 2 5 6 First civil war and Zubayr s death 3 Legacy 3 1 In Islamic scholarship 3 2 Prayer and ethics 3 3 Hadith and law 3 3 1 Contemporary 3 4 Rules of war 3 5 Entrepreneurship 3 6 Manumission of slaves 3 7 Descendants 4 Personal characteristics 4 1 Family 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Primary sources 6 3 Secondary sources 7 Bibliography 8 External online biographyAncestry and early life editHis father was the brother of Khadija Al Awwam ibn Khuwaylid of the Asad clan of the Quraysh tribe His mother was Muhammad s aunt Safiyya bint Abd al Muttalib Hence Zubayr was Muhammad s first cousin and brother in law 14 75 Zubayr ibn al Awwam was born in Mecca in 594 He had two brothers Sa ib and Abd al Kaaba and two sisters Hind bint Al Awwam who would latter marry Zayd ibn Haritha 14 and Zaynab bint al Awwam who will mary her paternal cousin Hakim ibn Hizam He has also a half brother Safi ibn Al Harith son of Safiyya bint Abd al Muttalib precedent wedding with Harb ibn Umayya 15 29 Al Awwam died while Zubayr was still young the day of Al Ablaa the third year of the Fijar War 16 His mother Safiyya would beat him severely in order to make him bold in battle 14 76 While he was still a boy Zubayr fought an adult man and beat him up so fiercely that the man s hand was broken Safiyya who was pregnant at the time had to carry the man home 14 765 Conversion to Islam edit Zubayr is said to have entered Islam at the age of 16 He was one of the first men to accept Islam under the influence of Abu Bakr 17 115 and is said to have been the fourth or fifth adult male convert 14 76 Zubayr was one of the first fifteen emigrants to Abyssinia in 615 17 146 until clarification needed he returned there in 616 17 147 During his stay in Abyssinia a rebellion against Najashi king of Aksum and benefactor of the Muslim emigrants broke out Najashi met the rebels in battle on the banks of the Nile The Muslims were greatly worried and decided to send Zubayr to seek news from Najashi By using an inflated waterskin he swam down the Nile river until he reached the point where the battle was raging He watched until Najashi had defeated the rebels and then swam back to the Muslims to report the victory 17 153 However another version recorded Zubayr as crossing the Red Sea from the coast of the Arabian Peninsula Notes 2 Zubayr was among those who returned to Mecca in 619 when he heard that the Meccans had converted to Islam However as they approached Mecca they learned that the report was false and they had to enter the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth 17 167 168 While he stayed with early converts of Islam in Mecca Zubayr was given a shared responsibility as a hafiz someone who memorized every verse of the Quran along with Abu Bakr Abdur Rahman ibn Auf Talha and Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas 18 Zubayr joined the general emigration to Medina in 622 At first he lodged with Al Mundhir ibn Muhammad It is disputed who became Zubayr s sworn brother as various traditions name different people including Abdullah ibn Mas ud Talhah Ka b ibn Malik or Salama ibn Salama 14 76 77 17 234 As a shrewd merchant Zubayr diverted his trading business route from Mecca to Medina at the beginning of the emigration 19 Military career editSee also List of expeditions of Muhammad nbsp Battle of Khandaq Zubayr served as one of three main commanders of the Muslim forces in the Battle of Badr along with Hamza ibn Abdul Muttalib and Ali 20 In the course of the battle he killed the Quraish champion Ubayda ibn Sa id Umayya clan 21 According to some accounts Zubayr also killed Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid 4 although others credit his death to Ali 22 At the Battle of Uhud Zubayr volunteered to take up Muhammad s sword though Muhammad chose to give the sword to Abu Dujana al Ansari instead 17 373 When the tide of the battle turned against the Muslim forces and many fled Zubayr was among the few to stand with Muhammad 14 78 17 381 According to Mubarakpuri Muhammad praised Zubayr as the Hawari for the first time due to his killing of Ibn Abi Talhah a standard bearer of the Banu Abd al Dar tribe 23 During the last phase of the battle when the tide of the battle were changed as now the Muslim forces has suffered setback from Khalid ibn al Walid counterattack the Muslims ranks were separated each others citation needed Not long after the battle of Uhud Muhammad sent Zubayr and Abu Bakr to chase the victorious Quraish forces in Hamra al Asad 24 where they captured a Quraish soldier from Banu Jumah Abu Izzah al Jumahi 25 Muhammad then ordered Zubayr to execute Abu Izzah for breaking his promise with Muhammad at the battle of Badr to not involve himself in the war against them anymore 25 Later after the invasion of Banu Nadir which resulted in the exile of Banu al Nadir from Medina their landed estates which included palm date gardens and cultivation fields along with their fortress residences were confiscated and divided among the Muslims 26 Zubayr and Abu Salamah ibn Abd al Asad were acquired a shared property of al Buwaylah from this campaign 26 Battle of the Trench edit During the Battle of the Trench Zubayr fought and killed Nawfal ibn Abdullah ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi in a duel 27 Notes 3 However other chroniclers such as Ibn Hajar Al Asqalani recorded the man killed by Zubayr as Uthman ibn Mughirah al Makhzumi 28 The Muslim defenders cheered and praised the sharpness of the sword which Zubayr used only for Zubayr to reply that it is not his sword which need to be complimented but the strength of the arm which held the sword 29 Zubayr caused the enemy horsemens to flee after he strike the horse of Qurayshite warrior named Hubayr ibn Abi Wahb al Makhzumi cutting the horse armour and crupper of Hubayr horse 30 Zubayr also played a reconnaissance role when he volunteered to spy on the Qurayza tribe for Muhammad The latter then praised Zubayr Every Prophet has a disciple and my disciple is Al Zubayr 14 79 After the battle Muhammad immediately instructed the Muslim army to march without ceasing or resting to the settlement of Banu Qurayza a Jewish tribe who had reportedly betrayed the Muslims citation needed in the previous battle Banu Qurayza was besieged for several days before the Muslim soldiers including Zubayr broke through with a battering ram and forced the surrender and execution of the garrison 20 Pledge of the Tree edit Main article Pledge of the Tree In March 628 CE 6 AH Muhammad set out for Mecca to perform the ritual pilgrimage of Umrah 31 4 The Quraysh denied the Muslims entry into the city and posted themselves outside Mecca determined to offer resistance even though the Muslims did not have any intention or preparation for battle which caused Muhammad to send Uthman ibn Affan as his envoy to meet with the leaders of Quraysh and negotiate their entry into the city 4 31 The Quraysh had Uthman stay longer in Mecca than they originally planned which caused Muhammad to believe that Uthman had been killed 4 In response Muhammad gathered his nearly 1 400 Sahaba and called them to pledge to fight until death and avenge the death of Uthman 4 After the pledge verses were revealed in the Qur an commemorating and appreciating the pledge and those who made it Certainly Allah was well pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts so He sent down tranquillity on them and rewarded them with a near victory Sura Al Fath Ayah 18 Quran 48 18 Translated by Shakir Due to this verse the pledge is also known as the Pledge of Acceptance as it was believed in Islam to be a cause for God s blessing towards those who took pledge including Zubayr 31 4 while at the same day the ratification of treaty of Hudaybiyyah also occurred Battle of Khaybar edit In 628 Zubayr participated in the Battle of Khaybar 32 defeating the Jewish champion Yassir in single combat Afterward the Muslims commented on how sharp his sword must have been Zubayr replied that it had not been sharp but he had used it with great force 17 513 514 Later during the battle Zubayr fought and killed another opposing champion in a duel 33 After the Muslims had conquered any clarification needed of these eight Khaybar fortresses the Jewish treasurer Kinana was brought to Muhammad but he refused to reveal where their money was hidden However later Muhammad ibn Maslama decapitated Kinana in retaliation for his brother Mahmud 17 515 34 330 331 who had been killed in the battle a few days earlier 17 511 34 322 324 Zubayr was later made one of the eighteen chiefs who each supervised the division of a block of the spoils of victory 17 522 Later as the Muslim forces returned to