fbpx
Wikipedia

Yusufzai

The Yusufzai or Yousafzai (Pashto: یوسفزی, pronounced [jusəpˈzay]1), also referred to as the Esapzai (ايسپزی, pronounced [iːsəpˈzay]) , or Yusufzai Afghans historically, are one of the largest tribes of ethnic Pashtuns. They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Malakand, Dir, Swat, Shangla, Buner, Swabi, Mardan, Bajaur, Peshawar, Tor Ghar), to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century, but they are also present in smaller numbers in parts of Afghanistan, including Kunar, Kabul, Kandahar and Farah. Outside of these countries, they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu (Mughal Khel),[1] Balochistan Sibi (Akazai), Chagai (Hassanzai) and Rohilkandh.

Yūsufzai
ايسپزی
Depiction of a Yusufzai warrior
EthnicityPashtun
LocationAfghanistan, Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
Parent tribeSarbani
BranchesMandanr, Iliaszai, Akozai, Mandan, Isazai, Malizai
LanguagePashto
Religion Islam

Most of the Yusufzai speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto (as in case of Mughal Khel) and Afghan dialect Persian.[2]

Etymology edit

In Pashto phonology, as /f/ is found only in loanwords and tends to be replaced by /p/,[3] the name is usually pronounced as Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay. The name literally means "descendant of Yusuf" in Pashto; Yūsuf (يوسف‎) is an Arabic and Aramaic masculine given name meaning "(God) shall add."

According to some scholars, including philologist J.W. McCrindle, the name Yūsəpzay or Īsəpzay is derived from the tribal names of Aspasioi and Assakenoi – the ancient inhabitants of the Kunar Valley and the Swat Valley who offered resistance when Alexander invaded their land in 327–326 BCE. According to historian R.C. Majumdar, the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the larger Aspasioi, and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word Aśvaka, which literally means "horsemen", "horse breeders", or "cavalrymen" (from aśva or aspa, the Sanskrit and Avestan words for "horse").[4]

McCrindle noted: "The name of the Aśvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. The fact that the Greeks translated their name into "Hippasioi" (from ἵππος, a horse) shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification."[5]

The name of the Aśvakan or Assakan is also the origin of the ethnonym Afghān, which has been historically used for all Pashtuns.[6][7][8][9][10]

Mythical genealogy edit

According to a popular mythical genealogy, recorded by 17th-century Mughal courtier Nimat Allah al-Harawi in his book Tārīkh-i Khān Jahānī wa Makhzan-i Afghānī, the Yusufzai tribe descended from their eponymous ancestor Yūsuf, who was son of Mand, who was son of Khashay (or Khakhay), who was son of Kand, who was son of Kharshbūn, who was son of Saṛban (progenitor of the Sarbani tribal confederacy), who was son of Qais Abdur Rashid (progenitor of all Pashtuns). Qais Abdur Rashid was a descendant of Afghana, who was described as a grandson of the Israelite king Saul and commander-in-chief of the army of prophet Solomon. Qais was claimed to be a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a kinsman of Arab commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. When Khalid ibn al-Walid summoned Qais from Ghor to Medina, Qais accepted Islam and the prophet renamed him Abdur Rashīd (meaning "Servant of the Guide to the Right Path" or "Servant of God" in Arabic). Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there. The book stated that Yūsuf's grandfather (and Mand's father), Khashay, also had two other sons, Muk and Tarkalāṇī, who were the progenitors of the Gigyani and Tarkani tribes, respectively. Yūsuf had one brother, Umar, who was the progenitor of the Mandanr tribe, which is closely related to Yusufzais.

The 1595 Mughal account Ain-i-Akbari also mentioned the tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns, which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th-century Pashtuns.[11]

History edit

Peace treaty with Babur edit

 
Babur crossing the Kunar River on a raft, west of Bajaur

During the early modern period, the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in Baburnama by Babur, a Timurid ruler from Fergana (in present-day Uzbekistan) who captured Kabul in 1504.[12] On 21 January 1519, two weeks after his Bajaur massacre, Babur wrote: "On Friday we marched for Sawad (Swat), with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans, and dismounted in between the water of Panjkora and the united waters of Chandāwal (Jandul) and Bajaur. Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well-flavoured and quite intoxicating confections."[13]

As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans, Babur married Bibi Mubarika, daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur, on 30 January 1519.[14] Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur, who later founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.[15] One of Mubarika's brothers, Mir Jamal Yusufzai, accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal emperors Humayun and Akbar.[16]

Yusufzai Chieftaincy edit

Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency.[17] Major parts of the Khyber pakhtunkhwa remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following.

After 1675, the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar (Leader).

