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United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel

October 21, 2023

The United States officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel on December 6, 2017.[1] American president Donald Trump, who signed the U.S. presidential proclamation, also ordered the relocation of the American diplomatic mission to Israel, formerly located in Tel Aviv (see Embassy of the United States, Jerusalem).[2][3] Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu welcomed the U.S. recognition and praised the announcement by the Trump administration. On December 8, U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson clarified that Trump's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide" in reference to the move's impact on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process.[4]

Trump's decision was rejected by the vast majority of world leaders; the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting on December 7, where 14 out of 15 members condemned it, but the motion was overturned by U.S. veto power.[5] The United Kingdom, France, Japan, Italy, and Sweden were among the countries who criticized Trump's decision at the meeting.[6] Other countries supported the move; Guatemala affirmed their intent to issue follow-up recognition and relocate their embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, and the Czech Republic, Honduras, Paraguay, and Romania stated that they were also considering the same.[7] Federica Mogherini, foreign policy chief of the European Union (EU), stated that all EU member states were united on the issue of Jerusalem — she reaffirmed the EU's firm stance on East Jerusalem being the capital of an independent Palestinian state.[8] By late 2022, only Guatemala, Honduras, and Kosovo maintain diplomatic missions to Israel in Jerusalem; Paraguay reversed their 2018 embassy relocation from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem within months, and the Honduran foreign ministry has stated that they are considering a reversal of their embassy move to Jerusalem.[9][10]

Palestinian officials said that the recognition and relocation disqualifies the U.S. from mediating peace talks, while Hamas called for the beginning of a new intifada against Israel in the aftermath of Trump's declaration.[11][12][13] Following the U.S. announcement, there were demonstrations throughout the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as in various countries around the world.[14] By December 25, 2017, Salafist militants in the Gaza Strip had fired almost 30 rockets towards Israel; though almost half of the rockets landed within the Gaza Strip itself, two of them inflicted minor property damage in Israel, near the cities of Ashkelon and Sderot. In the aftermath of the attacks, Hamas reportedly arrested the perpetrating militants in an attempt to prevent an Israeli military response.[15][16]

On February 23, 2018, the U.S. State Department announced that the new embassy would open in May that year.[17] The embassy was officially opened in Jerusalem on May 14, 2018, coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence. Representatives from 32 countries were present at opening of the embassy, including EU members Austria, the Czech Republic, and Romania.[18] Protests on the Gaza border were met with tear gas and sniper fire by the Israel Defence Forces, resulting in the deaths of at least 58 Palestinians, the highest single-day death toll since the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[19][20][21] The IDF and the Israeli government defended the use of force as necessary due to rocks and explosives thrown by protesters. The location of the relocated embassy is at the site of the former U.S. consulate general in the Arnona neighborhood of West Jerusalem.

Background

See also: Positions on Jerusalem § United States
 
Israel occupied East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967 and formally annexed it in 1980 (see Jerusalem Law).[22]

After the founding of the State of Israel in 1949, the United States recognized the new state, but considered it desirable to establish an international regime for Jerusalem,[23] with its final status resolved through negotiations.[24] The US opposed Israel's declaration of Jerusalem as its capital in 1949 and opposed Jordan's plan to make Jerusalem its second capital announced in 1950.[25] The US also opposed Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem after the 1967 war.[25] The official United States position has been that the future of Jerusalem should be the subject of a negotiated settlement.[25][26] Subsequent administrations have maintained the position that Jerusalem's future not be the subject of unilateral actions that could prejudice negotiations, such as by moving the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[25]

During the 1992 presidential election, Bill Clinton promised that his administration would "support Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel" and criticized President George H. W. Bush for having "repeatedly challenged Israel’s sovereignty over a united Jerusalem." However, after the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, the Clinton administration did not proceed with their plans in order not to disturb the negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.[27]

In 1995, Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which declared that "Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel."[28] The bill also stated that the American embassy should move to Jerusalem within five years.[27] Backing the legislation was viewed by some as reflecting American domestic politics. Clinton opposed the Jerusalem Embassy Act and signed a waiver every six months delaying the move.[27]

During the 2000 election campaign, George W. Bush criticized Clinton for not moving the embassy as he had promised to do, and said he planned on initiating the process himself as soon as he was elected. However, once he took office, he backed down on his promise.[27]

In 2008, Democratic candidate Barack Obama called Jerusalem the 'capital of Israel'. On June 4, 2008, Obama told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), in his first foreign policy speech after capturing the Democratic nomination the day before, that "Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel, and it must remain undivided." However, he backtracked almost immediately, saying "Well, obviously, it's going to be up to the parties to negotiate a range of these issues. And Jerusalem will be part of those negotiations."[29]

During the 2016 US Presidential election, one of Trump's campaign promises was to move the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which he described as the "eternal capital of the Jewish people."[30] On June 1, 2017, Trump signed a waiver on the Jerusalem Embassy Act, delaying the move of the US embassy to Jerusalem for another six months, as had every president before him since 1995. The White House stated that this would help them negotiate a deal between Israel and Palestine, and that the promised move would come at a later time.[31]

Announcement

President Trump's statement on Jerusalem, December 6, 2017

On December 6, 2017, President Trump formally recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and stated that the American embassy would be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In his statement Donald Trump did not mention East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state, but he did say that United States recognition did not resolve the dispute over Jerusalem's borders. President Trump explicitly stated his support for maintaining the status quo of the holy sites within the Old City.[2] Following the announcement, Trump signed the waiver, delaying the move by at least another six months.[32]

Following Trump's announcement, American embassies in Turkey, Jordan, Germany and Britain issued security alerts for Americans traveling or living in those countries. The United States also issues a general warning for Americans abroad about the possibility of violent protests. The American consulate in Jerusalem has restricted travel of government employees to Jerusalem's Old City. The US Embassy in Jordan banned employees from leaving the capital and children of embassy employees were told to stay home from school.[33]

State Department remarks

Secretary of State Rex Tillerson later clarified that the President's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide."[4] State Department officials said on December 8 that there will not be any immediate practical changes in how the US deals with Jerusalem, including its policy of not listing a country on the passports of citizens born in Jerusalem.

 
Israeli Jews praying at the Western Wall

When asked what country the Western Wall is in, State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said "We're not taking any position on the overall boundaries. We are recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel."[34]

American domestic reactions

Former US ambassadors to Israel

Out of 11 former US ambassadors to Israel, nine were critical of Trump's policy change. Ogden R. Reid who served as an ambassador to Israel from 1959 to 1961 was one of the exceptions, saying, "I think it's the right decision." Edward S. Walker Jr. who served from 1997 to 1999 also supported recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital: "It's really a question of what are the lines, the borders, to be drawn around the state of Israel and the ultimate state of Palestine." Daniel C. Kurtzer noted America's international isolation in his remarks and Richard H. Jones expressed concerns that moving the embassy would fuel further violence. A number of former ambassadors, such as Martin S. Indyk stated that they were open to recognition of West Jerusalem as Israel's capital, provided Israel would agree to slow settlement construction and recognize East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital.[35]

American Christian organizations

American Christian organizations were divided: the National Council of Churches (NCC) which represents 38 different denominations issued a statement saying the change in policy was likely to exacerbate regional conflict and cost lives, while the Liberty Counsel, a right wing evangelical organization supported the decision.[36] The move had been supported by many conservative American evangelical organizations and leaders including American Christian Leaders for Israel, Jerry Falwell, and Mike Huckabee.[37] Johnnie Moore, one of Trump's evangelical advisers, said the announcement fulfilled a campaign promise to Trump's evangelical voter base.[38] It was also welcomed by Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein, the founder of the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews.[39]

American Jewish organizations

The majority of prominent American Jewish organizations welcomed the move,[40] including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, which comprises 51 national Jewish organizations, as well as by a number of its member organizations: AIPAC, the Jewish Federations of North America, the American Jewish Congress, the American Jewish Committee, Hadassah, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America and the National Council of Young Israel. The Conservative Movement's US, Israel and global branches also welcomed US recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.[41] Orthodox Union, the US' largest umbrella organization representing Orthodox Jews, thanked Trump for "beginning the process of relocating the US Embassy to Jerusalem".[42]