Medina from Khaybar they passed one more hostile Jewish fortress in Wadi al Qura During this battle Zubayr facing at least two enemy who challenged him to a duel Zubayr accepted and defeated them both 35 Conquest of Mecca until death of Muhammad edit In December 629 on the eve of the Conquest of Mecca Zubayr and Ali brought back to Muhammad a letter from a spy intended for the Quraysh making Muhammad confident that the Muslims would now take Mecca by surprise 17 545 When Muhammad entered Mecca Zubayr held one of the three banners of the Emigrants 14 78 and commanded the left wing of the conquering army 17 549 nbsp Site of the battle in Hunayn valley near Jaranan Mosque Later during the Battle of Hunayn in 630 CE 8 AH the Hawazin tribe forces under Malik ibn Awf ambushed the Muslims under the valley which drove almost the entire Muslim army into retreat except Muhammad and several of his men 36 possibly including Zubayr 20 However the Hawazin forces paused as they almost surrounded Muhammad and his followers giving time for the Muslim army to regroup After they consolidated themselves and rescued Khalid who has been gravely injured during the first clash the Muslims commenced a general counterattack with Zubayr on the front of the Rashidun cavalry Notes 4 The Hawazin forces were immediately driven out of the valley by the frontal attack led by Zubayr after a short engagement Nafi ibn Jubayr reported that he saw Abbas ibn Abd al Muttalib passing instructions from Muhammad to Zubayr to plant the rallying flag 37 After the battles in Awtas the Muslims engaged in the lengthy Siege of Ta if although they did not succeed in forcing an immediate surrender of the Hawazin 20 Later Zubayr participated in the last campaign with Muhammad the Expedition of Tabuk 20 At some point Muhammad assigned Zubayr and Jahm ibn al Suht to be registrars and auditors of the zakat funds 38 Muhammad also employ Al Zubayr as one of his scribe 39 After the death of Muhammad Ali ibn Zayd and several Tabi un mentioned the scars covering Zubayr s body from wounds that he had suffered 9 14 76 It is said that in all of the battles with Muhammad Zubayr wore a distinctive yellow turban 14 77 except for the Battle of Hunayn in which he reportedly wore a red one 4 During Rashidun caliphate edit Further information Battle of Zhu Qissa and Battle of Yamama Ridda Wars edit In the third week of July 632 during the Ridda Wars the rebel army under Tulayha moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina 40 Abu Bakr received intelligence of the rebel movements and immediately prepared for the defense of Medina in the form of newly organised elite guard unit al Ḥaras wa l shurṭa to guard Medina 41 Zubayr was appointed as one commander of these units 1 40 These troops rode to the mountain passes of Medina at night intercepting the rebel forces and forcing them to retreat to Dhu Qisha 42 Later Abu Bakr insisted on sending Usama ibn Zayd to Balqa to execute the last will of Muhammad 1 The caliph appointed Zubayr Umar ibn al Khattab 43 and Khalid ibn al Walid as officers under Usama 44 Tabari states that the expedition was successful and Usama reached Syria and became the first Muslim force to successfully raid Byzantine territory thus paving the way for the subsequent Muslim conquests of Syria and Egypt from the Byzantine Empire Notes 5 Since all horses and trained camels were brought by main army to Balqa Abu Bakr and the rest of Haras forces left in the capital had to resort to fighting the rebels with only untrained camels 46 However as the rebels retreated to the foothills on the outskirts of the city Abu Bakr and the Medinese army could not catch up to the battle in the outskirt of Medina due to their untrained camels so they had to wait until the next day to gather momentum for the second strike The Medinese army engaged the rebels in the Battle of Zhu Qissa which resulted in a rout of the rebel army 47 Then after the rebels retreated from the outskirt of Medina the caliph went further to the north to crush another Bedouin rebellion in Dumat al Jandal 48 Later according to Ibn Hisham on secondhand testimony as Khalid ibn al Walid engaged the biggest rebel faction led by Musaylimah Zubayr has participated in the Battle of Yamama while bringing the ten year old Abd Allah ibn al Zubayr on his horse Notes 6 Hisham ibn Urwah has recorded that when the Muslim army faced a dire situation in the battle while one of Zubayr brother Sa ib ibn al Awwam had also fallen during the battle Zubayr gave a rousing speech towards the Muslims to reinvigorate their spirit which then followed with the Muslims pushing back until they gained the upper hand in the battle 52 Campaign in Levant edit Further information Battle of Yarmouk nbsp Map detailing where the battle took place During the Rashidun invasion of the Levant after Abu Ubayda ibn al Jarrah had pacified the area in Moab he sent Zubayr and Fadl ibn Abbas to subdue the city of Amman 53 Waqidi recorded that Said ibn Aamir al Jumahi testified that during the battle he saw in the front of Muslim army Zubayr and Fadl fighting ferociously against the Byzantines atop of their horses Said ibn Amir followed by saying that the Rashidun army butchered the fleeing Byzantine soldiers while some were captured as prisoners of war 54 55 Then Zubair managed to kill the Byzantine commander Nicetas and subdued the city of Amman 53 Battle of the Yarmuk edit Later Zubayr participated in the Battle of the Yarmuk in 636 56 In the battle Zubayr was placed on the left wing commanded by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan leading his personal squadron among other dozen clarification needed squadrons of the left wing 57 Zubayr twice charged alone against the row of Byzantine soldiers breaking up their ranks and suffering a heavy shoulder injury in the process 27 4 Abdullah ibn Zubayr who at that time was still a child and was carried on his father s chest 4 29 58 testified that his father was doing the salah prayer on top of his camel while fighting the enemy at the same time 59 At some point Zubayr fought side by side with Khalid ibn al Walid and Hashim ibn Utba also known as Hashim al Marqal until the three of them reached the tent of Vahan commander of the Armenian division of the Byzantines causing the chaotic retreat of the Armenian ranks 60 Zubayr s brother Abd al Rahman al Zubayr died in the battle 27 After the battle at Yarmuk Zubayr continued to accompany the Muslim army in the Levant and captured the coastal city of Ayla modern day Aqaba 61 10 After Jerusalem had been subdued Zubayr accompanied caliph Umar to visit the city 62 Campaign in Persia edit In 635 to 636 the caliph assembled his council including Zubayr Ali and Talhah about the battle plan to face the Persian army of Rostam Farrokhzad in Qadisiyyah 63 At first the caliph himself led the forces including Zubayr from Arabia to Iraq 63 but the council urges Umar not to lead the army and instead appoint someone else as his presence was needed more urgently in the capital 63 Umar agreed and asked the council to suggest the commander to lead the army The council agreed to send Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas Sa d served as the overall commander on Persian conquest and won the Battle of al Qadisiyyah 63 Later the caliph heard that Sassanid forces from Mah Qom Hamadan Ray Isfahan Azerbaijan and Nahavand had gathered in Nahavand to counter the Arab invasion 64 Caliph Umar responded by assembling a war council consisting of Zubayr Ali Uthman ibn Affan Talha Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas Abd al Rahman ibn Awf and Abbas ibn Abd al Muttalib to discuss the strategy to face the Sassanids in Nahavand 65 The caliph want to lead the army himself but Ali urged the caliph to instead delegate the battlefield commands to the field commanders The caliph decides to send Zubayr Tulayha Amr ibn Ma adi Yakrib Abdullah ibn Amr Al Ash ath ibn Qays and others under the command of Al Nu man ibn Muqrin to go to Nahavand 66 to face the army of the Sasanian Empire in the battle of Nahavand 67 The reinforcements sent to aid the army in Nahavand numbered 4 000 soldiers 68 Then as the reinforcements from Medina arrived in Nahavand Umar gave further instruction for the army from Kufa under Hudhayfah ibn al Yaman and the army of Basra under Abu Musa al Ashari to merge with al Nu man s army under the overall command of al Nu man 69 The Arabs won a huge victory hailed by medieval chroniclers as Fatih al Futuh or victory of victories against the 150 000 man Sassanid army 67 more than half of whom were killed 70 71 Where there are records about Zubayr involvement in this battle of Nahavand 11 Later after