In 1586, Akbar the great tried to invade Malakand Agency in the Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586) but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar. [20]

Skirmishes with Mughal forces edit

During the 1580s, many Yusufzais and Mandanrs rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan.[21] In late 1585, Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush the rebellion. In February 1586, about 8,000 Mughal soldiers, including Birbal, were killed near the Karakar Pass between Swat and Buner by the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan. This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal Army during Akbar's reign.[22]

In 1630, under the leadership of Pir Roshan's great-grandson, Abdul Qadir, thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai, Mandanrs, Kheshgi, Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in Peshawar.[23] In 1667, the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals, with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king. Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9,000 strong Mughal Army from Delhi to suppress the revolt.[24] Although the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern Kabul valley, he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai.[25]

Durrani period edit

 
Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad, which was founded by Najib ad-Dawlah Yusufzai in Rohilkhand, India
 
Najib ad-Dawlah and Shuja-ud-Daula, marching on the left of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is riding a brown horse, during the Third Battle of Panipat

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772), the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire, categorized all Afghan tribes into four ulūs (tribal confederacies) for administrative purposes: Durrani, Ghilji, Sur, and Bar Durrani ("Upper Durranis"). The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes, including the Mohmand, Afridi, Bangash, and Khattak.[11] The Bar Durrani were also known as the Rohilla, and comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in Rohilkhand, India.[25]

Najib ad-Dawlah, who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe, was a prominent Rohilla chief. In the 1740s, he founded the city of Najibabad in Rohilkhand. In 1757, he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi. After his victory, Ahmad Shah Durrani re-installed the Mughal emperor Alamgir II on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head, but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad-Daula. From 1757 to 1770, Najib ad-Daula served as the governor of Saharanpur, also ruling over Dehradun. In 1761, he took part in the Third Battle of Panipat and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas.[26] He also convinced Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh, to join the Durrani forces. Before his departure from Delhi, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib ad-Dawlah as mir bakshi (paymaster-general) of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.[27] After his death in 1770, Najib ad-Dawlah was succeeded by his son, Zabita Khan, who was defeated in 1772 by the Marathas, forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand. However, the descendants of Najib ad-Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at Nagina on 21 April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[28]

Today, many Yusufzais are settled in India, most notably in Rohilkhand region, as well as in Farrukhabad, which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash.[29][30]

State of Dir edit

 
Flag of the state of Dir

In Dir, descendants of 17th-century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai, the founder of the city of Dir, laid the foundation of the state of Dir. In 1897, the British Raj annexed Dir and granted the title of the "Nawab of Dir" to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel, the ruler of Dir (1886–1904).[31][32]

The princely state of Dir existed until 1969, after which they were merged into West Pakistan, and then in 1970 into the North-West Frontier Province (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) of Pakistan.[33] Its area is part of the present-day Buner, Lower Dir and Upper Dir.[citation needed]

Yousafzai of Ghoriwala edit

 
River Kuram Bridge, District Bannu

One of Iliaszai grandson through Taje, was a man named Gadezai, who had five sons: Hassan, Behram, Ali Sher, Hussain, and Ibrahim. The first four sons settled in present-day District Buner, while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by Ulugh Beg in Kabul. Initially settling in Kurram, Ibrahim's descendants eventually migrated to Ghoriwala in present-day District Bannu.

Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan, and his family was known as Hassan Khel. However, after one of his descendant, Mughal Khan Yousafzai, his tribe came to be known as Mughal Khel. Mughal Khan's leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu. Jaffar Khan Yousafzai, Mughal Khan's grandson, also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district. He also commissioned the construction of a beautiful mosque in Bannu Bazar in around 1820s.[34]

 
Tribal tree of Mughal Khel from Hayat-i-Afghani[35]

The Mughal Khel tribe has the following sub-tribes: Qasim Khel, Jaffar Khel, Hakim Khel, and Muhammad Hassan Khel. The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years. Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren, the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society, adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the Hard Pashto pronunciations to Soft Pashto but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified.[36]

As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said:

The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala, a Yousafzai group, who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin.

— Herbert Benjamin Edwardes, Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883

[37]

Pashto dialect edit

Yusufzai Pashto, which is a variety of Northern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects:[2]

Dialects[38] ښ ږ څ ځ ژ
Yusufzai Pashto [x] [ɡ] [s, t͡s] [z] [d͡ʒ]
Ghilji Pashto [ç] [ʝ] [t͡s] [z] [ʒ, z]
Durrani Pashto [ʂ] [ʐ] [t͡s] [d͡z] [ʒ]

Society edit

The Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups:[25]

Khān

The khān referred to the Yusufzai landowners. In the 16th century, saint Sheikh Milli, a prominent Yusufzai dignitary, distributed the Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans (khēl). However, to avoid inequalities, he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans, but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so. In this system (wēsh), each landowning khān would own shares (brakha) representing his proportion of the total area distributed. Through a regular rotation of ownership, the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle, although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on.

The wēsh system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s.[39]

Hamsāya

The hamsāya or "shade sharers" were the clients or dependents from other (non-Yusufzai) Pashtun tribes who became attached to the Yusufzai tribe over the years.

Faqīr

The faqīr or "poor" were the non-Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners. As dependent peasants, the faqīr used to pay rent for the land they cultivated.