The Anti-Defamation League said recognition was "important and long overdue", while continuing to express support for a two state solution. AIPAC expressed its support for an "undivided Jerusalem" but also said that relocating the American embassy to Jerusalem would not "prejudge the outcome of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process". Morton Klein, who heads the Zionist Organization of America, said that Trump was "finally recognizing the obvious". The Simon Wiesenthal Center said Trump's announcement "will right an historic wrong".[43] The announcement was also welcomed by the Republican Jewish Coalition.[39][44]

The Reform Jewish movement called it "ill-timed" and said it would "exacerbate the conflict", but also declared that "Jerusalem is the eternal capital of the Jewish people and the State of Israel" and that they "share the President's belief that the US embassy should, at the right time, be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem".[45][39] The Jewish Democratic Council of America similarly expressed support for Jerusalem as an undivided capital of Israel, but criticized Trump for neglecting to "meaningfully support peace between Palestinians and Israelis". Left-wing Mideast policy group J Street said the timing was "premature and divisive". J Street, New Israel Fund, and progressive Zionist organization Ameinu expressed concerns that the move would undermine Middle East peace efforts and could lead to violence.[39]

Other American groups

In December 2017, more than 130 Jewish studies scholars from across North America criticized the Trump administration's decision, calling on the U.S. government to take actions to de-escalate the tensions and "clarify Palestinians' legitimate stake in the future of Jerusalem."[46] According to Haaretz, many of these scholars have been critical of the Trump administration and the current Israeli government.[47]

American Muslim civil advocacy groups rejected the policy change, including the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) and the Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC). On December 5, Muslim, Interfaith and human rights groups held a protest outside the White House.[48]

Israeli and Palestinian responses

Israel

 
Jerusalem on May 7, 2018

On December 6, shortly after Trump's statement, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the announcement was a "historic landmark" and praised the decision as "courageous and just". During his remarks Netanyahu said there is "no peace that doesn't include Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel", adding that Jerusalem has "been the capital of Israel for nearly 70 years".[49] He later said that he has heard condemnation about the announcement but has "not heard any condemnation for the rocket firing against Israel that has come and the awful incitement against us".[50]

The announcement was well received by Knesset members of left, right and center parties including Yesh Atid, Bayit Yehudi, Yisrael Beytenu, and Likud. Isaac Herzog called it an "act of historic justice" but also added that the next step was to "realize the vision of two states". In contrast, Bezalel Smotrich of the religious zionist Bayit Yehudi party issued the following statement: "For 30 years we have fallen into the pit of the Palestinian state as a realistic solution. The time has come to rethink things". Avi Gabbay, the leader the Zionist Union, also supported Trump's announcement, saying that recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital is more important than a peace deal.[51][52]

Israel's Deputy Education Minister Meir Porush of United Torah Judaism party said building in "parts of Judea and Samaria and Jerusalem that need housing would be better than a declaration that means nothing". Yisrael Eichler, also of UTJ, expressed similar views saying he would "rather have 1,000 homes for young couples in Jerusalem than one American embassy building." In contrast, left-wing party Meretz said recognition of Jerusalem should only come with the establishment of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, adding that Trump's declaration "de facto betrays the Zionist vision and the values on which the State of Israel was established".[52]

Hanin Zoabi and Ayman Odeh, both members of the Arab Joint List party, said the US could no longer act as a peace mediator. Odeh said that "Trump is a pyromaniac and will set the entire region ablaze with his madness".[53]

Palestinian Authority and Hamas

Palestinian officials said the announcement disqualifies the United States from peace talks.[13] Palestinian prime minister Rami Hamdallah said the policy change "destroys the peace process".[54] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas gave a speech where he said the decision meant the United States was "abdicating its role as a peace mediator".[49] Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki similarly said the United States could no longer act as a mediator in the peace process because it had become a party to the dispute.[55] Adnan al-Husayni asked the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.[56]

Hamas called for a new intifada, but the response from Palestinians inside Jerusalem was relatively muted.[57][58] Protests were held in East Jerusalem, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. Palestinians burned portraits and effigies of Donald Trump and tore pictures of Salman bin Abdulaziz and Muhammad bin Salman in protest of the embassy move.[citation needed] The Israel military estimated that 3,000 people in the West Bank and 4,500 in the Gaza Strip participated in protests on December 8, 2017.[59]

The Jerusalem announcement inspired activist Ahmed Abu Artema to write a Facebook proposing the outlines of the Great March of Return protests.[60] Multiple camps of Palestinians engaged in protest along the fenceline of the Gaza Strip as part of this effort in late March 2018, demanding the right of Palestinian refugees and their descendants to return to their former homes in Israel, and an end to the blockade of the Gaza Strip, as well as rejecting recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[61] The opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem on May 14 coincided with a major escalation of the protests, resulting in the death of 64 protesters on that day.[62][63]

Christian churches based in Jerusalem

On December 6, 2017, the primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, Patriarch Theophilos III, widely regarded as the most senior Christian figure in Jerusalem, and twelve other church leaders in the Holy Land sent a letter to Trump warning that his move “w[ould] yield increased hatred, conflict, violence and suffering in Jerusalem and the Holy Land, moving us farther from the goal of unity and deeper toward destructive division”.[64] Apart from Theophilos III, the letter was signed by heads of Jerusalem's Syrian, Armenian, Ethiopioan and Coptic Orthodox patriarchates as well as the Roman Catholic Church's Apostolic Administrator for Jerusalem (the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem). It was also signed by the Franciscan Order, the Greek-Melkite-Catholic patriarchate, the Maronites, the Episcopal Church, the Armenian Catholic and Syrian Catholic churches and the Evangelical Lutherans.[65]

International response

Trump's Jerusalem decision was widely condemned by world leaders. European US allies that objected include Britain, Germany, Italy and France. Romania, on the other hand, declined to follow the EU position and also indicated it may relocate its embassy to Jerusalem.[66][67][68]

Pope Francis also made a plea that all nations remain committed to "respecting the status quo" of the city. China urged caution regarding the potential escalation of tensions in the Middle East.[54]

United Nations

Pre-announcement

Shortly before Trump's announcement, in November 2017, the United Nations General Assembly voted on a resolution in Jerusalem 151–6 with 9 abstentions. The resolution stated that "any actions by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem were illegal and therefore null and void. It further stressed the need for the parties to refrain from provocative actions, especially in areas of religious and cultural sensitivity, and called for respect for the historic status quo at the holy places of Jerusalem." It was part of six resolutions on Palestine and the Middle East.[69]

Security Council

The United Nations Security Council vote on 7 December to condemn Trump's decision failed due to a veto by the United States, despite the support of the remaining fourteen members of the council.[70] The emergency meeting was requested by Bolivia, Britain, Egypt, France, Italy, Senegal, Sweden and Uruguay.[54] US envoy Nikki Haley called the United Nations "one of the world's foremost centers of hostility towards Israel".[13] Britain, France, Sweden, Italy and Japan were among the countries who criticized Trump's decision at the emergency meeting.[6] On 18 December, a Security Council resolution calling for the withdrawal of the recognition was vetoed by the United States, for a tally of 14–1.[71]

General Assembly

Main article: United Nations General Assembly resolution ES-10/L.22

On 21 December 2017, the General Assembly voted for Resolution ES-10/L.22 by 128–9, with 35 abstentions and 21 absences, to condemn the US declaration on the status of Jerusalem as Israel's capital and enjoin other states to refrain from setting up diplomatic offices in Jerusalem.[72] None of the United States' NATO allies opposed the resolution, with 25 of 29 voting for it.[73]

