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Wikipedia

Richard Stallman

January 13, 2023

Richard Matthew Stallman (/ˈstɔːlmən/; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, rms,[1] is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in October 1985,[2] developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU General Public License.

Richard Stallman
Stallman in 2019
Born
Richard Matthew Stallman

(1953-03-16) March 16, 1953 (age 69)
New York City, New York, US
Other namesrms (RMS)
Education
Occupations
  • Activist
  • programmer
Known for
Awards
Websitestallman.org
Signature

Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to write a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[3] With this, he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,[4] GNU Debugger,[5] and GNU Emacs text editor.[6]

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software. He is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.[7]

In 1989, he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management (which he refers to as digital restrictions management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. This has included software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, proprietary formats, and binary executables without source code.

In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his visiting scientist role at MIT after making controversial comments about the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal, including stating that one of the victims was “presenting herself...entirely willing.“[8] Stallman remained head of the GNU Project, and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors.[9][10][11][12]

Early life

Stallman was born March 16, 1953,[13] in New York City, to a family of Jewish heritage.[14] He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and did not feel he had a proper home.[14] He was interested in computers at a young age; when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.[15] From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students.[15] Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and physics, his supervising professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.[16]

His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970, following his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran.[15] He completed the task after a couple of weeks ("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages") and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL[17] and a preprocessor for the PL/I programming language on the IBM System/360.[18]

Harvard University and MIT

As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[19] He was happy: "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."[15]

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,[20] and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, RMS, which he used in his computer accounts.[1][21] Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (magna cum laude) from Harvard in 1974.[22]

Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.[15][18]

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman,[18] Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called dependency-directed backtracking.[23] This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2009[needs update], the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.[24] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.[24]

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), as well as the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).[21] He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.[25]

Events leading to GNU

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.[26]

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity".[18] During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.[27] Stallman's texinfo is a GPL replacement, loosely based on Scribe;[28] the original version was finished in 1986.[29]

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.[30]

Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.[25]

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.[31] The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.[32] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.[33] Eric S. Raymond, one of the creators of the open-source movement,[34] argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.[35]

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid[36] "visiting scientist" in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[37] Until "around 1998", he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.[38]

GNU project

Main article: GNU Project

Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.[3][39] He started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."[40]

 
Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Calcutta, India

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix.[21] The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix".[21] Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman was the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts.[41]

Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.

Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (GNU Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (GNU Debugger), and a build automator (GNU make). The notable omission was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX[42] and the Emacs editor. On Unix systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs[43][44] and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast", while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance".[45]

In 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs.[46] The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:

There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.[47]

In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.[48]

In October 2019, a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman's behaviour had "undermined a core value of the GNU project: the empowerment of all computer users" and called for "GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project".[49] The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his "visiting scientist" role at MIT in September 2019.[50][8] In spite of that, Stallman remained head of the GNU project.[9][10]

Activism

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.[21] The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,[51] The Dangers of Software Patents,[52] and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.[53] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[54]

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.[55] Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.[56]

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.[57] The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.[58] Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch[59] but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring.[60]

 
Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and Your Freedom" at the biennale du design of Saint-Étienne (2008)


In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[61]

After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[62] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[63] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[64]

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[65] digital rights management,[66][67] and proprietary software.

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.[68] AMD has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[69]

 
Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai

Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms.[70][71] In 1993, while Jobs was at NeXT, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an Objective-C preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.[72]

For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished ThinkPad T400s with Libreboot, a free BIOS replacement, and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[73] Before the ThinkPad T400s, Stallman used a Thinkpad X60 with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[74] And before the X60, Stallman used the Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because, like the X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the BIOS level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."[75] Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina.[76] Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the gNewSense operating system.[77][78]

Copyright reduction

Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now (compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.[79][80] He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.[80][81]

Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[82]

 
Stallman at Swatantra 2014, a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala, India

Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindle e-reader that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "The Right to Read" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany e-books.[80][82][83]

Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data (to force the user to view certain promotional material) as a conspiracy.[84]

He recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony. Stallman supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.[85]

Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[86][87][88][89]

He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has "advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom".[90]

Terminologies

 
Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wears a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive.[44] (Monastir, Tunisia, 2012)

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and piracy (in relation to copying not approved by the publisher). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article.[91]

Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.[92] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:

These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas – a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.[93]

Open source and Free software

His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities. After initially accepting the concept,[94] Stallman rejects a common alternative term, open-source software, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.[95] He wrote, "Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model."[96] Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.[97] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term proprietary software or non-free software rather than closed-source software, when referring to software that is not free software.

Linux and GNU

Main article: GNU/Linux naming controversy

Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO SLASH LIN-əks, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer".[98] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.[99] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː plʌs ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO PLUS LIN-əks, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU/Linux as /ɡnuː ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO LIN-əks, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.[100] The creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds, has publicly stated that he objects to modification of the name, and that the rename "is their [the FSF] confusion not ours".[101][102]

Surveillance resistance

Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange[103] and Edward Snowden.[104] He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.[105][106][107]

He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and tracking devices",[108] refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.[109] He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building[110] since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the web page content and then emails it to the user.[111][112] More recently, he stated that he accesses all web sites via Tor, except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an IP block exemption).[113][114]

Personal life

Stallman resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[38] He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.[38] He has said that he is "an atheist of Jewish ancestry"[14] and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".[19][115]

Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs.[116]

He has said he does not want to have children.[117]

He denies having Asperger's, but has sometimes speculated whether he could have a "shadow"[118] version of it.[14][119]

Controversies

In September 2006, Stallman wrote, “I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing.” [120][121]

In September 2018, Stallman again attracted controversy when he wrote on his website, “However, it is normal for adults to be physically attracted to adolescents,” in a defense of convicted sex offender Cody Wilson. [122]

