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2013 United States federal government shutdown

From October 1 to October 17, 2013, the United States federal government entered a shutdown and curtailed most routine operations because neither legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year 2014 nor a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year 2014 was enacted in time. Regular government operations resumed October 17 after an interim appropriations bill was signed into law.

A government shutdown notice posted on October 1, 2013[1]

During the shutdown, approximately 800,000 federal employees were indefinitely furloughed, and another 1.3 million were required to report to work without known payment dates. Only those government services deemed "excepted" under the Antideficiency Act were continued; and only those employees deemed "excepted" were permitted to report to work.[2] The previous U.S. federal government shutdown was in 1995–96.[3][4] The 16-day-long shutdown of October 2013 is the third-longest government shutdown in U.S. history, after the 35-day 2018–2019 shutdown and the 21-day 1995–96 shutdown.

A "funding-gap" was created when the two chambers of Congress failed to agree to an appropriations continuing resolution. The Republican-led House of Representatives, encouraged by Ted Cruz[5][6] and a handful of other Republican senators,[7] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[8][9][10] offered several continuing resolutions with language delaying or defunding the Affordable Care Act (commonly known as "Obamacare"). The Democratic-led Senate passed several amended continuing resolutions for maintaining funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions. Political fights over this and other issues between the House on one side and President Barack Obama and the Senate on the other led to a budget impasse which threatened massive disruption.[11][12][13]

The deadlock centered on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014, which was passed by the House of Representatives on September 20, 2013. The Senate stripped the bill of the measures related to the Affordable Care Act, and passed it in revised form on September 27, 2013. The House reinstated the Senate-removed measures, and passed it again in the early morning hours on September 29.[14] The Senate declined to pass the bill with measures to delay the Affordable Care Act, and the two legislative houses did not develop a compromise bill by the end of September 30, 2013, causing the federal government to shut down due to a lack of appropriated funds at the start of the new 2014 federal fiscal year. Also, on October 1, 2013, many aspects of the Affordable Care Act implementation took effect.[15] The health insurance exchanges created by the Affordable Care Act launched as scheduled on October 1.[16] Much of the Affordable Care Act is funded by previously authorized and mandatory spending, rather than discretionary spending, and the presence or lack of a continuing resolution did not affect it. Some of the law's funds also come from multiple-year and "no-year" discretionary funds that are not affected by a lack of a continuing resolution.[17] Late in the evening of October 16, 2013, Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, and President Obama signed it shortly after midnight on October 17, ending the government shutdown and suspending the debt limit until February 7, 2014.[18]

According to a Washington Post/ABC News poll conducted several months following the shutdown, 81% of Americans disapproved of the shutdown, 86% felt it had damaged the United States' image in the world, and 53% held Republicans in Congress accountable for the shutdown.[19]

Background Edit

The United States Constitution requires government spending be approved in bills passed by the United States Congress. Some government functions such as the Federal Reserve System are completely self-funded. Others, like Social Security and Medicare, are partially self-funded but may be subject to administrative shutdowns and failures if the government fails to meet its financial obligations. Some programs are fully or partially funded for multiple years and some are funded every year.

The legislation that sets government spending is called appropriations legislation. Since the 1990s, Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government-wide spending, often passing "continuing resolutions (CR)" to extend existing spending law at or near current levels, and "omnibus" bills that combine many appropriations bills into one. Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress. The last budget was passed on April 29, 2009.[20]

If the Congress fails to pass budgetary approval by the end of the fiscal year, a "funding gap" results. The Antideficiency Act requires government functions not excepted by the Act to begin shutting down immediately so that the Constitutional authority of Congress over spending is not breached. The Office of Management and Budget provides agencies with annual instructions on how to prepare for and operate during a funding gap according to the Antideficiency Act.[4] Technically, seventeen federal government shutdowns precede the October 2013 shutdown. Most were partial or for single days or weekends and involved few if any furloughs. The first was in 1976. Only the shutdowns of 1995–96 involved the whole federal government and were longer than four days.

Preceding events Edit

Republicans' 2010 congressional victory Edit

The tensions that would ultimately produce the 2013 shutdown began to take shape after Republicans, strengthened by the emergence of the Tea Party, won back a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives from the Democrats in 2010.[21][22][23][24] Even at that time, some conservative activists and Tea Party-affiliated politicians were already calling on congressional Republicans to be willing to shut down the government in order to force congressional Democrats and the President to agree to deep cuts in spending and to repeal the Affordable Care Act, which had been signed into law only a few months earlier. Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, a Republican who had presided over Congress during the last government shutdowns 15 years earlier, said in April 2010 that if Republicans won back control of Congress in the 2010 election, they should remove any funding for the Affordable Care Act in any appropriations bills they passed. Gingrich said Republicans needed to "be ready to stand on principle" and should refuse to fund the new healthcare law even if their refusal would result in a shutdown of the government.[25]

As the November 2010 congressional elections drew near, Rep. Lynn Westmoreland, a Republican from Georgia, said that if the Republicans won a majority of seats in the House, they would pass appropriation bills that the President would veto, leading to a government shutdown. Westmoreland told supporters: "We have put Band-Aids on some things that need to be cleaned out. That is going to take some pain. There's going to have to be some pain for us to do some things that we've got to do to right the ship."[26][27] Sen. Mike Lee of Utah, then running for office as the Republican Party's nominee, said that although a shutdown would be frustrating for many and an inconvenience, it might be absolutely necessary to make it politically possible to restructure federal spending.[28] Conservative political commentator Erick Erickson wrote, "I'm almost giddy thinking about a government shutdown next year. I cannot wait".[29]

Although the November 2010 election left Republicans in control of the House, Democrats remained in control of the Senate and the White House, resulting in a division of power that would lead to a series of clashes over spending priorities and other policy matters. In early 2011, some Republicans threatened to force a shutdown unless the President and Democratic-controlled Senate agreed to much deeper spending cuts. Rep. Joe Walsh of Illinois said the country might need a government shutdown as a form of "shock therapy" to raise awareness of the state of the federal government's finances.[30] Conservative activists held rallies in early 2011 urging Republican lawmakers to shut down the government if necessary to push Democrats to agree to Republican budgetary proposals.[31] When Democrats said a government shutdown would have catastrophic effects on the economy and would hurt American families, many conservatives said Democrats were overstating the severity of the effects a shutdown would produce.[31] A Gallup poll of public opinion showed that the majority of Republicans were in favor of shutting down the government rather than having congressional Republicans accept a compromise budget plan, while the majority of Americans overall (including majorities of Democrats and of independents) preferred that lawmakers reach a compromise deal.[31][32] In April 2011, Republicans in the House of Representatives threatened to shut down the government unless the Senate and the President agreed to further spending cuts as well as to cuts in federal funding for Planned Parenthood and other birth-control providers and to curtailing the Environmental Protection Agency's authority to enforce the Clean Air Act and carbon dioxide emissions.[31][33] House Republicans gave Speaker John Boehner an ovation when he informed them that he was advising the House Administration Committee to begin preparations for a possible shutdown.[34] A budget deal was agreed to less than two hours before a shutdown would have begun.[35]

Several similar funding crises resulting from disagreements over budgetary policy ensued in the following three years, with shutdowns being narrowly averted by last-minute deals each time.[36][37][38][39][40] Congressional Republicans remained committed to eliminating or undermining the Affordable Care Act, taking more than 40 largely symbolic votes passing bills to repeal or defund the act which the Democratic-controlled Senate rejected or refused to consider.[41][42]

Renewed efforts in 2013 Edit

In January 2013, Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas wrote that "it may be necessary to partially shut down the government in order to secure the long-term fiscal well being of our country, rather than plod along the path of Greece, Italy and Spain."[43] The New York Times later reported that, soon after Obama began his second term that month, a coalition of conservative activists led by former Reagan administration Attorney General Ed Meese (who is also an emeritus fellow of the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation),[44] began developing plans to defund the Affordable Care Act.[45] They strategized that they would be able to block implementation of the Affordable Care Act if they could persuade congressional Republicans to threaten cutting off financing for the entire federal government.[45] Meese's coalition produced a "blueprint to defunding Obamacare". The plan, which said "Conservatives should not approve a CR [continuing resolution] unless it defunds Obamacare,"[46] was signed by leaders of more than three dozen conservative groups.[45]

As reported by The New York Times, conservative activists, supported by funds from the billionaire Koch brothers and conservative political action committees, worked with Tea Party-affiliated members of Congress, such as Senators Ted Cruz and Mike Lee, to promote an appropriations bill that would exclude funds for the Affordable Care Act.[Notes 1]

The Mark Meadows and Mike Lee letters Edit

 
Sen. Ted Cruz
 
Sen. Mike Lee
 
Rep. Mark Meadows

In July and August 2013, Sen. Mike Lee, along with fellow Tea Party-affiliated Senators Ted Cruz of Texas,[48] Marco Rubio of Florida,[48][49] and Rand Paul of Kentucky,[48] lobbied their colleagues in the Senate to support a letter written by Lee calling for defunding the Affordable Care Act. The letter was eventually signed by 19 senators, although 5 of the co-signatories later withdrew their support.[50][51]

Freshman Rep. Mark Meadows of North Carolina circulated a similar letter in the House of Representatives that was signed by 80 House members.[50][52][53] The New York Daily News wrote that it was Meadows' letter that had put the federal government on the road to shutdown,[54] noting that calls to defund the Affordable Care Act through spending bills languished until Meadows wrote an open letter on August 21, 2013, to House Speaker John Boehner and Majority Leader Eric Cantor asking them to defund the Affordable Care Act in any appropriations bills brought to the House floor.[52][55] CNN described Meadows as the "architect of the brink" for his letter.[53]

Joshua Withrow of the Tea Party group FreedomWorks, which had endorsed the Meese coalition's plan months earlier,[46] explained the overall strategy, writing in August 2013 that the continuing resolution due to expire September 30 "must be renewed in order for the doors to stay open in Washington. The CR is the best chance we will get to withdraw funds from Obamacare. This can be done by attaching bills by Senator Ted Cruz (R-TX) or Congressman Tom Graves (R-GA) to the CR, which will totally defund Obamacare."[56] He added, "Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) and Congressman Mark Meadows (R-NC) are leading the charge to get their colleagues to commit to this approach, by putting their signatures to a letter affirming that they will refuse to vote for a CR that contains Obamacare funding...."[56]

Senators who signed Sen. Mike Lee's letter

19 Senators, all Republicans, signed Mike Lee's letter[56]

Signed the letter
Signed but later withdrew support
Representatives who signed Rep. Mark Meadows' letter

80 Representatives, all Republicans, signed Mark Meadows' letter:[56]

Conservative groups ran negative media campaigns to pressure Congressional Republicans who had doubted the strategy into supporting it. Republican Richard Burr, the senior Senator from North Carolina, called threatening a shutdown over the Affordable Care Act "the dumbest idea I've ever heard of".[50] In response, the Senate Conservatives Fund bought a radio ad against Burr.[45] The fund also ran radio ads against Republican Senators for not joining the effort to defund the Affordable Care Act, including Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, Lamar Alexander of Tennessee, Johnny Isakson of Georgia, and Thad Cochran of Mississippi.[50] Heritage Action (which opened operations in North Carolina in January 2011),[57] ran critical Internet ads in the districts of 100 Republican lawmakers who did not sign Meadows' letter.[45] Support for the plan spread among Republican congressional leaders. Referring to Meadows' letter, David Wasserman of the nonpartisan Cook Political Report told The New York Times, "They've been hugely influential. When else in our history has a freshman member of Congress from North Carolina been able to round up a gang of 80 that's essentially ground the government to a halt?"[45]

In August and September 2013, Heritage Action,[45][58] Tea Party Patriots, ForAmerica, and five other Tea Party groups[59][60] embarked on nationwide tours to pressure Republican members of Congress to join the effort to defund the Affordable Care Act. In early September, Tea Party Patriots created a defunding "tool kit", which included talking points in case House Republicans were blamed for a shutdown.[45][60] The suggested answer was "We are simply calling to fund the entire government except for the Affordable Care Act/Obamacare."[45]

September 2013 Edit

With Congress having failed to agree by late September 2013 on the budget for the fiscal year beginning October 1, members of the Senate proposed a resolution to continue funding the government at sequestration levels through December 2013 as a stop-gap measure, to allow more time to negotiate over final funding levels for the full fiscal year.[61]

Republican Senators Ted Cruz, Mike Lee, and others then demanded a delay of or change to the Affordable Care Act in exchange for passing the resolution. On September 24, Cruz gave a 21-hour speech in the Senate to draw attention to his goals.[62]

As the shutdown loomed on September 27, The Washington Post reported that several Republican members of Congress made public statements expressing approval of the impending shutdown. Rep. Michele Bachmann said "We're very excited. It's exactly what we wanted, and we got it. People will be very grateful." Rep. John Culberson said "It's wonderful. We're 100 percent united!"[63] In an interview with Fox news host Sean Hannity, Bachmann said that she believes there has been "strong unity" between conservatives on almost every budget vote. Bachmann said: "This is about the happiest I've seen members in a long time, because we see we are starting to win this dialogue on a national level."[64]

Bachmann later disputed having made such a statement about being happy the government was shut down, telling CNN that she had been misquoted by the 'Washington Post'. She provided a full quotation, and a recording of the statement, indicating the statement was about excitement for the opportunity to vote on delaying the Affordable Care Act funding and implementation by a year.[65]

On September 30, the Republican-led House sent many proposals to continue funding the government through December while delaying or blocking the Affordable Care Act, each of which were blocked by the Democratic-led Senate.[66] Even if the Senate had agreed to House demands, President Obama threatened to veto any bill that would delay the Affordable Care Act.[67]

With only an hour before the start of the shutdown, Republicans in the House attempted to start budget conference-committee negotiations. Senate Democrats, who had attempted to start such negotiations 18 times since January and been stopped by the Republicans each time, balked: Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid stated, "We will not go to conference with a gun to our head," while Senate Budget Committee Chairwoman Patty Murray criticized the move as an attempt by Speaker Boehner "to distract from his constantly changing list of demands."[68]

Some Republicans began to re-frame the shutdown battle in purely political rather than policy terms, with Indiana representative Marlin Stutzman telling the conservative Washington Examiner on October 1, "We have to get something out of this. And I don't know what that even is."[69]

The shutdown Edit

House legislative rule for the Appropriations Continuing Resolution Edit

A new rule for the consideration of the Senate's amended version of the continuing resolution was approved by the House October 1, 2013, at 1:10 AM (legislative day September 30). The rule, House Resolution 368, was reported to the House floor for a vote by the Chairman of the House Rules Committee, Rep. Pete Sessions (R-TX-32), and the vote had 228 voting for the resolution (221 R. and 7 D.) and 199 (9 R. and 190 D.) against adoption of the rule.[70][71]

H.Res. 368 changed the Standing Rule for the procedure for consideration of the Continuing Resolution (H.J. Res. 59). It states that "any motion pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXII relating to House Joint Resolution 59 may be offered only by the Majority Leader or his designee," which at the time was Eric Cantor or his designee, H.J. Res. 59 being the bill returned from the Senate to end the shutdown with continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2014.[72][73][74]

During the October 1 debate on H.Res 368, Rep. Louise Slaughter said to Rep. Pete Sessions that "under regular order of the House", anyone "can call for a vote on the Senate proposal", but he had changed it so that "only the majority leader can do it". Sessions said, "that is correct," adding that they are not "trying to make a decision", and that a call for a vote could have taken place "almost effective immediately". After some back-and-forth, Sessions said that there could have been a call for a vote "at any time". Slaughter said, "I think you've taken that away". Sessions said, "We took that away". Slaughter said, "Oh, mercy. It gets deeper and deeper".[75][76]

On October 12, 2013, Maryland Rep. Chris Van Hollen moved to bring the bill directly to the floor and made a parliamentary inquiry, and required that the chair explain that the rule previously agreed for the bill had changed the Standing Rules so that no House member could move to consider a vote on the appropriations bill, except for the Republican Majority Leader or his designee.[74] Once the shutdown had begun on October 1, a group of 30–40 Republicans in the House continued to pressure House Speaker John Boehner to refuse to allow a vote on any funding resolution that would not block or further delay the Affordable Care Act.[77][78][79]

Unsuccessful attempts to restore funding Edit

Several media organizations reported that House Democrats were ready to join with moderate House Republicans to pass a clean continuing resolution without amendments to defund the Affordable Care Act (18 Republicans and all 200 Democrats would have been needed to pass the resolution).[80][81][82] House Speaker John Boehner initially would not allow a vote on such a resolution.[83]

Mini-appropriations bills in House Edit

On October 2, the House of Representatives proposed several piecemeal bills to fund national parks and museums, the National Institutes of Health, and the city of Washington, D.C.[84] After initially failing to reach 2/3 majority needed to suspend the rules,[jargon] all three passed the House with bipartisan support.[85][86][87][88] The Senate leadership and the President rejected these efforts, arguing that they represented an attempt to reduce political pressure on the Republicans to resolve the shutdown by funding a few politically popular agencies while ignoring other important services. The piecemeal bill for the NIH was criticized as an interference on the interlocking roles and responsibilities of public health agencies.[89]

Over the next week, House Republicans continued this strategy with piecemeal bills for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC), and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).[90] These bills continued to be opposed by most congressional Democrats and ignored by the Senate in favor of passing one full continuing resolution.[91][92]

Collins proposal Edit

On October 11, Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) developed a proposal to lift the debt ceiling and end the shutdown. Democrats in the Senate rejected this proposal because it would have locked sequestration budget cuts into law for the next six months. Democratic senators wanted to negotiate an end to sequestration before then.[99][100]

Debt ceiling Edit

Analysts were concerned that the political gridlock would extend into mid-October, when Congress and the President must agree to raise the debt ceiling to avoid the prospect of defaulting on the public debt. Following the debate over the debt ceiling in May 2013, the Treasury Department was forced to engage in extraordinary measures to fund the government. In August 2013, the Treasury informed Congress that the extraordinary measures would be insufficient starting in mid-October and further specified, in late September, that the U.S. would begin to default on its debts if a new debt ceiling was not approved by October 17.[101][102] On October 2, President Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue, stating that he would not reopen budget negotiations until Republicans agreed to passage of a bill raising the debt limit.[103] On October 7, the Moody's bond credit rating agency released a memo stating that it was unlikely the U.S. would risk a default on its public debt, and that the nation instead "would continue to pay interest and principal on its debt".[104] The memo further stated that the financial situation was more serious in 2011 than the 2013 problem.[105] However, such prioritizing of debt payments over all other needs would require that the government default on many other payment obligations, likely including a wide array of business contracts, employee salaries, social insurance benefits, and other programs. The Council on Foreign Relations said that among the payments implicated were military wages, Medicare and Social Security payments, and unemployment support.[106]

Potential effects Edit

Yalman Onaran of Bloomberg News wrote that the government's failure to raise the debt ceiling and pay its debt would "halt a $5 trillion lending mechanism for investors who rely on Treasuries, blow up borrowing costs for billions of people and companies, ravage the dollar and throw the U.S. and world economies into a recession that probably would become a depression", noting that a government default would be 23 times larger than the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy during the Great Recession.[107] On October 15, 2013, Fitch, the credit rating agency, placed the U.S. AAA ratings on "rating watch negative" as talks to increase the debt limit reached an impasse fueling concerns of congressional dysfunction and impending default.[108]

Japanese Finance Minister Taro Aso said that the debt limit would have an "internationally significant impact". On how the US situation could affect Japan, he said "I think this could likely result in a situation where the dollar will be sold and the yen will be bought." The falling dollar is bad news for Japan's exporters, a key driver of growth in the world's third-largest economy, because it erodes their repatriated profits.[109]

End of shutdown and temporary debt limit suspension Edit

Following an unfruitful October 10 meeting between President Obama and House Republicans (including Boehner, Cantor, and House Budget Committee chair and former vice-presidential nominee Paul Ryan), Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell concluded that the Republican House leadership's strategy had gone "awry". McConnell began looking for suggestions from Republican senators like Lamar Alexander, who had already begun quietly negotiating with Democrat Chuck Schumer.[110] Senators Schumer and Alexander came to an agreement on the 11th and scheduled a meeting between Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and McConnell for the following day.[110] By the evening of the October 14, Reid and McConnell had likewise reached an agreement.