In the 19th century, the distinction between hamsāya as a "dependent Pashtun tribe" and faqīr as "non-Pashtun landless peasants" became blurred. Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients.

Mlātəṛ

The mlātəṛ or "supporters" provided services to their patrons as artisans (kasabgar), musicians (ḍəm), herders, or commercial agents, mostly in return for a payment in grain or rice.

Ghulām

The ghulām or "slaves" were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master's household. Although the ghulām were less free as compared to the hamsāya or the faqīr, they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society.

Subtribes edit

Notable Yusufzais/Yousafzais edit

Notes edit

  • ^1 In Pashto, "Yusufzai" (یوسفزی‎, [jusəpˈzay]) is the masculine singular form of the word. Its feminine singular is "Yusufzey" (یوسفزۍ, [jusəpˈzəy]), while its plural is "Yusufzee" (یوسفزي, [jusəpˈzi]).

References edit

  1. ^ a b Khan Roshan Khan. "Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht". Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  2. ^ a b Coyle, Dennis Walter (2014). Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.
  3. ^ Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara (1996). A Reference Grammar of Pashto (PDF). Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics. p. 15.
  4. ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977) [1952]. Ancient India (Reprinted ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 99. ISBN 978-8-12080-436-4.
  5. ^ John Watson McCrindle (1896). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great: As Described by Arrian, Q. Curtius, Diodoros, Plutarch and Justin. University of Michigan: A. Constable. pp. 333–334.
  6. ^ "The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian... " (Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180. See also: Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J.W. McCrindle).
  7. ^ "Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana, an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses" (See: Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad, p 124, Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan).
  8. ^ cf: "Their name (Afghan) means "cavalier" being derived from the Sanskrit, Asva, or Asvaka, a horse, and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times, as it is at the present day, for its superior breed of horses. Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river, which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander "(Ref: Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1999, p 275, Royal Scottish Geographical Society).
  9. ^ "Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks; this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning 'horsemen' " (Ref: Sva, 1915, p 113, Christopher Molesworth Birdwood).
  10. ^ Cf: "The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of a cavalier, and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander" (Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological..by Henry Yule, AD Burnell).
  11. ^ a b The Pearl of Pearls: The Abdālī-Durrānī Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shāh, Durr-i Durrān by Sajjad Nejatie. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/80750.
  12. ^ Samrin, Farah (2006). "Yusufzais in Mughal History". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 292–300. JSTOR 44147949.
  13. ^ Beveridge, Annette Susannah (7 January 2014). The Bābur-nāma in English, Memoirs of Bābur. Project Gutenberg.
  14. ^ Shyam, Radhey (1978). Babur. Janaki Prakashan. p. 263.
  15. ^ Aftab, Tahera; edited; Hiro, introduced by Dilip (2008). Inscribing South Asian Muslim women : an annotated bibliography & research guide ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 46. ISBN 9789004158498. {{cite book}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ Mukherjee, Soma (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-8-121-20760-7.
  17. ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/38531-malik-ahmad-baba-yousafzais-lige-services-to-be-rembered
  18. ^ https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=gOFtAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y
  19. ^ https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=m9otAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhaku+Khan&dq=Bhaku+Khan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjokqH678-DAxXaQPEDHRpfAzIQ6AF6BAgIEAM
  20. ^ https://archive.org/details/a-short-history-of-the-mughal-empire
  21. ^ "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India". Digital South Asia Library. p. 152. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
  22. ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780521566032.
  23. ^ Misdaq, Nabi (2006). Afghanistan: Political Frailty and External Interference. Routledge. ISBN 1135990174.
  24. ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. ISBN 9780521566032.
  25. ^ a b c Gommans, Jos J.L. (1995). The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780. BRILL. p. 219. ISBN 9004101098.
  26. ^ Najibabad Tehsil & Town The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 18, p. 334.
  27. ^ History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D
  28. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bijnor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 928.
  29. ^ Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). . Khyber Gateway. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2014. Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  30. ^ Haleem, Safia (24 July 2007). . Khyber Gateway. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ^ Who's Who in the Dir, Swat and Chitral Agency – Corrected up to 1st September 1933 (PDF). New Delhi: The Manager Government of India Press. 1933. Retrieved 2013-07-31.
  32. ^ Dir at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  33. ^ Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-41593-919-5.
  34. ^ a b Khan Roshan Khan. Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht (in Urdu). Nasir khan. pp. The Mughal Khels are mentioned on page no. 424 under Gadezai Heading.
  35. ^ Muhammad Hayat Khan (1867). Hayat E Afghani By Muhammad Hayat Khan Published In 1867 Complete Book In Urdu.
  36. ^ "Bannu :: History, Culture, LifeStyle, People, Food etc". pmru.kp.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  37. ^ Gazetteer of the Bannu District: 1883. British Government. 1883. pp. Page number 58.
  38. ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
  39. ^ Noelle, Christine (2012). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863). Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-1136603174.
  40. ^ . www.khyber.org. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved 2021-03-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  41. ^ "A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India" (Part I. North of the Kabul River, including all Mohmands, and tribes west of the Indus), published by The General Staff Army Headquarter, Calcutta, India - (Originally Published 1910) :: The Khan Khel are mentioned on Page 26 (under ‘K’ -Khan Khel)
  42. ^ "Bannu :: Gazetteer". pmru.kp.gov.pk. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  43. ^ . www.khyber.org. Archived from the original on February 13, 2007. Retrieved 2022-11-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  44. ^ Khān, Muḥammad Ḥayāt (1981). Afghanistan and Its Inhabitants (in Urdu). Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. Mentioned on page no. 626 under the title of Khandane Ghoriwala.
  45. ^ We Mountains – Regional Website of North Pakistan (2020) Akhund Salaak: The Soldier Saint Jahandad Khan
  46. ^ International: The News (2015) Speakers recall life and sacrifices of Yousafzai tribe’s chief Correspondents
  47. ^ The Pathans ~ 550 B.C. - AD 1957 by Olaf Caroe (1958)
  48. ^ "Kalu Khan Yousafzai | History of Pashtuns".
  49. ^ "History of Pashtuns: Yousafzais of Ghoriwala in Bannu".