In August and September 2019, it was learned that Jeffrey Epstein had made donations to MIT, and in the wake of this, MIT Media Lab director Joi Ito resigned. An internal MIT CSAIL listserv mailing list thread was started to protest the coverup of MIT's connections to Epstein.[123] In the thread, discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor Marvin Minsky, who was named by Virginia Giuffre as one of the people that Epstein had directed her to have sex with. Giuffre, a minor at the time, had been caught in Epstein's underage sex trafficking ring. In response to a comment where one reply stated that Minsky "is accused of assaulting one of Epstein's victims", Stallman questioned whether the word "assault" was applicable in that case, arguing that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing. Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein, he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates".[124] When challenged by other members of the mailing list, he added "It is morally absurd to define 'rape' in a way that depends on minor details such as which country it was in or whether the victim was 18 years old or 17".[124]

Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role, stating "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex – by Epstein. She was being harmed."[125] Stallman's comments along with a compilation of accusations against him were published via Medium by Selam Gano,[126] who outlined MIT alumnae claims of sexual harassment and contributions to a hostile environment by Stallman. Vice published a copy of the email chain on September 13, 2019, drawing attention to Stallman's comments.[123][127] Stallman's writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced, increasing the controversy.[124] Tied to his comments regarding Minsky, this led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.[127][123] On September 14, Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings, he had learned that there were problems with underage sex, writing on his blog: "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm per psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."[128]

On September 16, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".[129] In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist,' and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."[124]

Return to FSF

In March 2021, at LibrePlanet2021, Stallman announced his return to the FSF board of directors.[11][12] Shortly thereafter, an open letter was published on GitHub asking for Stallman's removal, along with the entire FSF board of directors, with the support of prominent open-source organizations including GNOME and Mozilla. The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman.[130][131][132] In response, an open letter asking for the FSF to retain Stallman was also published, arguing that Stallman's statements were mischaracterized, misunderstood and that they need to be interpreted in context.[133][134] The FSF board in April 12 made a statement re-affirming its decision to bring back Richard Stallman.[135] Following this, Stallman issued a statement explaining his poor social skills and apologizing.[136]

Multiple organizations criticized, defunded and/or cut ties with the FSF,[137] including: Red Hat,[138] the Free Software Foundation Europe,[139] the Software Freedom Conservacy,[140] SUSE,[141][142] the OSI,[143] the Document Foundation,[144] the EFF,[145] and the Tor Project.[146] Debian declined to issue a statement after a community voting on the issue.[147] However, the FSF claims this had relatively little financial impact, as it has stated that direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3% of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year.[148]

Honors and awards

Selected publications

Manuals
  • Stallman, Richard M. (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
  • Stallman, Richard M. (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
  • Stallman, Richard M.; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D. (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.
Selected essays

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. "Humorous Bio". Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved 2008-11-20. 'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'
  2. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (2011-03-07). "The Free Software Foundation Management". Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  3. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. (1983-09-27). "Initial GNU announcement". Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  4. ^ "Contributors (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))". gcc.gnu.org.
  5. ^ "Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden". gnu.org. 1986-10-30. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  6. ^ Greenberg, Bernard S. (1996-04-08). "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation".; "GNU Emacs FAQ".; Zawinski, Jamie. "Emacs Timeline".
  7. ^ Wheeler, David A. "Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else". Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  8. ^ a b Bort, Julie (2019-10-10). "A programmer explains why he's willing to quit rather than work with industry legend Richard Stallman, who resigned from MIT after controversial remarks on Jeffrey Epstein". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  9. ^ a b "Richard Stallman To Continue As Head Of The GNU Project - Phoronix". www.phoronix.com.
  10. ^ a b Stallman, Richard M. "Richard Stallman's Personal Site". Retrieved 2021-03-18. I continue to be the Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project. I do not intend to stop any time soon.
  11. ^ a b Brodkin, Jon (2021-03-22). "Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  12. ^ a b Clark, Mitchell (2021-03-22). "Richard Stallman returns to the Free Software Foundation after resigning in 2019". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  13. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Biography". stallman.org. Retrieved 2019-04-13.
  14. ^ a b c d "The Basement Interviews-Freeing the Code" (PDF). IA. 2006-03-21. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  15. ^ a b c d e Gross, Michael (1999). "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius" (interview transcript). The More Things Change. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
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External links

  • Official website  
  • In Support of Richard Stallman, a website which advocates for Stallman.
  • Richard Stallman at IMDb  
  • Richard Stallman at Curlie
  • Works by Richard Stallman at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Richard Stallman at Internet Archive
  • Essays on the Philosophy of the GNU Project, almost all written by Stallman