Boehner persuaded McConnell to delay a Senate vote, in hopes of rallying his own caucus to end the shutdown on its own terms.[110][111] Instead, both bills Boehner proposed failed to receive full caucus support, and Boehner elected not to bring the bills to the House floor. There were accusations by conservative Republican House members that moderate Republicans had "undercut" the position of more conservative party members. Republican Representative Charlie Dent of Pennsylvania, in favor of a clean CR, said Congress should have passed a bill to fund the government without policy strings attached weeks earlier. Dent was quoted saying: "That's essentially what we're doing now. People can blame me all they want, but I was correct in my analysis and I'd say a lot of those folks were not correct in theirs."[111]

Since Boehner was not willing to bring the two bills to the House floor without a majority of the Republican caucus supporting the bills, the House was at an impasse, and negotiating efforts within the Senate took the foreground. On October 16, Reid and McConnell advanced their proposal, which would fund the government through January 15 at sequestration levels and suspend the debt limit until February 7. The bill passed 81 to 18, with support from all of the Democrats in the Senate and 27 of the Republicans. Eighteen Republicans voted to oppose it.[111][112][113]

Senate votes on the Reid–McConnell bill to end the shutdown[113]
Republicans who voted in favor
Republicans who voted against
Democrats who voted in favor

All 52 Senate Democrats voted in favor

Independents who voted in favor

Despite Republican efforts to strip the Affordable Care Act of funding or delay the law as part of a deal to reopen the government, the Senate plan's only concession to the Republican leadership on the issue was stricter income verification rules for citizens accessing the health insurance exchanges. With only hours to go before the government breached the debt limit, Speaker Boehner admitted defeat in a radio interview, stating, "We fought the good fight, we just didn't win," and furthermore said he would encourage House Republicans to vote in favor of the Senate plan, despite an informal rule against advancing bills lacking a majority of Republican support.[111][114]

The House voted to approve the Senate's plan by 285 to 144.[111] Democrats supported the bill unanimously, 198–0 with two Democrats not voting.[115] The Republican vote was 87 to 144, with one not voting.[116][117][118] Republican leaders Boehner, Cantor, Whip Kevin McCarthy, and Conference Chair Cathy McMorris Rodgers voted yes; Paul Ryan and Michele Bachmann voted no.[119] President Obama signed the bill just after midnight on October 17, 2013.[120]

House Republicans who voted for the compromise[113]

Note: All the House Democrats voted for the compromise

House Republicans who voted against the compromise[113]

Many Republicans criticized the bill, with Ted Cruz calling it a "terrible deal" and Kentucky's Thomas Massie describing it as a "goose egg" for their party.[121] McConnell, who was praised afterwards by some Democrats for his bipartisanship,[121] defended himself from conservative critics, saying House failures had put him in a weak position and that the effort to defund the ACA through a shutdown was "not a smart play" and had "diverted our attention away from what was achievable".[122]

Effects Edit

Domestic effects Edit

Effect on federal government operations Edit

 
USA.gov website shutdown on October 15
 
Federal employees protest the government shutdown at a rally outside of the Capitol

On September 17, 2013, Office of Management and Budget Director Sylvia M. Burwell mandated an update for each federal agency's contingency plan that designated excepted agency operations, as required by the Antideficiency Act for a potential funding gap and shutdown. Burwell said that although the administration hoped that Congress would act to prevent a lapse in appropriations, "prudent management requires that agencies be prepared for the possibility of a lapse."[123][124][125]

During the shutdown, most non-exempt government employees were furloughed. That would have put about 800,000 public employees on indefinite unpaid leave starting October 1.[126] The White House estimated that a one-week shutdown could have cost the US economy $10 billion.[127] Key government functions, such as air traffic control, stay active under emergency funding statutes, though other related functions (such as training and support of these services) would be suspended. Some agencies and departments—such as the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and Social Security Administration—are funded by long-term or mandatory appropriations and were also largely unaffected. While veteran and military benefits are funded a year in advance, furloughed civilians had a large impact on the military and their families. Services to families on bases ranging from commissaries to family and survivor counseling were affected.[128] Since the United States Postal Service is self-funded, it was unaffected and continued normal operations.[123][129] The United States Merchant Marine Academy was closed for operations during the shutdown massively impacting the curriculum and schedule.

On October 5, the House unanimously passed a bill that would provide back pay to all furloughed federal employees after the shutdown is resolved, and Obama stated that he would sign the bill into law. Rep. Elijah Cummings said "Our hard-working public servants should not become collateral damage. This is not their fault and they should not suffer as a result."[130] Those responsible for the shutdown did not have to worry about their pay, however, as congressional salaries are written into permanent law.[131] A bill to revise this passed in the Senate in 2011, but was never voted on by the House of Representatives.[131]

Internal Revenue Service delays Edit

As a result of the shutdown, the IRS's processing of returns and issuing of refunds were expected to be delayed by one week in January 2014.[132] Taxpayer audits were postponed by the IRS during the shutdown. However, tax returns due on October 15 remained due on that deadline.[133] Due to the 16-day federal government closure, "to allow adequate time to program and test tax processing systems", the IRS 2014 filing season, for accepting and processing 2013 individual tax returns, would start no earlier than January 28, 2014 and no later than February 4, 2014.[134]

Effects on non-profit organizations Edit

The 2013 ArtPrize in Michigan was affected by the shutdown due to several entries being displayed in and around the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum, part of the National Archives, which was affected in the shutdown.[135][136]

The Fall 2013 Chincoteague Pony Round-up on Assateague Island, inside the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, was postponed indefinitely by the ponies' caretakers.[137]

EarthSpan, which tracks vital details about the diseases and migrations of the peregrine falcon, was unable to conduct its yearly survey due to the shutdown of Assateague in Maryland. This created a huge hole in disease tracking and species recovery data—the first year without data since the organization began tracking in the 1970s.[138]

Effect on businesses Edit

Defense contractors and some manufacturers the government hired experienced disruptions as the shutdown prevented those companies from delivering goods and receiving payments for work already done.[139] United Technologies announced that if the shutdown was not resolved by October 7, it would furlough 2,000 employees at a military helicopter manufacturing subsidiary, Sikorsky Aircraft. Another 2,000 United Technologies employees would have been furloughed if the shutdown lasted beyond October 14 and an additional 1,000 if the shutdown lasted into November. Another United Technologies subsidiary, Pratt & Whitney, a manufacturer of aircraft engines, was also affected. The Sikorsky and Pratt & Whitney factories require civilian employees from the Defense Contract Management Agency to approve their products before they can be delivered to the government. Those Defense Department employees were furloughed.[140] Similarly, Lockheed Martin announced plans to furlough 3,000 employees on October 7. Those employees work at government facilities or require government inspectors to complete their jobs. Lockheed said that the number of employees furloughed would increase if the shutdown continued.[141]

Small businesses faced delays in receiving loans from the Small Business Administration. Many of these companies needed to turn to alternative funding sources that charged much higher interest rates. One alternative source of credit, merchant cash advances, charge interest rates of between 40% and 100%.[142]

Since U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the agency which regulates trade and inspects cargoes, had not shut down, imports and exports continued. However, many products require approval from other agencies before they can be brought into or out of the country. With many of these regulators furloughed, importers and exporters experienced delays. For instance, furloughs at the Environmental Protection Agency resulted in a halt to all imports of pesticides to the United States. Imports of lumber and steel were also delayed as were exports of semiconductor manufacturing equipment.[143] Airbus was unable to deliver new airplanes to the airlines JetBlue and US Airways because Federal Aviation Administration personnel who certify airplanes were furloughed.[144][145]

Effect on Native Americans Edit

Although the Bureau of Indian Affairs continued to run programs during the shutdown that were deemed essential, including firefighting and police services, it stopped financing tribal governments as well as many programs, grants, and services that provide necessary support for often-impoverished reservations. The cuts shut down programs that provide income, medical care, food, transportation, domestic violence protection, and foster care to communities, resulting in a sense of fear among many people who rely on these services. Some tribes were able to continue funding programs temporarily themselves, but others had to suspend programs immediately. For example, the Crow Tribe of Montana furloughed 364 employees, more than a third of its workforce, and suspended programs providing health care, bus services and improvements to irrigation. The Yurok tribe of Northern California, which relies almost exclusively on federal funds, furloughed 60 out of its 310 employees, closed its child care center, and cut off emergency financial assistance to the poor and elderly. The Yurok Indian Reservation had an unemployment rate exceeding 80% before the shutdown. In Minnesota, the Red Lake Band of Chippewa were supposed to receive $1 million from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to help operate their government, but were not given access to the money before the shutdown and were forced to halt all non-emergency medical procedures. The White Buffalo Calf Woman Society,[146] a domestic violence shelter that serves the Rosebud Indian Reservation and surrounding communities in South Dakota, lost 90% of its funding due to the shutdown and was forced to turn victims away.[147][148][149]

Effect on the District of Columbia Edit

The local budget of Washington, D.C. is set by the elected District government but must be approved by Congress. As a result, local government functions, such as neighborhood trash collection and motor vehicle services, can be affected by a federal government shutdown. In past lapses in Congressional appropriations, the city has shut down government services in a manner similar to the federal agencies. However, during the 2013 shut down, the District government remained operational using reserve funds already approved by Congress. As a contingency, the Mayor of the District of Columbia informed the Obama administration that all local government personnel are excepted, meaning that they would have continued to work even if the District government had exhausted its reserve funds.

The District of Columbia also suspended payments to healthcare providers and managed care organizations that provide services to the city's 220,000 low-income and disabled residents who qualify for Medicaid. The District's contingency funds, which were used to keep other city services open during the shutdown, were not sufficient to pay the $89.2 million owed to insurers and the $23 million a week owed to healthcare providers.[150]

A bill introduced by Republican Darrell Issa of California and passed by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee would allow the District to spend its own local revenues independent of Congress. If the measure becomes law, it would prevent the District government from shutting down in the event of a lapse in federal appropriations.[151]

The District of Columbia Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res. 71) is a continuing resolution that was passed by the House on October 2, 2013, that would provide funding for the District.[94] The Senate refused to vote on any of the House's mini-appropriations bills, including this one.[91] On October 9, D.C. Mayor Vincent C. Gray confronted Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and asked him to consider supporting the House bill which passed a day earlier, arguing that D.C. should be able to "spend [its] own money".[152][153] The same day, Eleanor Holmes Norton, the District's non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives, asked the same of President Obama.[154][155]

The District of Columbia Superior Court, which is operated by the federal government, remains largely open during a shutdown but will delay payments to witnesses, jurors, court-appointed lawyers, language interpreters and others until after appropriations are restored.[156]

Effect on asylum and immigration Edit

The federal shutdown interfered in the legal procedures on pending immigration cases. 16 immigration courts out of 58 were closed, and, as a result, political asylum cases were delayed in the US immigration system that already experienced a backlog of work.[157][158]

The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services that processes immigration paperwork was hardly impacted, because the agencies are primarily self-funded by fees. In terms of immigration regulation and border control, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the Department of Homeland Security were also not impacted by the shutdown, and continued to operate on the nation's priority according to Gillian Christensen, the spokesperson of ICE.[159]

The shutdown also interfered with the Prison Rape Elimination Act-mandated reporting of incidents of sexual abuse and assault in immigration centers, of which there were 215 allegations from October 2009 through March 2013[160] according to the Government Accountability Office. Previously, a GAO report[160] had recommended that the Department of Homeland Security develop additional controls to ensure reporting of incidents. Human Rights Watch has documented the problem of sexual abuse in detention facilities, noting the "assaults, abuses, and episodes of harassment have quietly emerged as a pattern across the rapidly expanding national immigration detention system."[161]

Effect on shelters for domestic violence victims Edit

Across the United States, shelters for domestic abuse victims had trouble paying bills as federal funds were unavailable; some asked for donations.[162] Municipal and state funds made up for some funding in states such as New York and Montana;[163] others like the YWCA in Flint, Michigan, had no access to back-up municipal or state funds.[164] In Daphne, Alabama, the director of The Lighthouse, a domestic violence shelter, asked the city for emergency funds; even once the shutdown was over, shelters experienced delay in funding due to the slow process of receiving funds.[165] Ironically, October 1, the day the government shutdown began, was the first day of Domestic Violence Awareness Month.

Effect on Title IX and Clery Act investigations Edit

During the federal government shutdown, the Office of Civil Rights, a unit at the Department of Education responsible for handling sexual assault cases on college campuses ceased investigating claims of Title IX and Clery Act violations.[166] The Clery Act is a federal law that requires full public reporting of campus crime. Title IX is a federal civil rights law which protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities which receive federal financial assistance.[167] Title IX recognizes sexual harassment of students as form of discrimination and compels schools not only to respond immediately and appropriately to complaints of sexual harassment but to eliminate sexual harassment.[168] The federal government shutdown has caused investigations of alleged violations of Title IX and the Clery Act to be halted at Dartmouth, The University of Colorado at Boulder, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Occidental College, Swarthmore College and the University of Southern California.[169]

Effect on programs for children Edit

The government shutdown caused as many as 19,000 children to lose access to The Head Start Program, which provides comprehensive education, nutritious meals, and medical screenings to low-income children. More than 20 programs across 11 states did not get the annual grant they had been scheduled to receive.[170] This came two months after budget reductions due to the federal sequester cut funding for more than 57,000 children in the Head Start Program.[171] On October 8, 2013, John D. Arnold and his wife Laura donated $10 million to the National Head Start Association in response to the continuing government shutdown. Their donation helped to pay for programs in Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Mississippi, the six states with programs that were either already closed or were about to close due to lack of funds. If funding is fully restored, the money will be repaid to the Arnolds as though it were a no-interest loan.[172]

Effects on United States foreign policy Edit

Asia-Pacific Edit

 
Due to the shutdown, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry took over President Barack Obama's seat at the 2013 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, where he reassured world leaders about the robustness of America's democracy.[173]

On October 4, the White House announced that Obama's trip to Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia, where he was scheduled to attend the 2013 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting in Bali, would be cancelled due to the government shutdown.[174] However, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, who traveled in his place, asserted that "none of what is happening in Washington diminishes one iota our commitment to our partners in Asia".[175] Speaking to world leaders at the APEC forum, Kerry remarked: "This is an example, really, of the robustness of our democracy."[173][175] In addition, the Obama administration's efforts to push forward the proposed Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership trade pact with eleven other countries, was compromised.[how?][vague][176]

Europe Edit

On October 4, U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman announced that a scheduled meeting with European Union diplomats regarding the proposed Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) would be postponed as U.S. officials could not travel to Brussels.[177]

Economic effect Edit

Moody's Analytics estimated that a shutdown of three to four weeks would cost the economy about $55 billion. Lost wages of Federal employees will amount to about $1 billion a week.[178] Goldman Sachs estimated that a three-week shutdown would reduce the gross domestic product of the United States by 0.9%.[179] According to the Los Angeles Times, a two-week shutdown would reduce GDP growth in the fourth quarter by 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points. By comparison, the GDP has grown by less than 2% in 2013.[180]

The negative economic effect of the shutdown will be particularly severe in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Approximately 700,000 D.C. area jobs could be affected at a cost of $200 million a day.[181] The State of Maryland predicted that it would lose approximately $5 million a day in tax revenue.[182]

Local communities across the country are also seeing a significant negative economic effect, particularly those communities that are heavily dependent on the Federal government. A press release from the National Park Service said the shutdown of national parks would result in losses of $76 million a day in tourism-related sales among local communities, but during the government shutdown the National Park Service website was unavailable.[183][184] During the month of October, tourists spend about $2.7 million a day at the Grand Canyon National Park and other National Parks in Arizona.[185] Xanterra Parks and Resorts, a concessioner which operates hotels, restaurants and other visitor services in 21 national parks, reported that it was losing $1 million in revenue each day because the parks have closed.[186] Several owners of tourist-oriented businesses located near national parks told NBC News that they were experiencing cancellations and declines in traffic that threatened their livelihoods. Julie Fox, a cafe owner in Moab, Utah (outside Arches National Park) said "Twenty percent of my yearly income comes from October and May. If it's anything like last time – 21 days – I'll lay off eight out of twelve people. It'll be like the dead of winter here."[187]

Reactions Edit

Domestic political Edit

The White House proposed a budget that funded discretionary spending at $1.203 trillion. The continuing resolution provides $986 billion. According to Ezra Klein of The Washington Post, while the Obama administration was willing to accept this significantly lower level of spending, it felt that a new demand by House Republicans to delay or defund the Act represented "nothing less than an effort to use the threat of a financial crisis to nullify the results of the last election." Klein continued: "As the White House sees it, Speaker John Boehner has begun playing politics as game of Calvinball, in which Republicans invent new rules on the fly and then demand the media and the Democrats accept them as reality and find a way to work around them." According to Klein, President Obama believes that "he will be handing his successor a fatally weakened office, and handing the American people an unacceptable risk of future financial crises, if he breaks, or even bends, in the face of Republican demands."[188]

President Barack Obama said he would not cave in to "ideological" demands,[189] stating, "A shutdown will have a very real economic impact on real people, right away."[190] Obama blamed Republicans for the shutdown,[191] stating of House Republicans, "One faction, of one party, in one house of Congress, in one branch of government, shut down major parts of the government – all because they didn't like one law."[192] On October 2, Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue, stating that he would not reopen budget talks until Republicans pass a bill raising the debt limit.[103] While there have been several government shutdowns in the history of the United States, Obama said, "No Congress before this one has ever, ever, in history been irresponsible enough to threaten default, to threaten an economic shutdown, to suggest America not pay its bills, just to try to blackmail a president into giving them some concessions on issues that have nothing to do with a budget."[193] Obama also said that money in politics and Citizens United contributed to the shutdown, saying, "You have some ideological extremist who has a big bankroll, and they can entirely skew our politics."[194]

House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi referred to the event as the "Tea Party Shutdown"[195] and described the House Republicans who passed a bill linking the new budget with defunding the Affordable Care Act "legislative arsonists."[196] Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell called the shutdown the prize of the Democratic leaders in Congress.[197]

On October 7, 2013, in an interview on MSNBC, Senator Bernie Sanders stated, "The real issue here, if you look at the Koch Brothers' agenda, is: look at what many of the extreme right-wing people believe. Obamacare is just the tip of the iceberg. These people want to abolish the concept of the minimum wage, they want to privatize the Veteran's Administration, they want to privatize Social Security, end Medicare as we know it, massive cuts in Medicaid, wipe out the EPA, you don't have an Environmental Protection Agency anymore, Department of Energy gone, Department of Education gone. That is the agenda. And many people don't understand that the Koch Brothers have poured hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars into the tea party and two other kinds of ancillary organizations to push this agenda."[198][199] Later, during the shutdown, Sanders would return to the theme of financial influence, saying "Right now, as we speak, in the House of Representatives there are people who are being threatened that if they vote for a clean CR [continuing resolution to reopen the government] that huge sums of money will be spent against them in the next election."[200]