the siege of Shushtar the Sassanid s chief commander Hormuzan was captured by the Rashidun army Zubayr then urged caliph Umar to pardon Hormuzan which Umar granted 72 Campaign in North Africa edit Further information Muslim conquest of Egypt Oxyrhynchus and Muslim conquest of the Maghreb nbsp Mosque of Zubayr ibn al Awwam in Benghazi Libya nbsp Djemilla mosque on Zubayr ibn al Awwam street in Algeria nbsp Map showing the path of the Islamic armies and their conquest of Egypt and Oxyrhynchus during the reign of the second caliph Umar Ibn Al Khattab After the conquest of Jerusalem caliph Umar stayed for while in Jerusalem 73 Amr ibn al As who at that time was in Egypt besieging a Byzantine fortress sent a message to Umar asking for reinforcements of exactly 8 000 soldiers However since at the moment the available manpower of the caliphate was strained the caliph was only able to send 4 000 soldiers led by four commanders Notes 7 Notes 8 The four commanders were two veteran Muhajireen Zubayr and Miqdad ibn Aswad and two Ansari commanders named Maslama ibn Mukhallad al Ansari and Ubadah ibn al Samit 29 However Baladhuri Ibn al Athir and Ibn Sa d recorded that the four commander were Zubayr Busr ibn Abi Artat Umayr ibn Wahb and Kharija ibn Hudhafa 76 77 78 Notes 9 There are differing opinions regarding the number of soldiers which Zubayr brought some say 12 000 others only 8 000 68 Military historian Khalid Mahmud supports the view that the force with Zubayr numbered 4 000 fighters as it is similar to the number of soldiers in previous reinforcements at the battles of the Yarmuk al Qadisiyyah and later to the battle of Nahavand 68 The second reason was the abrupt request for aid from Egypt only allowed for a small number of soldiers 68 As they arrived in Egypt Zubayr immediately helped the Rashidun army capture the city of Faiyum 80 81 After the fall of Faiyum Zubayr march to Ain Shams to assist Amr in besieging the Byzantine fortress at Heliopolis which had been besieged before by Amr unsuccessfully for months 82 83 At Heliopolis Zubayr helped repel a surprise Byzantine counterattack at night against the Rashidun forces 66 The Byzantines eventually surrendered and the prefect of the city Al Muqawqis agreed to pay 50 000 gold coins 66 Later during the Siege of Babylon Fortress early chroniclers the mid medieval chronicler Qatadah reported that Zubayr personally led his soldiers climbing the walls of the fortress 4 then instructed his troops to shout Takbir the moment he reached the top of the wall Notes 10 Zubayr immediately descended from the top of the wall and opened the gates which caused the entire Muslim army to enter prompting the terrified Muqawqis to surrender Notes 11 In Tabari s version it was the Byzantine garrison who opened the gate as they immediately surrendered after witnessed Zubayr climbing the fortress wall 85 Ibn Abd al Hakam noted that Zubayr skipped the siege of Alexandria as the siege was conducted by Ubadah ibn al Samit 86 Conquest of al Bahnasa edit Later in 639 the Rashidun forces marched south to the Byzantine city named Oxyrhynchus al Bahnasa in Arabic 87 Amr delegated Khalid ibn al Walid to lead Zubayr and a Muslim army of 10 000 under his command to invade the city where they faced Sudanese Christian auxiliaries of the Byzantine Beja coalition in the Battle of Darishkur 88 Notes 12 Before the battle the Rashidun army camped in a place which called Dashur 3 Benjamin Hendrickx reported that the African Christians mustered around 20 000 symmachoi black Sudanese auxiliary units of Byzantine 1 300 war elephants with howdahs housing archers 91 and anti cavalry units named al Quwwad armed with iron staffs 90 all of them commanded by a patrician named Batlus 89 89 90 Al Maqrizi and Waqidi stated in this conflict Zubayr alongside Miqdad Dhiraar ibn al Azwar and Uqba ibn Amir each led 500 Rashidun cavalry to fight against the elephant corps of Batlus by using spears soaked in santonin plants and sulfur which then ignite their spears with flames to drive the elephants back in terror 3 Notes 13 while the elephant riders were toppled from the elephant s back and crushed underfoot on the ground 3 Meanwhile the Quwwad warriors who used iron staffs were routed by the Rashidun cavalry soldiers who used a seized chain weapons on their hands to disarm the Quwwad staff weapons from their hands 3 It was narrated by Rafi ibn Malik that the final phase of this battle occurred when Zubayr and several other commanders led a night raid with 1 000 Rashidun cavalry which routed the enemy encampments and seized many spoils including numerous sheep 8 92 After the victory at Darishkur the Byzantine Sudanese forces fled to al Bahnasa and locked the gates which was followed by the Muslims besieging the town as the Byzantines were reinforced by the arrival of 50 000 men according to the report of al Maqqari 89 90 The siege dragged on for months until Khalid ibn al Walid commanded Zubayr Dhiraar ibn al Azwar and other commanders to intensify the siege and assigned them to lead around 10 000 Companions of the Prophet among them 70 who were veterans of battle of Badr 93 They besieged the city for 4 months as Miqdad lead 200 horsemens while Zubayr led 300 horsemen and Dhiraar Abdullah ibn Umar Uqba ibn Amir al Juhani 200 horsemen each 93 They camped in a village which was later renamed as Qays village in honor of Qays ibn Harith the overall commander of the Rashidun cavalry 94 The Byzantines and their Coptic allies showered the Rashidun army with arrows and stones from the city wall Notes 14 until the Rashidun overcame the defenders as Dhiraar came out from the battle with his entire body stained in blood having slain 160 Byzantine soldiers during the battle 93 Chroniclers recorded that the Rashidun army finally breached the city gate under either Khalid ibn al Walid or Qays ibn Harith 92 8 95 After the conquest of Egypt and Sudan al Zubayr followed Amr to the west The Muslim army under Amr continued their campaign toward Tripolitania 12 It is recorded during the lengthy siege of Tripoli seven or eight Muslim soldiers from the Madhlij tribe of Kinanah accidentally spotted an unguarded side of Tripoli and managed to slip into the city unnoticed 96 Caught off guard the confused Byzantine garrison was thrown in panic by the intruders and fled with their ships anchored in the harbor 96 These Madhlij warriors used this opportunity to open the town gate and inform Amr who led the Muslim army to enter the city unopposed 96 Notes 15 After they subdued Tripoli Libda and Sirte in 643 AD 22 AH Amr sent Zubayr to besiege Sabratha in advance 12 before Amr joined him 97 In 644 after Zubayr and Amr had stormed Sabratha they continued on to conquer Sharwas a city in the Nafusa Mountains 98 However further conquests in Africa came to halt after caliph Umar instructed them to restrain from advancing and consolidate the pacified region first 99 In 642 Zubayr settled in a house adjacent to the Mosque of Amr ibn al As neighboring the homes of other Sahabah such as Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al As Abu Ayyub al Ansari Abu Dharr al Ghifari Abdullah ibn Umar and Ubadah 100 At some point during Umar s reign when Zubayr was in Medina he along with Miqdad and the caliph s son Abdullah ibn Umar went to Khaybar to collect their share of the profits from properties and plantations in Khaybar in which they held a stake These properties were managed and worked by the Jewish tribes of Khaybar who has been subdued during the time of Muhammad 101 However the Jewish tribes in Khaybar refused and instead hurt Abdullah ibn Umar who suffered a broken hand from their harassment 101 This prompted caliph Umar to expel the entire Jewish population from Khaybar and give the properties to Muslim overlords 101 Reign of caliph Uthman edit Later as caliph Umar was dying in 644 he selected Zubayr and five other men to elect the next caliph Zubayr personally gave his own vote to nominate Ali as caliph 102 After this Zubayr officially served as a member of Majlis ash Shura which was responsible for the elections of the caliph and functioned as a governmental advisory council regarding the law 103 Later in the year of 27 AH during the Muslim conquest of North Africa Zubayr and his son Abdullah were sent by caliph Uthman as reinforcements for Abdallah ibn Sa d when fighting a Byzantine splinter group of about 120 000 under Gregory the Patrician 13 104 During this battle Zubayr s son Abdullah ibn Zubayr played a pivotal role as he led an attack that caught Gregory off guard when the two forces were still in stalemate and decapitated the Byzantine general causing the resistance of the Byzantine army to crumble