January 13, 2023
richard, stallman, richard, matthew, stallman, ɔː, born, march, 1953, also, known, initials, american, free, software, movement, activist, programmer, campaigns, software, distributed, such, manner, that, users, have, freedom, study, distribute, modify, that, . Richard Matthew Stallman ˈ s t ɔː l m en born March 16 1953 also known by his initials rms 1 is an American free software movement activist and programmer He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use study distribute and modify that software Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software Stallman launched the GNU Project founded the Free Software Foundation FSF in October 1985 2 developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs and wrote the GNU General Public License Richard StallmanStallman in 2019BornRichard Matthew Stallman 1953 03 16 March 16 1953 age 69 New York City New York USOther namesrms RMS EducationHarvard UniversityMassachusetts Institute of Technology attended OccupationsActivistprogrammerKnown forFree software movementGNUGNU EmacsGNU Compiler CollectionGNU General Public LicensecopyleftFree Software FoundationAwardsMacArthur FellowshipACM Grace Murray Hopper AwardEFF Pioneer AwardACM Software System AwardInternet Hall of FameWebsitestallman wbr orgSignatureStallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to write a Unix like computer operating system composed entirely of free software 3 With this he also launched the free software movement He has been the GNU project s lead architect and organizer and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including among others the GNU Compiler Collection 4 GNU Debugger 5 and GNU Emacs text editor 6 Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use modify and distribute free software He is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms most notably the GNU General Public License GPL the most widely used free software license 7 In 1989 he co founded the League for Programming Freedom Since the mid 1990s Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software as well as campaigning against software patents digital rights management which he refers to as digital restrictions management calling the more common term misleading and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users freedoms This has included software license agreements non disclosure agreements activation keys dongles copy restriction proprietary formats and binary executables without source code In September 2019 Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his visiting scientist role at MIT after making controversial comments about the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal including stating that one of the victims was presenting herself entirely willing 8 Stallman remained head of the GNU Project and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors 9 10 11 12 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Harvard University and MIT 2 Events leading to GNU 3 GNU project 4 Activism 4 1 Copyright reduction 4 2 Terminologies 4 2 1 Open source and Free software 4 2 2 Linux and GNU 4 3 Surveillance resistance 5 Personal life 6 Controversies 6 1 Return to FSF 7 Honors and awards 8 Selected publications 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksEarly life EditStallman was born March 16 1953 13 in New York City to a family of Jewish heritage 14 He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and did not feel he had a proper home 14 He was interested in computers at a young age when Stallman was a pre teen at a summer camp he read manuals for the IBM 7094 15 From 1967 to 1969 Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students 15 Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University Although he was interested in mathematics and physics his supervising professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist 16 His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school He was hired for the summer in 1970 following his senior year of high school to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran 15 He completed the task after a couple of weeks I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL 17 and a preprocessor for the PL I programming language on the IBM System 360 18 Harvard University and MIT Edit As a first year student at Harvard University in fall 1970 Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55 19 He was happy For the first time in my life I felt I had found a home at Harvard 15 In 1971 near the end of his first year at Harvard he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 20 and became a regular in the hacker community where he was usually known by his initials RMS which he used in his computer accounts 1 21 Stallman received a bachelor s degree in physics magna cum laude from Harvard in 1974 22 Stallman considered staying on at Harvard but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory 15 18 While working starting in 1975 as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman 18 Stallman published a paper with Sussman in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system called dependency directed backtracking 23 This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems As of 2009 update needs update the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking 24 The technique of constraint recording wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse was also introduced in this paper 24 As a hacker in MIT s AI laboratory Stallman worked on software projects such as TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System ITS as well as the Lisp machine operating system the CONS of 1974 1976 and the CADR of 1977 1979 this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines Inc LMI starting around 1980 21 He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA When MIT s Laboratory for Computer Science LCS installed a password control system in 1977 Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password with a suggestion to change it to the empty string that is no password instead to re enable anonymous access to the systems Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time although passwords ultimately prevailed Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward 25 Events leading to GNU EditIn the late 1970s and early 1980s the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment To prevent software from being used on their competitors computers most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution Such proprietary software had existed before and it became apparent that it would become the norm This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976 26 When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software Stallman proclaimed it a crime against humanity 18 During an interview in 2008 he clarified that it is blocking the user s freedom that he believes is a crime not the issue of charging for software 27 Stallman s texinfo is a GPL replacement loosely based on Scribe 28 the original version was finished in 1986 29 In 1980 Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer the Xerox 9700 Stallman had modified the software for the Lab s previous laser printer the XGP Xerographic Printer so it electronically messaged a user when the person s job was printed and would message all logged in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users This experience convinced Stallman of people s need to be able to freely modify the software they use 30 Richard Greenblatt a fellow AI Lab hacker founded Lisp Machines Inc LMI to market Lisp machines which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab Greenblatt rejected outside investment believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company In contrast the other hackers felt that the venture capital funded approach was better As no agreement could be reached hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics with the aid of Russ Noftsker an AI Lab administrator Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper who then left the AI Lab Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies While both companies delivered proprietary software Stallman believed that LMI unlike Symbolics had tried to avoid hurting the lab s community For two years from 1982 to the end of 1983 Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab s computers 25 Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical 31 The phrase software wants to be free is often incorrectly attributed to him and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy 32 He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software 33 Eric S Raymond one of the creators of the open source movement 34 argues that moral arguments rather than pragmatic ones alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy 35 In February 1984 Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full time on the GNU project which he had announced in September 1983 Since then he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid 36 visiting scientist in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 37 Until around 1998 he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence 38 GNU project EditMain article GNU Project Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET 3 39 He started the project on his own and describes As an operating system developer I had the right skills for this job So even though I could not take success for granted I realized that I was elected to do the job I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable and so that Unix users could easily switch to it 40 Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL a GLUG at Netaji Subhash Engineering College Calcutta India In 1985 Stallman published the GNU Manifesto which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU which would be compatible with Unix 21 The name GNU is a recursive acronym for GNU s Not Unix 21 Soon after he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement Stallman was the nonsalaried president of the FSF which is a 501 c 3 nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts 41 Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License and in 1989 the first program independent GNU General Public License GPL was released By then much of the GNU system had been completed Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools including a text editor GNU Emacs compiler GCC debugger GNU Debugger and a build automator GNU make The notable omission was a kernel In 1990 members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon s Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance In 1991 Linus Torvalds a Finnish student used the GNU s development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general purpose operating system thus formed while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU Linux This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project Cover picture for O Reilly Media s 2002 book Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman s Crusade for Free Software Stallman s influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX 42 and the Emacs editor On Unix systems GNU Emacs s popularity rivaled that of another editor vi spawning an editor war Stallman s take on this was to canonize himself as St IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs 43 44 and acknowledge that vi vi vi is the editor of the beast while using a free version of vi is not a sin it is a penance 45 In 1992 developers at Lucid Inc doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs 46 The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman s uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers There s something comforting about Stallman s intransigence Win or lose Stallman will never give up He ll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies Call it fixity of purpose or just plain cussedness his single minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin meisters and multimillion dollar marketing campaigns 47 In 2018 Stallman instituted Kind Communication Guidelines for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity 48 In October 2019 a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman s behaviour had undermined a core value of the GNU project the empowerment of all computer users and called for GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project 49 The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his visiting scientist role at MIT in September 2019 50 8 In spite of that Stallman remained head of the GNU project 9 10 Activism EditStallman has written many essays on software freedom and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s 21 The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement 51 The Dangers of Software Patents 52 and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks 53 In 2006 and 2007 during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes 54 Stallman s staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M Stallman vrms software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU Linux system and reports those that are from the non free tree 55 Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian s definition of free software 56 In 1999 Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles 57 The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success 58 Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch 59 but resigned in February 2011 criticizing pro Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring 60 Stallman giving a speech on Free Software and Your Freedom at the biennale du design of Saint Etienne 2008 In August 2006 at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software such as Microsoft s at state run schools This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12 500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system 61 After personal meetings Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then president of India A P J Abdul Kalam 62 French 2007 presidential candidate Segolene Royal 63 and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa 64 Stallman has participated in protests about software patents 65 digital rights management 66 67 and proprietary software Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006 Stallman held a Don t buy from ATI enemy of your freedom placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman worked resulting in the police being called 68 AMD has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community 69 Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a malign influence on computing because of Jobs leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms 70 71 In 1993 while Jobs was at NeXT Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts one part under GPL and the other part an Objective C preprocessor under a proprietary license Stallman initially thought this would be legal but since he also thought it would be very undesirable for free software he asked a lawyer for advice The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be subterfuges and would be very harsh toward them and a judge would ask whether it was really one program rather than how the parts were labeled Therefore Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs plan was not allowed by the GPL which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective C front end under GPL 72 For a period of time Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program Stallman s computer is a refurbished ThinkPad T400s with Libreboot a free BIOS replacement and Trisquel GNU Linux 73 Before the ThinkPad T400s Stallman used a Thinkpad X60 with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU Linux 74 And before the X60 Stallman used the Lemote Yeeloong netbook using the same company s Loongson processor which he chose because like the X60 and the T400s it could run with free software at the BIOS level stating freedom is my priority I ve campaigned for freedom since 1983 and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer 75 Stallman s Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina 76 Before Trisquel Stallman has used the gNewSense operating system 77 78 Copyright reduction Edit Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled Copyright vs Community where he reviews the state of digital rights management DRM and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign In the talks he makes proposals for a reduced copyright and suggests a 10 year limit on copyright He suggests that instead of restrictions on sharing authors be supported using a tax with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that fairly successful non stars receive a greater share than they do now compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly He indicates that no