The United States Chamber of Commerce, a business lobby group, called for the election of "people who understand the free market and not silliness".[201]

By the end of the shutdown, public and behind-the-scenes disagreements over the strategy to defund the ACA led to reports of a "civil war" within the Republican Party.[201][202] High-ranking party members were angry that colleagues forcing a shutdown had backed them into a corner and left them shouldering much of the blame. Minority Leader Mitch McConnell stated party leadership had come to the conclusion in July that defunding the ACA had no chance of succeeding,[203] while senator Kelly Ayotte started a "lynch mob" against Ted Cruz in a closed-door meeting with other Republican members, demanding that he and his backers stop attacking party members for not supporting the defunding effort. Many other Republicans publicly criticized Cruz, including John McCain, Lindsey Graham, and Bob Corker.[204] Tea Party members responded: Cruz blamed the failure to get meaningful concessions from Democrats on moderate Senate Republicans for refusing to back their colleagues in the House, the Senate Conservatives Fund began sending out emails attacking McConnell for his role in ending the shutdown, and Sarah Palin suggested high-ranking moderate Republicans who voted in favor of the final bill would be targeted by Tea Party members in primary challenges. Representative Peter King suggested this in-fighting was aiding Democrats, and has led to questions over whether "friendly fire" could jeopardize Republican chances of winning the Senate and maintaining control over the House.[202]

Financial markets Edit

U.S. financial markets rose the next day as investors weighed the effects of the shutdown.[205] In the UK, markets fell.[206] On October 7, a week after the start of the shutdown, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell below 15,000 to end at 14,936,[207] but recovered at the week's end to finish at 15,237 on October 11.[208]

Public opinion Edit

Prior to the beginning of the shutdown Edit

Prior to the shutdown, surveys of public opinion had shown that general sentiment among the American public about the Affordable Care Act was divided, with slightly more opposed to the act than in favor of it. For example, a Kaiser Family Foundation survey in September 2013 found that approximately 43% of Americans opposed the health care reform law while 39% viewed it favorably, numbers largely unchanged since 2011.[209] Half of the public also said in September 2013, just days before major provisions of the law were scheduled to be implemented, that they did not have enough information about the law to know how it would affect their families;[209] and 68% mistakenly believed or were unsure whether the law would establish a government-run health insurance plan (often referred to as a "public option") to compete with plans from private health insurance companies—which it would not.[209]

Surveys conducted in September as congressional budget negotiations stalled showed that, despite the reservations many had about the Affordable Care Act, most Americans were opposed to the possibility of a shutdown, and most wanted the funding for the health care law to be handled separately from the negotiations over funding of general government operations.[210][211] A CBS/New York Times poll found that 80% of Americans overall said threatening a government shutdown was not an acceptable way to negotiate.[210] Several polls showed that most Americans opposed defunding the Affordable Care Act if demanding in the negotiations that the law be defunded would lead to a government shutdown (or to shutdown and default),[212][213][214] including a poll conducted for the Republican members of Congress and a poll for the conservative advocacy group Crossroads GPS.[213]

Tea Party Republicans were the only group that said funding for the health care law should be cut off even if it led to a shutdown.[213][214] A Pew poll found that 71% of Tea Party Republicans said lawmakers who shared their views should stand by their principles and refuse to compromise in budget negotiations even if that would lead to a shutdown (compared to 18% of Democrats, 36% of independents, and 49% of Republicans overall).[215] In a CNBC poll, 54% of Tea Party Republicans said they wanted the Affordable Care Act defunded even if it meant a government shutdown.[214]

After shutdown had begun Edit

Opinion surveys conducted after the shutdown began to show wide dissatisfaction with the performance of government leaders, especially with members of Congress. More Americans blamed congressional Republicans for the shutdown than blamed congressional Democrats or the President.[citation needed]

In a Fox News poll conducted during the first two days of the shutdown, 42% of registered voters blamed Republicans for the shutdown (17% blamed 'Republican leaders' and 25% blamed 'Tea Party Republicans such as Ted Cruz'); while 32% blamed Democrats (24% blamed 'President Obama' and 8% blamed 'Democratic leaders'). The rest, 20%, said all sides were to blame.[216]

A Gallup poll conducted during the first week of the shutdown found that the percentage of Americans with a favorable opinion of the Republican Party had fallen to the lowest level for either party since Gallup began measuring party favorability in 1992, with only 28% of Americans saying they now had a favorable opinion of the Republican Party, down 10 points from September, before the shutdown. The Democratic Party had a 43% favorable rating, down 4 points from the previous month. President Obama's job approval was at 44%, about the same as when the shutdown began.[217] The same poll found a near all-time low approval rating of Congress at only 11%, a drop from 19% in September.[218] An NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll similarly found the public's support for the Republican Party at a historic low, with only 24% saying they viewed the party favorably. The public blamed the Republicans for the shutdown more than the President by 53% to 31%, a greater margin than had been the case during the last shutdown, in 1995–1996.[219] An ABC News/Washington Post poll also conducted during the first week of the shutdown found that Americans disapproved of the government leaders' handling of the shutdown by wide margins: 70% disapproved of congressional Republicans' handling of budget negotiations, 61% disapproved of congressional Democrats', and 51% disapproved of President Obama's.[220] (Disapproval of the Republicans' and Democrats' behavior in the budget talks had risen since the week before the shutdown began, but Obama's had remained the same.)

In addition, according to the NBC/Wall Street Journal poll, Republican efforts to defund or delay the Affordable Care Act through a government shutdown had caused an increase in popular approval of the law, from 31%, just before the shutdown, to 38%.[221][222]

A CNN/ORC poll conducted October 18–20, after the end of the shutdown, found that nearly 8 out of 10 respondents said the shutdown was bad for the country, and that more than 7 out of 10 thought another shutdown was likely. CNN Polling Director Keating Holland said, "Six in 10 Americans now believe that the tea party movement is too extreme; only one in four consider it to be generally mainstream." 56% of survey participants said the Republican party was too extreme, up 8% from March; 42% said the Democratic party was too extreme, with no change from March. Half said Republicans were more responsible for the shutdown, compared to one-third who said the President was more to blame. 75% of those surveyed said most Republican members of Congress did not deserve re-election, while 54% said most Democratic members of Congress did not deserve re-election. Only 14% of respondents said they were satisfied with the way the country was being governed, down 11% since March, and worse than September 1973 during the Watergate scandal when 26% felt that way.[223]

Tourism Edit

The closure of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island caused frustration to many tourists, especially for those who were from outside of the United States. Signs near the entrance of the Statue of Liberty ferry posted on October 1 to inform tourists of the closure and provide information on another option of sightseeing tour by ferry.[224] The ferry operator also had staff to turn away many would-be visitors who were disappointed and angry with the decision to close the monument.[225][226] On October 11, Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the state of New York had reached a deal with the federal government to open up the statue with New York state funding.[227] The Statue of Liberty reopened on October 13. [228]

Tourists at other overseas locations, such as the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in France, were also outraged by the closures. Many American tourists did not realize that such locations outside of the United States would be affected. Some expressed their frustration and embarrassment to the media.[229][230]

Media pundits Edit

 
Cover of the October 1, 2013 New York Daily News

Liberal commentators stated that Fox News featured criticism of Obama and minimization of the impact of the shutdown, referring to it as a "slimdown", while also acknowledging the political damage from the House Republican' shutdown strategy.[231][232] Other pieces criticized the media coverage of the shutdown overall, ranging from accusations of false balance,[233] hypocrisy in coverage,[234] outsized claims of political impact,[235] and on whom to blame at all.[236]

Conservative Thomas Sowell said "Since we cannot read minds, we cannot say who — if anybody — 'wants to shut down the government.' But we do know who had the option to keep the government running and chose not to. The money voted by the House of Representatives covered everything that the government does, except for Obamacare."[237]

Economist Paul Krugman wrote that the Republican House leadership were the party's "delusional wing," and that "reasonable people know that Mr. Obama can't and won't let himself be blackmailed in this way. After all, once he starts making concessions to people who threaten to blow up the world economy unless they get what they want, he might as well tear up the Constitution."[238]

On October 7, 2013, columnist Jim Geraghty of National Review Online accused Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of sadism for refusing to bring mini-continuing resolutions to the Senate floor for a vote, saying that "Harry Reid doesn't want to minimize the pain of the shutdown. He wants to maximize it."[239] Before the shutdown, Harry Reid said "the American people will not be extorted by Tea Party anarchists."[240]

International reactions Edit

State

United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron stated the shutdown should serve as a reminder on how public expenditure should be prudently controlled, otherwise a deficit is inevitable. The statement came to reinforce the unpopular austerity measures and promote them as being necessary. He also indicated in an interview with BBC Radio 4, that the U.S. inability to finalize its spending plan will impose a huge risk on the global economy.[241]

Media

Jonathan Kay of the National Post wrote, "America's gerrymandered primary system, which often provides a boost for the most radicalized candidates, explains much of the difference [with American politics]. In Canadian politics, comparing universal medicine to a Nazi plot gets you thrown out of the party. In the United States, it makes you the front-runner."[242] David Blanchflower of The Independent wrote, "every country is in it together. Americans sneeze and Brits catch the flu."[243] Anthony Zurcher of the BBC wrote, "For most of the world, a government shutdown is very bad news – the result of revolution, invasion or disaster. Even in the middle of its ongoing civil war, the Syrian government has continued to pay its bills and workers' wages."[244] The News writes from Mexico that American leaders "are facing the unthinkable prospect of shutting down the government as they squabble over the inconsequential accomplishment of a 10-week funding extension. It isn't serious, but it certainly isn't funny."[245]

People's Republic of China — An editorial in the state-run Xinhua News Agency, the official press agency of the country, said that the shutdown exposed again the "ugly side of partisan politics" and has "disappointed voters". It also called it a "bizarre" development and warned that the damage will multiply "if the drama drags on".[246]

Debate over national park closures Edit

 
Some visitors were granted entry to the World War II Memorial on Sunday, October 6.
 
US Park Police guarded the barricaded World War II Memorial while allowing some groups to enter.

Related images...
 
Grand Teton National Park shutdown

The Atlantic wrote that "National Park Service closures have become the most visible face of the shutdown."[247] All 401 units of the National Park System were closed to the public during the shutdown, as Congress had not appropriated funding for their operations and maintenance. State and county parks, as well as beach parks and trails, remained open. [248] Some conservative pundits, including RNC Chairman Reince Priebus and some Republican lawmakers, including Senator Ted Cruz, charged that some of the closures were unnecessary and overzealously enforced at the behest of the Obama administration.[249][250][251][252][253] The National Park Service responded that it is legally mandated to protect national park lands and, in the absence of available staff to patrol, maintain and administer the areas, must close them to the public. The vast majority of the agency's staff were furloughed, leaving only a limited number of law enforcement rangers and firefighters on duty to protect life and property.[254][255][256][257] A NPS press release said the shutdown of national parks would result in losses of $76 million a day in tourism-related sales among local communities.[184] Richard Seamon, a law professor at the University of Idaho and former assistant solicitor general, told the Christian Science Monitor that the NPS risked vandalism, crime and legal liability if it left its properties open to the public during the shutdown. "If I were a lawyer for the Park Service, I'd advise it in no uncertain terms to close the parks to the public during the government shutdown, because it would be irresponsible to do otherwise. There are bound to be accidents or crimes that would have been avoided or ameliorated had officials been on duty to respond or patrol." Leaving the parks open, he said, "would be a veritable open season for criminals".[258] A number of privately funded and privately operated enterprises, such as the Claude Moore Colonial Farm, were also required to close because they operate on or within National Park Service property that has been closed to the public. Various concession-operated visitor amenities were also closed because the NPS staff who oversee concessionaires have been furloughed, preventing the agency from managing and directing concession operations.[257][259][260] Pisgah Inn, a private business on the Blue Ridge Parkway which operates under a concession agreement with the NPS, attempted to defy the closure order. On October 4, park rangers blocked the entrance to the inn and turned away visitors.[261][262][263] Later the owner filed a legal complaint, and the Department of Interior allowed the lodge to reopen on October 9, 2013, in exchange for dropping the complaint.[264]

On the first day of the shutdown, a large group of World War II veterans participating in an Honor Flight trip from Mississippi to the National World War II Memorial ignored the closure by the National Park Service and entered the memorial, alongside members of Congress of both political parties.[265] The National Park Service declared that the gathering was protected by the First Amendment and rangers allowed the veterans to enter. The memorial is normally open to the public and patrolled by the U.S. Park Police 24 hours daily, and staffed by interpretive park rangers from 9:30 a.m. to 11:30 p.m.[266][267][268]

While visiting the memorial on October 2, Congressman Randy Neugebauer publicly scolded a National Park Service ranger who was enforcing the agency's closure.[269][270] As ordered by their superiors, the park rangers on duty at the memorial had been allowing World War II veterans into the site, but asking the general public to leave.[269] A video recording taken by an NBC journalist showed Neugebauer angrily challenging the unidentified ranger, asking her, "How can you look at them ... and deny them access?" When she replied that it was "difficult", the congressman added that the "Park Service should be ashamed of themselves." The ranger responded, "I'm not ashamed," to which the congressman shot back: "well, you should be."[269][270][271][272] Neugebauer's actions were widely criticized in major media.[273][274][275] The Kansas City Star editorialized that Neugebauer was "full of misplaced moral outrage" and was wrong to attack the ranger publicly — "a public servant, handling a bad situation with much more professionalism than the self-important Neugebauer displayed",[276] and a Congressional ethics complaint was proposed by a Congressional watch group.[269] Neugebauer has said that his words were taken out of context.[269][277] David McCumber, the Washington bureau chief of Hearst Newspapers, said Neugebauer had shown "staggering hypocrisy" in attacking a ranger for enforcing the closure the congressman had helped create.[278]

At Acadia National Park, a hiker who was violating the closure order fell and injured her knee on October 5. All four rangers on duty were required to respond (along with a team of five search and rescue volunteers) in order to carry the hiker out of the park on a litter. Park ranger Ed Pontbriand said the situation illustrated the reason why closing the park to the public was necessary. "We're so short of staff, we can't handle major incidents in the park. That's why we're asking people to do the right thing and honor the closure," he said.[279]

Some states petitioned the Department of Interior to use state funds to reopen operations of specific popular National Park Service areas in October for tourists. Utah Governor Gary Herbert wired $1.67 million to the Department of Interior to reopen eight national parks in Utah for at least 10 days. Arizona agreed to reopen the Grand Canyon. New York reached a deal to reopen the Statue of Liberty. Colorado funded Rocky Mountain National Park operations. South Dakota wanted to partially re-open Mount Rushmore, but the National Park Service said only a full operation would be considered.[280] On October 14, 2013, Mount Rushmore reopened on a day-by-day basis, with part of the $15,200 per day cost funded by donations.[281] Congressmen introduced legislation to reimburse states willing to fund national park operations during the shutdown.[280][282]

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ The tax-exempt Freedom Partners, linked to the Koch brothers, distributed over $200 million in 2012 to non-profit organizations opposing the Affordable Care Act.[45] Recipients included Heritage Action, Tea Party Patriots, and the Center to Protect Patient Rights.[45] The Center to Protect Patient Rights in turn donated to groups calling themselves the "Repeal Coalition", including American Commitment and 60 Plus Association, which sent a letter in August urging Republicans to delay the Affordable Care Act in any budget deal.[45] The group Conservative 50 Plus Alliance also sent a petition with over 68,000 signatures to the Senate.[45] In response to statements made about the Koch brothers by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, Philip Ellender, Koch Industries president of government and public affairs, sent a letter to Senate offices on October 9, 2013 saying that Reid claimed "Koch was behind the shutdown of the federal government." According to the Los Angeles Times, Ellender sought to distance Koch Industries from the Koch brothers themselves, saying Koch Industries had not taken a position on the tactic of tying the continuing resolution to defund Obamacare. Sheila Krumholz said Ellender was technically correct in his effort to distinguish Koch Industries from the Koch brothers, but said "it's a distinction without a difference." The Los Angeles Times went on to mention the Koch brothers' connections to Americans for Prosperity, the Heritage Action Fund, and Freedom Partners.[47]

References Edit

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  13. ^ Espo, David (September 30, 2013). "Republican Unity Frays As Government Shutdown Looms". Huffington Post. Associated Press.
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  15. ^ Weisman, Jonathan; Peters, Jeremy W. (September 30, 2013). "Government Near Broad Shutdown in Budget Impasse". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
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  25. ^ Fabian, Jordan (April 13, 2010). "Gingrich: government shutdown could happen over healthcare battle". The Hill.
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External links Edit

  • Government Shutdown coverage by CBS News
  • US government shutdown 2013 collected news and commentary at The Guardian  
  • "Fiscal Crisis: Continuing Coverage of the Budget Debates". The New York Times. October 17, 2013.