as their morale plummeted 13 When Abdullah ibn Masud passed away Zubayr petitioned caliph Uthman to give Abdullah s pension to his heirs which was granted by the caliph 105 Later when Miqdad ibn al Aswad one of Zubayr s fellow veterans passed away from illness Miqdad left a message for Zubayr to manage and sell one of his estates from which the proceeds would be donated to Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali with each receiving 18 000 dirhams from the endowment while from the rest he also asked Zubayr to give each of Muhammad s wives 7 000 dirhams 106 Zubayr s engagement in caliph Uthman s policy of land exchanging resulted in him gaining lands in Egypt such as Fustat and Alexandria 19 First civil war and Zubayr s death edit Further information Battle of the Camel nbsp Tomb of Zubayr ibn al Awwam at Basra Iraq Uthman was assassinated in 656 Zubayr had reason to hope that he would be elected as the next caliph although he knew that his old ally Talha was also a strong contender 107 However Ali was elected 108 166 176 to the debate of Muhammad s widow Aisha 109 52 Thereupon Zubayr met with Aisha and Talha in Mecca claiming he had only given allegiance to Ali at swordpoint 108 Zubayr Talha and Aisha called for Uthman s death to be avenged and while Ali agreed he said that he was not able to do it at the time 109 18 The allies then gathered an army and marched to Basra where they defeated the governor and took over the city 109 69 70 76 110 putting to death everyone who had been implicated in the assassination of Uthman 109 73 When they were challenged over why they now cared about Uthman when they had shown him so much hostility during his lifetime they claimed We wanted Uthman to meet our demands We didn t want him to be killed 109 69 According to Adrian Brocket s translation of Tabari Ali behaved like a man who suspected hostility towards himself for he soon entered Basra with a professional army of 20 000 109 121 For several days there were negotiations as both sides asserted they wanted only to see justice done 109 122 129 130 132 152 But on 7 December 656 hostilities erupted as Aisha s warriors killed Ali s messenger boy and Ali responded Battle is now justified so fight them 109 126 127 Meanwhile Ibn Kathir in his book al Bidaya wa Nihaya recorded a more detailed version that the side of Zubayr Aisha and Talha were in the way of agreement with Ali as through negotiation of al Qa qa ibn Amr as arbitrator 111 However suddenly Abdullah ibn Saba Malik al Ashtar and Shuraih ibn Awfa incited a riot within the ranks of Ali s soldiers during the negotiations plunging both sides into confusion and thus inciting the start of the combat 111 The battle started but according to some traditions at some point Zubayr lost the desire to fight He said that Ali had talked him out of it during the negotiations on the grounds that they were cousins and reminding him that Muhammad had once told Zubayr that he would one day fight Ali and he Zubayr would be on the wrong side Zubay s son Abd Allah accused him of fearing Ali s army Abd Allah was hostile to Ali because his mother was Aisha s sister and she had raised him like her son In a sermon of his Ali laments that Zubayr remained a part of our family until his wretched son Abd Allah came along Whatever the case Zubayr left the battlefield while Aisha continued to direct her troops from her camel A man named Amr ibn Jarmouz decided to track Zubayr s movements and followed him to a nearby field It was time for prayer so after each had asked the other what he was doing there they agreed to pray While Zubayr was prostrating Amr ibn Jurmuz stabbed him in the neck and killed him 109 111 112 116 126 158 159 Legacy editIn Islamic scholarship edit Further information Majlis ash Shura Zubayr is generally viewed by Islamic scholars as an important figure who collectively classified Zubayr as being among the highest ranked Companions of Muhammad due to his inclusion among the ten Muslims to whom Muhammad guaranteed Paradise while they were still alive 112 113 Aside from his inclusion in the hadith about ten companion who guaranteed paradise scholars also exalted Zubayr for these six particular events His migration from Mecca to Medina for their perseverance and willingness to leave worldly possessions in favor of mass migration due to the instruction of Muhammad 4 The Battle of Badr at which he won an honorific title of Al Badri 114 The Battle of Uhud for which he received the title of Al Uhudi 114 23 The Battle of Hamra al Asad 108 4 27 The Battle of the Trench for which Muhammad himself bestowed upon him the special title of Hawari Rasulullah for his distinguished service 108 4 27 The Pledge of the Tree 4 Shia Muslims generally view Zubayr negatively as he is considered a heretic for his involvement in the Battle of the Camel 115 Prayer and ethics edit Further information Salah Zubayr established a number of traditions in Islamic prayer and ethics including a prayer gesture of clasping his right middle ring and pinky fingers while pointing the index finger and putting the thumb above the clasped middle finger 116 whether to sit down while eating and drinking 117 prohibiting sleep during Subh 118 and reciting sura Ar Ra d Ayah 13 Quran 13 13 Translated by Shakir whenever a Muslim hears the sound of thunder 119 Hadith and law edit Further information Fatwa and Madhhab nbsp population in 2009 120 Four main Sunni Madhhabs in modern era were greatly influenced by az Zubayr Jurisprudence As one of principal companions of Muhammad who followed him from the beginning of Islam many hadith are attributed to Zubayr 4 However there are very few hadith from Zubayr in comparison with other companions of Muhammad inconsistent as he was reluctant to tell many hadith about Muhammad even though he had been constantly in his company As he explained to his son Abdullah I heard Allah s Messenger say Anyone who tells a lie about me should take a seat in the Fire 14 80 In his exegesis Zubayr emphasized the importance of sunnah and tradition as guidance as opposed to the more analytical qiyas method of Ahl al Ra y 121 Thus Sunni Islam Madhhab scholars have accepted hadith and exegesis from Zubayr as the source of Islam jurisprudence citation needed Zubayr s ruling on Islamic law have been influential to the Shafi i 122 Hanbali 123 Hanafi 124 and Zahiri schools 125 Contemporary edit nbsp Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen far left 20th century Salafi scholar and Saudi Permanent Committee of Fatwa member In the modern era Permanent Committee for Scholarly Research and Ifta in Saudi Arabia used the practice of Zubayr as one of their source of fatawa such as an act of government to spying any endangering act from enemy of the state such as criminal behavior alleged terrorism and other illegal conduct 126 The committee based this ruling of espionage from the act of Zubayr of spying on Banu Qurayza for their alleged betrayal during the Battle of the Trench on the instruction of Muhammad 126 In Egypt Zubayr s jurisprudence has had widespread influence as Grand Mufti of Egypt Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy recorded that due to Zubayr and Amr ibn al As s long stay in Egypt Muslims in Egypt and Faqih scholars of the country base much of their fatwa and rulings on Zubayr s verdicts during his tenure in Africa 127 Rules of war edit Zubayr s conduct has been influential on Islamic interpretation of the rules of war such as the use of military deception 128 the division of spoils of war at the Battle of the Yarmuk 129 the treatment of prisoners of war 130 and the use of torture as a method of interrogation 131 132 Entrepreneurship edit Further information on Islamic fundraising Islamic banking and finance and Takaful nbsp The Faisal Islamic Bank in Khartoum Sudan Zubayr was known to be very wealthy as a result of his business career 14 80 His practice of offering loans with no interest became widespread in the Islamic world 133 Manumission of slaves edit Further information Mawla Zubayr owned at least a thousand slaves and reportedly freed one each day Some of his ex slaves became prominent in their own right including Yarba ibn Rabban Mawla az Zubayr who became a scholar of hadith 134 Another slave who gained prominence was Abu Yahya Mawla az Zubayr 135 Daniel Pipes argued that the practice of early Muslims such as Zubayr and Uthman ibn Affan of owning massive number of slaves and casual manumissions was the first indication of Mamluk an Islamic military slave system 136 Descendants edit Main article Zubayrids Zubayr s status as an early Muslim hero and model of religious piety prompted many ethnic communities across the