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West Jerusalem

West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem (Hebrew: מַעֲרַב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Ma'aráv Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القدس الغربية, al-Quds al-Ġarbiyyah) refers to the section of Jerusalem that was controlled by Israel at the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. As the city was divided by the Green Line (Israel's erstwhile de facto border, established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements), West Jerusalem was formally delineated as the counterpart to East Jerusalem, which was controlled by Jordan.[1] Though Israel has controlled the entirety of Jerusalem since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the boundaries of West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem remain internationally recognized as de jure due to their significance to the process of determining the status of Jerusalem, which has been among the primary points of contention in the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. With certain exceptions, undivided Jerusalem is not internationally recognized as the sovereign territory of either Israel or the State of Palestine.[2][3] However, recognition of Israeli sovereignty over only West Jerusalem is more widely accepted as a plausible diplomatic position, as the United Nations regards East Jerusalem as part of the Israeli-occupied West Bank.[4]

Zones of control in Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967

History

 
William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.[5]
 
Map illustrating Jewish proposals for partition of Jerusalem, presented to the 1938 Woodhead Commission.

Pre 1948: the Jewish Colony

The earliest Jewish settlements outside the city walls were Mea Shearim and Yemin Moshe.

In 1918 William McLean laid out the first civic plan for expansion of Jerusalem westwards and southwards.[5]

By the 1920s the Hebrew speaking Jewish community had formed a "Jewish Colony" around the area later known as the Downtown Triangle of Jaffa Road, Ben Yehuda Street and King George Street.[6]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Prior to the 1948 Palestine war, the area of West Jerusalem included one of the wealthiest Arab communities, numbering some 28,000 people, in the region. By the end of hostilities, only approximately 750 non-Jews remained in the area's Arab sector, mostly Greeks in the Greek colony neighborhood.[7] Following the war, Jerusalem was divided into two parts: the western portion, from which it is estimated 30,000 Arabs had fled or been evicted, came under Israeli rule, while East Jerusalem came under Jordanian rule[1][8] and was populated mainly by Palestinian Muslims and Christians. The Jordanians expelled a Jewish community of some 1,500 from the Old City.[9] Moshe Salomon, a commander with the Etzioni Brigade’s Moriah Battalion, described the massive looting that took place in the Arab middle-class quarter of Qatamon:

“Everyone was swept up, privates and officers alike …. The greed for property encompassed everyone. Every home was scoured and searched, and people found in some cases produce, in others valuable objects. This rapaciousness attacked me as well and I could almost not hold myself back …. It’s hard to imagine the great riches that were found in all the homes …. I got control of myself in time and shackled my desire …. The battalion commander, his deputy, they all failed in this regard.”[10]

After this widespread looting, Israeli institutions managed to gather in around 30,000 books, mostly in Arabic, dealing with Islamic law, Qur’anic exegesis and translations of European literature, together with thousands of works from the holdings of churches and schools. Many were taken from the homes of Palestinian writers and scholars in Qatamon, Bak'a and Musrara.[11]

Division in 1949

 
Palmach soldiers attack Arab positions at St Symeon ("San Simon") Monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine planned a "corpus separatum" for Jerusalem and its environs as an international city.[12][13] In December 1949, it was officially decided to transfer the institutions of the Government of Israel to Jerusalem.[13]

Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha were forced to leave; the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas, including the Old City of Jerusalem and Silwan. Almost 33% of the land in West Jerusalem in the pre-mandate period had been owned by Palestinians, a fact which made it hard for the evicted Palestinians to accept Israeli control in the West. The Knesset (Israeli Parliament) passed laws to transfer this Arab land to Israeli Jewish organizations.[2]

The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mount Scopus, where the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is located, which formed an enclave during that period and therefore is not considered part of East Jerusalem.[citation needed]

Capital of Israel (1950)

Israel established West Jerusalem as its capital in 1950.[2] The Israeli government needed to invest heavily to create employment, building new government offices, a new university, the Great Synagogue and the Knesset building.[14] West Jerusalem became covered by the Law and Administrative Ordinance of 1948, subjecting West Jerusalem to Israeli jurisdiction. United States President Donald Trump's administration announced recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital on 6 December 2017.[15] On 6 April 2017, Russia officially recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.[16] On 6 December 2017, the Czech Republic recognized Jerusalem as the capital.[17] On 15 December 2018, Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital,[18] before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022.[19][20]