Further reading Edit

  • Draper, Robert (April 24, 2012). Do Not Ask What Good We Do: Inside the U.S. House of Representatives. Free Press.
2013, united, states, federal, government, shutdown, from, october, october, 2013, united, states, federal, government, entered, shutdown, curtailed, most, routine, operations, because, neither, legislation, appropriating, funds, fiscal, year, 2014, continuing. From October 1 to October 17 2013 the United States federal government entered a shutdown and curtailed most routine operations because neither legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year 2014 nor a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year 2014 was enacted in time Regular government operations resumed October 17 after an interim appropriations bill was signed into law A government shutdown notice posted on October 1 2013 1 During the shutdown approximately 800 000 federal employees were indefinitely furloughed and another 1 3 million were required to report to work without known payment dates Only those government services deemed excepted under the Antideficiency Act were continued and only those employees deemed excepted were permitted to report to work 2 The previous U S federal government shutdown was in 1995 96 3 4 The 16 day long shutdown of October 2013 is the third longest government shutdown in U S history after the 35 day 2018 2019 shutdown and the 21 day 1995 96 shutdown A funding gap was created when the two chambers of Congress failed to agree to an appropriations continuing resolution The Republican led House of Representatives encouraged by Ted Cruz 5 6 and a handful of other Republican senators 7 and conservative groups such as Heritage Action 8 9 10 offered several continuing resolutions with language delaying or defunding the Affordable Care Act commonly known as Obamacare The Democratic led Senate passed several amended continuing resolutions for maintaining funding at then current sequestration levels with no additional conditions Political fights over this and other issues between the House on one side and President Barack Obama and the Senate on the other led to a budget impasse which threatened massive disruption 11 12 13 The deadlock centered on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 which was passed by the House of Representatives on September 20 2013 The Senate stripped the bill of the measures related to the Affordable Care Act and passed it in revised form on September 27 2013 The House reinstated the Senate removed measures and passed it again in the early morning hours on September 29 14 The Senate declined to pass the bill with measures to delay the Affordable Care Act and the two legislative houses did not develop a compromise bill by the end of September 30 2013 causing the federal government to shut down due to a lack of appropriated funds at the start of the new 2014 federal fiscal year Also on October 1 2013 many aspects of the Affordable Care Act implementation took effect 15 The health insurance exchanges created by the Affordable Care Act launched as scheduled on October 1 16 Much of the Affordable Care Act is funded by previously authorized and mandatory spending rather than discretionary spending and the presence or lack of a continuing resolution did not affect it Some of the law s funds also come from multiple year and no year discretionary funds that are not affected by a lack of a continuing resolution 17 Late in the evening of October 16 2013 Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act 2014 and President Obama signed it shortly after midnight on October 17 ending the government shutdown and suspending the debt limit until February 7 2014 18 According to a Washington Post ABC News poll conducted several months following the shutdown 81 of Americans disapproved of the shutdown 86 felt it had damaged the United States image in the world and 53 held Republicans in Congress accountable for the shutdown 19 Contents 1 Background 2 Preceding events 2 1 Republicans 2010 congressional victory 2 2 Renewed efforts in 2013 2 3 The Mark Meadows and Mike Lee letters 2 4 September 2013 3 The shutdown 3 1 House legislative rule for the Appropriations Continuing Resolution 3 2 Unsuccessful attempts to restore funding 3 2 1 Mini appropriations bills in House 3 2 2 Collins proposal 3 3 Debt ceiling 3 3 1 Potential effects 3 4 End of shutdown and temporary debt limit suspension 4 Effects 4 1 Domestic effects 4 1 1 Effect on federal government operations 4 1 2 Internal Revenue Service delays 4 1 3 Effects on non profit organizations 4 1 4 Effect on businesses 4 1 5 Effect on Native Americans 4 1 6 Effect on the District of Columbia 4 1 7 Effect on asylum and immigration 4 1 8 Effect on shelters for domestic violence victims 4 1 9 Effect on Title IX and Clery Act investigations 4 1 10 Effect on programs for children 4 2 Effects on United States foreign policy 4 2 1 Asia Pacific 4 2 2 Europe 4 3 Economic effect 5 Reactions 5 1 Domestic political 5 2 Financial markets 5 3 Public opinion 5 3 1 Prior to the beginning of the shutdown 5 3 2 After shutdown had begun 5 4 Tourism 5 5 Media pundits 5 6 International reactions 5 7 Debate over national park closures 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 10 Further readingBackground EditSee also 2014 United States federal budget The United States Constitution requires government spending be approved in bills passed by the United States Congress Some government functions such as the Federal Reserve System are completely self funded Others like Social Security and Medicare are partially self funded but may be subject to administrative shutdowns and failures if the government fails to meet its financial obligations Some programs are fully or partially funded for multiple years and some are funded every year The legislation that sets government spending is called appropriations legislation Since the 1990s Congress has often failed to pass the twelve to thirteen appropriation bills that set government wide spending often passing continuing resolutions CR to extend existing spending law at or near current levels and omnibus bills that combine many appropriations bills into one Budget negotiations can be difficult when the president is not of the party that controls one or both houses of Congress The last budget was passed on April 29 2009 20 If the Congress fails to pass budgetary approval by the end of the fiscal year a funding gap results The Antideficiency Act requires government functions not excepted by the Act to begin shutting down immediately so that the Constitutional authority of Congress over spending is not breached The Office of Management and Budget provides agencies with annual instructions on how to prepare for and operate during a funding gap according to the Antideficiency Act 4 Technically seventeen federal government shutdowns precede the October 2013 shutdown Most were partial or for single days or weekends and involved few if any furloughs The first was in 1976 Only the shutdowns of 1995 96 involved the whole federal government and were longer than four days Preceding events EditRepublicans 2010 congressional victory Edit The tensions that would ultimately produce the 2013 shutdown began to take shape after Republicans strengthened by the emergence of the Tea Party won back a majority of the seats in the House of Representatives from the Democrats in 2010 21 22 23 24 Even at that time some conservative activists and Tea Party affiliated politicians were already calling on congressional Republicans to be willing to shut down the government in order to force congressional Democrats and the President to agree to deep cuts in spending and to repeal the Affordable Care Act which had been signed into law only a few months earlier Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich a Republican who had presided over Congress during the last government shutdowns 15 years earlier said in April 2010 that if Republicans won back control of Congress in the 2010 election they should remove any funding for the Affordable Care Act in any appropriations bills they passed Gingrich said Republicans needed to be ready to stand on principle and should refuse to fund the new healthcare law even if their refusal would result in a shutdown of the government 25 As the November 2010 congressional elections drew near Rep Lynn Westmoreland a Republican from Georgia said that if the Republicans won a majority of seats in the House they would pass appropriation bills that the President would veto leading to a government shutdown Westmoreland told supporters We have put Band Aids on some things that need to be cleaned out That is going to take some pain There s going to have to be some pain for us to do some things that we ve got to do to right the ship 26 27 Sen Mike Lee of Utah then running for office as the Republican Party s nominee said that although a shutdown would be frustrating for many and an inconvenience it might be absolutely necessary to make it politically possible to restructure federal spending 28 Conservative political commentator Erick Erickson wrote I m almost giddy thinking about a government shutdown next year I cannot wait 29 Although the November 2010 election left Republicans in control of the House Democrats remained in control of the Senate and the White House resulting in a division of power that would lead to a series of clashes over spending priorities and other policy matters In early 2011 some Republicans threatened to force a shutdown unless the President and Democratic controlled Senate agreed to much deeper spending cuts Rep Joe Walsh of Illinois said the country might need a government shutdown as a form of shock therapy to raise awareness of the state of the federal government s finances 30 Conservative activists held rallies in early 2011 urging Republican lawmakers to shut down the government if necessary to push Democrats to agree to Republican budgetary proposals 31 When Democrats said a government shutdown would have catastrophic effects on the economy and would hurt American families many conservatives said Democrats were overstating the severity of the effects a shutdown would produce 31 A Gallup poll of public opinion showed that the majority of Republicans were in favor of shutting down the government rather than having congressional Republicans accept a compromise budget plan while the majority of Americans overall including majorities of Democrats and of independents preferred that lawmakers reach a compromise deal 31 32 In April 2011 Republicans in the House of Representatives threatened to shut down the government unless the Senate and the President agreed to further spending cuts as well as to cuts in federal funding for Planned Parenthood and other birth control providers and to curtailing the Environmental Protection Agency s authority to enforce the Clean Air Act and carbon dioxide emissions 31 33 House Republicans gave Speaker John Boehner an ovation when he informed them that he was advising the House Administration Committee to begin preparations for a possible shutdown 34 A budget deal was agreed to less than two hours before a shutdown would have begun 35 Several similar funding crises resulting from disagreements over budgetary policy ensued in the following three years with shutdowns being narrowly averted by last minute deals each time 36 37 38 39 40 Congressional Republicans remained committed to eliminating or undermining the Affordable Care Act taking more than 40 largely symbolic votes passing bills to repeal or defund the act which the Democratic controlled Senate rejected or refused to consider 41 42 Renewed efforts in 2013 Edit In January 2013 Republican Sen John Cornyn of Texas wrote that it may be necessary to partially shut down the government in order to secure the long term fiscal well being of our country rather than plod along the path of Greece Italy and Spain 43 The New York Times later reported that soon after Obama began his second term that month a coalition of conservative activists led by former Reagan administration Attorney General Ed Meese who is also an emeritus fellow of the conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation 44 began developing plans to defund the Affordable Care Act 45 They strategized that they would be able to block implementation of the Affordable Care Act if they could persuade congressional Republicans to threaten cutting off financing for the entire federal government 45 Meese s coalition produced a blueprint to defunding Obamacare The plan which said Conservatives should not approve a CR continuing resolution unless it defunds Obamacare 46 was signed by leaders of more than three dozen conservative groups 45 As reported by The New York Times conservative activists supported by funds from the billionaire Koch brothers and conservative political action committees worked with Tea Party affiliated members of Congress such as Senators Ted Cruz and Mike Lee to promote an appropriations bill that would exclude funds for the Affordable Care Act Notes 1 The Mark Meadows and Mike Lee letters Edit nbsp Sen Ted Cruz nbsp Sen Mike Lee nbsp Rep Mark Meadows In July and August 2013 Sen Mike Lee along with fellow Tea Party affiliated Senators Ted Cruz of Texas 48 Marco Rubio of Florida 48 49 and Rand Paul of Kentucky 48 lobbied their colleagues in the Senate to support a letter written by Lee calling for defunding the Affordable Care Act The letter was eventually signed by 19 senators although 5 of the co signatories later withdrew their support 50 51 Freshman Rep Mark Meadows of North Carolina circulated a similar letter in the House of Representatives that was signed by 80 House members 50 52 53 The New York Daily News wrote that it was Meadows letter that had put the federal government on the road to shutdown 54 noting that calls to defund the Affordable Care Act through spending bills languished until Meadows wrote an open letter on August 21 2013 to House Speaker John Boehner and Majority Leader Eric Cantor asking them to defund the Affordable Care Act in any appropriations bills brought to the House floor 52 55 CNN described Meadows as the architect of the brink for his letter 53 Joshua Withrow of the Tea Party group FreedomWorks which had endorsed the Meese coalition s plan months earlier 46 explained the overall strategy writing in August 2013 that the continuing resolution due to expire September 30 must be renewed in order for the doors to stay open in Washington The CR is the best chance we will get to withdraw funds from Obamacare This can be done by attaching bills by Senator Ted Cruz R TX or Congressman Tom Graves R GA to the CR which will totally defund Obamacare 56 He added Senator Mike Lee R UT and Congressman Mark Meadows R NC are leading the charge to get their colleagues to commit to this approach by putting their signatures to a letter affirming that they will refuse to vote for a CR that contains Obamacare funding 56 Senators who signed Sen Mike Lee s letter19 Senators all Republicans signed Mike Lee s letter 56 Signed the letterJeffrey Chiesa NJ Mike Crapo ID Ted Cruz TX Mike Enzi WY Deb Fischer NE Chuck Grassley IA Jim Inhofe OK Mike Lee UT Rand Paul KY Jim Risch ID Pat Roberts KS Marco Rubio FL John Thune SD David Vitter LA Signed but later withdrew supportKelly Ayotte NH John Boozman AR John Cornyn TX Mark Kirk IL Roger Wicker MS Representatives who signed Rep Mark Meadows letter80 Representatives all Republicans signed Mark Meadows letter 56 Justin Amash MI 3 Michele Bachmann MN 6 Andy Barr KY 6 Joe Barton TX 6 Dan Benishek MI 1 Kerry Bentivolio MI 11 Gus Bilirakis FL 12 Rob Bishop UT 1 Diane Black TN 6 Jim Bridenstine OK 1 Mo Brooks AL 5 Paul Broun GA 10 Bill Cassidy LA 6 Steve Chabot OH 1 Howard Coble NC 6 Doug Collins GA 9 Mike Conaway TX 11 Paul Cook CA 8 Rick Crawford AR 1 Steve Daines MT AL Rodney Davis IL 13 Ron DeSantis FL 6 Jeff Duncan SC 3 Jimmy Duncan TN 2 Blake Farenthold TX 27 Chuck Fleischmann TN 3 John Fleming LA 4 Bill Flores TX 17 Trent Franks AZ 8 Phil Gingrey GA 11 Louie Gohmert TX 1 Paul Gosar AZ 4 Sam Graves MO 6 Tom Graves GA 14 Tim Griffin AR 2 Ralph Hall TX 4 George Holding NC 13 Richard Hudson NC 8 Tim Huelskamp KS 1 Bill Huizenga MI 2 Randy Hultgren IL 14 Walter B Jones Jr NC 3 Jim Jordan OH 4 Steve King IA 4 Jack Kingston GA 1 Raul Labrador ID 1 Doug LaMalfa CA 1 Doug Lamborn CO 5 Cynthia Lummis WY AL Kenny Marchant TX 24 Tom Marino PA 10 Thomas Massie KY 4 Tom McClintock CA 4 Luke Messer IN 6 Mick Mulvaney SC 5 Randy Neugebauer TX 19 Steven Palazzo MS 4 Steve Pearce NM 2 Scott Perry PA 4 Joe Pitts PA 16 Ted Poe TX 2 Mike Pompeo KS 4 Bill Posey FL 8 Phil Roe TN 1 Todd Rokita IN 4 Keith Rothfus PA 12 Matt Salmon AZ 5 Steve Scalise LA 1 Aaron Schock IL 18 David Schweikert AZ 6 Jim Sensenbrenner WI 5 Jason Smith MO 8 Steve Stockman TX 36 Marlin Stutzman IN 3 Tim Walberg MI 7 Jackie Walorski IN 2 Randy Weber TX 14 Brad Wenstrup OH 2 Joe Wilson SC 2 Ted Yoho FL 3 Conservative groups ran negative media campaigns to pressure Congressional Republicans who had doubted the strategy into supporting it Republican Richard Burr the senior Senator from North Carolina called threatening a shutdown over the Affordable Care Act the dumbest idea I ve ever heard of 50 In response the Senate Conservatives Fund bought a radio ad against Burr 45 The fund also ran radio ads against Republican Senators for not joining the effort to defund the Affordable Care Act including Lindsey Graham of South Carolina Lamar Alexander of Tennessee Johnny Isakson of Georgia and Thad Cochran of Mississippi 50 Heritage Action which opened operations in North Carolina in January 2011 57 ran critical Internet ads in the districts of 100 Republican lawmakers who did not sign Meadows letter 45 Support for the plan spread among Republican congressional leaders Referring to Meadows letter David Wasserman of the nonpartisan Cook Political Report told The New York Times They ve been hugely influential When else in our history has a freshman member of Congress from North Carolina been able to round up a gang of 80 that s essentially ground the government to a halt 45 In August and September 2013 Heritage Action 45 58 Tea Party Patriots ForAmerica and five other Tea Party groups 59 60 embarked on nationwide tours to pressure Republican members of Congress to join the effort to defund the Affordable Care Act In early September Tea Party Patriots created a defunding tool kit which included talking points in case House Republicans were blamed for a shutdown 45 60 The suggested answer was We are simply calling to fund the entire government except for the Affordable Care Act Obamacare 45 September 2013 Edit With Congress having failed to agree by late September 2013 on the budget for the fiscal year beginning October 1 members of the Senate proposed a resolution to continue funding the government at sequestration levels through December 2013 as a stop gap measure to allow more time to negotiate over final funding levels for the full fiscal year 61 Republican Senators Ted Cruz Mike Lee and others then demanded a delay of or change to the Affordable Care Act in exchange for passing the resolution On September 24 Cruz gave a 21 hour speech in the Senate to draw attention to his goals 62 As the shutdown loomed on September 27 The Washington Post reported that several Republican members of Congress made public statements expressing approval of the impending shutdown Rep Michele Bachmann said We re very excited It s exactly what we wanted and we got it People will be very grateful Rep John Culberson said It s wonderful We re 100 percent united 63 In an interview with Fox news host Sean Hannity Bachmann said that she believes there has been strong unity between conservatives on almost every budget vote Bachmann said This is about the happiest I ve seen members in a long time because we see we are starting to win this dialogue on a national level 64 Bachmann later disputed having made such a statement about being happy the government was shut down telling CNN that she had been misquoted by the Washington Post She provided a full quotation and a recording of the statement indicating the statement was about excitement for the opportunity to vote on delaying the Affordable Care Act funding and implementation by a year 65 On September 30 the Republican led House sent many proposals to continue funding the government through December while delaying or blocking the Affordable Care Act each of which were blocked by the Democratic led Senate 66 Even if the Senate had agreed to House demands President Obama threatened to veto any bill that would delay the Affordable Care Act 67 With only an hour before the start of the shutdown Republicans in the House attempted to start budget conference committee negotiations Senate Democrats who had attempted to start such negotiations 18 times since January and been stopped by the Republicans each time balked Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid stated We will not go to conference with a gun to our head while Senate Budget Committee Chairwoman Patty Murray criticized the move as an attempt by Speaker Boehner to distract from his constantly changing list of demands 68 Some Republicans began to re frame the shutdown battle in purely political rather than policy terms with Indiana representative Marlin Stutzman telling the conservative Washington Examiner on October 1 We have to get something out of this And I don t know what that even is 69 The shutdown EditHouse legislative rule for the Appropriations Continuing Resolution Edit The template below Overly detailed is being considered for merging See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia s inclusion policy October 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message A new rule for the consideration of the Senate s amended version of the continuing resolution was approved by the House October 1 2013 at 1 10 AM legislative day September 30 The rule House Resolution 368 was reported to the House floor for a vote by the Chairman of the House Rules Committee Rep Pete Sessions R TX 32 and the vote had 228 voting for the resolution 221 R and 7 D and 199 9 R and 190 D against adoption of the rule 70 71 H Res 368 changed the Standing Rule for the procedure for consideration of the Continuing Resolution H J Res 59 It states that any motion pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXII relating to House Joint Resolution 59 may be offered only by the Majority Leader or his designee which at the time was Eric Cantor or his designee H J Res 59 being the bill returned from the Senate to end the shutdown with continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2014 72 73 74 During the October 1 debate on H Res 368 Rep Louise Slaughter said to Rep Pete Sessions that under regular order of the House anyone can call for a vote on the Senate proposal but he had changed it so that only the majority leader can do it Sessions said that is correct adding that they are not trying to make a decision and that a call for a vote could have taken place almost effective immediately After some back and forth Sessions said that there could have been a call for a vote at any time Slaughter said I think you ve taken that away Sessions said We took that away Slaughter said Oh mercy It gets deeper and deeper 75 76 On October 12 2013 Maryland Rep Chris Van Hollen moved to bring the bill directly to the floor and made a parliamentary inquiry and required that the chair explain that the rule previously agreed for the bill had changed the Standing Rules so that no House member could move to consider a vote on the appropriations bill except for the Republican Majority Leader or his designee 74 Once the shutdown had begun on October 1 a group of 30 40 Republicans in the House continued to pressure House Speaker John Boehner to refuse to allow a vote on any funding resolution that would not block or further delay the Affordable Care Act 77 78 79 Unsuccessful attempts to restore funding Edit Several media organizations reported that House Democrats were ready to join with moderate House Republicans to pass a clean continuing resolution without