yusufzai, other, uses, disambiguation, yousafzai, pashto, یوسفزی, pronounced, jusəpˈzay, also, referred, esapzai, ايسپزی, pronounced, iːsəpˈzay, afghans, historically, largest, tribes, ethnic, pashtuns, they, natively, based, northern, part, khyber, pakhtunkhw. For other uses see Yusufzai disambiguation The Yusufzai or Yousafzai Pashto یوسفزی pronounced jusepˈzay 1 also referred to as the Esapzai ايسپزی pronounced iːsepˈzay or Yusufzai Afghans historically are one of the largest tribes of ethnic Pashtuns They are natively based in the northern part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Malakand Dir Swat Shangla Buner Swabi Mardan Bajaur Peshawar Tor Ghar to which they migrated from Kabul during the 16th century but they are also present in smaller numbers in parts of Afghanistan including Kunar Kabul Kandahar and Farah Outside of these countries they can be found in Ghoriwala District Bannu Mughal Khel 1 Balochistan Sibi Akazai Chagai Hassanzai and Rohilkandh YusufzaiايسپزیDepiction of a Yusufzai warriorEthnicityPashtunLocationAfghanistan Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Parent tribeSarbaniBranchesMandanr Iliaszai Akozai Mandan Isazai MalizaiLanguagePashtoReligionIslamMost of the Yusufzai speak a northern variety of Pashto and some southern variety of Pashto as in case of Mughal Khel and Afghan dialect Persian 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Mythical genealogy 3 History 3 1 Peace treaty with Babur 3 2 Yusufzai Chieftaincy 3 3 Skirmishes with Mughal forces 3 4 Durrani period 3 5 State of Dir 3 6 Yousafzai of Ghoriwala 4 Pashto dialect 5 Society 6 Subtribes 7 Notable Yusufzais Yousafzais 8 Notes 9 ReferencesEtymology editIn Pashto phonology as f is found only in loanwords and tends to be replaced by p 3 the name is usually pronounced as Yusepzay or isepzay The name literally means descendant of Yusuf in Pashto Yusuf يوسف is an Arabic and Aramaic masculine given name meaning God shall add According to some scholars including philologist J W McCrindle the name Yusepzay or isepzay is derived from the tribal names of Aspasioi and Assakenoi the ancient inhabitants of the Kunar Valley and the Swat Valley who offered resistance when Alexander invaded their land in 327 326 BCE According to historian R C Majumdar the Assakenoi were either allied to or a branch of the larger Aspasioi and both of these ancient tribal names were probably derived from the word Asvaka which literally means horsemen horse breeders or cavalrymen from asva or aspa the Sanskrit and Avestan words for horse 4 McCrindle noted The name of the Asvaka indicates that their country was renowned in primitive times as it is at the present day for its superior breed of horses The fact that the Greeks translated their name into Hippasioi from ἵppos a horse shows that they must have been aware of its etymological signification 5 The name of the Asvakan or Assakan is also the origin of the ethnonym Afghan which has been historically used for all Pashtuns 6 7 8 9 10 Mythical genealogy editAccording to a popular mythical genealogy recorded by 17th century Mughal courtier Nimat Allah al Harawi in his book Tarikh i Khan Jahani wa Makhzan i Afghani the Yusufzai tribe descended from their eponymous ancestor Yusuf who was son of Mand who was son of Khashay or Khakhay who was son of Kand who was son of Kharshbun who was son of Saṛban progenitor of the Sarbani tribal confederacy who was son of Qais Abdur Rashid progenitor of all Pashtuns Qais Abdur Rashid was a descendant of Afghana who was described as a grandson of the Israelite king Saul and commander in chief of the army of prophet Solomon Qais was claimed to be a contemporary of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a kinsman of Arab commander Khalid ibn al Walid When Khalid ibn al Walid summoned Qais from Ghor to Medina Qais accepted Islam and the prophet renamed him Abdur Rashid meaning Servant of the Guide to the Right Path or Servant of God in Arabic Abdur Rashid returned to Ghor and introduced Islam there The book stated that Yusuf s grandfather and Mand s father Khashay also had two other sons Muk and Tarkalaṇi who were the progenitors of the Gigyani and Tarkani tribes respectively Yusuf had one brother Umar who was the progenitor of the Mandanr tribe which is closely related to Yusufzais The 1595 Mughal account Ain i Akbari also mentioned the tradition of Israelite descent among Pashtuns which shows that the tradition was already popular among 16th century Pashtuns 11 History editPeace treaty with Babur edit nbsp Babur crossing the Kunar River on a raft west of BajaurDuring the early modern period the Yusufzai tribe of Afghans was first explicitly mentioned in Baburnama by Babur a Timurid ruler from Fergana in present day Uzbekistan who captured Kabul in 1504 12 On 21 January 1519 two weeks after his Bajaur massacre Babur wrote On Friday we marched for Sawad Swat with the intention of attacking the Yusufzai