The History of Jin (Jin Shi) is a Chinese historical text, one of the Twenty Four Histories, which details the history of the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens in northern China. It was compiled by the Yuan dynasty historian and minister Toqto'a.
Although the Jin dynasty was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234, the initiative for writing a dynastic history - in accordance with Chinese political traditions - was only begun under Kublai Khan, who had decided to embrace Chinese political norms and found the Yuan dynasty. In 1261 the idea of compiling histories for both the Jin and Liao dynasties was first mooted, and after the conquest of Southern Song, the project was expanded to compile all three histories.
Issues with the format and rules of compilation, however, hampered progress, and it was only in 1343 that the imperial commission was finalised, with Toqto'a as the overseer, and a team of six, including the scholar Ouyang Xuan, as chief compilers. The work was completed in just over a year.
For its material, the History of Jin drew heavily on the historical records of the Jin dynasty itself, while the events of its final years drew heavily on the private works and records of scholars such as Yuan Haowen, Liu Qi, Yang Huan and others.
The History of Jin was translated into Manchu as ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (Wylie: Aisin gurun i suduri, Möllendorff: Aisin gurun i suduri).
The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty used the Manchu language to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Jurchen language names in the History of Jin in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解) project.
Qianlong's "corrections" ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse.[1]Marshall Broomhall wrote that "So unscientific was this work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless."[2]Emil Bretschneider demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect.[3]
LayoutEdit
The History of Jin contains a total of 135 scrolls, or chapters, divided as follows:
19 Annals or imperial biographies (本紀), detailing the lives of Jin emperors
39 Treatises (志), detailing facts of economic and social history during the period
4 Chronological tables (表)
71 Biographies (列傳), detailing lives of important people during the period
Within the Annals, volume 1 contains a description of the ancestral records of the founding Wanyan clan, their origin in the Heishui Mohe peoples of Russian Manchuria, and ancestral figures, including Hanpu, Wugunai, Shilu, Helibo, and Wuyashu. Tillman explains the background to this volume in English.[4] Volume 19 includes some early figures of the Jin dynasty who were given posthumous titles, including Wanyuan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 (d. 1124), Wanyan Zongyao 完顏宗堯 (1096-1135), and Wanyan Yungong 完颜允恭 (1146-1185)
Within the Treatises, volumes 25-26 describe the geographic divisions of the Jin, organized by the primary level administrative division of circuit (路). The section Finance and Economics (食貨) spans volumes 46–50, Selection of Officials (選舉) spans volumes 51–54, Official Posts (百官) spans volumes 55–58. Volume 57 describes the unique Miŋgan Moumukə 猛安謀克 social system of the Jurchen.[5] Volume 2 confirms Aguda as du begile 都勃極烈 or supreme chief in this system. Biographies of a number of tribal unit chiefs with title begile 勃極烈 are given in volume 76.
One unusual feature of the text in comparison with other standard histories is the tabular descriptions of communication with neighboring states (交聘) in volumes 60–62.[6]
Researches on Manchu Origins contained a list of corrections of the transcribed Jurchen words found in the History of Jin in Chapter 135 - 金史/卷135, using the Manchu language to correct them, found in Chapter 18 - 滿洲源流考/卷18
NotesEdit
^Bretschneider, E. (1876). Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^Marshall Broomhall (1910). Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp. 93–94.
^E. Bretschneider (15 October 2013). Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources: Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century. Routledge. pp. 182–. ISBN978-1-136-38021-1.
^Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008). Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. OUP Oxford. pp. 383–. ISBN978-0-19-156167-2.
^Shou-p'ing Wu Ko (1855). Translation (by A. Wylie) of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language (by Woo Kĭh Show-ping, revised and ed. by Ching Ming-yuen Pei-ho) with intr. notes on Manchu literature. pp. lxxvi–.
^Translation of the Ts'ing wan k'e mung, a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language; with introductory notes on Manchu Literature: (translated by A. Wylie.). Mission Press. 1855. pp. lxxvi–.
ReferencesEdit
Franke, Herbert (1971). "Chin Dynastic History Project". Sung Studies Newsletter (3): 36–37. JSTOR 23497078.
Schneider, Julia (2011). "The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors". Journal of Song-Yuan Studies (41): 343–404. JSTOR 23496214.
Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). "An Overview of Chin History and Institutions". In West, Stephen H; Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (eds.). China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History. Albany: SUNY Press. pp. 23–38.