amendments to defund the Affordable Care Act 18 Republicans and all 200 Democrats would have been needed to pass the resolution 80 81 82 House Speaker John Boehner initially would not allow a vote on such a resolution 83 Mini appropriations bills in House Edit On October 2 the House of Representatives proposed several piecemeal bills to fund national parks and museums the National Institutes of Health and the city of Washington D C 84 After initially failing to reach 2 3 majority needed to suspend the rules jargon all three passed the House with bipartisan support 85 86 87 88 The Senate leadership and the President rejected these efforts arguing that they represented an attempt to reduce political pressure on the Republicans to resolve the shutdown by funding a few politically popular agencies while ignoring other important services The piecemeal bill for the NIH was criticized as an interference on the interlocking roles and responsibilities of public health agencies 89 Over the next week House Republicans continued this strategy with piecemeal bills for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children WIC and Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA 90 These bills continued to be opposed by most congressional Democrats and ignored by the Senate in favor of passing one full continuing resolution 91 92 The National Institutes of Health Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 2 2013 The bill would have provided funding for the National Institutes of Health the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health related research 93 The District of Columbia Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 2 2013 and would have provided funding for Washington D C 94 The National Park Service Operations Smithsonian Institution National Gallery of Art and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 2 2013 The bill would have provided funding for the National Park Service which is the United States federal agency that manages all national parks many national monuments and other conservation and historical properties It would also have provided funding for the Smithsonian Institution a group of museums and research centers and other major museums affected by the shutdown 95 The Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act H R 3230 passed the House on October 3 2013 The bill would have provided funding for the reserve components of the Armed Forces a list which is defined as including the Army National Guard of the United States the Army Reserve the Navy Reserve the Marine Corps Reserve the Air National Guard of the United States the Air Force Reserve and the Coast Guard Reserve The Congressional Budget Office reported the bill would result in a budget authority of 5 0 billion 96 The Veterans Benefits Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 3 2013 and would have provided funds for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to pay Veterans benefits and for the GI bill The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 4 2013 and would have provided funding for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children a federal assistance program of the Food and Nutrition Service FNS of the United States Department of Agriculture USDA for healthcare and nutrition of low income pregnant women breastfeeding women and infants and children under the age of five The Federal Emergency Management Agency Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 4 2013 and would have provided funding for the Federal Emergency Management Agency which is responsible for coordinating a response to disasters that occur in the United States and that overwhelm the resources of local and state authorities The Food and Drug Administration Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 7 2013 The bill would have provided funding for the Food and Drug Administration at the annual rate of 2 3 billion the same funding it received in FY 2013 97 The Head Start Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 passed the House on October 8 2013 The bill would have provided funding for the Head Start Program a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive education health nutrition and parent involvement services to low income children and their families 98 Collins proposal Edit On October 11 Senator Susan Collins R ME developed a proposal to lift the debt ceiling and end the shutdown Democrats in the Senate rejected this proposal because it would have locked sequestration budget cuts into law for the next six months Democratic senators wanted to negotiate an end to sequestration before then 99 100 Debt ceiling Edit Main article United States debt ceiling crisis of 2013 Analysts were concerned that the political gridlock would extend into mid October when Congress and the President must agree to raise the debt ceiling to avoid the prospect of defaulting on the public debt Following the debate over the debt ceiling in May 2013 the Treasury Department was forced to engage in extraordinary measures to fund the government In August 2013 the Treasury informed Congress that the extraordinary measures would be insufficient starting in mid October and further specified in late September that the U S would begin to default on its debts if a new debt ceiling was not approved by October 17 101 102 On October 2 President Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue stating that he would not reopen budget negotiations until Republicans agreed to passage of a bill raising the debt limit 103 On October 7 the Moody s bond credit rating agency released a memo stating that it was unlikely the U S would risk a default on its public debt and that the nation instead would continue to pay interest and principal on its debt 104 The memo further stated that the financial situation was more serious in 2011 than the 2013 problem 105 However such prioritizing of debt payments over all other needs would require that the government default on many other payment obligations likely including a wide array of business contracts employee salaries social insurance benefits and other programs The Council on Foreign Relations said that among the payments implicated were military wages Medicare and Social Security payments and unemployment support 106 Potential effects Edit Yalman Onaran of Bloomberg News wrote that the government s failure to raise the debt ceiling and pay its debt would halt a 5 trillion lending mechanism for investors who rely on Treasuries blow up borrowing costs for billions of people and companies ravage the dollar and throw the U S and world economies into a recession that probably would become a depression noting that a government default would be 23 times larger than the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy during the Great Recession 107 On October 15 2013 Fitch the credit rating agency placed the U S AAA ratings on rating watch negative as talks to increase the debt limit reached an impasse fueling concerns of congressional dysfunction and impending default 108 Japanese Finance Minister Taro Aso said that the debt limit would have an internationally significant impact On how the US situation could affect Japan he said I think this could likely result in a situation where the dollar will be sold and the yen will be bought The falling dollar is bad news for Japan s exporters a key driver of growth in the world s third largest economy because it erodes their repatriated profits 109 End of shutdown and temporary debt limit suspension Edit Following an unfruitful October 10 meeting between President Obama and House Republicans including Boehner Cantor and House Budget Committee chair and former vice presidential nominee Paul Ryan Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell concluded that the Republican House leadership s strategy had gone awry McConnell began looking for suggestions from Republican senators like Lamar Alexander who had already begun quietly negotiating with Democrat Chuck Schumer 110 Senators Schumer and Alexander came to an agreement on the 11th and scheduled a meeting between Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and McConnell for the following day 110 By the evening of the October 14 Reid and McConnell had likewise reached an agreement Boehner persuaded McConnell to delay a Senate vote in hopes of rallying his own caucus to end the shutdown on its own terms 110 111 Instead both bills Boehner proposed failed to receive full caucus support and Boehner elected not to bring the bills to the House floor There were accusations by conservative Republican House members that moderate Republicans had undercut the position of more conservative party members Republican Representative Charlie Dent of Pennsylvania in favor of a clean CR said Congress should have passed a bill to fund the government without policy strings attached weeks earlier Dent was quoted saying That s essentially what we re doing now People can blame me all they want but I was correct in my analysis and I d say a lot of those folks were not correct in theirs 111 Since Boehner was not willing to bring the two bills to the House floor without a majority of the Republican caucus supporting the bills the House was at an impasse and negotiating efforts within the Senate took the foreground On October 16 Reid and McConnell advanced their proposal which would fund the government through January 15 at sequestration levels and suspend the debt limit until February 7 The bill passed 81 to 18 with support from all of the Democrats in the Senate and 27 of the Republicans Eighteen Republicans voted to oppose it 111 112 113 Senate votes on the Reid McConnell bill to end the shutdown 113 Republicans who voted in favorLamar Alexander TN Kelly Ayotte NH John Barrasso WY Roy Blunt MO John Boozman AR Richard Burr NC Saxby Chambliss GA Jeffrey Chiesa NJ Dan Coats IN Thad Cochran MS Susan Collins ME Bob Corker TN Deb Fischer NE Jeff Flake AZ Lindsey Graham SC Orrin Hatch UT John Hoeven ND Johnny Isakson GA Mike Johanns NE Mark Kirk IL John McCain AZ Mitch McConnell KY Jerry Moran KS Lisa Murkowski AK Rob Portman OH John Thune SD Roger Wicker MS Republicans who voted againstTom Coburn OK John Cornyn TX Mike Crapo ID Ted Cruz TX Mike Enzi WY Charles Grassley IA Dean Heller NV Ron Johnson WI Mike Lee UT Rand Paul KY Jim Risch ID Pat Roberts KS Marco Rubio FL Tim Scott SC Jeff Sessions AL Richard Shelby AL Pat Toomey PA David Vitter LA Democrats who voted in favorAll 52 Senate Democrats voted in favor Independents who voted in favorAngus King ME Bernie Sanders VT Despite Republican efforts to strip the Affordable Care Act of funding or delay the law as part of a deal to reopen the government the Senate plan s only concession to the Republican leadership on the issue was stricter income verification rules for citizens accessing the health insurance exchanges With only hours to go before the government breached the debt limit Speaker Boehner admitted defeat in a radio interview stating We fought the good fight we just didn t win and furthermore said he would encourage House Republicans to vote in favor of the Senate plan despite an informal rule against advancing bills lacking a majority of Republican support 111 114 The House voted to approve the Senate s plan by 285 to 144 111 Democrats supported the bill unanimously 198 0 with two Democrats not voting 115 The Republican vote was 87 to 144 with one not voting 116 117 118 Republican leaders Boehner Cantor Whip Kevin McCarthy and Conference Chair Cathy McMorris Rodgers voted yes Paul Ryan and Michele Bachmann voted no 119 President Obama signed the bill just after midnight on October 17 2013 120 House Republicans who voted for the compromise 113 Spencer Bachus AL Lou Barletta PA Dan Benishek MI Gus Bilirakis FL John Boehner OH Charles Boustany LA Susan Brooks IN Vern Buchanan FL Ken Calvert CA Dave Camp MI Eric Cantor VA Shelley Moore Capito WV Howard Coble NC Mike Coffman CO Tom Cole OK Paul Cook CA Tom Cotton AR Kevin Cramer ND Rick Crawford AR Ander Crenshaw FL Steve Daines MT Rodney Davis IL Charlie Dent PA Mario Diaz Balart FL Mike Fitzpatrick PA Jeff Fortenberry NE Rodney Frelinghuysen NJ Cory Gardner CO Jim Gerlach PA Chris Gibson NY Tim Griffin AR Mike Grimm NY Brett Guthrie KY Richard Hanna NY Gregg Harper MS Doc Hastings WA Joe Heck NV Jaime Herrera Beutler WA Darrell Issa CA Lynn Jenkins KS Dave Joyce OH Mike Kelly PA Peter King NY Adam Kinzinger IL John Kline MN Leonard Lance NJ Tom Latham IA Frank LoBiondo NJ Kevin McCarthy CA Patrick McHenry NC Buck McKeon CA David McKinley WV Cathy McMorris Rodgers WA Pat Meehan PA Gary Miller CA Tim Murphy PA Devin Nunes CA Erik Paulsen MN Robert Pittenger NC Dave Reichert WA Reid Ribble WI Scott Rigell VA Harold Rogers KY Mike Rogers MI Ileana Ros Lehtinen FL Peter Roskam IL Jon Runyan NJ Aaron Schock IL John Shimkus IL Bill Shuster PA Mike Simpson ID Adrian Smith NE Chris Smith NJ Steve Stivers OH Lee Terry NE Glenn Thompson PA Pat Tiberi OH Scott Tipton CO Fred Upton MI David Valadao CA Daniel Webster FL Edward Whitfield KY Rob Wittman VA Frank Wolf VA Steve Womack AR Don Young AK Todd Young IN Note All the House Democrats voted for the compromise House Republicans who voted against the compromise 113 Robert Aderholt AL Justin Amash MI Mark Amodei NV Michele Bachmann MN Andy Barr KY Joe Barton TX Kerry Bentivolio MI Rob Bishop UT Diane Black TN Marsha Blackburn TN Kevin Brady TX Jim Bridenstine OK Mo Brooks AL Paul Broun GA Larry Bucshon IN Michael C Burgess TX John Campbell CA John Carter TX Bill Cassidy LA Steve Chabot OH Jason Chaffetz UT Chris Collins NY Doug Collins GA K Michael Conaway TX John Culberson TX Ron DeSantis FL Jeff Denham CA Scott Desjarlais TN Sean Duffy WI Jeff Duncan SC Jimmy Duncan TN Renee Ellmers NC Blake Farenthold TX Stephen Fincher TN Chuck Fleischmann TN John Fleming LA Bill Flores TX Randy Forbes VA Virginia Foxx NC Trent Franks AZ Scott Garrett NJ Bob Gibbs OH Phil Gingrey GA Louie Gohmert TX Bob Goodlatte VA Paul Gosar AZ Trey Gowdy SC Kay Granger TX Sam Graves MO Morgan Griffith VA Ralph Hall TX Andy Harris MD Vicky Hartzler MO Jeb Hensarling TX George Holding NC Richard Hudson NC Tim Huelskamp KS Bill Huizenga MI Randy Hultgren IL Duncan D Hunter CA Robert Hurt VA Bill Johnson OH Sam Johnson TX Walter B Jones Jr NC Jim Jordan OH Steve King IA Jack Kingston GA Doug LaMalfa CA Raul Labrador ID Doug Lamborn CO James Lankford OK Robert E Latta OH Billy Long MO Frank D Lucas OK Blaine Luetkemeyer MO Cynthia M Lummis WY Kenny Marchant TX Tom Marino PA Thomas Massie KY Michael McCaul TX Tom McClintock CA Mark Meadows NC Luke Messer IN John L Mica FL Candice S Miller MI Jeff Miller FL Markwayne Mullin OK Mick Mulvaney SC Randy Neugebauer TX Kristi Noem SD Richard Nugent FL Alan Nunnelee MS Pete Olson TX Steven Palazzo MS Steve Pearce NM Scott Perry PA Tom Petri WI Joe Pitts PA Ted Poe TX Mike Pompeo KS Bill Posey FL Tom Price GA Trey Radel FL Tom Reed NY Jim Renacci OH Tom Rice SC Martha Roby AL Phil Roe TN Mike D Rogers AL Dana Rohrabacher CA Todd Rokita IN Tom Rooney FL Dennis Ross FL Keith Rothfus PA Ed Royce CA Paul Ryan WI Matt Salmon AZ Mark Sanford SC Steve Scalise LA David Schweikert AZ Austin Scott GA Jim Sensenbrenner WI Pete Sessions TX Jason Smith MO Lamar Smith TX Steve Southerland FL Chris Stewart UT Steve Stockman TX Marlin Stutzman IN Mac Thornberry TX Mike Turner OH Ann Wagner MO Tim Walberg MI Greg Walden OR Jackie Walorski IN Randy Weber TX Brad Wenstrup OH Lynn Westmoreland GA Roger Williams TX Joe Wilson SC Rob Woodall GA Kevin Yoder KS Ted Yoho FL Many Republicans criticized the bill with Ted Cruz calling it a terrible deal and Kentucky s Thomas Massie describing it as a goose egg for their party 121 McConnell who was praised afterwards by some Democrats for his bipartisanship 121 defended himself from conservative critics saying House failures had put him in a weak position and that the effort to defund the ACA through a shutdown was not a smart play and had diverted our attention away from what was achievable 122 Effects EditDomestic effects Edit Effect on federal government operations Edit nbsp USA gov website shutdown on October 15 nbsp Federal employees protest the government shutdown at a rally outside of the CapitolMain article List of agencies affected by the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 On September 17 2013 Office of Management and Budget Director Sylvia M Burwell mandated an update for each federal agency s contingency plan that designated excepted agency operations as required by the Antideficiency Act for a potential funding gap and shutdown Burwell said that although the administration hoped that Congress would act to prevent a lapse in appropriations prudent management requires that agencies be prepared for the possibility of a lapse 123 124 125 During the shutdown most non exempt government employees were furloughed That would have put about 800 000 public employees on indefinite unpaid leave starting October 1 126 The White House estimated that a one week shutdown could have cost the US economy 10 billion 127 Key government functions such as air traffic control stay active under emergency funding statutes though other related functions such as training and support of these services would be suspended Some agencies and departments such as the United States Department of Veterans Affairs and Social Security Administration are funded by long term or mandatory appropriations and were also largely unaffected While veteran and military benefits are funded a year in advance furloughed civilians had a large impact on the military and their families Services to families on bases ranging from commissaries to family and survivor counseling were affected 128 Since the United States Postal Service is self funded it was unaffected and continued normal operations 123 129 The United States Merchant Marine Academy was closed for operations during the shutdown massively impacting the curriculum and schedule On October 5 the House unanimously passed a bill that would provide back pay to all furloughed federal employees after the shutdown is resolved and Obama stated that he would sign the bill into law Rep Elijah Cummings said Our hard working public servants should not become collateral damage This is not their fault and they should not suffer as a result 130 Those responsible for the shutdown did not have to worry about their pay however as congressional salaries are written into permanent law 131 A bill to revise this passed in the Senate in 2011 but was never voted on by the House of Representatives 131 Internal Revenue Service delays Edit As a result of the shutdown the IRS s processing of returns and issuing of refunds were expected to be delayed by one week in January 2014 132 Taxpayer audits were postponed by the IRS during the shutdown However tax returns due on October 15 remained due on that deadline 133 Due to the 16 day federal government closure to allow adequate time to program and test tax processing systems the IRS 2014 filing season for accepting and processing 2013 individual tax returns would start no earlier than January 28 2014 and no later than February 4 2014 134 Effects on non profit organizations Edit The 2013 ArtPrize in Michigan was affected by the shutdown due to several entries being displayed in and around the Gerald R Ford Presidential Museum part of the National Archives which was affected in the shutdown 135 136 The Fall 2013 Chincoteague Pony Round up on Assateague Island inside the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge was postponed indefinitely by the ponies caretakers 137 EarthSpan which tracks vital details about the diseases and migrations of the peregrine falcon was unable to conduct its yearly survey due to the shutdown of Assateague in Maryland This created a huge hole in disease tracking and species recovery data the first year without data since the organization began tracking in the 1970s 138 Effect on businesses Edit Defense contractors and some manufacturers the government hired experienced disruptions as the shutdown prevented those companies from delivering goods and receiving payments for work already done 139 United Technologies announced that if the shutdown was not resolved by October 7 it would furlough 2 000 employees at a military helicopter manufacturing subsidiary Sikorsky Aircraft Another 2 000 United Technologies employees would have been furloughed if the shutdown lasted beyond October 14 and an additional 1 000 if the shutdown lasted into November Another United Technologies subsidiary Pratt amp Whitney a manufacturer of aircraft engines was also affected The Sikorsky and Pratt amp Whitney factories require civilian employees from the Defense Contract Management Agency to approve their products before they can be delivered to the government Those Defense Department employees were furloughed 140 Similarly Lockheed Martin announced plans to furlough 3 000 employees on October 7 Those employees work at government facilities or require government inspectors to complete their jobs Lockheed said that the number of employees furloughed would increase if the shutdown continued 141 Small businesses faced delays in receiving loans from the Small Business Administration Many of these companies needed to turn to alternative funding sources that charged much higher interest rates One alternative source of credit merchant cash advances charge interest rates of between 40 and 100 142 Since U S Customs and Border Protection the agency which regulates trade and inspects cargoes had not shut down imports and exports continued However many products require approval from other agencies before they can be brought into or out of the country With many of these regulators furloughed importers and exporters experienced delays For instance furloughs at the Environmental Protection Agency resulted in a halt to all imports of pesticides to the United States Imports of lumber and steel were also delayed as were exports of semiconductor manufacturing equipment 143 Airbus was unable to deliver new airplanes to the airlines JetBlue and US Airways because Federal Aviation Administration personnel who certify airplanes were furloughed 144 145 Effect on Native Americans Edit Although the Bureau of Indian Affairs continued to run programs during the shutdown that were deemed essential including firefighting and police services it stopped financing tribal governments as well as many programs grants and services that provide necessary support for often impoverished reservations The cuts shut down programs that provide income medical care food transportation domestic violence protection and foster care to communities resulting in a sense of fear among many people who rely on these services Some tribes were able to continue funding programs temporarily themselves but others had to suspend programs immediately For example the Crow Tribe of Montana furloughed 364 employees more than a third of its workforce and suspended programs providing health care bus services and improvements to irrigation The Yurok tribe of Northern California which relies almost exclusively on federal funds furloughed 60 out of its 310 employees closed its child care center and cut off emergency financial assistance to the poor and elderly The Yurok Indian Reservation had an unemployment rate exceeding 80 before the shutdown In Minnesota the Red Lake Band of Chippewa were supposed to receive 1 million from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to help operate their government but were not given access to the money before the shutdown and were forced to halt all non emergency medical procedures The White Buffalo Calf Woman Society 146 a domestic violence shelter that serves the Rosebud Indian Reservation and surrounding communities in South Dakota lost 90 of its funding due to the shutdown and was forced to turn victims away 147 148 149 Effect on the District of Columbia Edit Further information District of Columbia home rule This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information October 2013 The local budget of Washington D C is set by the elected District government but must be approved