Capture of East Jerusalem (1967)

During the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the eastern side of the city[21] and the whole West Bank. Over the following years, their control remained tenuous, the international community refusing to recognise their authority and the Israelis themselves not feeling secure.[21]

In 1980, the Israeli government annexed East Jerusalem and reunified the city, but the international community disputed this.[1] The population of Jerusalem has largely remained segregated along the city's historical east–west division.[22] The larger city contains two populations that are "almost completely economically and politically segregated... each interacting with its separate central business district", supporting analysis that the city has retained a duocentric, as opposed to the traditional monocentric, structure.[22]

Commercial hubs

Major commercial centres of Jewish West Jerusalem include: the Downtown Triangle,[23] Mamilla Mall[24][25] and Emek Refaim.[26]

Leisure facilities

These include Teddy Stadium[27] and Cinema City.[28]

Religious centres

These include the Jerusalem Great Synagogue[29] and the Heichal Shlomo.[30]

Mayors of West Jerusalem

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "Key Maps". Jerusalem: Before 1967 and now. BBC News. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
  2. ^ a b c Dumper 1997, pp. 35–36.
  3. ^ Moshe Hirsch; Deborah Housen-Couriel; Ruth Lapidot (28 June 1995). Whither Jerusalem?: Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-411-0077-1. What, then, is Israel's status in west Jerusalem? Two main answers have been adduced: (a) Israel has sovereignty in this area; and (b) sovereignty lies with the Palestinian people or is suspended.
  4. ^ Bisharat, George (23 December 2010). "Maximizing Rights". In Susan M. Akram; Michael Dumper; Michael Lynk (eds.). International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace. Routledge. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-136-85098-1. As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel's designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community. However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem.
  5. ^ a b Elisha Efrat and Allen G. Noble, Planning Jerusalem, Geographical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 387-404: "Modern planning began only after the British conquest of Palestine in World War I… In 1918 an engineer from Alexandria, William McLean, was commissioned to draft the first city plan… These provisions… caused the city to develop mainly to the west and southwest because of the restrictions on construction in the Old City and its immediate environs and the desire to retain the eastern skyline… McLean wanted Jerusalem to expand to the north, west, and south, with little development to the east because of climatic and topographical limitations. Thus almost from the onset of British colonial rule, development was encouraged in a generally westward direction, and this bias ultimately produced the initial contrasts that distinguished the eastern and western sectors of the city. McLean also adopted the principle of urban dispersal, and he proposed two main axes, one to the northwest and the other to the southwest of the Old City. His guidelines were repeated in most of the subsequent city plans."
  6. ^ Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia vol. VII: Jerusalem entry includes map with Jewish Colony marked, Amalgamated Press, 1928 edition.
  7. ^ Amit 2011.
  8. ^ Dumper 1997, pp. 30–31.
  9. ^ Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
  10. ^ Benny Morris, 'Was Israeli looting in '48 part of a broader policy to expel Arabs?,' Haaretz 3 June 2021.
  11. ^ Amit 2011, pp. 7, 9.