form of non commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation 79 80 He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde 80 81 Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online after it had been taken down on October 19 2007 following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition 82 Stallman at Swatantra 2014 a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala India Stallman mentions the dangers some e books bring compared to paper books with the example of the Amazon Kindle e reader that prevents the copying of e books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book He says that such e books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use copy lend to others or sell also mentioning that Amazon e books cannot be bought anonymously His short story The Right to Read provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded He objects to many of the terms within typical end user license agreements that accompany e books 80 82 83 Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted He considers manufacturers use of encryption on non secret data to force the user to view certain promotional material as a conspiracy 84 He recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony Stallman supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz 85 Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users data without needing a search warrant 86 87 88 89 He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom 90 Terminologies Edit Stallman in costume as St IGNUcius wears a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive 44 Monastir Tunisia 2012 Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world including the relationship between software and freedom He asks people to say free software and GNU Linux and to avoid the terms intellectual property and piracy in relation to copying not approved by the publisher One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article 91 Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright patent trademark and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar 92 He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues writing These laws originated separately evolved differently cover different activities have different rules and raise different public policy issues Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art and covers the details of a work of authorship or art Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying 93 Open source and Free software Edit His requests that people use certain terms and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open source communities After initially accepting the concept 94 Stallman rejects a common alternative term open source software because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software freedom 95 He wrote Free software is a political movement open source is a development model 96 Thus he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom 97 Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software but free software is the term he asks people to use in English For similar reasons he argues for the term proprietary software or non free software rather than closed source software when referring to software that is not free software Linux and GNU Edit Main article GNU Linux naming controversy Stallman asks that the term GNU Linux which he pronounces ɡ n uː s l ae ʃ ˈ l ɪ n e k s GNOO SLASH LIN eks be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux Stallman refers to this operating system as a variant of GNU and the GNU Project is its principal developer 98 He claims that the connection between the GNU project s philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux 99 Starting around 2003 he began also using the term GNU Linux which he pronounces ɡ n uː p l ʌ s ˈ l ɪ n e k s GNOO PLUS LIN eks to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU Linux as ɡ n uː ˈ l ɪ n e k s GNOO LIN eks which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project 100 The creator of Linux Linus Torvalds has publicly stated that he objects to modification of the name and that the rename is their the FSF confusion not ours 101 102 Surveillance resistance Edit Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange 103 and Edward Snowden 104 He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions 105 106 107 He refers to mobile phones as portable surveillance and tracking devices 108 refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software 109 He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building 110 since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer Instead he uses GNU Womb s grab url from mail utility an email based proxy which downloads the web page content and then emails it to the user 111 112 More recently he stated that he accesses all web sites via Tor except for Wikipedia which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an IP block exemption 113 114 Personal life EditStallman resides in Cambridge Massachusetts 38 He speaks English French Spanish and some Indonesian 38 He has said that he is an atheist of Jewish ancestry 14 and often wears a button that reads Impeach God 19 115 Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs 116 He has said he does not want to have children 117 He denies having Asperger s but has sometimes speculated whether he could have a shadow 118 version of it 14 119 Controversies EditIn September 2006 Stallman wrote I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily pedophilia harms children The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren t voluntary which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing 120 121 In September 2018 Stallman again attracted controversy when he wrote on his website However it is normal for adults to be physically attracted to adolescents in a defense of convicted sex offender Cody Wilson 122 In August and September 2019 it was learned that Jeffrey Epstein had made donations to MIT and in the wake of this MIT Media Lab director Joi Ito resigned An internal MIT CSAIL listserv mailing list thread was started to protest the coverup of MIT s connections to Epstein 123 In the thread discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor Marvin Minsky who was named by Virginia Giuffre as one of the people that Epstein had directed her to have sex with Giuffre a minor at the time had been caught in Epstein s underage sex trafficking ring In response to a comment where one reply stated that Minsky is accused of assaulting one of Epstein s victims Stallman questioned whether the word assault was applicable in that case arguing that the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates 124 When challenged by other members of the mailing list he added It is morally absurd to define rape in a way that depends on minor details such as which country it was in or whether the victim was 18 years old or 17 124 Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role stating We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex by Epstein She was being harmed 125 Stallman s comments along with a compilation of accusations against him were published via Medium by Selam Gano 126 who outlined MIT alumnae claims of sexual harassment and contributions to a hostile environment by Stallman Vice published a copy of the email chain on September 13 2019 drawing attention to Stallman s comments 123 127 Stallman s writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced increasing the controversy 124 Tied to his comments regarding Minsky this led to several calling for Stallman s resignation 127 123 On September 14 Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings he had learned that there were problems with underage sex writing on his blog Through personal conversations in recent years I ve learned to understand how sex with a child can harm per psychologically This changed my mind about the matter I think adults should not do that 128 On September 16 Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations 129 In a post on his website Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein stating Nothing could be further from the truth I ve called him a serial rapist and said he deserved to be imprisoned But many people now believe I defended him and other inaccurate claims and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said I m sorry for that hurt