by Congress As a result local government functions such as neighborhood trash collection and motor vehicle services can be affected by a federal government shutdown In past lapses in Congressional appropriations the city has shut down government services in a manner similar to the federal agencies However during the 2013 shut down the District government remained operational using reserve funds already approved by Congress As a contingency the Mayor of the District of Columbia informed the Obama administration that all local government personnel are excepted meaning that they would have continued to work even if the District government had exhausted its reserve funds The District of Columbia also suspended payments to healthcare providers and managed care organizations that provide services to the city s 220 000 low income and disabled residents who qualify for Medicaid The District s contingency funds which were used to keep other city services open during the shutdown were not sufficient to pay the 89 2 million owed to insurers and the 23 million a week owed to healthcare providers 150 A bill introduced by Republican Darrell Issa of California and passed by the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee would allow the District to spend its own local revenues independent of Congress If the measure becomes law it would prevent the District government from shutting down in the event of a lapse in federal appropriations 151 The District of Columbia Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 H J Res 71 is a continuing resolution that was passed by the House on October 2 2013 that would provide funding for the District 94 The Senate refused to vote on any of the House s mini appropriations bills including this one 91 On October 9 D C Mayor Vincent C Gray confronted Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and asked him to consider supporting the House bill which passed a day earlier arguing that D C should be able to spend its own money 152 153 The same day Eleanor Holmes Norton the District s non voting delegate to the House of Representatives asked the same of President Obama 154 155 The District of Columbia Superior Court which is operated by the federal government remains largely open during a shutdown but will delay payments to witnesses jurors court appointed lawyers language interpreters and others until after appropriations are restored 156 Effect on asylum and immigration Edit The federal shutdown interfered in the legal procedures on pending immigration cases 16 immigration courts out of 58 were closed and as a result political asylum cases were delayed in the US immigration system that already experienced a backlog of work 157 158 The U S Citizenship and Immigration Services that processes immigration paperwork was hardly impacted because the agencies are primarily self funded by fees In terms of immigration regulation and border control US Immigration and Customs Enforcement ICE and the Department of Homeland Security were also not impacted by the shutdown and continued to operate on the nation s priority according to Gillian Christensen the spokesperson of ICE 159 The shutdown also interfered with the Prison Rape Elimination Act mandated reporting of incidents of sexual abuse and assault in immigration centers of which there were 215 allegations from October 2009 through March 2013 160 according to the Government Accountability Office Previously a GAO report 160 had recommended that the Department of Homeland Security develop additional controls to ensure reporting of incidents Human Rights Watch has documented the problem of sexual abuse in detention facilities noting the assaults abuses and episodes of harassment have quietly emerged as a pattern across the rapidly expanding national immigration detention system 161 Effect on shelters for domestic violence victims Edit Across the United States shelters for domestic abuse victims had trouble paying bills as federal funds were unavailable some asked for donations 162 Municipal and state funds made up for some funding in states such as New York and Montana 163 others like the YWCA in Flint Michigan had no access to back up municipal or state funds 164 In Daphne Alabama the director of The Lighthouse a domestic violence shelter asked the city for emergency funds even once the shutdown was over shelters experienced delay in funding due to the slow process of receiving funds 165 Ironically October 1 the day the government shutdown began was the first day of Domestic Violence Awareness Month Effect on Title IX and Clery Act investigations Edit During the federal government shutdown the Office of Civil Rights a unit at the Department of Education responsible for handling sexual assault cases on college campuses ceased investigating claims of Title IX and Clery Act violations 166 The Clery Act is a federal law that requires full public reporting of campus crime Title IX is a federal civil rights law which protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities which receive federal financial assistance 167 Title IX recognizes sexual harassment of students as form of discrimination and compels schools not only to respond immediately and appropriately to complaints of sexual harassment but to eliminate sexual harassment 168 The federal government shutdown has caused investigations of alleged violations of Title IX and the Clery Act to be halted at Dartmouth The University of Colorado at Boulder the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Occidental College Swarthmore College and the University of Southern California 169 Effect on programs for children Edit The government shutdown caused as many as 19 000 children to lose access to The Head Start Program which provides comprehensive education nutritious meals and medical screenings to low income children More than 20 programs across 11 states did not get the annual grant they had been scheduled to receive 170 This came two months after budget reductions due to the federal sequester cut funding for more than 57 000 children in the Head Start Program 171 On October 8 2013 John D Arnold and his wife Laura donated 10 million to the National Head Start Association in response to the continuing government shutdown Their donation helped to pay for programs in Alabama Connecticut Florida Georgia South Carolina and Mississippi the six states with programs that were either already closed or were about to close due to lack of funds If funding is fully restored the money will be repaid to the Arnolds as though it were a no interest loan 172 Effects on United States foreign policy Edit Asia Pacific Edit nbsp Due to the shutdown U S Secretary of State John Kerry took over President Barack Obama s seat at the 2013 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC summit where he reassured world leaders about the robustness of America s democracy 173 On October 4 the White House announced that Obama s trip to Brunei Malaysia the Philippines and Indonesia where he was scheduled to attend the 2013 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation meeting in Bali would be cancelled due to the government shutdown 174 However U S Secretary of State John Kerry who traveled in his place asserted that none of what is happening in Washington diminishes one iota our commitment to our partners in Asia 175 Speaking to world leaders at the APEC forum Kerry remarked This is an example really of the robustness of our democracy 173 175 In addition the Obama administration s efforts to push forward the proposed Trans Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership trade pact with eleven other countries was compromised how vague 176 Europe Edit On October 4 U S Trade Representative Michael Froman announced that a scheduled meeting with European Union diplomats regarding the proposed Transatlantic Free Trade Area TAFTA would be postponed as U S officials could not travel to Brussels 177 Economic effect Edit Moody s Analytics estimated that a shutdown of three to four weeks would cost the economy about 55 billion Lost wages of Federal employees will amount to about 1 billion a week 178 Goldman Sachs estimated that a three week shutdown would reduce the gross domestic product of the United States by 0 9 179 According to the Los Angeles Times a two week shutdown would reduce GDP growth in the fourth quarter by 0 3 to 0 4 percentage points By comparison the GDP has grown by less than 2 in 2013 180 The negative economic effect of the shutdown will be particularly severe in the Washington D C metropolitan area Approximately 700 000 D C area jobs could be affected at a cost of 200 million a day 181 The State of Maryland predicted that it would lose approximately 5 million a day in tax revenue 182 Local communities across the country are also seeing a significant negative economic effect particularly those communities that are heavily dependent on the Federal government A press release from the National Park Service said the shutdown of national parks would result in losses of 76 million a day in tourism related sales among local communities but during the government shutdown the National Park Service website was unavailable 183 184 During the month of October tourists spend about 2 7 million a day at the Grand Canyon National Park and other National Parks in Arizona 185 Xanterra Parks and Resorts a concessioner which operates hotels restaurants and other visitor services in 21 national parks reported that it was losing 1 million in revenue each day because the parks have closed 186 Several owners of tourist oriented businesses located near national parks told NBC News that they were experiencing cancellations and declines in traffic that threatened their livelihoods Julie Fox a cafe owner in Moab Utah outside Arches National Park said Twenty percent of my yearly income comes from October and May If it s anything like last time 21 days I ll lay off eight out of twelve people It ll be like the dead of winter here 187 Reactions EditDomestic political Edit The White House proposed a budget that funded discretionary spending at 1 203 trillion The continuing resolution provides 986 billion According to Ezra Klein of The Washington Post while the Obama administration was willing to accept this significantly lower level of spending it felt that a new demand by House Republicans to delay or defund the Act represented nothing less than an effort to use the threat of a financial crisis to nullify the results of the last election Klein continued As the White House sees it Speaker John Boehner has begun playing politics as game of Calvinball in which Republicans invent new rules on the fly and then demand the media and the Democrats accept them as reality and find a way to work around them According to Klein President Obama believes that he will be handing his successor a fatally weakened office and handing the American people an unacceptable risk of future financial crises if he breaks or even bends in the face of Republican demands 188 President Barack Obama said he would not cave in to ideological demands 189 stating A shutdown will have a very real economic impact on real people right away 190 Obama blamed Republicans for the shutdown 191 stating of House Republicans One faction of one party in one house of Congress in one branch of government shut down major parts of the government all because they didn t like one law 192 On October 2 Obama explicitly linked the government shutdown to the debt ceiling issue stating that he would not reopen budget talks until Republicans pass a bill raising the debt limit 103 While there have been several government shutdowns in the history of the United States Obama said No Congress before this one has ever ever in history been irresponsible enough to threaten default to threaten an economic shutdown to suggest America not pay its bills just to try to blackmail a president into giving them some concessions on issues that have nothing to do with a budget 193 Obama also said that money in politics and Citizens United contributed to the shutdown saying You have some ideological extremist who has a big bankroll and they can entirely skew our politics 194 House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi referred to the event as the Tea Party Shutdown 195 and described the House Republicans who passed a bill linking the new budget with defunding the Affordable Care Act legislative arsonists 196 Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell called the shutdown the prize of the Democratic leaders in Congress 197 On October 7 2013 in an interview on MSNBC Senator Bernie Sanders stated The real issue here if you look at the Koch Brothers agenda is look at what many of the extreme right wing people believe Obamacare is just the tip of the iceberg These people want to abolish the concept of the minimum wage they want to privatize the Veteran s Administration they want to privatize Social Security end Medicare as we know it massive cuts in Medicaid wipe out the EPA you don t have an Environmental Protection Agency anymore Department of Energy gone Department of Education gone That is the agenda And many people don t understand that the Koch Brothers have poured hundreds and hundreds of millions of dollars into the tea party and two other kinds of ancillary organizations to push this agenda 198 199 Later during the shutdown Sanders would return to the theme of financial influence saying Right now as we speak in the House of Representatives there are people who are being threatened that if they vote for a clean CR continuing resolution to reopen the government that huge sums of money will be spent against them in the next election 200 The United States Chamber of Commerce a business lobby group called for the election of people who understand the free market and not silliness 201 By the end of the shutdown public and behind the scenes disagreements over the strategy to defund the ACA led to reports of a civil war within the Republican Party 201 202 High ranking party members were angry that colleagues forcing a shutdown had backed them into a corner and left them shouldering much of the blame Minority Leader Mitch McConnell stated party leadership had come to the conclusion in July that defunding the ACA had no chance of succeeding 203 while senator Kelly Ayotte started a lynch mob against Ted Cruz in a closed door meeting with other Republican members demanding that he and his backers stop attacking party members for not supporting the defunding effort Many other Republicans publicly criticized Cruz including John McCain Lindsey Graham and Bob Corker 204 Tea Party members responded Cruz blamed the failure to get meaningful concessions from Democrats on moderate Senate Republicans for refusing to back their colleagues in the House the Senate Conservatives Fund began sending out emails attacking McConnell for his role in ending the shutdown and Sarah Palin suggested high ranking moderate Republicans who voted in favor of the final bill would be targeted by Tea Party members in primary challenges Representative Peter King suggested this in fighting was aiding Democrats and has led to questions over whether friendly fire could jeopardize Republican chances of winning the Senate and maintaining control over the House 202 Financial markets Edit U S financial markets rose the next day as investors weighed the effects of the shutdown 205 In the UK markets fell 206 On October 7 a week after the start of the shutdown the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell below 15 000 to end at 14 936 207 but recovered at the week s end to finish at 15 237 on October 11 208 Public opinion Edit Prior to the beginning of the shutdown Edit Prior to the shutdown surveys of public opinion had shown that general sentiment among the American public about the Affordable Care Act was divided with slightly more opposed to the act than in favor of it For example a Kaiser Family Foundation survey in September 2013 found that approximately 43 of Americans opposed the health care reform law while 39 viewed it favorably numbers largely unchanged since 2011 209 Half of the public also said in September 2013 just days before major provisions of the law were scheduled to be implemented that they did not have enough information about the law to know how it would affect their families 209 and 68 mistakenly believed or were unsure whether the law would establish a government run health insurance plan often referred to as a public option to compete with plans from private health insurance companies which it would not 209 Surveys conducted in September as congressional budget negotiations stalled showed that despite the reservations many had about the Affordable Care Act most Americans were opposed to the possibility of a shutdown and most wanted the funding for the health care law to be handled separately from the negotiations over funding of general government operations 210 211 A CBS New York Times poll found that 80 of Americans overall said threatening a government shutdown was not an acceptable way to negotiate 210 Several polls showed that most Americans opposed defunding the Affordable Care Act if demanding in the negotiations that the law be defunded would lead to a government shutdown or to shutdown and default 212 213 214 including a poll conducted for the Republican members of Congress and a poll for the conservative advocacy group Crossroads GPS 213 Tea Party Republicans were the only group that said funding for the health care law should be cut off even if it led to a shutdown 213 214 A Pew poll found that 71 of Tea Party Republicans said lawmakers who shared their views should stand by their principles and refuse to compromise in budget negotiations even if that would lead to a shutdown compared to 18 of Democrats 36 of independents and 49 of Republicans overall 215 In a CNBC poll 54 of Tea Party Republicans said they wanted the Affordable Care Act defunded even if it meant a government shutdown 214 After shutdown had begun Edit Opinion surveys conducted after the shutdown began to show wide dissatisfaction with the performance of government leaders especially with members of Congress More Americans blamed congressional Republicans for the shutdown than blamed congressional Democrats or the President citation needed In a Fox News poll conducted during the first two days of the shutdown 42 of registered voters blamed Republicans for the shutdown 17 blamed Republican leaders and 25 blamed Tea Party Republicans such as Ted Cruz while 32 blamed Democrats 24 blamed President Obama and 8 blamed Democratic leaders The rest 20 said all sides were to blame 216 A Gallup poll conducted during the first week of the shutdown found that the percentage of Americans with a favorable opinion of the Republican Party had fallen to the lowest level for either party since Gallup began measuring party favorability in 1992 with only 28 of Americans saying they now had a favorable opinion of the Republican Party down 10 points from September before the shutdown The Democratic Party had a 43 favorable rating down 4 points from the previous month President Obama s job approval was at 44 about the same as when the shutdown began 217 The same poll found a near all time low approval rating of Congress at only 11 a drop from 19 in September 218 An NBC News Wall Street Journal poll similarly found the public s support for the Republican Party at a historic low with only 24 saying they viewed the party favorably The public blamed the Republicans for the shutdown more than the President by 53 to 31 a greater margin than had been the case during the last shutdown in 1995 1996 219 An ABC News Washington Post poll also conducted during the first week of the shutdown found that Americans disapproved of the government leaders handling of the shutdown by wide margins 70 disapproved of congressional Republicans handling of budget negotiations 61 disapproved of congressional Democrats and 51 disapproved of President Obama s 220 Disapproval of the Republicans and Democrats behavior in the budget talks had risen since the week before the shutdown began but Obama s had remained the same In addition according to the NBC Wall Street Journal poll Republican efforts to defund or delay the Affordable Care Act through a government shutdown had caused an increase in popular approval of the law from 31 just before the shutdown to 38 221 222 A CNN ORC poll conducted October 18 20 after the end of the shutdown found that nearly 8 out of 10 respondents said the shutdown was bad for the country and that more than 7 out of 10 thought another shutdown was likely CNN Polling Director Keating Holland said Six in 10 Americans now believe that the tea party movement is too extreme only one in four consider it to be generally mainstream 56 of survey participants said the Republican party was too extreme up 8 from March 42 said the Democratic party was too extreme with no change from March Half said Republicans were more responsible for the shutdown compared to one third who said the President was more to blame 75 of those surveyed said most Republican members of Congress did not deserve re election while 54 said most Democratic members of Congress did not deserve re election Only 14 of respondents said they were satisfied with the way the country was being governed down 11 since March and worse than September 1973 during the Watergate scandal when 26 felt that way 223 Tourism Edit The closure of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island caused frustration to many tourists especially for those who were from outside of the United States Signs near the entrance of the Statue of Liberty ferry posted on October 1 to inform tourists of the closure and provide information on another option of sightseeing tour by ferry 224 The ferry operator also had staff to turn away many would be visitors who were disappointed and angry with the decision to close the monument 225 226 On October 11 Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the state of New York had reached a deal with the federal government to open up the statue with New York state funding 227 The Statue of Liberty reopened on October 13 228 Tourists at other overseas locations such as the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial in France were also outraged by the closures Many American tourists did not realize that such locations outside of the United States would be affected Some expressed their frustration and embarrassment to the media 229 230 Media pundits Edit nbsp Cover of the October 1 2013 New York Daily NewsLiberal commentators stated that Fox News featured criticism of Obama and minimization of the impact of the shutdown referring to it as a slimdown while also acknowledging the political damage from the House Republican shutdown strategy 231 232 Other pieces criticized the media coverage of the shutdown overall ranging from accusations of false balance 233 hypocrisy in coverage 234 outsized claims of political impact 235 and on whom to blame at all 236 Conservative Thomas Sowell said Since we cannot read minds we cannot say who if anybody wants to shut down the government But we do know who had the option to keep the government running and chose not to The money voted by the House of Representatives covered everything that the government does except for Obamacare 237 Economist Paul Krugman wrote that the Republican House leadership were the party s delusional wing and that reasonable people know that Mr Obama can t and won t let himself be blackmailed in this way After all once he starts making concessions to people who threaten to blow up the world economy unless they get what they want he might as well tear up the Constitution 238 On October 7 2013 columnist Jim Geraghty of National Review Online accused Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of sadism for refusing to bring mini continuing resolutions to the Senate floor for a vote saying that Harry Reid doesn t want to minimize the pain of the shutdown He wants to maximize it 239 Before the shutdown Harry Reid said the American people will not be extorted by Tea Party anarchists 240 International