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Bishapur was built near a river crossing and at the same site there is also a fort with rock-cut reservoirs and a river valley with six Sassanid rock reliefs.
The most important point about this city, is the combination of Persian and Roman art and architecture that hadn't been seen before Bishapur construction. Before Bishapour was built, almost all the main cities in Persia/Iran had a circular shape like the old city in Firuzabad or Darab. Bishapour is the first Persian city with vertical and horizontal streets. Also in the city, especially in interior design, we can see tile work that's adapted from Roman Art.
The name Bishapur derives from Bay-Šāpūr, which means Lord Shapur.[1]
According to an inscription, the city itself was founded in 266 AD by Shapur I (241-272), who was the second Sassanid king and inflicted a triple defeat on the Romans, having killed Gordian III, captured Valerian and forced Philip the Arab to surrender. In his native province of Fars, he built a new capital that would measure up to his ambitions: Bishapur, Shapur's City. Outside the city, Shapur decorated the sides of the Bishapur River gorge with huge historical relief commemorating his triple triumph over Rome. One of these reliefs, in a semicircular shape, has rows of registers with files of soldiers and horses, in a deliberate imitation of the narrative scenes on the Trajan column in Rome.
At Bishapur the king also inaugurated the Sassanid imagery of the king's investiture, which would be copied by his successors: the king and the god are face to face, often on horseback, and the god - usually Ahura Mazda - is holding the royal diadem out to the sovereign.
The city was not a completely new settlement: archaeologists have found remains from the Parthian and Elamite ages.
The city remained important until the Arab conquest of Persia the rise of Islam in the second quarter of the 7th century AD. There were still people living there in the 10th century.
The city has a rectangular plan with a grid pattern of regular intra urban streets, resembling Roman city design. This design was never repeated in the architecture of Iran.[2]
Excavations and researchEdit
Bishapur in 1840; a painting by Eugène Flandin in the book "Travel in Persia" (Voyage en Perse)
The site was cleared by the Russian-French archaeologist Roman Ghirshman in the 1930s. The British archaeologist Georgina Herrmann has also written a book about the Sasanian rock reliefs in Bishapur which was published in 1980.[3]
The main part of the excavations took place in the royal sector, in the east of the city. A water temple, interpreted as an Anahita temple, was erected near the palace. In the center there is a cross-shaped space with eight large square exedrae decorated with 64 alcoves. The French excavators believed it had been covered with a dome roof, but this reconstruction has been rejected. To the west lies a courtyard decorated with mosaics; to the east, a square iwan used as a reception room. Its walls must have been covered with small stucco ornaments: rows of medallions, bands of foliage, and topped with merlons inherited from Achaemenid architecture. All these decorative techniques were still used after the Islamic conquest of Persia.
The floor was paved with black marble slabs, with a mosaic border. Along the walls runs a narrow band featuring a series of heads and masks, in a frontal or profile view, on a white background. At the top of each alcove there was a picture of women naked under their transparent veils: courtesans, musicians, dancers, women twisting garlands, together with a few richly attired noble ladies.
^Salma, K. Jayyusi; Holod, Renata; Petruccioli, Attilio; André, Raymond (2008). The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. p. 174. ISBN9789004162402.