I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding 124 Return to FSF Edit In March 2021 at LibrePlanet2021 Stallman announced his return to the FSF board of directors 11 12 Shortly thereafter an open letter was published on GitHub asking for Stallman s removal along with the entire FSF board of directors with the support of prominent open source organizations including GNOME and Mozilla The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman 130 131 132 In response an open letter asking for the FSF to retain Stallman was also published arguing that Stallman s statements were mischaracterized misunderstood and that they need to be interpreted in context 133 134 The FSF board in April 12 made a statement re affirming its decision to bring back Richard Stallman 135 Following this Stallman issued a statement explaining his poor social skills and apologizing 136 Multiple organizations criticized defunded and or cut ties with the FSF 137 including Red Hat 138 the Free Software Foundation Europe 139 the Software Freedom Conservacy 140 SUSE 141 142 the OSI 143 the Document Foundation 144 the EFF 145 and the Tor Project 146 Debian declined to issue a statement after a community voting on the issue 147 However the FSF claims this had relatively little financial impact as it has stated that direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3 of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year 148 Honors and awards Edit1986 Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers University of Technology Computer Society 149 1990 Exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship genius grant 150 1990 The Association for Computing Machinery s Grace Murray Hopper Award For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS Editing Macros 151 1996 Honorary doctorate from Sweden s Royal Institute of Technology 152 1998 Electronic Frontier Foundation s Pioneer Award 153 1999 Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award 154 2001 The Takeda Techno Entrepreneurship Award for Social Economic Well Being 武田研究奨励賞 155 156 2001 Honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow 157 2002 US National Academy of Engineering membership for starting the GNU project which produced influential non proprietary software tools and for founding the free software movement 158 2003 Honorary doctorate from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel 159 2004 Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Salta 160 2004 Honorary professorship from the Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria del Peru 161 2007 Honorary professorship from the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega es Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 162 2007 First Premio Internacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre 163 2007 Honorary doctorate from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote 164 2007 Honorary doctorate from the University of Pavia 165 2008 Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo in Peru 166 2009 Honorary doctorate from Lakehead University 167 168 2011 Honorary doctorate from National University of Cordoba 169 2012 Honorary professorship from the Universidad Cesar Vallejo de Trujillo in Peru 170 2012 Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Latinoamericana Cima de Tacna in Peru 171 2012 Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion es in Peru 171 2014 Honorary doctorate from Concordia University in Montreal 172 2015 ACM Software System Award For the development and leadership of GCC 151 2016 Honorary doctorate from Pierre and Marie Curie University 173 2016 Social Medicine award from GNU Solidario 174 Selected publications EditManualsStallman Richard M 1980 EMACS The Extensible Customizable Self Documenting Display Editor MIT Cambridge Massachusetts USA MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication AIM 519A Stallman Richard M 2002 GNU Emacs Manual Boston Massachusetts USA GNU Press ISBN 1 882114 85 X Stallman Richard M McGrath Roland Smith Paul D 2004 GNU Make A Program for Directed Compilation Boston Massachusetts USA GNU Press ISBN 1 882114 83 3 Selected essaysStallman Richard M 2015 Free Software Free Society Selected Essays of Richard M Stallman Third ed Boston Massachusetts USA GNU Press ISBN 978 0 9831592 5 4 See also Edit Biography portal Free and open source software portal United States portal9882 Stallman Free as in Freedom a biography by Sam Williams Free Software Street History of free and open source software Lisp Machine Lisp Revolution OS vrms Free Software FoundationReferences Edit a b Stallman Richard M Humorous Bio Richard Stallman s 1983 biography First edition of The Hacker s Dictionary Retrieved 2008 11 20 Richard Stallman is just my mundane name you can call me rms Stallman Richard M 2011 03 07 The Free Software Foundation Management Free Software Foundation Richard M Stallman President Retrieved 2011 07 21 a b Stallman Richard M 1983 09 27 Initial GNU announcement Retrieved 2008 11 20 Contributors Using the GNU Compiler Collection GCC gcc gnu org Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology Sweden gnu org 1986 10 30 Retrieved 2006 09 21 Greenberg Bernard S 1996 04 08 Multics Emacs The History Design and Implementation GNU Emacs FAQ Zawinski Jamie Emacs Timeline Wheeler David A Make Your Open Source Software GPL Compatible Or Else Retrieved 2008 11 20 a b Bort Julie 2019 10 10 A programmer explains why he s willing to quit rather than work with industry legend Richard Stallman who resigned from MIT after controversial remarks on Jeffrey Epstein businessinsider com Business Insider Retrieved 2021 08 11 a b Richard Stallman To Continue As Head Of The GNU Project Phoronix www phoronix com a b Stallman Richard M Richard Stallman s Personal Site Retrieved 2021 03 18 I continue to be the Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project I do not intend to stop any time soon a b Brodkin Jon 2021 03 22 Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments Ars Technica Retrieved 2021 03 23 a b Clark Mitchell 2021 03 22 Richard Stallman returns to the Free Software Foundation after resigning in 2019 The Verge Retrieved 2021 03 22 Stallman Richard M Biography stallman org Retrieved 2019 04 13 a b c d The Basement Interviews Freeing the Code PDF IA 2006 03 21 Retrieved 2013 04 25 a b c d e Gross Michael 1999 Richard Stallman High School Misfit Symbol of Free Software MacArthur Certified Genius interview transcript The More Things Change Retrieved 2014 04 09 Williams Sam 2002 Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman s Crusade for Free Software O Reilly Media ISBN 0 596 00287 4 Chapter 3 Available under the GFDL in both the initial O Reilly edition accessed on October 27 2006 and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived November 16 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 27 2006 Stallman Richard M RMS Berattar Retrieved 2009 09 22 a b c d Williams Sam 2002 Chapter 6 The Emacs Commune Free as in freedom Richard Stallman s crusade for free software 2nd ed Beijing China O Reilly ISBN 0 596 00287 4 a b Williams Sam 2002 Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman s Crusade for Free Software O Reilly Media ISBN 0 596 00287 4 Maracke Catharina 2019 02 25 Free and Open Source Software and FRAND based patent licenses How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software The Journal of World Intellectual Property 22 3 4 78 102 doi 10 1111 jwip 12114 ISSN 1422 2213 S2CID 159111696 a b c d e Lih Andrew 2009 The Wikipedia Revolution New York City New York USA Hyperion ISBN 978 1 4013 0371 6 OCLC 232977686 Stallman Richard M Serious Bio Retrieved 2015 07 17 Stallman Richard M Sussman Gerald J 1977 Forward Reasoning and Dependency Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer Aided Circuit analysis PDF Artificial Intelligence 9 pp 135 196 a b Russell Stuart Norvig Peter 2009 Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach 3rd ed p 229 a b Levy S Hackers Penguin 1984 Robert X Cringely s interview with Brewster Kahle around the 46th minute Richard Stallman Live and Unplugged Archived from the original on 2017 06 29 Retrieved 2014 06 04 Q You once said the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity Do you still believe this A Well I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free Texinfo GNU Documentation System GNU Project Free Software Foundation FSF Gnu org 2015 02 19 