  12. ^ Greenway, H.D.S. (23 July 1980). "Explainer; The 3000 years of battling over Jerusalem". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  13. ^ a b Selzer, Assaf (January 2021). Kedourie, Helen; Kelly, Saul (eds.). "Building the capital: Thoughts, plans, and practice in the process of making West Jerusalem the capital city of the State of Israel, 1948–1967". Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (1). Taylor & Francis: 57–71. doi:10.1080/00263206.2020.1831472. eISSN 1743-7881. ISSN 0026-3206. LCCN 65009869. OCLC 875122033. S2CID 227257542.
  14. ^ Dumper 1997, pp. 20–21.
  15. ^ Landler, Mark (6 December 2017). "Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  16. ^ https://archive.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182
  17. ^ https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241
  18. ^ "Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel". CBS News. 15 December 2018.
  19. ^ "Australia quietly drops recognition of West Jerusalem as capital of Israel". the Guardian. 17 October 2022.
  20. ^ Knott, Matthew (17 October 2022). "Australia drops recognition of west Jerusalem as Israeli capital". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  21. ^ a b Dumper 1997, p. 22.
  22. ^ a b Alperovich, Gershon; Joseph Deutsch (April 1996). "Urban structure with two coexisting and almost completely segregated populations: The case of East and West Jerusalem". Regional Science and Urban Economics. 26 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02124-8.
  23. ^ . Jerusalem.com. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  24. ^ "Mamilla Mall: Jerusalem's upscale outdoor shopping mall". The Times of Israel. 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  25. ^ "Chabad to Light Up Mamilla Mall". COLLive. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  26. ^ Emek Refaim, Israel Inside Out Retrieved June 22, 2023
  27. ^ "Beitar Jerusalem Official Website".
  28. ^ Cinema City, iTravel Jerusalem, Retrieved June 22, 2023
  29. ^ Uzi Baruch (11 December 2009). רב בית הכנסת הגדול בירושלים הלך לעולמו (in Hebrew). IsraelNationalNews. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
  30. ^ Text of Pope Benedict XVI's Address to Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem
  31. ^ Archive of Jerusalem's 1949 wartime governor for sale in U.S, Haaretz
  32. ^ "Summary record of a meeting between the committee on Jerusalem and Mr. Daniel Auster, Mayor of Jerusalem (Jewish sector)".
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h "Former Mayors of Jerusalem 1948–2008". City of Jerusalem website. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  34. ^ "Shlomo Zalman Shragai, 96, a former mayor of Jerusalem and..." Baltimore Sun. 4 September 1995. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  35. ^ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2006). The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, Why. Devora Publishing Company. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-932687-54-5.
  36. ^ "Biography: Gershon Agron". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  37. ^ "Mordechai Ish-Shalom, Jerusalem Ex-Mayor, 90". New York Times. 23 February 1991. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  38. ^ Wilson, Scott (2 January 2007). "Longtime Mayor of Jerusalem Dies at 95". The Washington Post. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  39. ^ Senyor, Eli (15 April 2010). "Olmert cited as 'senior official' in Holyland affair". Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  40. ^ Erlanger, Steven (16 July 2005). "An Ultra-Orthodox Mayor in an Unorthodox City". The New York Times.
  41. ^ "Secularist 'wins Jerusalem vote'". BBC News. 11 November 2008.
  42. ^ Schneider, Tal (14 November 2018). "Moshe Lion elected Jerusalem Mayor in dramatic finish". Globes. Retrieved 2021-01-24.