Afghans and dismounted in between the water of Panjkora and the united waters of Chandawal Jandul and Bajaur Shah Mansur Yusufzai had brought a few well flavoured and quite intoxicating confections 13 As part of a treaty with Yusufzai Afghans Babur married Bibi Mubarika daughter of Yusufzai chief Shah Mansur on 30 January 1519 14 Bibi Mubarika played an important role in the establishment of friendly relations of Yusufzai Pashtun chiefs with Babur who later founded the Mughal Empire after defeating Pashtun Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 15 One of Mubarika s brothers Mir Jamal Yusufzai accompanied Babur to India in 1525 and later held high posts under Mughal emperors Humayun and Akbar 16 Yusufzai Chieftaincy edit Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai conquered the land of Malakand division and Yusufzai remained the powerful and prominent tribe of Malakand Agency 17 Major parts of the Khyber pakhtunkhwa remained under the Yusufzai Chieftaincy and major Yusufzai chiefs are the following Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai Reign 1520 1535 Malak Gaju Khan Yusufzai Reign 1535 1553 Malak Misri Khan Ali Asghar Yusufzai Reign 1553 1580 Malak Ghazi Khan Yusufzai Reign 1580 1585 Malak Kalu Khan Yousufzai Reign 1585 1626 18 Malak Bhaku Khan Yusufzai Reign 1626 1675 19 After 1675 the Yusufzai Chieftaincy was divided into 32 areas which was remained under each Yusufzai tribal Mashar Leader In 1586 Akbar the great tried to invade Malakand Agency in the Battle of the Malandari Pass 1586 but failed and it become the greatest disaster to Mughal empire in the era of Akbar 20 Skirmishes with Mughal forces edit During the 1580s many Yusufzais and Mandanrs rebelled against the Mughals and joined the Roshani movement of Pir Roshan 21 In late 1585 Mughal Emperor Akbar sent military forces under Zain Khan Koka and Birbal to crush the rebellion In February 1586 about 8 000 Mughal soldiers including Birbal were killed near the Karakar Pass between Swat and Buner by the Yusufzai lashkar led by Kalu Khan This was the greatest disaster faced by the Mughal Army during Akbar s reign 22 In 1630 under the leadership of Pir Roshan s great grandson Abdul Qadir thousands of Pashtuns from the Yusufzai Mandanrs Kheshgi Mohmand Afridi Bangash and other tribes launched an attack on the Mughal Army in Peshawar 23 In 1667 the Yusufzai again revolted against the Mughals with one of their chiefs in Swat proclaiming himself the king Muhammad Amin Khan brought a 9 000 strong Mughal Army from Delhi to suppress the revolt 24 Although the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was able to conquer the southern Yusufzai plains within the northern Kabul valley he failed to wrest Swat and the adjoining valleys from the control of the Yusufzai 25 Durrani period edit nbsp Patthargarh fort outside Najibabad which was founded by Najib ad Dawlah Yusufzai in Rohilkhand India nbsp Najib ad Dawlah and Shuja ud Daula marching on the left of Ahmad Shah Durrani who is riding a brown horse during the Third Battle of PanipatAhmad Shah Durrani 1747 1772 the founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire categorized all Afghan tribes into four ulus tribal confederacies for administrative purposes Durrani Ghilji Sur and Bar Durrani Upper Durranis The Yusufzai were included in the Bar Durrani confederacy along with other eastern Pashtun tribes including the Mohmand Afridi Bangash and Khattak 11 The Bar Durrani were also known as the Rohilla and comprised the bulk of those Pashtuns who settled in Rohilkhand India 25 Najib ad Dawlah who belonged to the Yusufzai tribe was a prominent Rohilla chief In the 1740s he founded the city of Najibabad in Rohilkhand In 1757 he supported Ahmad Shah Durrani in his attack on Delhi After his victory Ahmad Shah Durrani re installed the Mughal emperor Alamgir II on the Delhi throne as the titular Mughal head but gave the actual control of Delhi to Najib ad Daula From 1757 to 1770 Najib ad Daula served as the governor of Saharanpur also ruling over Dehradun In 1761 he took part in the Third Battle of Panipat and provided thousands of Rohilla troops and many guns to Ahmad Shah Durrani to defeat the Marathas 26 He also convinced Shuja ud Daula the Nawab of Awadh to join the Durrani forces Before his departure from Delhi Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed Najib ad Dawlah as mir bakshi paymaster general of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II 27 After his death in 1770 Najib ad Dawlah was succeeded by his son Zabita Khan who was defeated in 1772 by the Marathas forcing him to flee from Rohilkhand However the descendants of Najib ad Dawlah continued to rule Najibabad area until they were defeated by the British at Nagina on 21 April 1858 during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 28 Today many Yusufzais are settled in India most notably in Rohilkhand region as well as in Farrukhabad