Retrieved 2015 03 27 Gnu Status by Richard M Stallman 5 Documentation system I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file Documentation files are needed for many utilities February 1986 GNU s Bulletin Volume 1 No 1 Williams Sam 2002 Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman s Crusade for Free Software O Reilly Media ISBN 0 596 00287 4 Chapter 1 Available under the GFDL in both the initial O Reilly edition accessed on October 27 2006 and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived October 9 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 27 2006 Various 1999 Stallman chapter Open Sources Voices from the Open Source Revolution O Reilly Media ISBN 1 56592 582 3 Salus Peter H 2005 05 13 The Daemon the GNU and the Penguin Groklaw net Retrieved 2012 07 22 Copyleft Pragmatic Idealism Gnu org Retrieved 2015 03 27 History of the Open Source Initiative Opensource org Retrieved 2015 03 27 Why I think RMS is a fanatic and why that matters Esr ibiblio org 2012 06 11 Archived from the original on 2018 03 24 Retrieved 2013 07 14 Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly 1M MIT News Richard Stallman MIT CSAIL www csail mit edu Archived from the original on 2019 09 17 Retrieved 2019 01 07 a b c Stallman Richard M 2018 Lifestyle Richard Stallman s Personal Site Retrieved 2018 08 30 new UNIX implementation Retrieved 2010 03 12 Stallman Richard M 1998 The GNU Project Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2012 07 07 DuBois Steven 2010 10 15 Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2011 07 21 POSIX 1003 1 FAQ Version 1 12 2006 02 02 Retrieved 2006 07 16 Richard Stallman GNU Linux and a free society article by Takver Sunday October 10 2004 on Melbourne Indymedia site Hosted on the Wayback Machine a b St IGNUcius web page at www stallman org Stallman org Retrieved 2010 03 12 Williams Sam 2002 03 15 Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman s Crusade for Free Software O Reilly Media ISBN 0 596 00287 4 Retrieved 2006 11 26 The Lemacs FSFmacs Schism Archived from the original on 2009 11 30 Retrieved 2009 12 12 Leonard Andrew 2002 04 03 Code free or die Salon com Retrieved 2017 04 20 Melendez Steven 2018 10 22 Linus Torvalds is back at Linux while GNU s Stallman unveils a kindness policy Fast Company Retrieved 2019 09 24 Joint statement on the GNU Project guix gnu org 2019 10 07 Retrieved 2020 05 03 Musil Steven Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after Jeffrey Epstein comments CNET Retrieved 2019 10 01 Transcript of Richard Stallman on the Free Software movement Zagreb 2006 03 09 FSFE Retrieved 2008 01 17 IFSO Richard Stallman The Dangers of Software Patents 2004 05 24 transcript Ifso ie Retrieved 2008 01 17 Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks GNU Project Free Software Foundation FSF Retrieved 2008 01 17 GPLv3 GNU General Public License version 3 FSFE Retrieved 2008 01 17 The Virtual Richard M Stallman package Debian Archived from the original on 2016 08 23 Retrieved 2008 01 17 221807 vrms and RMS disagree sometimes AND depends on non free section presence Debian Bug report logs Bugs debian org Retrieved 2015 03 27 Stallman Richard M The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource Retrieved 2006 10 15 Stallman Richard M The Free Encyclopedia Project Retrieved 2011 10 15 Daniels Alfonso 2005 07 26 Chavez TV beams into South America The Guardian London Retrieved 2010 05 22 Stallman Richard M 26 February 2011 Telesur Propaganda Political notes from 2010 November February Stallman org Retrieved 2011 06 07 Kerala logs Microsoft out The Financial Express Archived from the original on 2006 12 08 Retrieved 2010 03 12 Richard Stallman Meets the President of India Archived from the original on 2007 10 16 Meeting between Segolene Royal and Richard Stallman Fsf org Retrieved 2012 07 22 Success for free software in Latin America Archived from the original on 2017 12 26 Retrieved 2014 04 20 Protest in Brussels against software patents Wien kpoe at Retrieved 2015 03 27 Protest outside and inside MPAA meeting on DRM Mccullagh org Archived from the original on 2002 08 03 Retrieved 2012 07 22 Protest in France against DRM Stopdrm info Archived from the original on 2017 07 02 Retrieved 2012 07 22 Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS Free Software Foundation page AMD will deliver open graphics drivers Itknowledgeexchange techtarget com 2007 05 09 Archived from the original on 2018 12 05 Retrieved 2012 07 22 Clarke Gavin 2011 10 10 Stallman Jobs exerted malign influence on computing Theregister co uk Retrieved 2012 07 22 Stallman Richard M 06 October 2011 Steve Jobs Political notes from 2011 July October Stallman org Retrieved 2012 02 16 I hate to have to play this role with a fellow hacker but Clisp cvs sourceforge net Retrieved 2019 08 17 How I do my Computing stallman org Retrieved 2018 09 16 How I do my Computing 2016 04 10 Archived from the original on 2016 04 10 Retrieved 2018 09 16 the setup is a bunch of nerdy interviews What do people use to get the job done Richard stallman usesthis com 2010 01 23 Archived from the original on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2010 03 12 Rauch Guillermo 2012 06 09 Richard Stallman has his bag stolen in Argentina Devthought com Archived from the original on 2012 07 18 Retrieved 2012 07 22 An interview with Richard Stallman Richard stallman usesthis com 2010 01 23 Archived from the original on 2011 07 17 Retrieved 2011 07 02 GNU Linux Meeting 2014 Richard Stallman e approdato a Palermo HTML it in Italian 2014 04 03 Retrieved 2014 07 17 Stallman Richard M 2012 04 17 Technology should help us share not constrain us The Guardian Guardian News and Media Limited a b c Mora Miguel 2011 06 08 La ley Sinde es tan injusta que deberia ser desobedecida El Pais in Spanish Ediciones El Pais S L Retrieved 2013 04 01 Richard Stallman Opts to Disobey Anti Piracy Law TorrentFreak com 2011 06 10 Retrieved 2015 03 27 a b Main page of the IMSLP wikidot com 2011 12 06 Archived from the original on 2008 04 15 Retrieved 2012 07 22 Stallman Richard 2011 2013 The Danger of E Books Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2013 03 27 Stallman Richard M Why Upgrade to GPLv3 GNU Project Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2014 10 16 Under the DMCA and similar laws it is illegal to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy Boycott Sony Defectivebydesign org Retrieved 2015 03 27 Arthur Charles 2010 12 14 Google s ChromeOS means losing control of data warns GNU founder Richard Stallman guardian co uk The Guardian Retrieved 2012 02 16 Adhikari Richard Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome LinuxInsider December 15 2010 Stallman Richard 2011 09 20 Who does that server really serve GNU Boston Review Retrieved 2012 01 15 Hill Benjamin Mako 2009 02 01 Show Me the Code Revealing Errors Retrieved 2012 01 15 Stallman joins the Internet talks net neutrality patents and more Network World 2015 03 23 Rivlin Gary 1991 09 17 Leader of the Free World Wired Magazine Issue 11 11 November 2003 Wired Wired com Retrieved 2012 07 22 Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking on GPLv3 in Torino 2006 03 18 Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you Stallman Richard M Did You Say Intellectual Property It s a Seductive Mirage GNU org Retrieved 2012 07 22 Tiemann Michael History of the OSI Open Source Initiative Archived from the original on 2014 04 12 Retrieved 2014 04 16 Why Free Software is better than Open Source Gnu org Retrieved 2012 07 22 Words to Avoid or Use with Care Because They Are Loaded or Confusing Free Software Foundation Retrieved 2014 07 17 Stallman Richard M 1992 04 24 Why Software Should Be Free gnu org Linux GNU Freedom by Richard M Stallman Gnu org Retrieved 2012 07 22 What s in a name by Richard Stallman Gnu org 2000 09 20 Retrieved 2012 07 22 Andrews Jeremy 2005 Interview with Richard Stallman KernelTrap org 2005 GNU Retrieved 2019 09 10 Torvalds Linus LKML Linus Torvalds Re GPLv3 Position Statement lkml org Linux Kernel Mailing List Retrieved 2019 03 24 Black and white Linus blog 2008 11 02 Retrieved 2011 10 09 Stallman Only Victims Of Tyranny Should Use Facebook Silicon UK Tech News Silicon UK 2011 03 25 Retrieved 2021 01 15 Richard Stallman surveillance is incompatible with democracy Livemint com 2014 01 22 Retrieved 2015 03 27 Facebook is surveillance monster feeding on our personal data Richard