Sources

  • Amit, Gish (Summer 2011). "Salvage or Plunder? Israel's "Collection" of Private Palestinian Libraries in West Jerusalem". Journal of Palestine Studies. 40 (4): 6–23. doi:10.1525/jps.2011.xl.4.6. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2011.xl.4.6.
  • Dumper, Michael (1997). The politics of Jerusalem since 1967. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10640-5.
  • Krystall, Nathan (1998). "The De-Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947-50". Journal of Palestine Studies. 27 (2): 5–22. doi:10.2307/2538281. JSTOR 2538281.

External links

  •   West Jerusalem travel guide from Wikivoyage

31°46′55″N 35°13′10″E / 31.78194°N 35.21944°E / 31.78194; 35.21944

west, jerusalem, jerusalem, redirects, here, austrian, philosopher, wilhelm, jerusalem, western, jerusalem, hebrew, רו, aráv, yerushaláyim, arabic, القدس, الغربية, quds, Ġarbiyyah, refers, section, jerusalem, that, controlled, israel, 1948, arab, israeli, city. W Jerusalem redirects here For the Austrian philosopher see Wilhelm Jerusalem West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem Hebrew מ ע ר ב י רו ש ל י ם Ma arav Yerushalayim Arabic القدس الغربية al Quds al Ġarbiyyah refers to the section of Jerusalem that was controlled by Israel at the end of the 1948 Arab Israeli War As the city was divided by the Green Line Israel s erstwhile de facto border established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements West Jerusalem was formally delineated as the counterpart to East Jerusalem which was controlled by Jordan 1 Though Israel has controlled the entirety of Jerusalem since the 1967 Arab Israeli War the boundaries of West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem remain internationally recognized as de jure due to their significance to the process of determining the status of Jerusalem which has been among the primary points of contention in the Arab Israeli conflict and the Israeli Palestinian conflict With certain exceptions undivided Jerusalem is not internationally recognized as the sovereign territory of either Israel or the State of Palestine 2 3 However recognition of Israeli sovereignty over only West Jerusalem is more widely accepted as a plausible diplomatic position as the United Nations regards East Jerusalem as part of the Israeli occupied West Bank 4 Zones of control in Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967 Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre 1948 the Jewish Colony 1 2 1948 Arab Israeli War 1 3 Division in 1949 1 4 Capital of Israel 1950 1 5 Capture of East Jerusalem 1967 2 Commercial hubs 3 Leisure facilities 4 Religious centres 5 Mayors of West Jerusalem 6 See also 7 Citations 8 Sources 9 External linksHistory nbsp William McLean s 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem 5 nbsp Map illustrating Jewish proposals for partition of Jerusalem presented to the 1938 Woodhead Commission Pre 1948 the Jewish Colony This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 The earliest Jewish settlements outside the city walls were Mea Shearim and Yemin Moshe In 1918 William McLean laid out the first civic plan for expansion of Jerusalem westwards and southwards 5 By the 1920s the Hebrew speaking Jewish community had formed a Jewish Colony around the area later known as the Downtown Triangle of Jaffa Road Ben Yehuda Street and King George Street 6 1948 Arab Israeli War Prior to the 1948 Palestine war the area of West Jerusalem included one of the wealthiest Arab communities numbering some 28 000 people in the region By the end of hostilities only approximately 750 non Jews remained in the area s Arab sector mostly Greeks in the Greek colony neighborhood 7 Following the war Jerusalem was divided into two parts the western portion from which it is estimated 30 000 Arabs had fled or been evicted came under Israeli rule while East Jerusalem came under Jordanian rule 1 8 and was populated mainly by Palestinian Muslims and Christians The Jordanians expelled a Jewish community of some 1 500 from the Old City 9 Moshe Salomon a commander with the Etzioni Brigade s Moriah Battalion described the massive looting that took place in the Arab middle class quarter of Qatamon Everyone was swept up privates and officers alike The greed for property encompassed everyone Every home was scoured and searched and people found in some cases produce in others valuable objects This rapaciousness attacked me as well and I could almost not hold myself back It s hard to imagine the great riches that were found in all the homes I got control of myself in time and shackled my desire The battalion commander his deputy they all failed in this regard 10 After this widespread looting Israeli institutions managed to gather in around 30 000 books mostly in Arabic dealing with Islamic law Qur anic exegesis and translations of European literature together with thousands of works from the holdings of churches and schools Many were taken from the homes of Palestinian writers and scholars in Qatamon Bak a and Musrara 11 Division in 1949 nbsp