Europe

European Union

The European Union's foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini emphasized that all governments of EU member states were united on the issue of Jerusalem, and reaffirmed their commitment to a Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as its capital.[8] Mogherini said that embassies should not be moved to Jerusalem while the final status of the city was disputed. She also noted that Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem was considered a violation of international law under a 1980 United Nations Security Council resolution.[54] On December 11, Mogherini said that European nations would not move their embassies to Jerusalem.[74]

The EU countries of Austria, Romania, Hungary and the Czech Republic however defied the official EU stance and attended the official reception on the opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem.[75] In addition, the non-EU European countries of Albania, Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine also attended the opening.[76]

European political parties

Trump's recognition of Jerusalem did receive some European support from anti-Islam politicians. Czech President Miloš Zeman said the European response was "cowardly". Geert Wilders, leader of the Dutch anti-Islam party Party for Freedom, said that "all freedom loving countries should move their embassy to Jerusalem" and affirmed his support for an undivided Jerusalem. Heinz-Christian Strache, leader of the Austrian Freedom Party, similarly stated his wish to relocate the Austrian embassy to Jerusalem.[77]

Arab and Muslim world

King Salman of Saudi Arabia said that moving the American embassy to Jerusalem would be a "flagrant provocation" to Muslims. Saudi Arabia and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi both expressed similar concerns about the viability of the peace process. The Jordanian government said Trump had violated international law and the UN charter.[49] Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called Israel a "terrorist state".[78]

On December 10, The Arab League held an emergency meeting in Cairo. After the meeting, the League's Secretary-General, Ahmed Aboul Gheit issued a statement saying the change in US policy was "against international law and "amounts to the legalization" of Israeli occupation. Gheit also questioned US commitment to the peace process.[55]

Iran said the U.S. announcement was in violation of international resolutions and could spark a "new intifada". Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the policy change would derail the peace process. Qatar's Foreign Minister Mohammed Abdulrahman Al Thani called it "a death sentence for all who seek peace".[49] Indonesian President Joko Widodo condemned the decision and asked the US to "reconsider the decision". Malaysian PM Najib Razak similarly did so, stating that "we strongly oppose any recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital for all time".[79]

On December 13, 2017, during an Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) meeting held in Istanbul, more than 50 Muslim majority countries rejected and condemned Trump's decision by passing the Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for al Quds ("Jerusalem" in Arabic) and calling for the worldwide recognition of "an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its occupied capital". Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated at the summit that the United States is no longer fit to participate in the Middle East peace process because of its bias and cannot be accepted as a "fair negotiator".[80][81] While the summit did not produce any concrete sanctions against Israel or the United States,[82] The New York Times called the declaration "the strongest response yet" to Trump's decision.[83] The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) urges its members to join in the Arab League boycott of Israel.[84][85]

Pope Tawadros II of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria canceled a meeting with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence in protest of the American decision. The Coptic Church issued a statement that Trump's decision "did not take into account the feelings of millions of Arab people".[86]

Jihadist movements

Jihadist movements from around the world responded with calls for armed struggle:[87] Al-Qaeda in North Africa issued a statement exhorting all fighters to make the liberation of Palestine their central goal.[87] Kashmiri group Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind called on Muslims worldwide to attack embassies of the US and Israel as well as harm the financial interests of both countries.[87] The Egyptian Hasm Movement called for an uprising.[87] Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula called on Muslims to support Palestinians with money and weaponry.[87] The Taliban in Afghanistan called the US move "anti-Muslim bigotry".[87] Somalia-based Al-Shabaab exhorted Muslims to respond with weapons.[87]

The Taliban and Shia extremist leaders likewise expressed their opposition.[88] ISIL issued a response on December 8, which mainly focused on criticizing other jihadist groups and Arab leaders. They accused rival groups of politicizing the conflict to serve personal agendas and argued for the defeat of Israel's Arab neighbors who, according to ISIL, "surround [Israel] the same way a bracelet surrounds the wrist, protecting the Jews from the strikes of the mujahideen."[88]

China

China has historically supported an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital, and said that this position remains unchanged in the aftermath of Trump's announcement.[89] Following the announcement, Chinese state media aired lengthy broadcasts emphasizing Palestinian opposition to it and lack of support for the move among America's European allies. Chinese news reports also stressed the risk of "instability and uncertainty" in the Middle East. Some analysts have argued that moving the embassy could push Israel to make concessions to the Palestinians in final status negotiations.[90] The Chinese embassy issued an alert to travelers regarding the increasingly complicated and intense safety conditions in Israel after the announcement.[91]

Other

Following the announcement, right-wing Zionist organization World Betar called for international recognition of the Temple Mount, Nablus and Hebron.[92]

On December 24, Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales said that his country would relocate its embassy to Jerusalem.[93] The Guatemalan embassy was moved on May 16, two days after the American embassy was moved.[94] President of Bolivia Evo Morales was critical of the US decision and accused Guatemala of mocking the international community and ignoring UN resolutions by moving its embassy to Jerusalem.[95] He also claimed that "some governments sell their dignity to the empire" for not losing the crumbs of USAID.[96]

Several national governments responded directly to the opening of the United States Embassy in Jerusalem on May 14, 2018. Japan and Malaysia were among those expressing concern that the relocation could escalate tensions,[97][98] while Russia and Venezuela added that the move contradicted existing international agreements.[99]

On December 15, 2018, Australia recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,[100] before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022.[101][102]

Demonstrations and violence

Protests were held in many places across the world during the weekend of December 16 and 17. Crowds in the United States, Pakistan, Netherlands, Germany, Lebanon, Jordan, Australia, Montenegro, Iran, Morocco, Poland, United Kingdom, Greece and Indonesia gathered to protest against the decision.[103]

Israel and Palestine

See also: 2018 Gaza border protests
 
Protest in Gaza, 9 December 2017

In Bethlehem, religious leaders turned off Christmas tree lights outside the Church of the Nativity for three days to protest Trump's announcement.[104] Nazareth scaled back Christmas celebrations, canceling singing and dancing performances in protest.[105]

There were demonstrations throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip. As of 18 December 2017 nine Palestinians had been killed in clashes.[106] Two protesters were shot dead when participating in a riot on the Gaza border fence on December 8. A 14-year old Palestinian boy suffered serious injuries after being hit by a rubber bullet during a protest.[107]

Two Hamas members were killed in Israeli airstrikes on December 9 on Hamas facilities in response to a rocket attack from Gaza. The Gaza Health Ministry reported that 15 people had been injured in a strike that hit a military facility.[108]

An Israeli security guard was stabbed and critically wounded by a Palestinian near Jerusalem's central bus station on December 10.[109] On December 11, the Israeli Defense Forces reported that two rockets were fired into Israel from the Gaza Strip.[110] On December 12, two Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine militants were killed in an explosion initially claimed to be a drone strike, however the IDF denied this and a later Islamic Jihad statement claimed this was an accident.[111]

Israeli Air Force targeted three Hamas facilities on early morning of December 14 in response to rockets fired from Gaza hours earlier on the previous day with one landing in an open field of Eshkol Regional Council, two shot down and one falling inside a school in Gaza's Beit Hanoun, damaging a classroom. According to a Palestinian security official, the Hamas sites struck by Israeli military suffered major damage and some nearby homes suffered light damage, amidst reports of light injuries.[112]

On December 14, after Israel shut its border crossing with Gaza, tens of thousands of Palestinians and militants attended a Hamas rally in Gaza. The IDF said the Kerem Shalom crossing and Erez checkpoint would be closed indefinitely "in accordance with security assessments".[14]

Four Palestinians were killed on December 15 during violent clashes according to Palestinian Health Ministry, including a disabled protestor in Gaza, and two others in the West Bank, including an attacker who stabbed an Israeli border police officer.[113] Nearly 400 were injured in clashes according to the ministry.[114]

Two Palestinians were killed and 120 injured in clashes on December 22, according to Palestinian Health Ministry. The IDF issued a statement which said that 2,000 protesters had faced off with the troops at the Gaza border fence, hurling rocks as well as burning tires at the troops.[115]