Stallman Russia Today Youtube Channel Stallman Richard M 2013 10 14 Stallman How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved 2020 08 03 Stallman Richard M 2018 04 03 A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe Richard Stallman The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 2020 08 03 GPLv3 Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference Barcelona 2006 06 22 in Catalan Fsfeurope org 2006 06 22 Retrieved 2015 03 27 A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman s World Informationweek com 2006 01 06 Retrieved 2012 07 22 The Shaggy God Bostonmagazine com Archived from the original on 2012 01 05 Retrieved 2012 07 22 How I do my computing Archived from the original on 2016 04 10 Retrieved 2016 06 11 Stallman Richard 2007 12 15 Real men don t attack straw men OpenBSD misc Mailing List Archived from the original on 2018 11 16 Retrieved 2009 03 24 For personal reasons I do not browse the web from my computer Richard Stallman Apple fanboys are foolish people 2016 02 22 Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 via YouTube Schussler Matthias 2016 02 17 Freiheitskampfer Rebell und Papst Tages Anzeiger via www tagesanzeiger ch Proulx Francois 2005 07 03 Richard Stallman Flickr Retrieved 2011 09 02 Doggerel Richard Stallman www stallman org Stallman Richard M September 2012 Why It Is Important Not to Have Children Stallman org Archived from the original on 2012 11 02 Retrieved 2017 12 27 Brody Jane E 1997 02 04 Quirks Oddities May Be Illnesses The New York Times Dr John J Ratey a psychiatrist has named shadow syndrome a mild form of a well recognized neuropsychiatric disorder like autism Free as in Freedom Chapter 5 www oreilly com Retrieved 2021 03 25 Brodkin Jon 2021 03 22 Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments Ars Technica Retrieved 2022 12 03 2006 May August Political Notes Richard Stallman stallman org Retrieved 2022 12 03 2018 July October Political Notes Richard Stallman www stallman org Retrieved 2022 12 03 a b c Ongweso Edward Jr 2019 09 13 Famed Computer Scientist Richard Stallman Described Epstein Victims As Entirely Willing Vice Retrieved 2020 08 05 a b c d Lee Timothy B 2019 09 17 Richard Stallman leaves MIT after controversial remarks on rape Ars Technica Retrieved 2020 08 05 Bekiempis Victoria 2019 09 17 MIT scientist resigns over emails discussing academic linked to Epstein The Guardian Retrieved 2020 08 05 Gano Selam Remove Richard Stallman And everyone else horrible in tech Medium Selam Gano Retrieved 2020 10 04 a b Svrluga Susan 2019 09 13 Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Epstein scandal The Washington Post Retrieved 2020 08 05 GNU founder Richard Stallman resigns from MIT Free Software Foundation Engadget Retrieved 2021 10 25 Levy Steven 2019 09 18 Richard Stallman and the fall of the clueless nerd Wired Retrieved 2019 09 18 An open letter to remove Richard M Stallman from all leadership positions rms open letter github io Retrieved 2021 03 26 Brodkin Jon 2021 03 23 Free software advocates seek removal of Richard Stallman and entire FSF board Ars Technica Retrieved 2021 03 24 Mozilla and Tor join calls to oust Richard Stallman from Free Software Foundation Fast Company 2021 03 24 Retrieved 2021 03 27 An open letter in support of RMS Retrieved 2021 03 25 Varghese Sam iTWire Pro Stallman group issues open letter wants him to stay on FSF board itwire com Retrieved 2021 03 25 Statement of FSF board on election of Richard Stallman Free Software Foundation 2021 04 12 Archived from the original on 2021 04 12 Retrieved 2021 04 16 RMS addresses the free software community Free Software Foundation Working together for free software www fsf org Retrieved 2021 04 20 Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board rms open letter github io Retrieved 2021 04 20 Salter Jim 2021 03 29 Red Hat withdraws from the Free Software Foundation after Stallman s return Ars Technica Retrieved 2021 04 20 Statement on Richard Stallman rejoining the FSF board FSFE FSFE Free Software Foundation Europe Retrieved 2021 04 20 On the Recent Announcement by FSF s Board of Directors Software Freedom Conservancy Retrieved 2021 04 20 ITWire SUSE joins open source bodies calling for Stallman to go A Message from the openSUSE Board openSUSE News Retrieved 2021 04 20 OSI Response to RMS s reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation Open Source Initiative opensource org Retrieved 2021 04 20 Statement about Richard M Stallman and the Free Software Foundation The Document Foundation Blog 2021 03 25 Retrieved 2021 04 20 O Brien Danny 2021 03 24 Statement on the Re election of Richard Stallman to the FSF Board Electronic Frontier Foundation Retrieved 2021 04 20 The Tor Project is joining calls for Richard M Stallman to be removed from board Twitter Retrieved 2021 05 09 Varghese Sam iTWire Debian votes for no statement on Stallman s move back to FSF board itwire com Retrieved 2021 04 20 FSF board frequently asked questions FAQ Free Software Foundation Working together for free software www fsf org Retrieved 2021 07 11 Event details Talk by Richard rms Stallman Chalmers University of Technology Retrieved 2012 04 08 1 Archived March 7 2012 at the Wayback Machine a b Richard Stallman Award Winner ACM Awards Association for Computing Machinery Retrieved 2016 04 28 KTH Honorary doctors at KTH Kth se 2014 11 19 Retrieved 2015 03 27 EFF Torvalds Stallman Simons Win 1998 Pioneer Awards W2 eff org Archived from the original on 2017 11 08 Retrieved 2015 03 27 ahref com gt Guides gt Industry gt WWW8 Notes Open Source Software and Software Patents Archived from the original on 2000 08 16 Retrieved 2015 04 02 The Takeda Foundation Takeda foundation jp Retrieved 2015 03 27 Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly 1M MIT 2001 10 17 Retrieved 2006 11 26 University of Glasgow University news Archive of news 2001 February University announces honorary degrees to celebrate 550th anniversary Gla ac uk 2001 02 01 Retrieved 2015 03 27 NAE Website Dr Richard M Stallman Nae edu Retrieved 2015 03 27 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Vub ac be Retrieved 2015 03 27 RESOLUCIoN CS N 204 04 Bo unsa edu ar Archived from the original on 2011 05 31 Retrieved 2010 03 12 Richard Matthew Stallman ofrecera conferencia orientada al uso del software libre Nota de Prensa Universidad Nacional de Ingenieria del Peru Archived from the original on 2012 07 07 Retrieved 2012 04 08 Universidad Garcilaso realizo Conferencia Magistral a cargo del Dr Richard Stallman Noticias Garcilasinas Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega Archived from the original on 2012 06 23 Retrieved 2012 04 08 El padre del software libre Premio Internacional Extremadura 20minutos es February 2007 Retrieved 2015 03 27 Steele Guy L Jr 1991 The Hacker s Dictionary A Guide to the World of Computer Wizards Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica a Richard Stallman University of Pavia Archived from the original on 2011 10 04 Retrieved 2008 04 26 Richard Stallman 2014 03 30 RMS Given Honorary Degree at Lakehead YouTube com 2009 05 31 Archived from the original on 2021 12 21 Retrieved 2015 03 27 Honorary Degree Recipients Agora lakeheadu ca 2009 05 21 Archived from the original on 2013 08 21 Retrieved 2015 03 27 Honoris Causa para Richard Stallman el guru del software libre Honoris Causa for Richard Stallman Free Software guru National University of Cordoba in Spanish 2011 08 16 Archived from the original on 2011 10 24 Richard Stallman CEBE Central European Bitcoin Expo 2014 03 30 Retrieved 2021 04 18 a b Biography stallman org Retrieved 2021 09 26 Concordia awards 3 new honorary doctorates www concordia ca Ceremonie des docteurs honoris causa 2016 GNU Health CON 2016 I International GNU Health Conference www gnuhealthcon org Archived from the original on 2018 12 08 Retrieved 2017 08 30 External links EditOfficial website In Support of Richard Stallman a website which advocates for Stallman Richard Stallman at IMDb Richard Stallman at Curlie Works by Richard Stallman at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Richard Stallman at Internet Archive Essays on the Philosophy of the GNU Project almost all written by StallmanRichard Stallman at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Richard Stallman amp oldid 1133355400, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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