Palmach soldiers attack Arab positions at St Symeon San Simon Monastery in Katamon Jerusalem April 1948 battle reconstruction The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine planned a corpus separatum for Jerusalem and its environs as an international city 12 13 In December 1949 it was officially decided to transfer the institutions of the Government of Israel to Jerusalem 13 Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha were forced to leave the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas including the Old City of Jerusalem and Silwan Almost 33 of the land in West Jerusalem in the pre mandate period had been owned by Palestinians a fact which made it hard for the evicted Palestinians to accept Israeli control in the West The Knesset Israeli Parliament passed laws to transfer this Arab land to Israeli Jewish organizations 2 The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mount Scopus where the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is located which formed an enclave during that period and therefore is not considered part of East Jerusalem citation needed Capital of Israel 1950 Israel established West Jerusalem as its capital in 1950 2 The Israeli government needed to invest heavily to create employment building new government offices a new university the Great Synagogue and the Knesset building 14 West Jerusalem became covered by the Law and Administrative Ordinance of 1948 subjecting West Jerusalem to Israeli jurisdiction United States President Donald Trump s administration announced recognition of Jerusalem as Israel s capital on 6 December 2017 15 On 6 April 2017 Russia officially recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel 16 On 6 December 2017 the Czech Republic recognized Jerusalem as the capital 17 On 15 December 2018 Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel s capital 18 before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022 19 20 Capture of East Jerusalem 1967 Main article Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem During the Six Day War in June 1967 Israel captured the eastern side of the city 21 and the whole West Bank Over the following years their control remained tenuous the international community refusing to recognise their authority and the Israelis themselves not feeling secure 21 In 1980 the Israeli government annexed East Jerusalem and reunified the city but the international community disputed this 1 The population of Jerusalem has largely remained segregated along the city s historical east west division 22 The larger city contains two populations that are almost completely economically and politically segregated each interacting with its separate central business district supporting analysis that the city has retained a duocentric as opposed to the traditional monocentric structure 22 Commercial hubsThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 Major commercial centres of Jewish West Jerusalem include the Downtown Triangle 23 Mamilla Mall 24 25 and Emek Refaim 26 Leisure facilitiesThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 These include Teddy Stadium 27 and Cinema City 28 Religious centresThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it June 2023 These include the Jerusalem Great Synagogue 29 and the Heichal Shlomo 30 Mayors of West JerusalemMain article Mayor of Jerusalem Dov Yosef military governor 1948 1949 31 Daniel Auster 1949 1950 32 33 Zalman Shragai 1951 1952 33 34 Yitzhak Kariv 1952 1955 33 35 Gershon Agron 1955 1959 33 36 Mordechai Ish Shalom 1959 1965 33 37 Teddy Kollek 1965 1993 33 38 Ehud Olmert 1993 2003 33 39 Uri Lupolianski 2003 2008 33 40 Nir Barkat 2008 2018 41 Moshe Lion 2018 present 42 See also nbsp Israel portal Jerusalem District Positions on JerusalemCitations a b c Key Maps Jerusalem Before 1967 and now BBC News Retrieved 2013 04 26 a b c Dumper 1997 pp 35 36 Moshe Hirsch Deborah Housen Couriel Ruth Lapidot 28 June 1995 Whither Jerusalem Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 15 ISBN 978 90 411 0077 1 What then is Israel s status in west Jerusalem Two main answers have been adduced a Israel has sovereignty in this area and b sovereignty lies with the Palestinian people or is suspended Bisharat George 23 December 2010 Maximizing Rights In Susan M Akram Michael Dumper Michael Lynk eds International Law and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict A Rights Based Approach to Middle East Peace Routledge p 311 ISBN 978 1 136 85098 1 As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel s designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem a b Elisha Efrat and Allen G Noble Planning Jerusalem Geographical Review Vol 78 No 4 Oct 1988 pp 387 404 Modern planning began only after the British conquest of Palestine in World War I In 1918 an engineer from Alexandria William McLean was commissioned to draft the first city plan These provisions caused the city to develop mainly to the west and southwest because of the restrictions on construction in the Old City and its immediate environs and the