reactions Edit StateUnited Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron stated the shutdown should serve as a reminder on how public expenditure should be prudently controlled otherwise a deficit is inevitable The statement came to reinforce the unpopular austerity measures and promote them as being necessary He also indicated in an interview with BBC Radio 4 that the U S inability to finalize its spending plan will impose a huge risk on the global economy 241 MediaJonathan Kay of the National Post wrote America s gerrymandered primary system which often provides a boost for the most radicalized candidates explains much of the difference with American politics In Canadian politics comparing universal medicine to a Nazi plot gets you thrown out of the party In the United States it makes you the front runner 242 David Blanchflower of The Independent wrote every country is in it together Americans sneeze and Brits catch the flu 243 Anthony Zurcher of the BBC wrote For most of the world a government shutdown is very bad news the result of revolution invasion or disaster Even in the middle of its ongoing civil war the Syrian government has continued to pay its bills and workers wages 244 The News writes from Mexico that American leaders are facing the unthinkable prospect of shutting down the government as they squabble over the inconsequential accomplishment of a 10 week funding extension It isn t serious but it certainly isn t funny 245 People s Republic of China An editorial in the state run Xinhua News Agency the official press agency of the country said that the shutdown exposed again the ugly side of partisan politics and has disappointed voters It also called it a bizarre development and warned that the damage will multiply if the drama drags on 246 Debate over national park closures Edit nbsp Some visitors were granted entry to the World War II Memorial on Sunday October 6 nbsp US Park Police guarded the barricaded World War II Memorial while allowing some groups to enter Related images nbsp Grand Teton National Park shutdownThe Atlantic wrote that National Park Service closures have become the most visible face of the shutdown 247 All 401 units of the National Park System were closed to the public during the shutdown as Congress had not appropriated funding for their operations and maintenance State and county parks as well as beach parks and trails remained open 248 Some conservative pundits including RNC Chairman Reince Priebus and some Republican lawmakers including Senator Ted Cruz charged that some of the closures were unnecessary and overzealously enforced at the behest of the Obama administration 249 250 251 252 253 The National Park Service responded that it is legally mandated to protect national park lands and in the absence of available staff to patrol maintain and administer the areas must close them to the public The vast majority of the agency s staff were furloughed leaving only a limited number of law enforcement rangers and firefighters on duty to protect life and property 254 255 256 257 A NPS press release said the shutdown of national parks would result in losses of 76 million a day in tourism related sales among local communities 184 Richard Seamon a law professor at the University of Idaho and former assistant solicitor general told the Christian Science Monitor that the NPS risked vandalism crime and legal liability if it left its properties open to the public during the shutdown If I were a lawyer for the Park Service I d advise it in no uncertain terms to close the parks to the public during the government shutdown because it would be irresponsible to do otherwise There are bound to be accidents or crimes that would have been avoided or ameliorated had officials been on duty to respond or patrol Leaving the parks open he said would be a veritable open season for criminals 258 A number of privately funded and privately operated enterprises such as the Claude Moore Colonial Farm were also required to close because they operate on or within National Park Service property that has been closed to the public Various concession operated visitor amenities were also closed because the NPS staff who oversee concessionaires have been furloughed preventing the agency from managing and directing concession operations 257 259 260 Pisgah Inn a private business on the Blue Ridge Parkway which operates under a concession agreement with the NPS attempted to defy the closure order On October 4 park rangers blocked the entrance to the inn and turned away visitors 261 262 263 Later the owner filed a legal complaint and the Department of Interior allowed the lodge to reopen on October 9 2013 in exchange for dropping the complaint 264 On the first day of the shutdown a large group of World War II veterans participating in an Honor Flight trip from Mississippi to the National World War II Memorial ignored the closure by the National Park Service and entered the memorial alongside members of Congress of both political parties 265 The National Park Service declared that the gathering was protected by the First Amendment and rangers allowed the veterans to enter The memorial is normally open to the public and patrolled by the U S Park Police 24 hours daily and staffed by interpretive park rangers from 9 30 a m to 11 30 p m 266 267 268 While visiting the memorial on October 2 Congressman Randy Neugebauer publicly scolded a National Park Service ranger who was enforcing the agency s closure 269 270 As ordered by their superiors the park rangers on duty at the memorial had been allowing World War II veterans into the site but asking the general public to leave 269 A video recording taken by an NBC journalist showed Neugebauer angrily challenging the unidentified ranger asking her How can you look at them and deny them access When she replied that it was difficult the congressman added that the Park Service should be ashamed of themselves The ranger responded I m not ashamed to which the congressman shot back well you should be 269 270 271 272 Neugebauer s actions were widely criticized in major media 273 274 275 The Kansas City Star editorialized that Neugebauer was full of misplaced moral outrage and was wrong to attack the ranger publicly a public servant handling a bad situation with much more professionalism than the self important Neugebauer displayed 276 and a Congressional ethics complaint was proposed by a Congressional watch group 269 Neugebauer has said that his words were taken out of context 269 277 David McCumber the Washington bureau chief of Hearst Newspapers said Neugebauer had shown staggering hypocrisy in attacking a ranger for enforcing the closure the congressman had helped create 278 At Acadia National Park a hiker who was violating the closure order fell and injured her knee on October 5 All four rangers on duty were required to respond along with a team of five search and rescue volunteers in order to carry the hiker out of the park on a litter Park ranger Ed Pontbriand said the situation illustrated the reason why closing the park to the public was necessary We re so short of staff we can t handle major incidents in the park That s why we re asking people to do the right thing and honor the closure he said 279 Some states petitioned the Department of Interior to use state funds to reopen operations of specific popular National Park Service areas in October for tourists Utah Governor Gary Herbert wired 1 67 million to the Department of Interior to reopen eight national parks in Utah for at least 10 days Arizona agreed to reopen the Grand Canyon New York reached a deal to reopen the Statue of Liberty Colorado funded Rocky Mountain National Park operations South Dakota wanted to partially re open Mount Rushmore but the National Park Service said only a full operation would be considered 280 On October 14 2013 Mount Rushmore reopened on a day by day basis with part of the 15 200 per day cost funded by donations 281 Congressmen introduced legislation to reimburse states willing to fund national park operations during the shutdown 280 282 See also Edit nbsp Business and economics portal nbsp United States portal nbsp Politics portalSecond term curse Government shutdowns in the United States historical background and list of previous shutdowns Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 bill that the Senate rejected which would have continued funding the government while defunding the Affordable Care Act Continuing resolution legislation for an interim operating budget pending approval of a full year budget Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 a proposed budget bill that would cover Fiscal Years 2014 and 2015 proposed by Paul Ryan and Patty Murray in December 2013 Budget Control Act of 2011 European sovereign debt crisis Financial crisis of 2007 2008 History of United States debt ceiling United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction United States debt ceiling crisis of 2011 United States federal government credit rating downgrade of 2011 United States debt ceiling crisis of 2013 United States federal government credit rating downgrade of 2013 Appropriations bill United States 2018 2019 United States federal government shutdownNotes Edit The tax exempt Freedom Partners linked to the Koch brothers distributed over 200 million in 2012 to non profit organizations opposing the Affordable Care Act 45 Recipients included Heritage Action Tea Party Patriots and the Center to Protect Patient Rights 45 The Center to Protect Patient Rights in turn donated to groups calling themselves the Repeal Coalition including American Commitment and 60 Plus Association which sent a letter in August urging Republicans to delay the Affordable Care Act in any budget deal 45 The group Conservative 50 Plus Alliance also sent a petition with over 68 000 signatures to the Senate 45 In response to statements made about the Koch brothers by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid Philip Ellender Koch Industries president of government and public affairs sent a letter to Senate offices on October 9 2013 saying that Reid claimed Koch was behind the shutdown of the federal government According to the Los Angeles Times Ellender sought to distance Koch Industries from the Koch brothers themselves saying Koch Industries had not taken a position on the tactic of tying the continuing resolution to defund Obamacare Sheila Krumholz said Ellender was technically correct in his effort to distinguish Koch Industries from the Koch brothers but said it s a distinction without a difference The Los Angeles Times went on to mention the Koch brothers connections to Americans for Prosperity the Heritage Action Fund and Freedom Partners 47 References Edit Bailey Holly October 1 2013 Federal shutdown closes Statue of Liberty and other top tourist sites Yahoo News Retrieved October 26 2013 Plumer Brad September 30 2013 Absolutely everything you need to know about how the government shutdown will work Wonk Blog The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 2 2013 Retrieved October 16 2013 Sherman Jake Bresnehan John Everett Burgess September 30 2013 Government shutdown Congress sputters on CR Politico Retrieved October 16 2013 a b Brass Clinton T February 18 2011 Shutdown of the Federal Government Causes Processes and Effects PDF Congressional Research Service Publication number CRS Report RL34680 via The Washington Post Fahrenthold David A Zezima Katie February 16 2016 For Ted Cruz the 2013 shutdown was a defining moment Washington Post Eyes roll as Ted Cruz denies role in 2013 government shutdown Dallas Morning News January 22 2018 Barro Josh September 17 2013 Ted Cruz Is Making Life Miserable For House Republicans Business Insider Moody Chris October 9 2013 Meet one of the conservative advocacy groups behind the GOP s government shutdown strategy Yahoo News Joseph Cameron October 9 2013 Heritage Action leader Paul Ryan s shutdown offer off target The Hill Miller Zeke J September 30 2013 Hidden Hand How Heritage Action Drove DC To Shut Down Time House passes spending bill to defund Obamacare Stephen Dinan The Washington Times September 20 2013 House GOP launches shutdown battle by voting to defund Obamacare Tom Cohen CNN September 20 2013 Espo David September 30 2013 Republican Unity Frays As Government Shutdown Looms Huffington Post Associated Press H J Res 59 All Actions United States Congress Retrieved September 23 2013 Weisman Jonathan Peters Jeremy W September 30 2013 Government Near Broad Shutdown in Budget Impasse The New York Times Retrieved September 30 2013 What key dates do I need to know Retrieved October 1 2013 Lowrey Annie September 24 2013 How to Gut Obamacare The New York Times Retrieved October 3 2013 Cohen Tom October 17 2013 House approves bill to end shutdown CNN International Retrieved October 17 2013 Shutdown damages Republicans with plenty of pain to go around Washington Post October 21 2013 PolitiFact Ohio John Boehner says Senate Dems haven t passed a budget in more than 1 000 days Politifact com March 28 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 Nocera Kate McMorris Santoro Evan October 1 2013 Government shutdown how we got here Buzzfeed Caldwell Leigh Ann September 19 2013 Government shutdown Again Seriously CNN Brumfield Ben October 3 2013 5 strange things about government shutdown politics CNN Goldfarb Zachary A October 2 2013 Tea Party lawmakers see the culmination of years of effort in shutdown The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 20 2013 Fabian Jordan April 13 2010 Gingrich government shutdown could happen over healthcare battle The Hill Hohmann James September 10 2010 Rep Lynn Westmoreland eyes government shutdown Politico Becker Bernie September 10 2010 Republican congressman talks government shutdown The New York Times Liasson Mara October 28 2010 What happens to the Tea Party after Election Day NPR Retrieved October 27 2013 Erick Erickson Twitter feed August 30 2010 Rep Walsh on spending the country may need shock therapy Fox News Channel February 28 2011 Archived from the original on October 9 2013 a b c d Mascaro Lisa Parsons Christi April 8 2011 Old issues raise new budget rift GOP policy demands threaten talks on the federal spending plan as the deadline nears Los Angeles Times Saad Lydia April 6 2011 Americans favor budget compromise over shutdown 58 33 Gallup Hulse Carl April 7 2011 No accord in budget talks as policy fights hamper deal The New York Times Kane Paul Cohen Jon April 4 2011 Details and deadlines test budget negotiators The Washington Post Steinhauer Jennifer July 31 2012 Tentative agreement reached in Congress avoiding government shutdown The New York Times Fahrenthold David A October 20 2013 Amid four national crises many of GOP s goals after retaking House have been ignored The Washington Post McGregor Richard September 12 2013 Republican split causes fresh threat of government shutdown Financial Times Tiron Roxana Rubin Richard Hunter Kathleen October 1 2013 Government shutdown begins as deadlocked Congress flails Bloomberg Lavender Paige September 25 2013 Government shutdown 2013 why you should care about the latest budget fight Huffington Post Associated Press Ferraro Thomas Younglai Rachelle September 26 2013 No clear path to ending U S debt limit spending impasse Reuters House Republican efforts to repeal or weaken the health care law The New York Times October 5 2013 Memoli Michael A September 20 2013 House votes to defund Obamacare as shutdown battle escalates Los Angeles Times Cornyn John January 4 2013 Obama must engage Congress Houston Chronicle Edwin Meese The Heritage Foundation Retrieved October 11 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stolberg Sheryl Gay McIntyre Mike October 5 2013 A federal budget crisis months in the planning The New York Times Retrieved October 11 2013 a b Kibbe Matt February 14 2013 Coalition Letter Congress Must Honor Sequester Savings and Defund ObamaCare Before It Is Too Late FreedomWorks Retrieved October 11 2013 Little Morgan October 9 2013 Koch Industries defects blame on government shutdown Los Angeles Times a b c McLaughlin Seth August 7 2013 Mitt Romney warns against government shutdown to defund Obamacare The Washington Times Bolton Alexander July 23 2013 Government shutdown looms over ObamaCare The Hill a b c d Rowley James August 22 2013 Defunding of Health Law Backed by 80 House Republicans Bloomberg Retrieved October 10 2013 Goldmacher Shane August 18 2013 The defund Obamacare movement falls on hard time National Journal a b U S Rep Mark Meadows Sends Letter to Boehner Cantor Encouraging House Leadership to Defund Obamacare High County Press August 22 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 a b Caldwell Leigh Ann October 1 2013 Architect of the brink Meet the man behind the government shutdown CNN Retrieved October 8 2013 Straw Joseph September 30 2013 Tea Party backed Rep Mark Meadows put government on road to shutdown Daily News New York Retrieved October 8 2013 Meadows Mark August 21 2013 Letter to Boehner and Cantor PDF Meadows house gov Archived from the original PDF on October 6 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 a b c d Withrow Joshua August 14 2013 Have Your Members of Congress Signed the Defund ObamaCare Letter Find Out Here FreedomWorks Retrieved October 11 2013 Christensen Rob January 11 2011 Heritage Foundation sinks its roots in N C The News amp Observer Raleigh North Carolina Archived from the original on October 14 2013 Retrieved October 11 2013 Heritage Action Defund Obamacare Town Hall Tour Heritage Action Archived from the original on October 15 2013 Retrieved October 12 2013 Blake Aaron August 19 2013 Tea party groups to target skeptical GOP senators on defunding Obamacare The Washington Post Retrieved October 12 2013 a b Get your Defunding Obamacare Toolkit Tea Party Patriots September 10 2013 Archived from the original on October 16 2013 Retrieved October 12 2013 Linden Michael Stein Harry September 30 2013 The Senate Continuing Resolution Is Already a Compromise Center for American Progress Retrieved October 1 2013 The Democrat controlled Senate passed a continuing resolution or CR a temporary funding measure meant to keep the government operating that would set the relevant funding levels at an annualized total of 986 billion Saenz Arlette September 25 2013 Ted Cruz s Obamacare All Nighter Ends After 21 Hours ABC News Retrieved October 1 2013 After the House of Representatives passed a continuing resolution which strips Obamacare of its funding last week Cruz vowed to use every procedural measure possible including a filibuster to keep the Senate from restoring the funding But Cruz s overnight speech was technically not a filibuster and won t do much to delay or prevent the votes O Keefe Ed Helderman Rosalind S September 28 2013 On cusp of shutdown House conservatives excited say they are doing the right thing The Washington Post Thompson Catherine October 3 2013 Bachmann Republicans About The Happiest They ve Been In A While During Shutdown Talking Points Memo Wilstein Matt October 4 2013 Bachmann Denies Saying Shutdown Exactly What We Wanted WaPo and Obama Misquoted Me Mediaite New York NY This is exactly what we had hoped for A full one year delay a full year defunding It is a full delay of one year of the taxes a full delay of the funding including all the advertising It s exactly what we asked for and we got it So we re very excited That s why I think we can all vote Carmichael Kevin September 30 2013 US Congress Remains Divided in Budget Showdown The Globe and Mail Toronto ON Canada White House Obama will veto House shutdown bill CNBC Associated Press with Reuters September 28 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 Seitz Wald Eric October 7 2013 19 Times Democrats Tried to Negotiate With Republicans National Journal Retrieved November 1 2013 GOP stands firm against funding bill will link to debt ceiling fight October 2013 Bill Summary amp Status 113th Congress 2013 2014 H RES 368 THOMAS Library of Congress October 1 2013 10 1 2013 Passed agreed to in House Status On agreeing to the resolution Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays 228 199 Roll no 505 House Vote 505 H Res 368 Relating to consideration of the joint resolution H J Res 59 GovTrack October 1 2013 Overview H Res 368 Relating to consideration of the joint resolution H J Res 59 GovTrack October 1 2013 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution 2014 Senate Amendment III rules house gov House of Representatives Committee on Rules October 15 2013 Retrieved October 16 2013 H Res 368 a b Eilperin Juliet October 14 2013 As Democrats seethe over GOP tactics video over rules change goes viral The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 14 2013 The Rule Change C Span Video Library Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved September 12 2023 Bendery Jennifer October 14 2013 Louise Slaughter It s An Atrocity That Republicans Rigged Rules To Continue Shutdown Huffington Post Retrieved October 16 2013 Keith Tamara October 3 2013 Why a handful of hard liners has a hold on Boehner NPR The shutdown begins interview with Rep Peter King New Day CNN October 1 2013 Government shutdown interview with Ross Douthat and Charles Blow Anderson Cooper 360 October 1 2013 Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 3 2013 Bendery Jennifer October 2 2013 Here s A Tally Of Which House Republicans Are Ready To Fund The Government No Strings Attached Huffington Post Retrieved October 2 2013 York Byron September 30 2013 How 30 House Republicans are forcing the Obamacare fight Washington Examiner Retrieved October 1 2013 Boehner tries to walk a delicate line within his conference Sargent Greg September 30 2013 John Boehner doesn t have to let the Tea Party paralyze whole government The Washington Post Retrieved October 2 2013 There are at least 180 or 190 members who are part of the governing wing of the House GOP conference GOP Rep Charlie Dent said Easley Jason September 30 2013 Boehner Refuses to Allow Vote on Popular Democratic Bill That Would Avoid Government Shutdown Politicususa Retrieved October 1 2013 House Republicans were admitting that the clean Continuing Resolution that passed the Senate would pass the House but John Boehner wouldn t allow a vote on it Runtime 01 22 House GOP adds NIH National Guard to shutdown bill strategy The Washington Times Retrieved October 4 2013 Rubin Richard White House Meeting Doesn t Break Congress Budget Impasse Bloomberg Retrieved October 4 2013 Rogers David October 2 2013 Different era Piecemeal bills stumble POLITICO Retrieved October 3 2013 House Passes Bills To Fund National Parks DC And NIH International Business Times October 3 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 Latest GOP shutdown proposal fails no separate funding for vets parks NBC Politics NBC News Retrieved October 4 2013 Resnikoff Ned October 2 2013 Shutdown impairs cancer treatment for children MSNBC Retrieved October 3 2013 Dr Georges C Benjamin executive director of the American Public Health Association and former Maryland health secretary called the bill a joke Public health agencies have interlocking roles and responsibilities which are stymied by a piecemeal funding approach he told MSNBC com It s a system he said They need to stop the games the cherrypicking They don t understand the system well enough to do the cherrypicking Kasperowicz Pete October 4 2013 House passes 6th 7th mini spending bills The Hill Retrieved October 7 2013 a b Kasperowicz Pete October 7 2013 Monday Government shutdown enters second week The Hill Retrieved October 7 2013 Kasperowicz Pete October 7 2013 GOP warns House of third weekend of work The Hill Retrieved October 7 2013 H J Res 73 Summary United States Congress October 3 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 a b H J Res 71 Summary United States Congress October 3 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 H J Res 70 Summary United States Congress October 3 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 CBO H R 3230 PDF Congressional Budget Office Retrieved October 9 2013 Kasperowicz Pete October 