Palestinian rocket fire from Gaza in December 2017 was the most intensive series of rocket attacks on Israel since Operation Protective Edge.[116] As of January 1, 2018, Palestinian militants from Gaza had fired at least 18 rockets at Israel. Per Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu, IDF has struck 40 Hamas targets in response.[117][118] Per IDF's Chief-of-Staff Gadi Eizenkot, 20 rockets had been fired in December 2017.[119]

Most of the rockets fired from Gaza did not land in Israeli territory, but some have landed near residential areas like Sderot and Ashkelon. Israel launched air raids on Hamas's military targets in Gaza in response and, according to Haaretz, Hamas responded by arresting and probably torturing Salafi militants in the Gaza Strip to prevent further rocket fire.[15]

Two Palestinians were killed on January 11 in clashes with Israel troops, one each in Gaza and West Bank. Israeli military said rioters had put their forces in danger in Gaza. In the other cases, it said troops fired at the main instigator after being attacked with rocks, though PA official Ghassan Daghlas however claimed it to be an unprovoked attack. This took the death toll to 16 Palestinians and one Israeli since Trump's declaration.[120]

Muslim world

 
Sit-in in front of the US embassy in Amman, Jordan on 7 December 2017
 
Protest in Tehran, Iran, 13 December 2017

Following the announcement there were demonstrations in Iran, Jordan, Tunisia, Somalia, Yemen, Malaysia and Indonesia.[14] Demonstrations and clashes continued on December 10. Demonstrators hurling rocks and bottles clashed with Lebanese security forces using tear gas and water cannons outside the American embassy near the Lebanese capital Beirut.[74]

Hundreds demonstrated outside US embassy in Amman, demanding its closure and the expulsion of the US charge d'affaires from Jordan.[121] Thousands demonstrated outside the American embassy in Indonesia's capital, Jakarta.[49] On December 10, tens of thousands protested in the Moroccan capital of Rabat.[122]

On December 11, Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Lebanese Hezbollah, said the organization would once again focus on Israel and the Palestinian cause. He urged Arab states to abandon the peace process and called for a new Palestinian uprising.[123] The same day, thousands of Hezbollah supporters demonstrated in Beirut, chanting "Death to America! Death to Israel!" while waving Palestinian and Hezbollah flags.[74]

Thousands of Hezbollah supporters in a Beirut rally demonstrated and chanted "Death to America!" and "Death to Israel!" A few hundred Iranian conservatives rallied against the US decision in Tehran, playing music with addition of lyrics like "the US is a murderer", "Palestinian mothers are losing their children" and "Death to America".[124]

An estimated 80,000 demonstrated against the decision in Jakarta on December 17, the 10th day of uninterrupted protests in Indonesia. Muslim clerics called for a boycott of American products. Anwar Abbas, a leading Muslim cleric of Indonesian Council of Ulema, read the petition calling for the boycott.[125]

On December 27, the Iranian government became the first Muslim nation that passed a bill recognizing Jerusalem as capital of Palestine.[126][127]

United States

 
Demonstration in Washington, D.C., United States, 16 December 2017

Hundreds of Muslims attended the Friday prayers outside the White House, in response to calls by American Muslim organizations. They wore Palestinian keffiyeh or colors of Palestinian flag, with protesters holding placards denouncing Israeli presence in East Jerusalem and West Bank.[128]

Protests were held against the decision in Times Square, by hundreds of pro-Palestinian protesters who gathered on the sidewalk of the Seventh Avenue. Some pro-Israeli counter-protestors also gathered nearby. Some pushing and shoving was reported as the two sides faced off at various points. One person was detained by the police.[129]

A former Marine who had been interacting with Facebook posts praising ISIL, was arrested over an ISIL-inspired terror plot on San Francisco's Pier 39 for Christmas. He had cited Trump's decision as one of the reasons behind the plot.[130]

Europe

Protesters gathered outside the US embassy in The Hague on December 8 and chanted anti-Israeli and pro-Palestinian slogans. The protesters issued a joint press statement calling Trump's decision "against political, diplomatic and moral values". They further claimed that it was no surprise that Trump who was "known for his Islamophobia, xenophobia, racist and populist discourse and marginalization" made such a decision.[131]

 
Protest in Paris, France, 9 December 2017

More than a thousand anti-Israel and anti-American protesters protested outside the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, near the US Embassy. On December 10, around 2,500 demonstrators marched through Berlin's Neukölln district and burned flags with the Star of David. Eleven people were detained and cited for criminal offenses. The burning of Israeli symbols was condemned by German leaders.[132]

Thousands protested outside the US Embassy in London on the same day, with organizers claiming that there were 3,000 protesters and shouting pro-Palestine slogans. Protests were also held in cities of Manchester, Bristol, Birmingham, Nottingham, Dublin, Belfast and Derry.[133]

During a protest in Stockholm on December 8, an Israeli flag was set on fire.[134] During a protest march in Malmö, Sveriges Radio reported that the demonstrators had shouted "We have announced the intifada from Malmö. We want our freedom back, and we will shoot the Jews."[135][136]

On December 9, a dozen men hurled Molotov cocktails at the Gothenburg Synagogue. No injuries were reported, and those inside the building hid in the basement. The incident followed a pro-Palestinian protest.[137] Three people were later arrested over the attack. Prime Minister Stefan Löfven and other top politicians condemned the attack.[138] On December 11, a chapel of a Jewish cemetery in Malmö was the target of an attempted arson attack.[136][139] Anti-Semitic chants including "Death to Israel" and "Slaughter the Jews" were also heard during protests in Berlin, Gothenburg and Vienna.[140]

Other nations

Two Danish journalists of the National Geographic channel were injured in Libreville on 16 December by an Islamist carrying a knife and crying "Allahu Akbar", according to Gabon's Defense Minister Etienne Kabinda Makaga. The attacker, who was arrested, told the police that he was carrying out a revenge attack against the United States over the recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital.[141]

Relocation of the embassy to Jerusalem

 
Dedication ceremony in Jerusalem, Israel, 14 May 2018

In February 2018, the U.S. government made it known that it would open its embassy in the building of the U.S. consulate's compound in Jerusalem's southern neighborhood of Arnona in May that year, thereby bringing president Donald Trump's plan to do so forward by about a year. The move was scheduled to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel.[142][143]

The U.S. delegation attending the embassy dedication ceremony on 14 May 2018 included the Trump administration's officials Steven Mnuchin, Ivanka Trump, and Jared Kushner as well as Robert Jeffress and John Hagee.[144]

Congressmen from both parties praised the move; Democratic Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer said the move was "long overdue".[145] Republican Senators Lindsey Graham and Ted Cruz traveled to Jerusalem to attend the U.S. Embassy opening.[146] The relocation happened during an escalation of the Gaza border protests and caused international condemnation.[147][148][149]

Between 1844 and 2019, the United States also maintained a separate consulate general that was later accredited to Palestinian residents in Jerusalem, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. In mid-October 2018, the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the Consulate General would be merged into the new US Embassy in Jerusalem.[150] On March 4, 2019, the Consulate General was formally merged into the Embassy; ending the US practice of assigning separate diplomatic missions to Israel and the Palestinians. The Consulate-General's former Agron Street site will be revamped as the Embassy's Palestinian Affairs Unit, which will assume many of its former responsibilities but will now report to the US Embassy. Hitherto, the former Consulate-General had reported directly to the United States Department of State.[151][152][153][154]