world to claim themselves as his descendants particularly in Hejaz and Egypt The Zubairi community which dwells in India and Pakistan also claims Zubayr as their ancestor as descendant clans of Zubayr allegedly migrated from their homeland to the Indian subcontinent during the Umayyad campaigns in India in the 7th century AD 137 138 139 The descendants of Zubayr known as Zubayrids were influential in Iraq and Iran Personal characteristics editZubayr is described as of medium height lean dark complexioned and hairy though with a thin beard His hair hung down to his shoulders and he did not dye it after it turned white 14 80 One report described him as having had blue eyes 140 Other reports consider him burly and tall 4 Much of his body was covered with battle scars from his many military engagements 9 He was said to possess extraordinary physical strength 27 As he was said being able to split an adult man body perfectly into two with a single blow of his sword 29 Zubayr owned many horses 141 and established a high quality pedigree which was bred by his descendants for generations 142 He possessed a large number of properties 14 77 many slaves 143 and vast wealth though he was said to be generous Family edit Lineage of Zubayr ibn Awwam Notes 16 Fihr ibn Malik Quraysh 144 Common ancestor of Quraysh tribe confederation Ghalib ibn Fihr Lu ay ibn Ghalib Ka b ibn Lu ay Murrah ibn Ka b KilabFatimah bint Sa d Qusai ibn Kilab common ancestor of banu Asad amp banu HashimHubba bint Hulail great great great grandmother Abd al Uzza ibn Qusai paternal great great grandfather Abd Manaf ibn Qusai maternal great great grandfatherAtikah bint Murrah maternal great great grandmother Asad ibn Abd al Uzza paternal great grandfather Banu Asad ibn Abd al Uzza id clan progenitor Hashim ibn Abd Manaf maternal great grandfather Banu Hashim progenitor Salma bint Amr maternal gread grandmother Khuwaylid ibn Asad paternal grandfatherHalah bint Wuhayb maternal grandmother Abdul Muttalib ibn Hashim maternal grandfatherFatimah bint Amr maternal step grandmother Umm Al Khair Umaima bint Malik step motherAwwam ibn Khuwaylid fatherSafiyya bint Abd al Muttalib mother Abdullah ibn Abd al Muttalib maternal uncleAbu Talib ibn Abd al Muttalib maternal uncle Abdullah ibn Al Awwam step brotherAbdul Rahman ibn Al AWwam step brotherZainab bint Al Awwam step sisterHind bint AwWam sisterUmm Habib Bint Al Awwam sisterZUBAYR IBN AL AWWAMAl Sa ib bin Al Awwam brotherAbd al Kaaba al Awwam brother Khadija bint Khuwaylid paternal auntMUHAMMAD maternal cousin Fatimah bint Muhammad paternal niece paternal side cousin once removed maternal side Ali bin Abi Thalib maternal cousin Legend descent adoption marriage 1 2 spouse order Zubayr married eight times and had twenty children 14 75 Asma bint Abi Bakr They were married before the Hijra of 622 and divorced when Urwa was young around 645 15 179 Abdullah Al Mundhir Asim Al Muhajir Khadija the Elder Umm Al Hasan Aisha Urwa Umm Kulthum bint Uqba of the Umayya clan They were married in 629 but she disliked him and they were divorced in a matter of months After their daughter was born Umm Kulthum married Abdur Rahman bin Awf 15 163 Zaynab Al Halal bint Qays of the Asad tribe Khadija the Younger Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid of the Umayya clan She was one of the emigrants who returned from Abyssinia in 628 15 164 Khalid Amr Habiba Sawda Hind Ar Rabbab bint Unayf of the Kalb tribe Mus ab Hamza Ramla Atiqa bint Zayd of the Adi clan a widow of Umar 14 85 Tumadir bint Al Asbagh of the Kalb tribe a widow of Abdur Rahman ibn Awf Al Zubayr divorced her only seven days after the wedding She used to tell other women When one of you marries she should not be deceived by seven days after what Al Zubayr has done to me 15 208 209 She did not however enlarge on the nature of the deception Umm Ja far Zaynab bint Marthad of the Thaalaba tribe Ubayda Ja far There were reports from Zubayr s wives that he had some harshness towards women 15 163 15 163 Atiqa only agreed to marry him on the condition that he would never beat her 146 However contemporary writer Abdo Khal questioned the validity of this narration as he viewed the stories as based on unverified laymen interpretations in modern social media 147 Zubayr gave his male children the names of the Sahaba who died as Shahid martyrs Abd Allah ibn Jahsh who died in the Battle of Uhud for Abd Allah ibn al Zubayr Urwah ibn Mas ud who was killed by people of Tha if for Urwah ibn Zubayr Mus ab ibn Umayr for Mus ab ibn al Zubayr Khalid ibn Sa id who died in Battle of Marj as Saffar for Khalid ibn al Zubayr Amr ibn Sa id ibn al Aas who was killed during Battle of Yarmouk for Amr ibn al Zubayr 148 4 Muhajir ibn Ziyad who was killed during the Siege of Shushtar Muhajir ibn az Zubayr Mundhir ibn Amr who was killed during the tragedy of Bir Ma una for Munhdir ibn az Zubayr 149 The two most notable of his sons were Abdullah ibn al Zubayr who claimed the caliphate during the reign of Yazid ibn Muawiyah 150 along with Zubayr s youngest son from Asma Urwah ibn al Zubayr member of the most influential group of jurists known collectively as The Seven Fuqaha of Medina prominent hadith scholar and the first writer of Seerah or Maghazi 151 One of Zubayr s daughters Ramlah bint al Zubayr married the Umayyad prince Khalid ibn Yazid 152 despite the fact that Khalid was also the one who had killed Ramlah s brother Mus ab ibn al Zubayr in the Battle of Maskin in 691 153 Ibn Asakir recorded that Ramlah was famous for her extraordinary beauty 152 Ramlah s beauty inspired Khalid to extoll her in his poems However this caused some trouble for Khalid as various factions who disliked the Umayyad regime such as the Shu ubiyya movement the Shia and the Kharijites spread exaggerated rumors regarding Khalid s poems for Ramlah When these rumors reached the ears of the caliph Abd al Malik ibn Marwan he in turn berated and scolded Khalid s conduct which the caliph regarded as vanity 154 See also editList of expeditions of Muhammad Sunni view of the Sahaba The ten to whom Paradise was promised List of Sahabah First FitnaReferences editNotes edit Coined Jund al Misr by Ibn Ashakir 5 The book reviewer adding the sources of this material which was not found in the original edition of Mahmud al Misry s book Shahabatur Rasulullah 4 Dhahabi also supported this version through a firsthand witness of the battle named Ibn Abi Zannad 4 The narrations of Zubayr s advance accompanied by Muslim horsemen came from Akram without quoting sources 7 while Basalamah said that Zubayr charged alone without being accompanied by borrowing narrator s chains from Ibn Hisham 20 Tabari advanced quickly to Dhu al Marwah and the valley and ended up doing what the Prophet had ordered him to do dispersing horsemen among the Quda a tribes who were Ghassanid vassals and raiding Abil He took captives and booty and his completion of the mission was within forty days excepting the time of his return 45 Bukhari reported that the day ten year old Abdullah bin Az Zubayr was brought by his father to the battlefield was during the Battle of Yarmouk against the Byzantines 49 50 51 Dhahabi reasoned this happened during Yamama as the younger Zubayr was exactly ten years old at that time while Ibn Kathir argued the day Zubayr brought his son to the battlefield happened during Yarmouk instead 4 However Ibn Kathir still argued Zubayr indeed fought in the Battle of Yamama and a suffered permanent injury on his shoulder 29 John of Nikiu supported this traditions from Muslim chroniclers that the reinforcements numbered 4 000 although John did not mention the 4 commanders 74 Hendrickx mentioned there were at least a thousand Black African soldiers under Ubadah among these reinforcements 75 Regardless of the version Claude Cahen remarked that this reinforcement army did not include any chieftains or tribes that rebelled during the Ridda Wars which means this army consisted solely of those who had proven loyal from the beginning of the Caliphate 79 Baladhuri said Zubayr climbed the Babylon fortress wall alone 84 while other sources said he climbed it with a handful of soldiers 4 The entire narration is found in Qatadah s work Futuh as Sham wa Misr pages 209 and 227 4 The compilation records about the conquest of Sudan and southern Egypt were compiled in Futuhat Bahnasa by Waqidi and records of al Maqrizi 89 90 The original versions of collective narrations from Waqidi Masudi Sa id ibn Jubayr Abu Jaafar Al Tabarani Ibn Khalikan Muhammad bin Ishaq and Ibn Hisham differ about the Muslim commanders at the Battle of Darishkur The broadest even mentioned that Khalid ibn al Walid Khawlah bint al Azwar sister of Dhiraar Al