7 2013 House GOP plows ahead The Hill Retrieved October 8 2013 Kasperowicz Pete October 8 2013 House sends tenth funding bill to Senate The Hill Retrieved October 9 2013 Yourish Karen Tse Archie October 17 2013 The Back and Forth Over the Shutdown and Debt Ceiling The New York Times Retrieved November 8 2013 Obama to meet with Hill leaders as contours of deal emerge NBC News October 12 2013 Retrieved October 17 2013 Q amp A 2013 US budget brawl BBC News October 1 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 Paymentdates October 1 2013 Archived from the original on October 2 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 a b Obama warns of US default danger BBC October 2 2013 Retrieved October 2 2013 Cowan Jane October 10 2013 Military families latest victims of US govt shutdown ABC News Australian Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved October 11 2013 Live updates The shutdown The Washington Post October 9 2013 Retrieved October 11 2013 U S Debt Ceiling Costs and Consequences Archived October 23 2013 at the Wayback Machine Council on Foreign Relations Onaran Yalman October 7 2013 A U S Default Seen as Catastrophe Dwarfing Lehman s Fall Bloomberg Retrieved October 8 2013 Fitch puts US AAA rating on rating watch negative CNBC Reuters October 15 2013 Retrieved October 15 2013 Aso worried U S gov t shutdown damage will spread Japan Today October 4 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 a b c Bresnahan John Raju Manu Sherman Jake Brown Carrie Budoff October 18 2013 Anatomy of a shutdown Politico Retrieved October 19 2013 a b c d e Weisman Jonathan Parker Ashley October 16 2013 Republicans Back Down Ending Crisis Over Shutdown and Debt Limit The New York Times Republican Jim Inhofe who was recovering from quadruple bypass surgery did not vote a b c d Cameron Darla Andrews Wilson October 16 2013 Votes to end the government shutdown The Washington Post Pergram Chad October 16 2013 Boehner says House will take up Senate budget plan Fox News Channel Retrieved October 17 2013 Carolyn McCarthy of New York who has lung cancer and Bobby Rush of Illinois whose wife is ill Bill Young of Florida the longest serving Republican House member was in hospital Young died the following day October 18 2013 House vote 550 passes Senate budget compromise The New York Times October 16 2013 Archived from the original on October 19 2013 Retrieved October 17 2013 Bill to reopen agencies raise debt limit heads to president Archived October 16 2013 at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune October 16 2013 Retrieved October 16 2013 Vote on final passage Clerk house gov October 16 2013 Retrieved November 8 2013 Shutdown over Obama signs bill to end shutdown avert debt default CNN October 17 2013 Retrieved October 17 2013 a b Lewis Paul October 15 2013 US government shutdown to end after Congress passes debt ceiling deal The Guardian Retrieved October 19 2013 Raju Manu October 17 2013 Mitch McConnell defends deal slams Obamacare tactics Politico Retrieved October 19 2013 a b Yoder Erik September 18 2013 OMB to agencies Start making shutdown plans The Washington Post Burwell Sylvia M September 17 2013 Planning for Agency Operations during a Potential Lapse in Appropriations PDF Office of Management and Budget Archived PDF from the original on January 21 2017 Retrieved October 1 2013 Agency Contingency Plans Office of Management and Budget Archived from the original on January 21 2017 Links to contingency plans Federal agencies updated as revised plans arrive at the OMB Schmidt Michael S Shanker Thom Siddons Andrew September 28 2013 Federal Agencies Lay Out Contingency Plans for Possible Shutdown The New York Times Here s How a Government Shutdown Hurts the American People whitehouse gov October 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 via National Archives Michaels Jim October 1 2013 Government shutdown has impact on military bases USA Today United States Postal Service homepage see Alert United States Postal Service Archived from the original on December 23 2014 Retrieved October 1 2013 See File United States Postal Service government shutdown screenshot png for archived screenshot Federal workers will get back pay after shutdown Congress and president say Associated Press October 5 2013 a b Congress gets paid during a shutdown while staffers don t Here s why The Washington Post October 1 2013 Retrieved December 10 2013 Millions face tax refund delays USA Today October 23 2013 p 1 Reminder Oct 15 Tax Deadline Remains During Appropriations Lapse IRS October 8 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 2014 Tax Season to Start Later Following Government Closure IRS Sees Heavy Demand As Operations Resume IRS October 22 2013 Retrieved October 29 2013 Yes even ArtPrize affected by potential federal shutdown Michigan Radio org September 30 2013 Retrieved October 2 2013 Federal government shutdown threatens ArtPrize venue Gerald Ford Presidential Museum The Detroit News September 30 2013 Retrieved October 2 2013 Vergakis Brock October 7 2013 Shutdown Scuttles Annual Fall Assateague Island Pony Roundup in Virginia NBC4 Washington Retrieved October 17 2013 Government Shutdown Endangers Peregrine Surveys EarthSpan Archived from the original on October 29 2013 Retrieved November 9 2013 Hagerty James October 2 2013 Layoffs and Production Disruptions Loom at Firms Tied to U S The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 3 2013 subscription required Dowling Brian October 2 2013 UTC Prolonged Shutdown Would Furlough Thousands Of Aerospace Workers The Hartford Courant Archived from the original on October 3 2013 Retrieved October 3 2013 Lockheed Martin others to send workers home over government shutdown NBC News Reuters October 4 2013 Retrieved October 5 2013 Needleman Sarah E Loten Angus Simon Ruth October 2 2013 Small Firms Grapple With Roadblocks Caused by Shutdown The Wall Street Journal Archived from the original on October 5 2013 Retrieved October 3 2013 Morris Betsy Clark Don Esterl Mike October 7 2013 Federal Shutdown Starts to Crimp Trade The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 8 2013 Ostrower Jon October 1 2013 Jet Deliveries to U S Customers Face Delays During Government Shutdown The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 3 2013 Ostrower Jon October 4 2013 U S Airways Jet Delivery Delayed by FAA Shutdown The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 8 2013 Official Website White Buffalo Calf Woman Society Retrieved December 15 2013 Brown Matthew October 2 2013 Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care nutrition threatened Minnesota Star Tribune Associated Press Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 3 2013 Frosch Dan October 13 2013 Pulling Aid Away Shutdown Deepens Indians Distress The New York Times Retrieved December 10 2013 Carpenter Zoe October 13 2013 Domestic Violence Shelters Struggle to Stay Open During Shutdown The Nation Retrieved December 10 2013 Radnofsky Louise October 3 2013 Shutdown to Stop D C Medicaid Payments The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 3 2013 Pershing Ben July 24 2013 House committee approves Issa s new District budget autonomy bill The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 Sherwood Tom Mollet Melissa October 10 2013 D C Mayor Crashes Senators Press Conference NBC4 Washington Retrieved October 11 2013 DeBonis Mike O Keefe Ed October 9 2013 Vincent Gray confronts Reid on Capitol steps over shutdown s impact on District The Washington Post Retrieved October 11 2013 Bennett Brian October 9 2013 Talks between Nancy Pelosi John Boehner fail as both sides dig in Los Angeles Times Retrieved October 11 2013 Eleanor Holmes Norton confronts Obama on D C budget bill The Washington Post October 9 2013 Retrieved October 11 2013 Alexander Keith October 1 2013 D C Superior Court stops paying witnesses and jurors The Washington Post Retrieved October 1 2013 Constable Pam October 1 2013 Immigration courts remain partly open but political asylum cases delayed The Washington Post Retrieved December 7 2013 Government shutdown leaves immigrants in limbo BBC October 16 2013 Retrieved December 7 2013 Here s How the Shutdown Affects Immigration Services Fusion October 25 2013 Retrieved December 7 2013 a b Immigration Detention Additional Actions Could Strengthen DHS Efforts to Address Sexual Abuse GAO 14 38 U S Government Accountability Office December 6 2013 Retrieved December 15 2013 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Detained and at Risk Sexual Abuse and Harassment in United States Detention Centers https www hrw org sites default files reports us0810webwcover pdf Government Shutdown Jeopardizes SAFE Funding Archived from the original on December 12 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 Women s Shelters Feel the Effects of the Government Shutdown Archived from the original on December 12 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 Domestic Abuse Victims May Lose Aid MSNBC October 12 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 Domestic Violence Shelter Receives Aid from City Council October 23 2013 Retrieved December 9 2013 Shutdown puts college sexual assault investigations on pause MSNBC October 7 2013 Retrieved December 10 2013 Title IX and Sex Discrimination Retrieved December 10 2013 Sexual Harassment Guidance Retrieved December 10 2013 Government shutdown causes pauses in Title IX probeweb Archived from the original on December 13 2013 Retrieved December 10 2013 Chandler Michael October 1 2013 Government Shutdown Leaves 19 000 Children Without Head Start Services The Washington Post Archived from the original on December 16 2013 Retrieved December 10 2013 Stein Sam August 19 2013 Head Start Cuts Services For More Than 57 000 Children Due To Sequestration Huffington Post Retrieved December 10 2013 Schwartz John October 8 2013 10 Million Gift to Help Head Start Through Shutdown The New York Times Retrieved October 14 2013 a b Remarks at a Press Availability With United States Trade Representative Ambassador Froman United States Department of State Retrieved October 5 2013 Demick Barbara October 4 2013 Cancellation of Obama s trip to Asia a boost for China s Xi Jinping Los Angeles Times Retrieved November 9 2013 a b US shutdown Kerry warns on foreign policy impact BBC October 5 2013 Retrieved October 5 2013 Dyer Geoff October 4 2013 Shutdown puts trade talks on ice Financial Times Retrieved November 9 2013 U S postpones trade negotiations with EU due shutdown Reuters Isidore Chris October 1 2013 Shutdown A multi billion dollar hit to economy CNN Money Retrieved October 1 2013 Gittleson Kim October 1 2013 What s the economic impact of a US government shutdown BBC News Retrieved October 1 2013 Lee Don September 30 2013 A government shutdown could hurt economy more now than it did in 1995 Los Angeles Times Retrieved October 1 2013 Schulte Brigid Jouvenal Justin September 29 2013 Washington area could lose 200 million a day if shutdown occurs economist says The Washington Post Retrieved October 1 2013 Wagner John September 26 2013 Maryland could lose 5 million a day in tax revenue from federal shutdown memo says The Washington Post Retrieved October 1 2013 Korte Gregory October 10 2013 Shutdown s economic toll on parks 76 million a day USA Today Retrieved October 17 2013 a b Lee Ashley Matt October 2 2013 National Parks Shutting Down Costs Local Communities 76 Million Per Day ThinkProgress Retrieved October 10 2013 Santos Fernanda October 1 2013 With Grand Canyon Closed Cancellations Pour In for Arizona The New York Times Retrieved October 1 2013 Polland Jennifer October 2 2013 National Parks Hotels Are Losing A Million Dollars Per Day During The Government Shutdown Business Insider Popken Ben October 1 2013 Small businesses fear bankruptcy from national park shutdowns NBC News Klein Ezra October 3 2013 How the White House sees the shutdown and debt ceiling fight The Washington Post Retrieved October 5 2013 Talev Margaret Obama Says He Won t Give Into Ideological Budget Demand Bloomberg Retrieved October 4 2013 President Obama s Sept 30 remarks on the looming government shutdown The Washington Post September 30 2013 Retrieved September 30 2013 Obama rejects GOP offer to ease shutdown Americas Al Jazeera Retrieved October 4 2013 Bender Michael C Boehner Keeps Unruly House Republicans United in Shutdown Bloomberg Retrieved October 4 2013 Weisman Jonathan September 26 2013 House G O P Raises Stakes in Debt Ceiling Fight The New York Times Retrieved November 19 2013 Tau Byron October 8 2013 Obama Big money helps cause Washington gridlock Politico Retrieved October 21 2013 Parker Ashley October 1 2013 Pelosi Derides Tea Party Shutdown The New York Times Retrieved October 1 2013 Is Brinksmanship Now Our Standard Form of Government PBS NewsHour September 22 2013 Archived from the original on October 17 2013 Retrieved October 16 2013 Steinhauser Paul October 1 2013 Party politics in the blame game over shutdown CNN Retrieved October 1 2013 Sanders Bernie October 7 2013 MSNBC News Interview October 7 2013 06 41 YouTube Retrieved October 12 2013 Staff October 8 2013 Bernie Sanders Says Koch Brothers Shut Down Government Via Citizens United The Inquisitr Retrieved October 12 2013 Sanders Ties Government Shutdown to Billionaire Donors as High Court Weighs Campaign Funding Law sanders senate gov October 8 2013 Archived from the original on October 22 2013 Retrieved October 21 2013 a b Bender Michael C Hunter Kathleen October 18 2013 Republican Civil War Erupts Business Groups v Tea Party Bloomberg Retrieved October 18 2013 a b Phillip Abby October 19 2013 Republican Civil War Over Shutdown Drama ABC News Retrieved October 19 2013 Levenson Eric October 19 2013 Mitch McConnell Says There Will Be No More Shutdowns The Atlantic Wire Archived from the original on October 19 2013 Retrieved October 19 2013 Reeve Elspeth October 18 2013 Look Who s Warring Now The Atlantic Wire Archived from the original on October 18 2013 Retrieved October 19 2013 Barinka Alex Pringle Aubrey October 1 2013 U S Stocks Rise as Investors See Limited Shutdown Impact Bloomberg Jagadeesh Namitha October 1 2013 U K Stocks Fall Amid U S Shutdown as Unilever Declines Bloomberg Shell Adam Hjelmgaard Kim October 7 2013 Dow drops below 15 000 on Day 7 of shutdown USA Today Associated Press Retrieved October 8 2013 Dow Jones Industrial Average Yahoo Finance October 11 2013 a b c Kaiser health tracking poll September 2013 Kaiser Family Foundation September 28 2013 a b Dutton Sarah September 25 2013 Republicans may take more blame for shutdown poll says CBS News Roarty Alex September 23 2013 Americans oppose House GOP s Obamacare strategy National Journal Shepard Steven Poll Don t Shut Down the Government Over Obamacare National Journal Retrieved October 17 2013 a b c PolitiFact Florida September 20 2013 Marco Rubio says public favors defunding Obamacare but opposes government shutdown Tampa Bay Times a b c Liesman Steve September 23 2013 Most Americans against defunding Obamacare survey CNBC Blame for both sides as a possible government shutdown approaches Pew Research Center for the People amp the Press September 23 2013 Clement Scott October 4 2013 Republicans are losing the shutdown blame game The Washington Post Archived from the original on October 7 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 Kopicki Allison October 9 2013 Polls Show Growing Concerns About Shutdown The New York Times Retrieved October 11 2013 Newport Frank October 7 2013 Congress Job Approval Falls to 11 Amid Gov t Shutdown Americans approval of their own representative averages 44 Gallup com Murray Mark October 10 2013 NBC WSJ poll Shutdown debate damages GOP NBC News Republicans Lose Ground vs Obama In the Shutdown Blame Game PDF Langer Research Associates October 7 2013 Archived from the original PDF on October 12 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 Ungar Rick Boomerang Poll Reveals GOP s Government Shutdown Bolstered Obamacare s Popularity By 20 Forbes Retrieved October 17 2013 Hart Research Associates Public Opinion Strategies Study 13413 October 2013 NBC News Wall Street Journal Survey PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 19 2013 Retrieved October 18 2013 Steinhauser Paul October 21 2013 CNN Poll 75 say most Republicans in Congress don t deserve re election CNN Retrieved October 21 2013 Dusseau Brigitte October 2 2013 Tourists baffled angry as Statue of Liberty shut Agence France Presse Retrieved October 4 2013 Paddock Barry October 1 2013 Lady Liberty turns away your tired your hungry your sightseers due to shutdown Daily News New York Retrieved October 4 2013 Hernandez Vittorio October 1 2013 U S Government Shutdown Includes Closure of Statue of Liberty Angers Tourists International Business Times Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 Statue of Liberty to re open despite government shutdown Cuomo Daily News New York Retrieved October 12 2013 Statue of Liberty closed by shutdown reopens to tourists Reuters October 13 2013 Bing Bonnie October 19 2013 Trip to France marred by closure of American cemetery at Normandy The Wichita Eagle Archived from the original on October 18 2017 Retrieved October 20 2013 Meichtry Stacy October 13 2013 Shutdown Hits Normandy But Some U S Landmarks Reopen The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 20 2013 O Hehir Andrew October 2013 An anxious Fox News blames the shutdown on Obama Salon Retrieved October 4 2013 Mirkinson Jack September 30 2013 Fox News Website Trumpets Government Slimdown Not Shutdown Huffington Post Retrieved October 4 2013 Al Jazeera Balanced coverage ignores nine reasons why the shutdown is a GOP Idea October 16 2013 The Guardian The only thing crazier than the shutdown is Fox News coverage of it October 9 2013 FiveThirtyEight The Six Big Takeaways From the Government Shutdown October 10 2013 NPR Monitoring For Signs Of Bias In Media s Shutdown Reporting October 4 2013 Sowell Thomas October 2013 Who shutdown the government Capitalismmagazine com Retrieved October 7 2013 Rebels Without a Clue Paul Krugman The New York Times September 30 2013 Geraghty Jim October 7 2013 The Sadism of Harry Reid National Review Online Retrieved October 12 2013 Politi Daniel September 28 2013 Harry Reid on shutdown American people will not be extorted by Tea Party Slate Retrieved October 12 2013 U K s Cameron Cites Economic Risks of U S Shutdown Bloomberg News Retrieved October 4 2013 Kay Jonathan September 30 2013 Jonathan Kay Washington s dysfunction shows us the benefit of Parliament s orderly trained seals National Post Archived from the original on October 4 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 Blanchflower David September 29 2013 Americans sneeze and Brits catch the flu A US shut down poses risks to the UK economy The Independent London Archived from the original on May 1 2022 Retrieved October 8 2013 Zurcher Anthony September 30 2013 US shutdown has other nations confused and concerned BBC News Retrieved October 8 2013 Get serious Washington The News September 25 2013 Archived from the original on October 6 2013 Retrieved October 8 2013 Jun Shang October 2 2013 On guard against spillover of irresponsible U S politics Xinhua News Agency Archived from the original on October 7 2013 Retrieved October 4 2013 Franke Ruta Garance October 11 2013 How the National Parks Became the Biggest Battleground in the Shutdown The Atlantic Retrieved October 12 2013 Miley Cyrus Parodies Government Shutdown Performs the Hits on SNL Hawaii Magazine October 1 2013 TN lawmakers criticize Obama for hyping a slowdown WBIR October 9 2013 Archived from the original on January 28 2014 Retrieved October 11 2013 Foster Peter October 9 2013 Shutdown halts payments for US servicemen killed in action The Daily Telegraph London Cruz Reid and Obama trying to make shutdown as painful as possible Your Houston News October 7 2013 Retrieved October 9 2013 Is Shutdown The New Normal ABC News October 3 2013 Retrieved October 9 2013 National Park rangers ordered to keep visitors out of privately run businesses The Washington Times October 6 2013 Retrieved October 9 2013 No stranger to controversy World War II Memorial again at center of bickering NBC News October 2 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 Kopan Tal October 3 2013 Sarah Palin Barrycades at WWII Memorial Politico Retrieved October 7 2013 Is it really necessary to shut down all the monuments in Washington The Week October 2 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 a b National Park Service Contingency Plan PDF National Park Service Archived from the original PDF on October 5 2013 Jonsson Patrik October 3 2013 Government shutdown Do national parks really need to be barricaded The Christian Science Monitor Shutdown dramatics pull in private managers of public lands The Washington Times October 3 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 Lattanzio Vince October 3 2013 Founding Fathers Tavern Closed by Government Shutdown NBC 10 Philadelphia Retrieved October 7 2013 Ostendorff Jon October 5 2013 Blue Ridge inn s act of defiance lasts about 2 hours USA Today Retrieved October 7 2013 Pisgah Inn reopens defies government shutdown Citizen Times October 4 2013 Retrieved October 7 2013 Jenkins Colleen October 3 2013 Defiant N C innkeeper relents will close due to federal shutdown Reuters Retrieved October 7 2013 Ostendorff Jon Ball Julie Dono Linda October 9 2013 Blue Ridge Parkway inn reopens with federal blessing USA Today Retrieved October 11 2013 Shane III Leo October 1 2013 WWII veterans storm D C memorial closed by government shutdown Stars and Stripes Archived from the original on October 1 2013 Retrieved October 1 2013 Operating Hours amp Seasons World War II Memorial National Park Service Ruane Michael E Wilgoren Debbi September 25 2013 Visiting veterans storm closed war memorials The Washington Post Retrieved October 7 2013 Weinger Mackenzie DelReal Jose October 1 2013 World War II memorial Vets storm memorial pols help Politico Retrieved October 7 2013 a b c d e Young Adam D October 5 2013 Watchdog group files ethics complaint against Neugebauer over WWII Memorial incident Lubbock Avalanche Journal Retrieved October 11 2013 a b Congressman Confronts Park Ranger Over Closed WWII Memorial NBC Washington October 3 2013 Retrieved October 3 2013 GOP Rep to ranger You should be ashamed The Washington Post Ramsey Nick October 3 2013 GOP congressman shames National Park ranger for doing her job MSNBC Retrieved October 5 2013 Bennett Dashiell October 3 2013 Arguing with the Public Is Not a Good Look for GOP Congressmen The Atlantic Monthly Archived from the original on October 5 2013 Retrieved October 5 2013 Watson Brandon October 3 2013 Shutdown Showdown Austin Chronicle Choate Trish October 4 2013 Lawmaker lambasted for his rant at ranger Times Record News Wichita Falls Editorial Board October 4 2013 Bad Behavior in Washington Kansas City Star Texas congressman says beef wasn t with ranger Midland Record Telegram Associated Press October 4 2013 McCumber David October 4 2013 As shutdown goes on Republicans find no escape Hearst Newspapers Curtis Abigail October 5 2013 Visitors determined to enjoy closed Acadia National Park a real problem for rangers Bangor Daily News a b Berkes Howard October 11 2013 Some States Allowed To Reopen National Parks And Foot The Bill NPR Retrieved October 12 2013 Agreement Reached To Open Mount Rushmore Keloland Com October 1 2013 Archived from the original on March 22 2014 Retrieved October 13 2013 Government shutdown Senate passes debt deal sends it to House Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on October 16 2013 Retrieved October 17 2013 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2013 federal government shutdown in the United States Government Shutdown coverage by CBS News US government shutdown 2013 collected news and commentary at The Guardian nbsp Fiscal Crisis Continuing Coverage of the Budget Debates The New York Times October 17 2013 Further reading EditDraper Robert April 24 2012 Do Not Ask What Good We Do 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