See also

References

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External links

  •   Media related to United States recognition of Jerusalem at Wikimedia Commons

October 21, 2023
united, states, recognition, jerusalem, capital, israel, united, states, officially, recognized, jerusalem, capital, city, israel, december, 2017, american, president, donald, trump, signed, presidential, proclamation, also, ordered, relocation, american, dipl. The United States officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel on December 6 2017 1 American president Donald Trump who signed the U S presidential proclamation also ordered the relocation of the American diplomatic mission to Israel formerly located in Tel Aviv see Embassy of the United States Jerusalem 2 3 Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu welcomed the U S recognition and praised the announcement by the Trump administration On December 8 U S Secretary of State Rex Tillerson clarified that Trump s statement did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem and was very clear that the final status including the borders would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide in reference to the move s impact on the Israeli Palestinian peace process 4 Trump s decision was rejected by the vast majority of world leaders the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting on December 7 where 14 out of 15 members condemned it but the motion was overturned by U S veto power 5 The United Kingdom France Japan Italy and Sweden were among the countries who criticized Trump s decision at the meeting 6 Other countries supported the move Guatemala affirmed their intent to issue follow up recognition and relocate their embassy in Israel to Jerusalem and the Czech Republic Honduras Paraguay and Romania stated that they were also considering the same 7 Federica Mogherini foreign policy chief of the European Union EU stated that all EU member states were united on the issue of Jerusalem she reaffirmed the EU s firm stance on East Jerusalem being the capital of an independent Palestinian state 8 By late 2022 only Guatemala Honduras and Kosovo maintain diplomatic missions to Israel in Jerusalem Paraguay reversed their 2018 embassy relocation from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem within months and the Honduran foreign ministry has stated that they are considering a reversal of their embassy move to Jerusalem 9 10 Palestinian officials said that the recognition and relocation disqualifies the U S from mediating peace talks while Hamas called for the beginning of a new intifada against Israel in the aftermath of Trump s declaration 11 12 13 Following the U S announcement there were demonstrations throughout the West Bank and the Gaza Strip as well as in various countries around the world 14 By December 25 2017 Salafist militants in the Gaza Strip had fired almost 30 rockets towards Israel though almost half of the rockets landed within the Gaza Strip itself two of them inflicted minor property damage in Israel near the cities of Ashkelon and Sderot In the aftermath of the attacks Hamas reportedly arrested the perpetrating militants in an attempt to prevent an Israeli military response 15 16 On February 23 2018 the U S State Department announced that the new embassy would open in May that year 17 The embassy was officially opened in Jerusalem on May 14 2018 coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence Representatives from 32 countries were present at opening of the embassy including EU members Austria the Czech Republic and Romania 18 Protests on the Gaza border were met with tear gas and sniper fire by the Israel Defence Forces resulting in the deaths of at least 58 Palestinians the highest single day death toll since the 2014 Israel Gaza conflict 19 20 21 The IDF and the Israeli government defended the use of force as necessary due to rocks and explosives thrown by protesters The location of the relocated embassy is at the site of the former U S consulate general in the Arnona neighborhood of West Jerusalem Contents 1 Background 2 Announcement 2 1 State Department remarks 2 2 American domestic reactions 2 2 1 Former US ambassadors to Israel 2 2 2 American Christian organizations 2 2 3 American Jewish organizations 2 2 4 Other American groups 3 Israeli and Palestinian responses 3 1 Israel 3 2 Palestinian Authority and Hamas 3 3 Christian churches based in Jerusalem 4 International response 4 1 United Nations 4 1 1 Pre announcement 4 1 2 Security Council 4 1 3 General Assembly 4 2 Europe 4 2 1 European Union 4 2 2 European political parties 4 3 Arab and Muslim world 4 3 1 Jihadist movements 4 4 China 4 5 Other 5 Demonstrations and violence 5 1 Israel and Palestine 5 2 Muslim world 5 3 United States 5 4 Europe 5 5 Other nations 6 Relocation of the embassy to Jerusalem 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksBackgroundSee also Positions on Jerusalem United States nbsp Israel occupied East Jerusalem during the Six Day War in 1967 and formally annexed it in 1980 see Jerusalem Law 22 After the founding of the State of Israel in 1949 the United States recognized the new state but considered it desirable to establish an international regime for Jerusalem 23 with its final status resolved through negotiations 24 The US opposed Israel s declaration of Jerusalem as its capital in 1949 and opposed Jordan s plan to make Jerusalem its second capital announced in 1950 25 The US also opposed Israel s annexation of East Jerusalem after the 1967 war 25 The official United States position has been that the future of Jerusalem should be the subject of a negotiated settlement 25 26 Subsequent administrations have maintained the position that Jerusalem s future not be the subject of unilateral actions that could prejudice negotiations such as by moving the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem 25 During the 1992 presidential election Bill Clinton promised that his administration would support Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel and criticized President George H W Bush for having repeatedly challenged Israel s sovereignty over a united Jerusalem However after the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993 the Clinton administration did not proceed with their plans in order not to disturb the negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians 27 In 1995 Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act which declared that Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel 28 The bill also stated that the American embassy should move to Jerusalem within five years 27 Backing the legislation was viewed by some as reflecting American domestic politics Clinton opposed the Jerusalem Embassy Act and signed a waiver every six months delaying the move 27 During the 2000 election campaign George W Bush criticized Clinton for not moving the embassy as he had promised to do and said he planned on initiating the process himself as soon as he was elected However once he took office he backed down on his promise 27 In 2008 Democratic candidate Barack Obama called Jerusalem the capital of Israel On June 4 2008 Obama told the American Israel Public Affairs Committee AIPAC in his first foreign policy speech after capturing the Democratic nomination the day before that Jerusalem will remain the capital of Israel and it must remain undivided However he backtracked almost immediately saying Well obviously it s going to be up to the parties to negotiate a range of these issues And Jerusalem will be part of those negotiations 29 During the 2016 US Presidential election one of Trump s campaign promises was to move the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem which he described as the eternal capital of the Jewish people 30 On June 1 2017 Trump signed a waiver on the Jerusalem Embassy Act delaying the move of the US embassy to Jerusalem for another six months as had every president before him since 1995 The White House stated that this would help them negotiate a deal between Israel and Palestine and that the promised move would come at a later time 31 Announcement source source source source source source track President Trump s statement on Jerusalem December 6 2017On December 6 2017 President Trump formally recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and stated that the American embassy would be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem In his statement Donald Trump did not mention East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state but he did say that United States recognition did not resolve the dispute over Jerusalem s borders President Trump explicitly stated his support for maintaining the status quo of the holy sites within the Old City 2 Following the announcement Trump signed the waiver delaying the move by at least another six months 32 Following Trump s announcement American embassies in Turkey Jordan Germany and Britain issued security alerts for Americans traveling or living in those countries The United States also issues a general warning for Americans abroad about the possibility of violent protests The American consulate in Jerusalem has restricted travel of government employees to Jerusalem s Old City The US Embassy in Jordan banned employees from leaving the capital and children of embassy employees were told to stay home from school 33 State Department remarks Secretary of State Rex Tillerson later clarified that the President s statement did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem and was very clear that the final status including the borders would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide 4 State Department officials said on December 8 that there will not be any immediate practical changes in how the US deals with Jerusalem including its policy of not listing a country on the passports of citizens born in Jerusalem nbsp Israeli Jews praying at the Western WallWhen asked what country the Western Wall is in State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert said We re not taking any position on the overall boundaries We are recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel 34 American domestic reactions Former US ambassadors to Israel Out of 11 former US ambassadors to Israel nine were critical of Trump s policy change Ogden R Reid who served as an ambassador to Israel from 1959 to 1961 was one of the exceptions saying I think it s the right decision Edward S Walker Jr who served from 1997 to 1999 also supported recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital It s really a question of what are the lines the borders to be drawn around the state of Israel and the ultimate state of Palestine Daniel C Kurtzer noted America s international isolation in his remarks and Richard H Jones expressed concerns that moving the embassy would fuel further violence A number of former ambassadors such as Martin S Indyk stated that they were open to recognition of West Jerusalem as Israel s capital provided Israel would agree to slow settlement construction and recognize East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital 35 American Christian organizations American Christian organizations were divided the National Council of Churches NCC which represents 38 different denominations issued a statement saying the change in policy was likely to exacerbate regional conflict and cost lives while the Liberty Counsel a right wing evangelical organization supported the decision 36 The move had been supported by many conservative American evangelical organizations and leaders including American Christian Leaders for Israel Jerry Falwell and Mike Huckabee 37 Johnnie Moore one of Trump s evangelical advisers said the announcement fulfilled a campaign promise to Trump s evangelical voter base 38 It was also welcomed by Rabbi Yechiel Eckstein the founder of the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews 39 American Jewish organizations The majority of prominent American Jewish organizations welcomed the move 40 including the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations which comprises 51 national Jewish organizations as well as by a number of its member organizations AIPAC the Jewish Federations of North America the American Jewish Congress the American Jewish Committee Hadassah the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America and the National Council of Young Israel The Conservative Movement s US Israel and global branches also welcomed US recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel 41 Orthodox Union the US largest umbrella organization representing Orthodox Jews thanked Trump for beginning the process of relocating the US Embassy to Jerusalem 42 The Anti Defamation League said recognition was important and long overdue while continuing to express support for a two state solution AIPAC expressed its support for an undivided Jerusalem but also said that relocating the American embassy to Jerusalem would not prejudge the outcome of the Israeli Palestinian peace process Morton Klein who heads the Zionist Organization of America said that Trump was finally recognizing the obvious The Simon Wiesenthal Center said Trump s announcement will right an historic wrong 43 The announcement was also welcomed by the Republican Jewish Coalition 39 44 The Reform Jewish movement called it ill timed and said it would exacerbate the conflict but also declared that Jerusalem is the eternal capital of the Jewish people and the State of Israel and that they share the President s belief that the US embassy should at the right time be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem 45 39 The Jewish Democratic Council of America similarly expressed support for Jerusalem as an undivided capital of Israel but criticized Trump for neglecting to meaningfully support peace between Palestinians and Israelis Left wing Mideast policy group J Street said the timing was premature and divisive J Street New Israel Fund and progressive Zionist organization Ameinu expressed concerns that the move would undermine Middle East peace efforts and could lead to violence 39 Other American groups In December 2017 more than 130 Jewish studies scholars from across North America criticized the Trump administration s decision calling on the U S government to take actions to de escalate the tensions and clarify Palestinians legitimate stake in the future of Jerusalem 46 According to Haaretz many of these scholars have been critical of the Trump administration and the current Israeli government 47 American Muslim civil advocacy groups rejected the policy change including the Council on American Islamic Relations CAIR and the Muslim Public Affairs Council MPAC On December 5 Muslim Interfaith and human rights groups held a protest outside the White House 48 Israeli and Palestinian responsesIsrael nbsp Jerusalem on May 7 2018On December 6 shortly after Trump s statement Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said the announcement was a historic landmark and praised the decision as courageous and just During his remarks Netanyahu said there is no peace that doesn t include Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel adding that Jerusalem has been the capital of Israel for nearly 70 years 49 He later said that he has heard condemnation about the announcement but has not heard any condemnation for the rocket firing against Israel that has come and the awful incitement against us 50 The announcement was well received by Knesset members of left right and center parties including Yesh Atid Bayit Yehudi Yisrael Beytenu and Likud Isaac Herzog called it an act of historic justice but also added that the next step was to realize the vision of two states In contrast Bezalel Smotrich of the religious zionist Bayit Yehudi party issued the following statement For 30 years we have fallen into the pit of the Palestinian state as a realistic solution The time has come to rethink things Avi Gabbay the leader the Zionist Union also supported Trump s announcement saying that recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital is more important than a peace deal 51 52 Israel s Deputy Education Minister Meir Porush of United Torah Judaism party said building in parts of Judea and Samaria and Jerusalem that need housing would be better than a declaration that means nothing Yisrael Eichler also of UTJ expressed similar views saying he would rather have 1 000 homes for young couples in Jerusalem than one American embassy building In contrast left wing party Meretz said recognition of Jerusalem should only come with the establishment of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital adding that Trump s declaration de facto betrays the Zionist vision and the values on which the State of Israel was established 52 Hanin Zoabi and Ayman Odeh both members of the Arab Joint List party said the US could no longer act as a peace mediator Odeh said that Trump is a pyromaniac and will set the entire region ablaze with his madness 53 Palestinian Authority and Hamas Palestinian officials said the announcement disqualifies the United States from peace talks 13 Palestinian prime minister Rami Hamdallah said the policy change destroys the peace process 54 Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas gave a speech where he said the decision meant the United States was abdicating its role as a peace mediator 49 Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al Maliki similarly said the United States could no longer act as a mediator in the peace process because it had become a party to the dispute 55 Adnan al Husayni asked the Organization of Islamic Cooperation to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine 56 Hamas called for a new intifada but the response from Palestinians inside Jerusalem was relatively muted 57 58 Protests were held in East Jerusalem the West Bank and the Gaza Strip Palestinians burned portraits and effigies of Donald Trump and tore pictures of Salman bin Abdulaziz and Muhammad bin Salman in protest of the embassy move citation needed The Israel military estimated that 3 000 people in the West Bank and 4 500 in the Gaza Strip participated in protests on December 8 2017 59 The Jerusalem announcement inspired activist Ahmed Abu Artema to write a Facebook proposing the outlines of the Great March of Return protests 60 Multiple camps of Palestinians engaged in protest along the fenceline of the Gaza Strip as part of this effort in late March 2018 demanding the right of Palestinian refugees and their descendants to return to their former homes in Israel and an end to the blockade of the Gaza Strip as well as rejecting recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital 61 The opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem on May 14 coincided with a major escalation of the protests resulting in the death of 64 protesters on that day 62 63 Christian churches based in Jerusalem On December 6 2017 the primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem Patriarch Theophilos III widely regarded as the most senior Christian figure in Jerusalem and twelve other church leaders in the Holy Land sent a letter to Trump warning that his move w ould yield increased hatred conflict violence and suffering in Jerusalem and the Holy Land moving us farther from the goal of unity and deeper toward destructive division 64 Apart from Theophilos III the letter was signed by heads of Jerusalem s Syrian Armenian Ethiopioan and Coptic Orthodox patriarchates as well as the Roman Catholic Church s Apostolic Administrator for Jerusalem the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem It was also signed by the Franciscan Order the Greek Melkite Catholic patriarchate the Maronites the Episcopal Church the Armenian Catholic and Syrian Catholic churches and the Evangelical Lutherans 65 International responseTrump s Jerusalem decision was widely condemned by world leaders European US allies that objected include Britain Germany Italy and France Romania on the other hand declined to follow the EU position and also indicated it may relocate its embassy to Jerusalem 66 67 68 Pope Francis also made a plea that all nations remain committed to respecting the status quo of the city China urged caution regarding the potential escalation of tensions in the Middle East 54 United Nations Pre announcement Shortly before Trump s announcement in November 2017 the United Nations General Assembly voted on a resolution in Jerusalem 151 6 with 9 abstentions The resolution stated that any actions by Israel the occupying Power to impose its laws jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem were illegal and therefore null and void It further stressed the need for the parties to refrain from provocative actions especially in areas of religious and cultural sensitivity and called for respect for the historic status quo at the holy places of Jerusalem It was part of six resolutions on Palestine and the Middle East 69 Security Council The United Nations Security Council vote on 7 December to