Qa qa ibn Amr al Tamimi and Abdurrahman ibn Abu Bakar son of Abu Bakar also attended this battle and more details regarding the such as Zubayr and other commanders leading 500 Rashidun cavalry each 8 Waqidi recorded that around 5 000 Sahabah fell during the battle 93 The number of the Madhlij warriors was given as seven or eight depending on the secondary sources 96 Genealogists and historians disagree over who is the ancestor named Quraish whether it is Qusay ibn Kilab 144 or Fihr ibn Malik 145 Primary sources edit Recorded traditional oral narration of historical events during the early time of Islam of Urwah ibn Zubayr an historian during Rashidun era Earliests records of Maghazi historical records regarding Islamic conquests of Muhammad by Tabi in historian Aban ibn Uthman Recorded narrations of Maghazi classifications by Ibn Shihab al Zuhri Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal which contains many scarces of historical account regarding military activity during the time of Muhammad and four righteous guided caliphate Sahih Bukhari Chapter 57 Book of Jihad regarding ethics and basics of warfare according to Islamic tradition Sahih Muslim Chapter 19 Kitab Al Jihad Wa l Siyar The Book of Jihad And Expedition regarding ethics and conduct during wartime Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal a collection of hadith compiled by the Ahmad ibn Hanbal d 241 AH 855 AD to whom the Hanbali fiqh legislation is attributed Jami at Tirmidhi also known as Sunan at Tirmidhi is one of the six books Kutub al Sittah the six major hadith collections authored by Al Tirmidhi Sunan Abu Dawood one of the Kutub al Sittah six major hadith collections collected by Abu Dawud al Sijistani Masabih al Sunnah contained narrations of the peoples who lived during the Rashidun conquests including those directly involved in the conquest Authored by Al Baghawi Al Sirah al Nabawiyyah The Life of the Prophet an edited recension by Ibn Isḥaq Tarikh al Islam al kabir Great History of Islam 50 vols in Arabic Ibn Hajar received it from adh Dhahabi Siyar a lam al nubala biographical manuscript of Companions of Muhammad authored by adh Dhahabi History of the Prophets and Kings more commonly known as Tarikh al Tabari تاريخ الطبري or Tarikh i Tabari or The History of al Tabari Persian تاریخ طبری Historical excerpts from Abu Bakr al Zubaydi scholar and historian from the Caliphate of Cordoba History of Damascus Arabic Tarikh Dimashq is one of the most important books about the Islamic history of Syria covering the life of important figures who resided in or visited Damascus Authored by Ibn Ashakir Futuh al Buldan The Conquest of the countries a work regarding early Islamic conquest 9th century historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al Baladhuri of Abbasid era Baghdad Futuḥ mișr wa akhbaraha Conquest of Egypt and some account of it i e of the country authored by Ibn Abd al Hakam Kitab al Tarikh wa al Maghazi Arabic كتاب التاريخ والمغازي Book of History and Campaigns by al Waqidi Sahdba ma a yl Batlus The book of the conquest of al Bahnasa and what befell the Companions of Muhammad with the Patrician Batlus Al Mawaʻiẓ wa al Iʻtibar bi Dhikr al Khiṭaṭ wa al athar a historical excerpt authored by al Maqrizi Genealogical Kawahla Nisba manuscript by Sheykh Abdullah Gadula Balilu al Kawahla Zubayrids governor coin inscription found by modern archaeologs in Bishapur Tradition account from Shaykh Fati al Basri regarding Zubayr ibn al Awwam descendants Secondary sources edit a b c Rashid 1983 Sourdel 1965 p 910 a b c d e f g Norris 1986 p 76 78 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z al Misri 2015 p Zubayr ibn Awwam chapter Ibn Ashakir 1995 p 486 al Mubarak 1997 p 18 a b Akram 2007 p 5 a b c d Waqidi Muhammad ibn Umar 2008 فتوح الشام نسخة منقحة Revised ed p 48 Retrieved 15 November 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n al Asfahani 2016 p 226 a b Al Asqalani 2000 p 349 a b Arif al Khatib 2018 الحبيب الاعظم Al Habib Al Azim Bukel in Arabic Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية p 86 ISBN 9782745186652 Retrieved 15 November 2023 a b c al Maghlouth 2015 a b c d Ismail Ali Ahmad 1998 تاريخ بلاد الشام History of Sham country Ebook in Arabic ع إ علي p 151 Retrieved 28 December 2021 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Muhammad ibn Saad Kitab al Tabaqat al Kabir vol 3 Translated by Bewley A 2013 The Companions of Badr London Ta Ha Publishers a b c d e f g Muhammad ibn Saad Kitab al Tabaqat al Kabir vol 8 Translated by Bewley A 1995 The Women of Madina London Ta Ha Publishers Ibn Qutayba al Dinawari al Maʿarif p 219 p 89 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Muhammad ibn Ishaq Sirat Rasul Allah Translated by Guillaume A 1955 The Life of Muhammad Oxford Oxford University Press Abdullah et al 2016 p 43 quoting al Azami 2005 Ahmad Don 1991 al Zarqani t th a b Ibrahim 2011 p 88 a b c d e f Ibn Hisham amp Basalamah 2019 Zubaidi Hashim amp Sharif 2002 p 706 Guillaume Ishaq p 337 a b Mubarakpuri1 2009 al Mubarakpuri 2008 pp 415 418 a b al Mubarakpuri 2008 pp 416 418 a b Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi Muhammad 2018 Role of Booty in the Economy During the Prophet s Time Journal of King Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics 1989 in Indonesian 1 Aligarh Muslim University AMU Department of Economics a b c d e f Ibn Kathir 2009 al Asqalani Ibn Hajjar 5 October 2011 Fath al Bari Retrieved 18 September 2021 a b c d e adh Dhahabi 2008 Faizer 2013 p 231 a b c Rizqullah Ahmad Maftukhin amp Basyaruddin 2017 p 29 Fazier 2013 p 339 Fazier 2013 p 349 a b Muhammad ibn Umar al Waqidi Kitab al Maghazi Translated by Faizer R Ismail A and Tayob A K 2011 The Life of Muhammad Oxford amp New York Routledge Fazier 2013 pp 349 350 Rizqullah Ahmad Maftukhin amp Basyaruddin 2017 p 778 Most scholars including Bukhari Muslims Tirmidhi and Albani accept the primary report that only Muhammad and two of his uncles Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Abbas ibn Abd al Muttalib stood their ground Al Qastallani 1905 p Sahih al Bukhari Fighting for the Cause of Allah Jihaad كتاب الجهاد والسير Hadith 2976 Al Jaffri Sawandi amp Mohammad 2016 p 172 Azami 2008 p 97 Ibn Syabah at Tanbih wa al Isyraf p 245 Ibn Kathir al Bidayah wan Nihayah V 344 al Iraqi al Ajalatus Saniyyah p 246 Ibn Sayyid an Nas Uyunul Tsar II 315 a b Ibn Jarir at Tabari 2015 p 46 Perlman 2015 p 323 Khorasani Parizi Ebrahim Ansar s Role in the Suppression of Apostates in the Era of Caliphate of Abu Bakr Tabari history Vol 3 p 246 247 PDF textroad publication Department of History Faculty of Literature and Humanities Baft Branch Islamic Azad University Baft Iran Retrieved 9 October 2021 bin Hammam as San ani Abdur Razzaq bin Rashid Al Azdi Mu ammar 1970 Part Five Continued 12 Rites 14 Maghazi 8796 9816 In al Rahman al Azami Habib ed المصنف لعبد الرزاق ج 5 8796 9816 The Workbook by Abdul Razzaq followed by The Book of the Collector by Muammar bin Rashid Al Azdi in Arabic South Africa Majlis Ilmiyyah p 454 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November 2021 Ibn Hajar Al Isaba vol 4 p 687 cited in Abbott N 1942 1985 Aishah the Beloved of Mohammed p 88 London Al Saqi Books Khal 2013 Tarikh al Islam Ahd al Khulafa al Rashidin p 505 al Tabaqat 3 101 Mahajjah Institute Retrieved 8 November 2021 Nu man Wajdi 2021 The great companion Al Zubayr bin Al Awwam one of the ten missionaries of Paradise exceprts from Wajdi Nu man book elkanananews in Arabic Retrieved 19 December 2021 Gibb 1960 p 55 Khan et al 2012 a b Ibn Ashakir 1995 Ahmed 2010 p 118 Kahlah 2011Bibliography editAbasoomar Moulana Muhammad Abasoomar Moulana Haroon 2016 Virtue of Sayyiduna Zubayr radiyallahu anhu Hadith Answers Darul Hadith Retrieved 9 November 2021 Abd al Hamid Ali Abd al Rahim Muhammad 1998 عمرو بن العاص القائد والسياسي Amr ibn al Aas the leader and politician Jordan Zahran Publishing House p 121 Retrieved 15 November 2021 Bin Al Hassan Abi Al Qasim Ali Al Dimashqi Ibn Asaker 2012 تاريخ مدينة دمشق 1 37 ج10 History of the city of Damascus Dar Al Kotob Al 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953919036 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Ahmed Asad Q 2010 The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijaz Five Prosopographical Case Studies Oxford University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research ISBN 978 1 900934 13 8 Akram A I 2007 Khalid Bin Al Waleed Sword of Allah A Biographical Study of One of the Greatest Military Generals in History Maktabah classic p 5 ISBN 978 0 9548665 2 5 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Alebrahim Abdurrahman 2020 The neglected sheikhdom