which was founded in 1714 by Pashtun Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash 29 30 State of Dir edit Main article Dir princely state nbsp Flag of the state of DirIn Dir descendants of 17th century Akhund Ilyas Yusufzai the founder of the city of Dir laid the foundation of the state of Dir In 1897 the British Raj annexed Dir and granted the title of the Nawab of Dir to Sharif Khan Akhundkhel the ruler of Dir 1886 1904 31 32 The princely state of Dir existed until 1969 after which they were merged into West Pakistan and then in 1970 into the North West Frontier Province present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan 33 Its area is part of the present day Buner Lower Dir and Upper Dir citation needed Yousafzai of Ghoriwala edit Main article Ghoriwala Arrival of Mughal Khel nbsp River Kuram Bridge District BannuOne of Iliaszai grandson through Taje was a man named Gadezai who had five sons Hassan Behram Ali Sher Hussain and Ibrahim The first four sons settled in present day District Buner while Ibrahim was separated from them during the massacre of Yousafzai by Ulugh Beg in Kabul Initially settling in Kurram Ibrahim s descendants eventually migrated to Ghoriwala in present day District Bannu Ibrahim had only one son named Hassan Khan and his family was known as Hassan Khel However after one of his descendant Mughal Khan Yousafzai his tribe came to be known as Mughal Khel Mughal Khan s leadership and capabilities helped establish his tribe as one of the leading and honorable tribes of Bannu Jaffar Khan Yousafzai Mughal Khan s grandson also earned a name and place for himself among the elders of the district He also commissioned the construction of a beautiful mosque in Bannu Bazar in around 1820s 34 nbsp Tribal tree of Mughal Khel from Hayat i Afghani 35 The Mughal Khel tribe has the following sub tribes Qasim Khel Jaffar Khel Hakim Khel and Muhammad Hassan Khel The Mughal Khel have ruled and held the position of maliks in Ghoriwala for more than 300 years Due to centuries of living in a land far away from their brethren the Mughal Khels gradually assimilated in the local society adopting the local elements and thus have transitioned from the Hard Pashto pronunciations to Soft Pashto but still in their speech and appearance their long lost characters can be identified 36 As the author of Bannu Gazetteer said The most notable case of the sort is that of the Mughal Khels of Ghoriwala a Yousafzai group who conquered territory for themselves seven generations ago and still preserve in speech and physiognomy proof of their origin Herbert Benjamin Edwardes Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883 37 Pashto dialect editYusufzai Pashto which is a variety of Northern Pashto is the prestige variety of Pashto in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan Some of its consonants differ from the other dialects 2 Dialects 38 ښ ږ څ ځ ژYusufzai Pashto x ɡ s t s z d ʒ Ghilji Pashto c ʝ t s z ʒ z Durrani Pashto ʂ ʐ t s d z ʒ Society editThe Yusufzai Pashtun aristocracy was historically divided into several communities based on patrilineal segmentary groups 25 KhanThe khan referred to the Yusufzai landowners In the 16th century saint Sheikh Milli a prominent Yusufzai dignitary distributed the Yusufzai land among the major Yusufzai tribal clans khel However to avoid inequalities he ordered that the lands should not become permanent property of the clans but rather they should be realloted within the patrilineal clans periodically after every ten years or so In this system wesh each landowning khan would own shares brakha representing his proportion of the total area distributed Through a regular rotation of ownership the Yusufzai landowners would migrate for up to 30 miles for their new share after each cycle although the tenants cultivating the land would stay on The wesh system operated among the Yusufzai of Swat region until at least 1920s 39 HamsayaThe hamsaya or shade sharers were the clients or dependents from other non Yusufzai Pashtun tribes who became attached to the Yusufzai tribe over the years FaqirThe faqir or poor were the non Pashtun landless peasants who were assigned to the Yusufzai landowners As dependent peasants the faqir used to pay rent for the land they cultivated In the 19th century the distinction between hamsaya as a dependent Pashtun tribe and faqir as non Pashtun landless peasants became blurred Both terms were then interchangeably used to simply refer to landless dependents or clients MlateṛThe mlateṛ or supporters provided services to their patrons as artisans kasabgar musicians ḍem herders or commercial agents mostly in return for a payment in grain or rice GhulamThe ghulam or slaves were more closely attached to their patron and his family and frequently entrusted with a variety of functions within their master s household Although the ghulam were less free as compared to the hamsaya or the faqir they generally