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Not to be confused with Nishapur You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French September 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Bishapour see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Bishapour to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Bishapur Middle Persian Bay Sapur Persian بیشاپور Bishapur was an ancient city in Sasanid Persia Iran on the ancient road between Persis and Elam The road linked the Sassanid capitals Estakhr very close to Persepolis and Ctesiphon It is located south of modern Faliyan in the Kazerun County of Pars Province Iran Bishapurin Persian بیشاپورThe ruins of BishapurShown within IranAlternative nameBishapurLocationKazerun Fars Province IranCoordinates29 46 40 N 51 34 15 E 29 77778 N 51 57083 E 29 77778 51 57083TypeSettlementHistoryBuilderShapur IFounded226 ADCulturesPersian Sasanian era Bishapur was built near a river crossing and at the same site there is also a fort with rock cut reservoirs and a river valley with six Sassanid rock reliefs The most important point about this city is the combination of Persian and Roman art and architecture that hadn t been seen before Bishapur construction Before Bishapour was built almost all the main cities in Persia Iran had a circular shape like the old city in Firuzabad or Darab Bishapour is the first Persian city with vertical and horizontal streets Also in the city especially in interior design we can see tile work that s adapted from Roman Art Contents 1 History 2 Excavations and research 3 Decoration 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksHistory Edit Ruins of Shapour Palace in BishapurThe name Bishapur derives from Bay Sapur which means Lord Shapur 1 According to an inscription the city itself was founded in 266 AD by Shapur I 241 272 who was the second Sassanid king and inflicted a triple defeat on the Romans having killed Gordian III captured Valerian and forced Philip the Arab to surrender In his native province of Fars he built a new capital that would measure up to his ambitions Bishapur Shapur s City Outside the city Shapur decorated the sides of the Bishapur River gorge with huge historical relief commemorating his triple triumph over Rome One of these reliefs in a semicircular shape has rows of registers with files of soldiers and horses in a deliberate imitation of the narrative scenes on the Trajan column in Rome At Bishapur the king also inaugurated the Sassanid imagery of the king s investiture which would be copied by his successors the king and the god are face to face often on horseback and the god usually Ahura Mazda is holding the royal diadem out to the sovereign The city was not a completely new settlement archaeologists have found remains from the Parthian and Elamite ages The city remained important until the Arab conquest of Persia the rise of Islam in the second quarter of the 7th century AD There were still people living there in the 10th century The city has a rectangular plan with a grid pattern of regular intra urban streets resembling Roman city design This design was never repeated in the architecture of Iran 2 Excavations and research Edit Bishapur in 1840 a painting by Eugene Flandin in the book Travel in Persia Voyage en Perse The site was cleared by the Russian French archaeologist Roman Ghirshman in the 1930s The British archaeologist Georgina Herrmann has also written a book about the Sasanian rock reliefs in Bishapur which was published in 1980 3 Decoration EditMain article Temple of Anahita Istakhr The main part of the excavations took place in the royal sector in the east of the city A water temple interpreted as an Anahita temple was erected near the palace In the center there is a cross shaped space with eight large square exedrae decorated with 64 alcoves The French excavators believed it had been covered with a dome roof but this reconstruction has been rejected To the west lies a courtyard decorated with mosaics to the east a square iwan used as a reception room Its walls must have been covered with small stucco ornaments rows of medallions bands of foliage and topped with merlons inherited from Achaemenid architecture All these decorative techniques were still used after the Islamic conquest of Persia The floor was paved with black marble slabs with a mosaic border Along the walls runs a narrow band featuring a series of heads and masks in a frontal or profile view on a white background At the top of each alcove there was a picture of women naked under their transparent veils courtesans musicians dancers women twisting garlands together with a few richly attired noble ladies Persian Roman floor mosaic detail from the palace of Shapur I at Bishapur Presently housed in the National Museum of Iran Sasanian era floor pavement marble mosaic excavated by Roman Ghirshman c 1939 1941 Presently housed in the Louvre Jars discovered in BishapurSee also EditAcademy of Gundishapur Shapur cave Roman architecture Roman art Byzantine artReferences Edit Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica Salma K Jayyusi Holod Renata Petruccioli Attilio Andre Raymond 2008 The City in the Islamic World Leiden Brill p 174 ISBN 9789004162402 http www worldcat org title sasanian rock reliefs at bishapur part 1 bishapur iii triumph attributed to shapur i oclc 59815517 amp referer brief results bare URL External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bishapur Bishapur Photos Bishapur Photos from Iran Livius City of Bishapur Video Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bishapur amp oldid 1126915769, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