at the frontier of empires and cultures an introduction to al Zubayr Middle Eastern Studies 56 4 521 534 doi 10 1080 00263206 2020 1735370 S2CID 216405414 Retrieved 8 November 2021 El Ali Saleh A 1959 Muslim Estates in Hidjaz in the First Century A H Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 2 3 254 doi 10 2307 3596188 JSTOR 3596188 Retrieved 11 November 2021 Alwani Taha Jabir Fayyad DeLorenzo Yusuf Talal Al Shikh 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2021 Asqalani Ibn Hajar 1976 كتب أسلامية Volume 16 Issues 178 189 United Arab Republic وزارة الاوقاف المجلس الاعلى للشؤن الاسلامية Ministry of Waqaf Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs al Majlis al A la li al Shu un al Islamiyya Retrieved 13 November 2021 al Asqalani Ibn Hajar Yusuf Ahmad 2007 Terjemah Lengkap Bulughul Maram in Indonesian Translated by Mansyur Alkatiri Khaeruddin Rendustera Akbar Media ISBN 9789799533739 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Athamina Khalil 2000 فلسطين في خمسة قرون من الفتح الإسلامي حتى الغزو الفرنجي 634 1099 Arabic ed Indiana University ISBN 9789953901343 Retrieved 15 November 2021 Azami Muhammad Mustafa 2008 65 Sekretaris Nabi Sixty five Prophet s secretary Original Kuttabun Nabi Shalallahu Alaihi Wa sallam Indonesia ed Gema Insani ISBN 978 9790770805 Retrieved 11 November 2021 Badawi Badawi M 2021 Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism and Handicrafts in Red Sea International Journal of Eco Cultural Tourism Hospitality Planning and 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Al Zubayr Britannica Iraq a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Blumell Lincoln H 2012 Epilogue The Demise of Christian Oxyrhynchus Brill ISBN 9789004180987 Retrieved 15 November 2021 Bukhari Muhammad ibn Ismail 2007 The Correct Traditions of Al Bukhari 1 4 vol 3 Muhammad Mahdi Al Sarif ed Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah Retrieved 12 November 2021 Burhanuddin Anas 2013 Bolehkah Memata Matai Suami Is it allowed to spying on husband Almanhaj in Indonesian Indonesia Java Island Purwodadi Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta Retrieved 22 November 2021 al Bushi Abdullah bin Mubarak 2019 Ensiklopedi Ijma Syaikhul Islam Ibnu Taimiyah Darul Falah ISBN 9786029208078 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Cammack Mark E Feener R Michael 2012 The Islamic Legal System in Indonesia PDF Pacific Rim Law amp Policy Journal 21 1 Cole Juan 2020 Hijazi Rock Inscriptions Love of the Prophet and Very Early Islam Essays from Informed Comment University of Michigan Library Department of History hdl 2027 42 156109 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Cook Michael 1992 On the Origins of Wahhabism Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Third Series 2 2 191 202 doi 10 1017 S1356186300002376 JSTOR 25182507 S2CID 162605180 Retrieved 10 November 2021 Crow Karim Douglas 2005 Facing one Qiblah legal and doctrinal aspects of Sunni and Shi ah Muslims Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd p 194 ISBN 9789971775520 adh Dhahabi Shams ad Din 2008 Siyar A lam Nubala Wikipedia Retrieved 7 November 2021 al Dihlawi Muḥammad Yusuf ibn Muḥammad Ilyas Kandihlawi 1991 Ḥayatuṣ ṣaḥabah The Lives of the Sahabah Volume 1 Darul Ishaat p 401 ISBN 9788171010981 Retrieved 5 November 2021 al Dukhayli Ḥusayn ʻAli ʻAbd al Ḥusayn 2011 البنية الفنية لشعر الفتوحات الإسلامية في عصر صدر الإسلام al Bunyah al fanniyah li shiʻr al futuḥat al Islamiyah fi ʻaṣr ṣadr al Islam The artistic structure of the poetry of Islamic conquests in the era of early Islam Amman Dar al Ḥamid lil Nashr wa al tawziʻ p 157 ISBN 9796500008936 OCLC 1184004713 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Dumper Michael Stanley Bruce E 2007 Cities of the Middle East and North Africa A Historical Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 398 ISBN 978 1 57607 919 5 Retrieved 9 November 2021 El Attar Jamal F 1996 The Political Thought of Al Jahiz With Special Reference to the Question of Khilafa Imamate A Chronological Approach Thesis Vol 2 hdl 1842 7390 Retrieved 28 November 2021 Farid Ahmad 2006 60 Biografi Ulama Salaf Pustaka al Kautsar ISBN 9789795923695 Retrieved 17 November 2021 Fazier Rizwi 2013 The Life of Muhammad Al Waqidi s Kitab Al Maghazi Taylor amp Francis p 349 ISBN 9781136921148 Retrieved 6 November 2021 Faizer Rizwi 2013 The Life of Muhammad Al Waqidi s Kitab Al Maghazi Taylor amp Francis p 349 ISBN 9781136921148 Retrieved 6 November 2021 Gibb H A R 1960 ʿAbd Allah ibn al Zubayr In Gibb H A R Kramers J H Levi Provencal E Schacht J Lewis B amp Pellat Ch eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume I A B Leiden E J Brill pp 54 55 OCLC 495469456 Griffel Frank 2000 Apostasie und Toleranz im Islam die Entwicklung zu al Ġazalis Urteil gegen die Philosophie und die Reaktionen der Philosophen in German BRILL p 61 ISBN 978 90 04 11566 8 H Blumell Lincoln 2012 Epilogue The Demise of Christian Oxyrhynchus Lettered Christians Biblical Studies Brill pp 295 300 doi 10 1163 9789004180987 008 ISBN 9789004180987 Retrieved 17 January 2022 Futuh al Bahnasa al Gharra the conquest of Bahnasa the blessed by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Mu izz Hailu Suadiq Mehammed Yatoo Nissar Ahmad 2021 Islamic Finance in Ethiopia Current Status Prospects and Challenges International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 6 1 1 18 doi 10 46281 ijibfr v6i1 1317 S2CID 240627919 Retrieved 6 November 2021 al Hajj Daf a Allah Ahmad 2011 إمارة العبابدة عودة للتاريخ The Emirate of Ababda a return to history Al Ahram Sudan Press Retrieved 13 November 2021 Harahap Cempaka Sari 2018 Hukuman Bagi Pelaku Zina Perbandingan Qanun No 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Hukum Jinayat dan Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri Selangor No 9 Tahun 1995 Seksyen 25 Punishment for Adultery Perpetrators Comparative Qanun No 6 of 2014 concerning the Law of Jinayat and the Crime of Sharia Crimes in Selangor State No 9 of 1995 Section 25 Hukum Fiqih Fiqh Law 4 2 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Al Harbi A T 2017 Determinants of Islamic banks profitability international evidence International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 10 3 331 350 doi 10 1108 IMEFM 12 2015 0161 Retrieved 6 November 2021 Al Harbi Ahmad 2015 Development of the Islamic Banking System Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance 3 1 Retrieved 10 November 2021 Haykal Muhammad Husayn 1944 Al Farooq Umar Haylamaz Resit 2007 Khadija The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad illustrated ed Tughra Books ISBN 978 1 59784 121 4 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Hendrickx Benjamin 2012 The Border Troops of the Roman Byzantine Southern Egyptian Limes Problems and Remarks on the Role of the African and Black African Military Units Ekklesiastikos Pharos 94 hdl 10520 EJC128657 Retrieved 13 November 2021 Hinds Martin 1996 Studies in Early Islamic History Darwin Press ISBN 978 0 87850 109 0 Holt P M Daly M W 2019 The History Of The Sudan From The Coming Of Islam To The Present Day reprint ed Routledge ISBN 978 1 00 030217 2 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Hopkins Nicholas S Saad Reem 2004 Upper Egypt Identity and Change American Univ in Cairo Press pp 216 219 220 227 Quoting Basri 1995 ISBN 9789774248641 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Ibn Abd al Hakam Abu l Qasim ʿAbd ar Raḥman bin ʿAbdullah al Hujairi Muhammad 1996 tahmil kitab futuh misr wa akhbaruha تحميل كتاب فتوح مصر وأخبارها first ed Beirut Dar al Fikr Retrieved 14 November 2021 Ibn Abd al Hakam Abu l Qasim ʿAbd ar Raḥman bin ʿAbdullah 2014 فتوح مصر وأخبارها وفتح إفريقية والمغرب والأندلس in Arabic Dar al Kotob Ilmiyah ISBN 9782745177575 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Ibn Ashakir Abi Al Qasim Ali bin Al Hassan bin Heba Allah bin Abdullah Al Shafi i 1995 History of the city of Damascus IslamKotob Retrieved 14 November 2021 ibn al Athir Ali 2012 Usd al ghabah fi marifat al Saḥabah Arabic أسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة lit The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions Waqfeya Retrieved 13 November 2021 Ibn Bakkar Al Zubayr 2005 al ʻAni Sami Makki ed Al Akhbar al muwaffaqiyat 2nd ed Dar ʻAlam al Kutub pp 14 18 Ibn Abdul Aziz Asy Syalhub Fuad 2019 Ringkasan Kitab Adab in Indonesian Darul Falah ISBN 9789793036847 Retrieved 25 November 2021 Ibn Hanbal Aḥmad 2012 Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal Riyadh Darussalam Publishers p Hadith 6 Retrieved 7 November 2021 Ibn Hisham Muhammad Basalamah Khalid Zeed Abdullah 2019 Sirah Nabawiyah Ibnu Hisyam