enjoyed a higher status in the society Subtribes editAbakhel Azizkhel Akazai Babuzai Shamozai Balarkhel Chagharzai Degankhel Hassanzai Kamalzai Khan Khel 40 1 41 Khwaja Khel Khwajgan Madakhel Mahabatkhel Malizai Mandanr Khadarzai Mughal Khel 42 34 43 44 Niamatkhel Nikpikhel Ranizai TahirkheliNotable Yusufzais Yousafzais editGaju Khan Pashtun Revolutionary and founding chief of the Yusufzai tribe Shaukat Ali Yousafzai Journalist and PTI leader Bibi Mubarika Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai Founder of Pakhtunkhwa who fought for control of northern Khyber and Pakhtunkhwa to expand the Yusufzai tribe Bahaku Khan Yousafzai Afghan Warrior who fought in the Sixth Afghan Mughal War of 1667 1678 45 46 47 Kalu Khan 16th Century Yusufzai leader who rallied his tribe and rebelled against Mughal Emperor Akbar and inflicted one of their greatest defeats in the 1586 48 Malala Yousafzai born 1997 Pashtun female education activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate from the Dalokhel Subclan Ziauddin Yousafzai born 1969 Pashtun education activist and father of Malala Yousafzai from the Dalokhel Subclan Khan Roshan Khan Yousafzai Pashtun Historian Najib ad Dawlah Yousafzai Afghan Serviceman who fought with Ahmed Shah s Durrani Empire to Victory at Panipat 1761 Karnal Sher Khan Military Officer who fought and died in the Kargil Conflict and one of 11 recipients to be awarded Nishan e Haider for highest Wartime Gallantry of Pakistan Ghazi Umra Khan of Jandol dubbed the Afghan Napoleon who conquered northern Pakhtunkhwa battling the British Empire in the 1895 Chitral Rebellion taking British soldiers as their Prisoners of War who were treated with mercy Rahimullah Yusufzai Journalist who once interviewed Osama Bin Laden Murad Saeed Politician Nigar Johar only female General in Pakistan Army history Muhammad Ali Jauhar prominent member of the Muslim League Khilafat Movement and served as President of the Indian National Congress Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai Socialist Revolutionary veteran of the Afghan War of Independence recipient of the Order of Gallantry of the Emirate of Afghanistan and served as the first People s Commissar for Education of Tajikistan Abdul Ghafoor Yusufzai Afghan footballer representing the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1948 Summer Olympics Junaid Khan cricketer Abaseen Yousafzai Poet and famous writer Nisar Muhammad Khan specialised in Pashto Language and Culture Azimullah Khan Yusufzai Afghan Warrior Hero of the Great Revolt of 1857 against the British East India Company Afzal Khan Lala Pashtun Nationalist affiliate of NAP and former provincial and federal minister of NWFP Jafar Khan Yusufzai 49 Former Raes of Mughal Khel Tappa BannuNotes edit 1 In Pashto Yusufzai یوسفزی jusepˈzay is the masculine singular form of the word Its feminine singular is Yusufzey یوسفزۍ jusepˈzey while its plural is Yusufzee یوسفزي jusepˈzi References edit a b Khan Roshan Khan Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht Retrieved 2021 03 28 a b Coyle Dennis Walter 2014 Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties Master s thesis University of North Dakota Tegey Habibullah Robson Barbara 1996 A Reference Grammar of Pashto PDF Washington Center for Applied Linguistics p 15 Majumdar Ramesh Chandra 1977 1952 Ancient India Reprinted ed Motilal Banarsidass p 99 ISBN 978 8 12080 436 4 John Watson McCrindle 1896 The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great As Described by Arrian Q Curtius Diodoros Plutarch and Justin University of Michigan A Constable pp 333 334 The name Afghan has evidently been derived from Asvakan the Assakenoi of Arrian Megasthenes and Arrian p 180 See also Alexander s Invasion of India p 38 J W McCrindle Even the name Afghan is Aryan being derived from Asvakayana an important clan of the Asvakas or horsemen who must have derived this title from their handling of celebrated breeds of horses See Imprints of Indian Thought and Culture abroad p 124 Vivekananda Kendra Prakashan cf Their name Afghan means cavalier being derived from the Sanskrit Asva orAsvaka a horse and shows that their country must have been noted in ancient times as it is at the present day for its superior breed of horses Asvaka was an important tribe settled north to Kabul river which offered a gallant resistance but ineffectual resistance to the arms of Alexander Ref Scottish Geographical Magazine 1999 p 275 Royal Scottish Geographical Society Afghans are Assakani of the Greeks this word being the Sanskrit Ashvaka meaning horsemen Ref Sva 1915 p 113 Christopher Molesworth Birdwood Cf The name represents Sanskrit Asvaka in the sense of acavalier and this reappears scarcely modified in the Assakani or Assakeni of the historians of the expedition of Alexander Hobson Jobson A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo Indian words and phrases and of kindred terms etymological by