The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture.[1]
The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced.
There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished.
In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China (ROC), the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People's Republic of China (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.[4] This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.[5]
An additional project, attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published.[5] This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China.
In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution.[6]
In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing.[7]The project was approved in 2002,[8] and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi.[9] Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,[10] the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016.[11]Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.[12]
Modern editionsedit
In China, the Zhonghua Book Company (Zhonghua Shuju) have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.[13]
One of the Twenty-Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English: Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.[15]
In Korean and Vietnamese, only the Records has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.[citation needed]
^Ch 49, "Standard Histories," in Endymion Wilkinson. Chinese History: A New Manual. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 2012). ISBN9780674067158. Also see "Standard Histories" link to the Googlebook of the 2000 edition of Wilkinson.
^Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN978-1-4392-2134-1.
^台灣版《清史》一年速成 筆墨官司幾上幾下. big5.huaxia.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
^ abChen, Hsi-yuan (2004). "Last chapter unfinished: The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography". Historiography East and West. 2 (2): 173–204. doi:10.1163/157018606779068306. ISSN 1570-1867. S2CID153377177.
^Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese history: a new manual. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 834–5. ISBN978-0674067158.
^Huáiràng, Yuè (3 April 2019). 新修《清史》已进入稿件通读阶段，预计今年出版问世. Péngpài Xīnwén 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). from the original on 12 April 2019.
^Mao, Liping; Ma, Zhao (2012). ""Writing History in the Digital Age": The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives". History Compass. 10 (5): 367–374. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00841.x.
^Chéng, Chóngdé (3 January 2021). 戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作. Guangming 光明 (in Chinese).
^中新社网站 (26 August 2003). 两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计 预计10年完成. 新浪军事 (in Chinese).
^Rèn, Mǐn (18 December 2013). Sòng, Yǔchéng (ed.). "Guójiā Qīngshǐ Biānzuǎn Gōngchéng yǐ wánchéng chūgǎo" 国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿 [The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed]. Běijīng Xīnwén 北京新闻 (in Chinese). from the original on 19 December 2013.
^Guo, Fei (21 April 2020). Ma, Yuhong (ed.). "Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project". Chinese Social Sciences Today. from the original on 14 September 2021.
^The Grand Scribe's Records (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994- )
Sourcesedit
Xu Elina-Qian, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. 273 pages. 19 and 23
External linksedit
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Twenty-Four Canonical Histories
Chinese Literature The Ershiwushi 二十五史 "The Twenty-five Official Dynastic Histories" (zhengshi 正史) Ulrich Theobold, China Knowledge
January 01, 1970
twenty, four, histories, chinese, 二十四史, pinyin, Èrshísì, shǐ, wade, giles, shih, shih, also, known, orthodox, histories, chinese, 正史, pinyin, zhèngshǐ, wade, giles, chêng4shih3, chinese, official, dynastic, histories, covering, from, earliest, dynasty, 3000, m. The Twenty Four Histories Chinese 二十四史 pinyin Ershisi Shǐ Wade Giles Erh shih szu shih also known as the Orthodox Histories Chinese 正史 pinyin Zhengshǐ Wade Giles Cheng4shih3 are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century Twenty Four HistoriesChinese二十四史TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinErshisi ShǐYue CantoneseJyutpingJi6sap6sei3 Si2Southern MinHokkien POJJi cha p si su col Ji si p su su lit The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre but the form was not fixed until much later Starting with the Tang dynasty each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty the whole set contains 3 213 volumes and about 40 million words It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture 1 The title Twenty Four Histories dates from 1775 which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor This was when the last volume the History of Ming was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced Contents 1 Collection 1 1 Inheritance works 1 2 Related works 1 3 Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history 2 Modern editions 3 Translations 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Citations 5 2 Sources 6 External linksCollection editTitle Corresponding dynasty Main author Year of compilation Notes Records of the Grand Historian史記 The period from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of Han Sima Qian Han dynasty 91 BC Part of the Early Four Historiographies 前四史 Book of Han漢書 Western HanXin dynasty Ban Gu Han dynasty AD 82 Part of the Early Four Historiographies 前四史 Records of the Three Kingdoms三國志 Cao WeiShu HanEastern Wu Chen Shou Jin dynasty AD 289 Part of the Early Four Historiographies 前四史 Greatly expanded by later annotation Book of the Later Han後漢書 Eastern Han Fan Ye Liu Song AD 445 Part of the Early Four Historiographies 前四史 2 Book of Song宋書 Liu Song Shen Yue Liang dynasty 488 Book of Southern Qi南齊書 Southern Qi Xiao Zixian Liang dynasty 537 Book of Wei魏書 Northern WeiEastern Wei Wei Shou Northern Qi 554 Book of Liang梁書 Liang dynasty Yao Silian Tang dynasty 636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Book of Chen陳書 Chen dynasty Yao Silian Tang dynasty 636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Book of Northern Qi北齊書 Northern Qi Li Baiyao Tang dynasty 636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Book of Zhou周書 Western WeiNorthern Zhou Linghu Defen Tang dynasty 636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Book of Sui隋書 Sui dynasty Wei Zheng Tang dynasty 636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Book of Jin晉書 Western JinEastern Jin Fang Xuanling Tang dynasty 648 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 