History of the prophet by Ibn Hisham with commentary book review from Khalid Basalamah in Indonesian Translated by Ikhlas Hikmatiar Video Book Review ed Khalid Basalamah official Retrieved 18 November 2021 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a External link in code class cs1 code trans title code help Ibn Jarir at Tabari Muhammad 2015 The History of Al Tabari Vol 10 The Conquest of Arabia The Riddah Wars A D 632 633 A H 11 Fred Donner Translation ed State University of New York Press ISBN 978 1 4384 0140 9 Retrieved 14 October 2021 Ibn al Kalbi Hisham 2003 كتاب أنساب الخيل في الجاهلية والإسلام وأخبارها The Book of Horse Genealogy in the Pre Islamic Age and its News المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة Retrieved 17 November 2021 Ibn Kathir Abu al Fiḍa Imad Ad Din Isma il ibn Umar 2009 Al Bidayah wa Nihayah The Beginning of The End Part Seven Chapter The Battle of Yarmouk via Wikisource Ibn Majah Abu ʻAbdillah Muḥammad ibn Yazid 2007 Sunan Ibn Majah The Chapters on Charity كتاب الصدقات Hadith 2393 Darussalam Publishers ISBN 9782987457046 Retrieved 7 November 2021 Ibn Anas Malik 2007 Muwatta Imam Malik Translated by Muphtah Aduli Dar al Kotob al Ilmiyah ISBN 9782745155719 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Ibn Sa d Muhammad 2013 Kitab At Tabaqat Al Kabir Volume III The Companions of Badr Aisha Bewley translation ed Ta ha publisher p 81 ISBN 978 1 84200 133 2 Retrieved 10 November 2021 Ibrahim Abdullah Ali 1988 Breaking the Pen of Harold Macmichael The Ja aliyyin Identity Revisited The International Journal of African Historical Studies 21 2 217 231 doi 10 2307 219934 JSTOR 219934 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Ibrahim Habib Jamil 1985 Sirat al Zubayr ibn al ʻAwwam wa mawaqifuhu min maʻarik al taḥrir wa al futuḥat al ʻArabiyah al Islamiyah in Arabic al Dar al ʻArabiyah lil Mawsuʻat Retrieved 20 December 2021 Ibrahim Mahmood 2011 Merchant Capital and Islam University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 74118 8 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Islam Zafarul 1984 Banking in the Abbasid Period a Special Study of the Tenth Century A D Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 45 783 JSTOR 44140275 Retrieved 10 November 2021 Ismail Badawi M 2021 Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Development of Ecotourism and Handicrafts in Red Sea International Journal of Eco Cultural Tourism Hospitality Planning and Development 4 1 28 doi 10 21608 ijecth 2021 187028 S2CID 238799113 Retrieved 13 November 2021 Al Jaffri Ram Sawandi Saad Norfaiezah Mohammad Rahayu 2016 Zakat Surplus Funds Management International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 6 7 172 Retrieved 6 November 2021 al Jawziyya Ibn Qayyim 2010 Zad Al Ma ad Provisions Of The Afterlife Which Lie Within Prophetic Guidance زاد المعاد انكليزي ترجمة Dar al Kotob Ilmiyah ISBN 9782745162144 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Kahlah Umar Ridha 2011 Flags of women in the Arab world and Islam Ramla bint Zubayr Al Risala Foundation ISBN 9789933446147 Retrieved 24 November 2021 Karaoglu Omer 2020 An Overview of the Financial History of Muslims Journal of Knowlede Economy and Knowledge Management 15 1 Retrieved 11 November 2021 Al Kashmiri Muhammad Anwar Shah bin Moazzam Shah 1946 Anwar al Baari modern comprehensive library Retrieved 7 November 2021 Kausar Imran 2016 Addressable Issues of Ijtihad of the Muslim World Today The International Research Journal Department of Usooluddin 4 1 172 Retrieved 6 November 2021 Khal Abdo 2013 Can sexual harassment be a duty Saudi Gazette Retrieved 27 November 2021 This is a bogus story which is aimed at inviting husbands to harass their wives so as not to allow them to go out to work I do not know if the tweeter meant only the husbands or was he asking all the men to harass women so that they do not go out to work Whatever the tweeter s intention was he seems to be completely wrong Khan Ata ur Rehman Khan Janas Dad Karim Rehman Inayat ur Al Azhar Zia ullah 2012 Urwa Bin Zubair s Al Maghazi Methodology and Critical Asian Journal of Social Sciences amp Humanities 1 4 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Khalaf Maryam Khairallah Mousa Maher Yaqoub 2021 نشأة مدينة الزبيرومراحلها المىرفىلىجية The emergence of the city of Al Zubayr and its morphological stages Basrah amp Arabian Gulf Studies Centre University of Basrah 39 36 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Khalidi T 2001 The Muslim Jesus Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature Harvard University Press p 188 ISBN 0 674 00477 9 Khorasani Parizi Ebrahim 2011 Ansar s Role in the Suppression of Apostates in the Era of Caliphate of Abu Bakr Tabari history Vol 3 p 246 247 PDF textroad publication Department of History Faculty of Literature and Humanities Baft Branch Islamic Azad University Baft Iran Retrieved 9 October 2021 KHWANI NAAT 2005 Zuberi Clan History Zuberi Association Archived from the original on 2009 05 30 Retrieved 10 November 2021 Lateh Bukhoree 2016 Multiple Contracts According to the Fatwa of National Sharia Council International Journal of Nusantara Islam 4 1 41 48 doi 10 15575 ijni v4i1 1184 inactive 2024 04 28 Retrieved 6 November 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint DOI inactive as of April 2024 link Lewis Bernard 1970 On the Revolutions in Early Islam Studia Islamica 32 32 215 231 doi 10 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reissue ed Cambridge University Press p 194 while the claims of Khalid ibn Walid through his son Sulaiman also came in page 104 ISBN 978 1 108 01026 9 Retrieved 11 November 2021 MacMichael Harold Alfred 1922 A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Darfur Volume 2 Cambridge University Press p 194 Retrieved September 8 2015 al Maghlouth Sami ibn Abdullah 2015 أطلس الفتوحات الإسلامية Atlas of Islamic Conquests Sami ibn Abdullah al Maghlouth ed al Abkan publishing ISBN 978 9960548517 Retrieved 12 November 2021 Al Mawardi Abu al Ḥasan ʿAli Ibn Muḥammad 2017 Al Ahkam As Sultaniyyah Al Mawardi Repro Knowledgcast Limited ISBN 9789388850278 Retrieved 24 October 2021 Mehmet Ilhan 2018 Abd Allah Ibn Al Zubayr and His Career as Caliph ANU Research Publications Retrieved 8 November 2021 al Misri Mahmud 2015 Sahabat Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1 Zubair bin Awwam Companion of the Prophet vol 1 Zubair bin Awwam in Indonesian and Arabic Pustaka Ibnu Katsir p Shaja ah Zubayr ibn al Awwam Radhiyallahu anh bravery of Zubayr ibn al Awwam by Mahmud al Misri ar official Book review by Basalamah quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari Sahih Muslim Siyar A lam Nubala Al Tirmidhi Prophetic biography of Ibn Hisham etc ISBN 9789791294386 Retrieved 6 November 2021 al Misri Mahmud 2019 Sahabat Sahabat Rasulullah vol 3 Abu Dujana Simak Companion of the Prophet vol 3 Abu Dujana Simak in Indonesian and Arabic Pustaka Ibnu Katsir ISBN 9789791294386 Retrieved 6 November 2021 al Mubarak Malik Abdulazeez 1997 Warfare in early Islam PhD University of Glasgow p 18 Retrieved 15 October 2021 al Mubarakpuri Safi ur Rahman 2008 ar Rahiq al Makhtum the Sealed Nectar in Indonesian Translated by Hanif Yahya Abdul Majid Muluk ed Saudi Arabia Darussalam pp 416 418 Retrieved 21 November 2021 Mubarakpuri1 Safiur Rahman 2009 Keberanian az Zubeir Bin Awwam Radhiyallahu Anhu the courage of az Zubayr ibn Awwam may god be 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Negotiating the Future of Shari a Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 26144 0 Retrieved 22 November 2021 Nasr Hassan 2020 تحرر تحرر منهم لتصل إليك al Abkan Publishing p 140 ISBN 978 6030327935 Retrieved 13 November 2021 Northedge Alastair Petersen Andrew 2019 The Archaeology of Early Islamic Basra Challenges and Potential Basra Its History Culture and Heritage ed Paul Collins 54 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Norris H T 1986 THE Futuḥ Al Bahnasa And its relation to pseudo Maġazi and Futuḥ literature Arabic Siyar and Western Chanson de Geste in the Middle Ages Quaderni di Studi Arabi 4 76 78 JSTOR 25802579 Retrieved 8 November 2021 Nu man Farid 2020 Fiqih Praktis Sehari hari in Indonesian Gema Insani ISBN 978 6022507819 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Nur Baits Ammi 2021 Tafsir Shalat Muamalah Publishing p 248 Hadith Riwayat Muslim 1336 Retrieved 20 November 2021 Perlman Yaara 2015 The Bodyguard of the Caliphs During the Umayyad and the Early Abbasid Periods Al Qanṭara 36 2 315 340 doi 10 3989 alqantara 2015 009 ISSN 1988 2955 Pu, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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