Henry Yule AD Burnell a b The Pearl of Pearls The Abdali Durrani Confederacy and Its Transformation under Aḥmad Shah Durr i Durran by Sajjad Nejatie https tspace library utoronto ca handle 1807 80750 Samrin Farah 2006 Yusufzais in Mughal History Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 67 292 300 JSTOR 44147949 Beveridge Annette Susannah 7 January 2014 The Babur nama in English Memoirs of Babur Project Gutenberg Shyam Radhey 1978 Babur Janaki Prakashan p 263 Aftab Tahera edited Hiro introduced by Dilip 2008 Inscribing South Asian Muslim women an annotated bibliography amp research guide Online Ausg ed Leiden Brill p 46 ISBN 9789004158498 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a last2 has generic name help Mukherjee Soma 2001 Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions Gyan Books p 118 ISBN 978 8 121 20760 7 https www thenews com pk amp 38531 malik ahmad baba yousafzais lige services to be rembered https books google com pk books id gOFtAAAAMAAJ amp redir esc y https books google com pk books id m9otAAAAMAAJ amp q Bhaku Khan amp dq Bhaku Khan amp hl en amp newbks 1 amp newbks redir 0 amp source gb mobile search amp sa X amp ved 2ahUKEwjokqH678 DAxXaQPEDHRpfAzIQ6AF6BAgIEAM https archive org details a short history of the mughal empire Imperial Gazetteer2 of India Volume 19 Imperial Gazetteer of India Digital South Asia Library p 152 Retrieved 22 April 2015 Richards John F 1993 The Mughal Empire The New Cambridge History of India Cambridge University Press pp 50 51 ISBN 9780521566032 Misdaq Nabi 2006 Afghanistan Political Frailty and External Interference Routledge ISBN 1135990174 Richards John F 1995 The Mughal Empire ISBN 9780521566032 a b c Gommans Jos J L 1995 The Rise of the Indo Afghan Empire C 1710 1780 BRILL p 219 ISBN 9004101098 Najibabad Tehsil amp Town The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909 v 18 p 334 History of Modern India 1707 A D to 2000 A D Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Bijnor Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 3 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 928 Haleem Safia 24 July 2007 Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India Khyber Gateway Archived from the original on April 30 2013 Retrieved 4 May 2014 Farrukhabad has a mixed population of Pathans dominated by the Bangash and Yousafzais a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Haleem Safia 24 July 2007 Study of the Pathan Communities in Four States of India Khyber Gateway Archived from the original on April 30 2013 Retrieved 4 May 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Who s Who in the Dir Swat and Chitral Agency Corrected up to 1st September 1933 PDF New Delhi The Manager Government of India Press 1933 Retrieved 2013 07 31 Dir at the Encyclopaedia Britannica Claus Peter J Diamond Sarah Ann Mills Margaret 2003 South Asian Folklore An Encyclopedia Afghanistan Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Taylor amp Francis p 447 ISBN 978 0 41593 919 5 a b Khan Roshan Khan Yousafzai qaum ki sarguzasht in Urdu Nasir khan pp The Mughal Khels are mentioned on page no 424 under Gadezai Heading Muhammad Hayat Khan 1867 Hayat E Afghani By Muhammad Hayat Khan Published In 1867 Complete Book In Urdu Bannu History Culture LifeStyle People Food etc pmru kp gov pk Retrieved 2022 11 17 Gazetteer of the Bannu District 1883 British Government 1883 pp Page number 58 Hallberg Daniel G 1992 Pashto Waneci Ormuri Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan 4 Noelle Christine 2012 State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan 1826 1863 Routledge p 139 ISBN 978 1136603174 Ancestor Database Khan Khel gt خان خېل www khyber org Archived from the original on September 26 2015 Retrieved 2021 03 28 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes of the North West Frontier of India Part I North of the Kabul River including all Mohmands and tribes west of the Indus published by The General Staff Army Headquarter Calcutta India Originally Published 1910 The Khan Khel are mentioned on Page 26 under K Khan Khel Bannu Gazetteer pmru kp gov pk Retrieved 2022 11 15 Leading Families in Bannu Khyber ORG www khyber org Archived from the original on February 13 2007 Retrieved 2022 11 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Khan Muḥammad Ḥayat 1981 Afghanistan and Its Inhabitants in Urdu Sang e Meel Publications pp Mentioned on page no 626 under the title of Khandane Ghoriwala We Mountains Regional Website of North Pakistan 2020 Akhund Salaak The Soldier Saint Jahandad Khan International The News 2015 Speakers recall life and sacrifices of Yousafzai tribe s chief Correspondents The Pathans 550 B C AD 1957 by Olaf Caroe 1958 Kalu Khan Yousafzai History of Pashtuns History of Pashtuns Yousafzais of Ghoriwala in Bannu Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Yusufzai amp oldid 1194814978, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.