desire to retain the eastern skyline McLean wanted Jerusalem to expand to the north west and south with little development to the east because of climatic and topographical limitations Thus almost from the onset of British colonial rule development was encouraged in a generally westward direction and this bias ultimately produced the initial contrasts that distinguished the eastern and western sectors of the city McLean also adopted the principle of urban dispersal and he proposed two main axes one to the northwest and the other to the southwest of the Old City His guidelines were repeated in most of the subsequent city plans Harmsworth s Universal Encyclopaedia vol VII Jerusalem entry includes map with Jewish Colony marked Amalgamated Press 1928 edition Amit 2011 Dumper 1997 pp 30 31 Tessler Mark A 1994 A History of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict Indiana University Press p 329 ISBN 978 0 253 20873 6 Benny Morris Was Israeli looting in 48 part of a broader policy to expel Arabs Haaretz 3 June 2021 Amit 2011 pp 7 9 Greenway H D S 23 July 1980 Explainer The 3000 years of battling over Jerusalem Boston Globe Retrieved 2013 04 27 a b Selzer Assaf January 2021 Kedourie Helen Kelly Saul eds Building the capital Thoughts plans and practice in the process of making West Jerusalem the capital city of the State of Israel 1948 1967 Middle Eastern Studies 57 1 Taylor amp Francis 57 71 doi 10 1080 00263206 2020 1831472 eISSN 1743 7881 ISSN 0026 3206 LCCN 65009869 OCLC 875122033 S2CID 227257542 Dumper 1997 pp 20 21 Landler Mark 6 December 2017 Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel s Capital and Orders U S Embassy to Move The New York Times Retrieved 2017 12 11 https archive mid ru en foreign policy news asset publisher cKNonkJE02Bw content id 2717182 https www jpost com Breaking News Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israels capital 517241 Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel CBS News 15 December 2018 Australia quietly drops recognition of West Jerusalem as capital of Israel the Guardian 17 October 2022 Knott Matthew 17 October 2022 Australia drops recognition of west Jerusalem as Israeli capital The Sydney Morning Herald a b Dumper 1997 p 22 a b Alperovich Gershon Joseph Deutsch April 1996 Urban structure with two coexisting and almost completely segregated populations The case of East and West Jerusalem Regional Science and Urban Economics 26 2 171 187 doi 10 1016 0166 0462 95 02124 8 The Jerusalem Triangle Jerusalem com 5 July 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2013 11 24 Mamilla Mall Jerusalem s upscale outdoor shopping mall The Times of Israel 2014 Retrieved 2014 10 18 Chabad to Light Up Mamilla Mall COLLive 27 November 2013 Retrieved 2014 10 16 Emek Refaim Israel Inside Out Retrieved June 22 2023 Beitar Jerusalem Official Website Cinema City iTravel Jerusalem Retrieved June 22 2023 Uzi Baruch 11 December 2009 רב בית הכנסת הגדול בירושלים הלך לעולמו in Hebrew IsraelNationalNews Retrieved 2009 12 12 Text of Pope Benedict XVI s Address to Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem Archive of Jerusalem s 1949 wartime governor for sale in U S Haaretz Summary record of a meeting between the committee on Jerusalem and Mr Daniel Auster Mayor of Jerusalem Jewish sector a b c d e f g h Former Mayors of Jerusalem 1948 2008 City of Jerusalem website Retrieved 2013 04 27 Shlomo Zalman Shragai 96 a former mayor of Jerusalem and Baltimore Sun 4 September 1995 Retrieved 2013 04 27 Eisenberg Ronald L 2006 The Streets of Jerusalem Who What Why Devora Publishing Company p 217 ISBN 978 1 932687 54 5 Biography Gershon Agron Jewish Virtual Library Retrieved 2013 04 27 Mordechai Ish Shalom Jerusalem Ex Mayor 90 New York Times 23 February 1991 Retrieved 2013 04 27 Wilson Scott 2 January 2007 Longtime Mayor of Jerusalem Dies at 95 The Washington Post p 2 Retrieved 2007 01 02 Senyor Eli 15 April 2010 Olmert cited as senior official in Holyland affair Ynetnews com Retrieved 2012 02 14 Erlanger Steven 16 July 2005 An Ultra Orthodox Mayor in an Unorthodox City The New York Times Secularist wins Jerusalem vote BBC News 11 November 2008 Schneider Tal 14 November 2018 Moshe Lion elected Jerusalem Mayor in dramatic finish Globes Retrieved 2021 01 24 SourcesAmit Gish Summer 2011 Salvage or Plunder Israel s Collection of Private Palestinian Libraries in West Jerusalem Journal of Palestine Studies 40 4 6 23 doi 10 1525 jps 2011 xl 4 6 JSTOR 10 1525 jps 2011 xl 4 6 Dumper Michael 1997 The politics of Jerusalem since 1967 Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10640 5 Krystall Nathan 1998 The De Arabization of West Jerusalem 1947 50 Journal of Palestine Studies 27 2 5 22 doi 10 2307 2538281 JSTOR 2538281 External links nbsp West Jerusalem travel guide from Wikivoyage 31 46 55 N 35 13 10 E 31 78194 N 35 21944 E 31 78194 35 21944 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title West Jerusalem amp oldid 1213671145, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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