condemn Trump s decision failed due to a veto by the United States despite the support of the remaining fourteen members of the council 70 The emergency meeting was requested by Bolivia Britain Egypt France Italy Senegal Sweden and Uruguay 54 US envoy Nikki Haley called the United Nations one of the world s foremost centers of hostility towards Israel 13 Britain France Sweden Italy and Japan were among the countries who criticized Trump s decision at the emergency meeting 6 On 18 December a Security Council resolution calling for the withdrawal of the recognition was vetoed by the United States for a tally of 14 1 71 General Assembly Main article United Nations General Assembly resolution ES 10 L 22 On 21 December 2017 the General Assembly voted for Resolution ES 10 L 22 by 128 9 with 35 abstentions and 21 absences to condemn the US declaration on the status of Jerusalem as Israel s capital and enjoin other states to refrain from setting up diplomatic offices in Jerusalem 72 None of the United States NATO allies opposed the resolution with 25 of 29 voting for it 73 Europe European Union The European Union s foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini emphasized that all governments of EU member states were united on the issue of Jerusalem and reaffirmed their commitment to a Palestinian State with East Jerusalem as its capital 8 Mogherini said that embassies should not be moved to Jerusalem while the final status of the city was disputed She also noted that Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem was considered a violation of international law under a 1980 United Nations Security Council resolution 54 On December 11 Mogherini said that European nations would not move their embassies to Jerusalem 74 The EU countries of Austria Romania Hungary and the Czech Republic however defied the official EU stance and attended the official reception on the opening of the US embassy in Jerusalem 75 In addition the non EU European countries of Albania Macedonia Serbia and Ukraine also attended the opening 76 European political parties Trump s recognition of Jerusalem did receive some European support from anti Islam politicians Czech President Milos Zeman said the European response was cowardly Geert Wilders leader of the Dutch anti Islam party Party for Freedom said that all freedom loving countries should move their embassy to Jerusalem and affirmed his support for an undivided Jerusalem Heinz Christian Strache leader of the Austrian Freedom Party similarly stated his wish to relocate the Austrian embassy to Jerusalem 77 Arab and Muslim world King Salman of Saudi Arabia said that moving the American embassy to Jerusalem would be a flagrant provocation to Muslims Saudi Arabia and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el Sisi both expressed similar concerns about the viability of the peace process The Jordanian government said Trump had violated international law and the UN charter 49 Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan called Israel a terrorist state 78 On December 10 The Arab League held an emergency meeting in Cairo After the meeting the League s Secretary General Ahmed Aboul Gheit issued a statement saying the change in US policy was against international law and amounts to the legalization of Israeli occupation Gheit also questioned US commitment to the peace process 55 Iran said the U S announcement was in violation of international resolutions and could spark a new intifada Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the policy change would derail the peace process Qatar s Foreign Minister Mohammed Abdulrahman Al Thani called it a death sentence for all who seek peace 49 Indonesian President Joko Widodo condemned the decision and asked the US to reconsider the decision Malaysian PM Najib Razak similarly did so stating that we strongly oppose any recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital for all time 79 On December 13 2017 during an Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC meeting held in Istanbul more than 50 Muslim majority countries rejected and condemned Trump s decision by passing the Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for al Quds Jerusalem in Arabic and calling for the worldwide recognition of an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its occupied capital Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas stated at the summit that the United States is no longer fit to participate in the Middle East peace process because of its bias and cannot be accepted as a fair negotiator 80 81 While the summit did not produce any concrete sanctions against Israel or the United States 82 The New York Times called the declaration the strongest response yet to Trump s decision 83 The Organization of Islamic Cooperation OIC urges its members to join in the Arab League boycott of Israel 84 85 Pope Tawadros II of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria canceled a meeting with U S Vice President Mike Pence in protest of the American decision The Coptic Church issued a statement that Trump s decision did not take into account the feelings of millions of Arab people 86 Jihadist movements Jihadist movements from around the world responded with calls for armed struggle 87 Al Qaeda in North Africa issued a statement exhorting all fighters to make the liberation of Palestine their central goal 87 Kashmiri group Ansar Ghazwat ul Hind called on Muslims worldwide to attack embassies of the US and Israel as well as harm the financial interests of both countries 87 The Egyptian Hasm Movement called for an uprising 87 Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula called on Muslims to support Palestinians with money and weaponry 87 The Taliban in Afghanistan called the US move anti Muslim bigotry 87 Somalia based Al Shabaab exhorted Muslims to respond with weapons 87 The Taliban and Shia extremist leaders likewise expressed their opposition 88 ISIL issued a response on December 8 which mainly focused on criticizing other jihadist groups and Arab leaders They accused rival groups of politicizing the conflict to serve personal agendas and argued for the defeat of Israel s Arab neighbors who according to ISIL surround Israel the same way a bracelet surrounds the wrist protecting the Jews from the strikes of the mujahideen 88 China China has historically supported an independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital and said that this position remains unchanged in the aftermath of Trump s announcement 89 Following the announcement Chinese state media aired lengthy broadcasts emphasizing Palestinian opposition to it and lack of support for the move among America s European allies Chinese news reports also stressed the risk of instability and uncertainty in the Middle East Some analysts have argued that moving the embassy could push Israel to make concessions to the Palestinians in final status negotiations 90 The Chinese embassy issued an alert to travelers regarding the increasingly complicated and intense safety conditions in Israel after the announcement 91 Other Following the announcement right wing Zionist organization World Betar called for international recognition of the Temple Mount Nablus and Hebron 92 On December 24 Guatemalan President Jimmy Morales said that his country would relocate its embassy to Jerusalem 93 The Guatemalan embassy was moved on May 16 two days after the American embassy was moved 94 President of Bolivia Evo Morales was critical of the US decision and accused Guatemala of mocking the international community and ignoring UN resolutions by moving its embassy to Jerusalem 95 He also claimed that some governments sell their dignity to the empire for not losing the crumbs of USAID 96 Several national governments responded directly to the opening of the United States Embassy in Jerusalem on May 14 2018 Japan and Malaysia were among those expressing concern that the relocation could escalate tensions 97 98 while Russia and Venezuela added that the move contradicted existing international agreements 99 On December 15 2018 Australia recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel 100 before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022 101 102 Demonstrations and violenceProtests were held in many places across the world during the weekend of December 16 and 17 Crowds in the United States Pakistan Netherlands Germany Lebanon Jordan Australia Montenegro Iran Morocco Poland United Kingdom Greece and Indonesia gathered to protest against the decision 103 Israel and Palestine See also 2018 Gaza border protests nbsp Protest in Gaza 9 December 2017In Bethlehem religious leaders turned off Christmas tree lights outside the Church of the Nativity for three days to protest Trump s announcement 104 Nazareth scaled back Christmas celebrations canceling singing and dancing performances in protest 105 There were demonstrations throughout the West Bank and Gaza Strip As of 18 December 2017 update nine Palestinians had been killed in clashes 106 Two protesters were shot dead when participating in a riot on the Gaza border fence on December 8 A 14 year old Palestinian boy suffered serious injuries after being hit by a rubber bullet during a protest 107 Two Hamas members were killed in Israeli airstrikes on December 9 on Hamas facilities in response to a rocket attack from Gaza The Gaza Health Ministry reported that 15 people had been injured in a strike that hit a military facility 108 An Israeli security guard was stabbed and critically wounded by a Palestinian near Jerusalem s central bus station on December 10 109 On December 11 the Israeli Defense Forces reported that two rockets were fired into Israel from the Gaza Strip 110 On December 12 two Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine militants were killed in an explosion initially claimed to be a drone strike however the IDF denied this and a later Islamic Jihad statement claimed this was an accident 111 Israeli Air Force targeted three Hamas facilities on early morning of December 14 in response to rockets fired from Gaza hours earlier on the previous day with one landing in an open field of Eshkol Regional Council two shot down and one falling inside a school in Gaza s Beit Hanoun damaging a classroom According to a Palestinian security official the Hamas sites struck by Israeli military suffered major damage and some nearby homes suffered light damage amidst reports of light injuries 112 On December 14 after Israel shut its border crossing with Gaza tens of thousands