History of the Southern Dynasties南史 Liu SongSouthern QiLiang dynastyChen dynasty Li Yanshou Tang dynasty 659 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 History of the Northern Dynasties北史 Northern WeiEastern WeiWestern WeiNorthern QiNorthern ZhouSui dynasty Li Yanshou Tang dynasty 659 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty 唐初八史 Old Book of Tang舊唐書 Tang dynasty Liu Xu Later Jin 945 Old History of the Five Dynasties舊五代史 Later LiangLater TangLater JinLater HanLater Zhou Xue Juzheng Song dynasty 974 Historical Records of the Five Dynasties五代史記 Later LiangLater TangLater JinLater HanLater Zhou Ouyang Xiu Song dynasty 1053 Also called New History of the Five Dynasties 新五代史 New Book of Tang新唐書 Tang dynasty Ouyang Xiu Song dynasty 1060 History of Liao遼史 Liao dynastyWestern Liao Toqto a Yuan dynasty 1343 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty 元末三史 3 History of Jin金史 Jin dynasty Toqto a Yuan dynasty 1345 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty 元末三史 History of Song宋史 Northern SongSouthern Song Toqto a Yuan dynasty 1345 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty 元末三史 History of Yuan元史 Yuan dynasty Song Lian Ming dynasty 1370 History of Ming明史 Ming dynasty Zhang Tingyu Qing dynasty 1739 Inheritance works edit These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir usually of the next generation Records of the Grand Historian inherited from Sima Tan 司馬談 father by Sima Qian 司馬遷 son Book of Han inherited from Ban Biao 班彪 father Ban Gu son by Ban Zhao 班昭 daughter sister Book of Liang and Book of Chen inherited from Yao Cha 姚察 father by Yao Silian 姚思廉 son Book of Northern Qi inherited from Li Delin 李德林 father by Li Baiyao 李百藥 son History of the Southern Dynasties and History of the Northern Dynasties inherited from Li Dashi 李大師 father by Li Yanshou 李延壽 son Related works edit There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished Title Corresponding dynasty Main author Year of compilation Notes New History of Yuan新元史 Yuan dynasty Ke Shaomin Republic of China 1920 Part of the Twenty Five Histories 二十五史 Draft History of Qing清史稿 Qing dynasty Zhao Erxun Republic of China 1927 Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history edit Main articles Draft History of Qing and History of Qing People s Republic In 1961 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China ROC the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People s Republic of China PRC as an illegitimate impostor regime It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution 4 This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing 5 An additional project attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography lasted from 1988 to 2000 Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published 5 This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan Green Coalition which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China In 1961 the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution 6 In 2002 the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing 7 The project was approved in 2002 8 and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi 9 Initially planned to be completed in 10 years 10 the project suffered multiple delays pushing completion of the first draft to 2016 11 Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project s results were being reviewed 12 Modern editions editIn China the Zhonghua Book Company Zhonghua Shuju have edited a number of these histories They have been collated edited and punctuated by Chinese specialists 13 From 1991 to 2003 it was translated from Classical Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese by Xu Jialu and other scholars 14 Translations editOne of the Twenty Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser in nine volumes 15 In Korean and Vietnamese only the Records has been translated Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese citation needed See also edit nbsp China portal nbsp History portal nbsp Books portal Chinese classic texts Draft History of Qing a continuation of the histories through 1911 History of China Official communications in imperial China Zizhi TongjianReferences editCitations edit Ch 49 Standard Histories in Endymion Wilkinson Chinese History A New Manual Cambridge MA Harvard University Asia Center Harvard Yenching Institute Monograph Series 2012 ISBN 9780674067158 Also see Standard Histories link to the Googlebook of the 2000 edition of Wilkinson Hill John E 2009 Through the Jade Gate to Rome A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty 1st to 2nd Centuries CE BookSurge Charleston South Carolina ISBN 978 1 4392 2134 1 Xu Elina Qian p 23 台灣版 清史 一年速成 筆墨官司幾上幾下 big5 huaxia com in Chinese Retrieved 12 April 2018 a b Chen Hsi yuan 2004 Last chapter unfinished The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography Historiography East and West 2 2 173 204 doi 10 1163 157018606779068306 ISSN 1570 1867 S2CID 153377177 Wilkinson Endymion 2012 Chinese history a new manual Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Asia Center pp 834 5 ISBN 978 0674067158 Huairang Yue 3 April 2019 新修 清史 已进入稿件通读阶段 预计今年出版问世 Pengpai Xinwen 澎湃新闻 in Chinese Archived from the original on 12 April 2019 Mao Liping Ma Zhao 2012 Writing History in the Digital Age The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives History Compass 10 5 367 374 doi 10 1111 j 1478 0542 2012 00841 x Cheng Chongde 3 January 2021 戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作 Guangming 光明 in Chinese 中新社网站 26 August 2003 两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计 预计10年完成 新浪军事 in Chinese Ren Mǐn 18 December 2013 Song Yǔcheng ed Guojia Qingshǐ Bianzuǎn Gōngcheng yǐ wancheng chugǎo 国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿 The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed Beijing Xinwen 北京新闻 in Chinese Archived from the original on 19 December 2013 Guo Fei 21 April 2020 Ma Yuhong ed Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project Chinese Social Sciences Today Archived from the original on 14 September 2021 Xu Elina Qian p 19 二十四史全译 图书 The Grand Scribe s Records Bloomington Indiana University Press 1994 Sources edit Xu Elina Qian Historical Development of the Pre Dynastic Khitan University of Helsinki 2005 273 pages 19 and 23External links edit nbsp Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article Twenty Four Canonical Histories Chinese Literature The Ershiwushi 二十五史 The Twenty five Official Dynastic Histories zhengshi 正史 Ulrich Theobold China Knowledge Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Twenty Four Histories amp oldid 1215317008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