of Palestinians and militants attended a Hamas rally in Gaza The IDF said the Kerem Shalom crossing and Erez checkpoint would be closed indefinitely in accordance with security assessments 14 Four Palestinians were killed on December 15 during violent clashes according to Palestinian Health Ministry including a disabled protestor in Gaza and two others in the West Bank including an attacker who stabbed an Israeli border police officer 113 Nearly 400 were injured in clashes according to the ministry 114 Two Palestinians were killed and 120 injured in clashes on December 22 according to Palestinian Health Ministry The IDF issued a statement which said that 2 000 protesters had faced off with the troops at the Gaza border fence hurling rocks as well as burning tires at the troops 115 Palestinian rocket fire from Gaza in December 2017 was the most intensive series of rocket attacks on Israel since Operation Protective Edge 116 As of January 1 2018 Palestinian militants from Gaza had fired at least 18 rockets at Israel Per Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu IDF has struck 40 Hamas targets in response 117 118 Per IDF s Chief of Staff Gadi Eizenkot 20 rockets had been fired in December 2017 119 Most of the rockets fired from Gaza did not land in Israeli territory but some have landed near residential areas like Sderot and Ashkelon Israel launched air raids on Hamas s military targets in Gaza in response and according to Haaretz Hamas responded by arresting and probably torturing Salafi militants in the Gaza Strip to prevent further rocket fire 15 Two Palestinians were killed on January 11 in clashes with Israel troops one each in Gaza and West Bank Israeli military said rioters had put their forces in danger in Gaza In the other cases it said troops fired at the main instigator after being attacked with rocks though PA official Ghassan Daghlas however claimed it to be an unprovoked attack This took the death toll to 16 Palestinians and one Israeli since Trump s declaration 120 Muslim world nbsp Sit in in front of the US embassy in Amman Jordan on 7 December 2017 nbsp Protest in Tehran Iran 13 December 2017Following the announcement there were demonstrations in Iran Jordan Tunisia Somalia Yemen Malaysia and Indonesia 14 Demonstrations and clashes continued on December 10 Demonstrators hurling rocks and bottles clashed with Lebanese security forces using tear gas and water cannons outside the American embassy near the Lebanese capital Beirut 74 Hundreds demonstrated outside US embassy in Amman demanding its closure and the expulsion of the US charge d affaires from Jordan 121 Thousands demonstrated outside the American embassy in Indonesia s capital Jakarta 49 On December 10 tens of thousands protested in the Moroccan capital of Rabat 122 On December 11 Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah the leader of Lebanese Hezbollah said the organization would once again focus on Israel and the Palestinian cause He urged Arab states to abandon the peace process and called for a new Palestinian uprising 123 The same day thousands of Hezbollah supporters demonstrated in Beirut chanting Death to America Death to Israel while waving Palestinian and Hezbollah flags 74 Thousands of Hezbollah supporters in a Beirut rally demonstrated and chanted Death to America and Death to Israel A few hundred Iranian conservatives rallied against the US decision in Tehran playing music with addition of lyrics like the US is a murderer Palestinian mothers are losing their children and Death to America 124 An estimated 80 000 demonstrated against the decision in Jakarta on December 17 the 10th day of uninterrupted protests in Indonesia Muslim clerics called for a boycott of American products Anwar Abbas a leading Muslim cleric of Indonesian Council of Ulema read the petition calling for the boycott 125 On December 27 the Iranian government became the first Muslim nation that passed a bill recognizing Jerusalem as capital of Palestine 126 127 United States nbsp Demonstration in Washington D C United States 16 December 2017Hundreds of Muslims attended the Friday prayers outside the White House in response to calls by American Muslim organizations They wore Palestinian keffiyeh or colors of Palestinian flag with protesters holding placards denouncing Israeli presence in East Jerusalem and West Bank 128 Protests were held against the decision in Times Square by hundreds of pro Palestinian protesters who gathered on the sidewalk of the Seventh Avenue Some pro Israeli counter protestors also gathered nearby Some pushing and shoving was reported as the two sides faced off at various points One person was detained by the police 129 A former Marine who had been interacting with Facebook posts praising ISIL was arrested over an ISIL inspired terror plot on San Francisco s Pier 39 for Christmas He had cited Trump s decision as one of the reasons behind the plot 130 Europe Protesters gathered outside the US embassy in The Hague on December 8 and chanted anti Israeli and pro Palestinian slogans The protesters issued a joint press statement calling Trump s decision against political diplomatic and moral values They further claimed that it was no surprise that Trump who was known for his Islamophobia xenophobia racist and populist discourse and marginalization made such a decision 131 nbsp Protest in Paris France 9 December 2017More than a thousand anti Israel and anti American protesters protested outside the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin near the US Embassy On December 10 around 2 500 demonstrators marched through Berlin s Neukolln district and burned flags with the Star of David Eleven people were detained and cited for criminal offenses The burning of Israeli symbols was condemned by German leaders 132 Thousands protested outside the US Embassy in London on the same day with organizers claiming that there were 3 000 protesters and shouting pro Palestine slogans Protests were also held in cities of Manchester Bristol Birmingham Nottingham Dublin Belfast and Derry 133 During a protest in Stockholm on December 8 an Israeli flag was set on fire 134 During a protest march in Malmo Sveriges Radio reported that the demonstrators had shouted We have announced the intifada from Malmo We want our freedom back and we will shoot the Jews 135 136 On December 9 a dozen men hurled Molotov cocktails at the Gothenburg Synagogue No injuries were reported and those inside the building hid in the basement The incident followed a pro Palestinian protest 137 Three people were later arrested over the attack Prime Minister Stefan Lofven and other top politicians condemned the attack 138 On December 11 a chapel of a Jewish cemetery in Malmo was the target of an attempted arson attack 136 139 Anti Semitic chants including Death to Israel and Slaughter the Jews were also heard during protests in Berlin Gothenburg and Vienna 140 Other nations Two Danish journalists of the National Geographic channel were injured in Libreville on 16 December by an Islamist carrying a knife and crying Allahu Akbar according to Gabon s Defense Minister Etienne Kabinda Makaga The attacker who was arrested told the police that he was carrying out a revenge attack against the United States over the recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital 141 Relocation of the embassy to Jerusalem nbsp Dedication ceremony in Jerusalem Israel 14 May 2018In February 2018 the U S government made it known that it would open its embassy in the building of the U S consulate s compound in Jerusalem s southern neighborhood of Arnona in May that year thereby bringing president Donald Trump s plan to do so forward by about a year The move was scheduled to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the State of Israel 142 143 The U S delegation attending the embassy dedication ceremony on 14 May 2018 included the Trump administration s officials Steven Mnuchin Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner as well as Robert Jeffress and John Hagee 144 Congressmen from both parties praised the move Democratic Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer said the move was long overdue 145 Republican Senators Lindsey Graham and Ted Cruz traveled to Jerusalem to attend the U S Embassy opening 146 The relocation happened during an escalation of the Gaza border protests and caused international condemnation 147 148 149 Between 1844 and 2019 the United States also maintained a separate consulate general that was later accredited to Palestinian residents in Jerusalem the West Bank and Gaza Strip In mid October 2018 the United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the Consulate General would be merged into the new US Embassy in Jerusalem 150 On March 4 2019 the Consulate General was formally merged into the Embassy ending the US practice of assigning separate diplomatic missions to Israel and the Palestinians The Consulate General s former Agron Street site will be revamped as the Embassy s Palestinian Affairs Unit which will assume many of its former responsibilities but will now report to the US Embassy Hitherto the former Consulate General had reported directly to the United States Department of State 151 152 153 154 See alsoInternational recognition of Israel Israel United States relations Positions on Jerusalem United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of IsraelReferences Proclamation 9683 of December 6 2017 82 FR 58331 Archived December 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine a b Landler Mark December 6 2017 Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel s Capital and Orders U S Embassy to Move The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on June 17 2020 Retrieved December 11 2017 Pappas Alex December 6 2017 Trump officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel s capital orders embassy move for US Foxnews com Archived from the original on December 7 2017 Retrieved December 7 2017 a b Morello Carol December 8 2017 U S Embassy s move to Jerusalem should take at least two years Tillerson says Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on April 27 2019 Retrieved December 9 2017 Fassihi Farnaz December 9 2017 Fourteen of 15 Security Council Members Denounce U S Stance on Jerusalem Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the 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Jerusalem as capital of Israel amp oldid 1180103606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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