Twitchett, Denis C; Franke, Herbert (1994). The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Vol. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
External linksEdit
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
History of Jin (in Chinese)
History of Jin 《金史》 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary
October 15, 2023
history, confused, with, book, other, uses, history, dynasty, chinese, historical, text, twenty, four, histories, which, details, history, dynasty, founded, jurchens, northern, china, compiled, yuan, dynasty, historian, minister, toqto, traditional, chinese金史s. Not to be confused with Book of Jin For other uses see History of the Jin dynasty The History of Jin Jin Shi is a Chinese historical text one of the Twenty Four Histories which details the history of the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens in northern China It was compiled by the Yuan dynasty historian and minister Toqto a History of JinTraditional Chinese金史Simplified Chinese金史TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJin ShiSouthern MinHokkien POJKim su Contents 1 History of compilation 2 Layout 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksHistory of compilation EditAlthough the Jin dynasty was destroyed by the Mongols in 1234 the initiative for writing a dynastic history in accordance with Chinese political traditions was only begun under Kublai Khan who had decided to embrace Chinese political norms and found the Yuan dynasty In 1261 the idea of compiling histories for both the Jin and Liao dynasties was first mooted and after the conquest of Southern Song the project was expanded to compile all three histories Issues with the format and rules of compilation however hampered progress and it was only in 1343 that the imperial commission was finalised with Toqto a as the overseer and a team of six including the scholar Ouyang Xuan as chief compilers The work was completed in just over a year For its material the History of Jin drew heavily on the historical records of the Jin dynasty itself while the events of its final years drew heavily on the private works and records of scholars such as Yuan Haowen Liu Qi Yang Huan and others The History of Jin was translated into Manchu as ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ Wylie Aisin gurun i suduri Mollendorff Aisin gurun i suduri The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty used the Manchu language to correct Chinese character transcriptions of Jurchen language names in the History of Jin in his Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation 欽定遼金元三史國語解 project Qianlong s corrections ended up compounding the errors and making the transcription of some foreign words even worse 1 Marshall Broomhall wrote that So unscientific was this work that the K ien lung editions of the Liao Kin and Yuan histories are practically useless 2 Emil Bretschneider demonstrated how the etymologies in the Qianlong edition were incorrect 3 Layout EditThe History of Jin contains a total of 135 scrolls or chapters divided as follows 19 Annals or imperial biographies 本紀 detailing the lives of Jin emperors 39 Treatises 志 detailing facts of economic and social history during the period 4 Chronological tables 表 71 Biographies 列傳 detailing lives of important people during the periodWithin the Annals volume 1 contains a description of the ancestral records of the founding Wanyan clan their origin in the Heishui Mohe peoples of Russian Manchuria and ancestral figures including Hanpu Wugunai Shilu Helibo and Wuyashu Tillman explains the background to this volume in English 4 Volume 19 includes some early figures of the Jin dynasty who were given posthumous titles including Wanyuan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d 1124 Wanyan Zongyao 完顏宗堯 1096 1135 and Wanyan Yungong 完颜允恭 1146 1185 Within the Treatises volumes 25 26 describe the geographic divisions of the Jin organized by the primary level administrative division of circuit 路 The section Finance and Economics 食貨 spans volumes 46 50 Selection of Officials 選舉 spans volumes 51 54 Official Posts 百官 spans volumes 55 58 Volume 57 describes the unique Miŋgan Moumuke 猛安謀克 social system of the Jurchen 5 Volume 2 confirms Aguda as du begile 都勃極烈 or supreme chief in this system Biographies of a number of tribal unit chiefs with title begile 勃極烈 are given in volume 76 One unusual feature of the text in comparison with other standard histories is the tabular descriptions of communication with neighboring states 交聘 in volumes 60 62 6 A list of 125 Jurchen language words transcribed in Chinese characters can be found in the Jin Guoyu Jie Explanation of the national language of the Jin 金國語解 an appendix to the History of Jin It is found in Chapter 135 金史 卷135 7 Alexander Wylie translated the list into English and Manchu 8 9 Researches on Manchu Origins contained a list of corrections of the transcribed Jurchen words found in the History of Jin in Chapter 135 金史 卷135 using the Manchu language to correct them found in Chapter 18 滿洲源流考 卷18Notes Edit Bretschneider E 1876 Notices of the Mediaeval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia Trubner amp Company pp 5 6 Retrieved 1 December 2014 Marshall Broomhall 1910 Islam in China A Neglected Problem Morgan amp Scott Limited pp 93 94 E Bretschneider 15 October 2013 Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century Routledge pp 182 ISBN 978 1 136 38021 1 Tillman 1995 pp 25 26 Tillman 1995 p 26 Twitchett amp Franke 1994 p 678 Heming Yong Jing Peng 14 August 2008 Chinese Lexicography A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 OUP Oxford pp 383 ISBN 978 0 19 156167 2 Shou p ing Wu Ko 1855 Translation by A Wylie of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese grammar of the Manchu Tartar language by Woo Kĭh Show ping revised and ed by Ching Ming yuen Pei ho with intr notes on Manchu literature pp lxxvi Translation of the Ts ing wan k e mung a Chinese Grammar of the Manchu Tartar Language with introductory notes on Manchu Literature translated by A Wylie Mission Press 1855 pp lxxvi References EditFranke Herbert 1971 Chin Dynastic History Project Sung Studies Newsletter 3 36 37 JSTOR 23497078 Schneider Julia 2011 The Jin Revisited New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors Journal of Song Yuan Studies 41 343 404 JSTOR 23496214 Tillman Hoyt Cleveland 1995 An Overview of Chin History and Institutions In West Stephen H Tillman Hoyt Cleveland eds China Under Jurchen Rule Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History Albany SUNY Press pp 23 38 Twitchett Denis C Franke Herbert 1994 The Cambridge History of China Alien Regimes and Border States 907 1368 Vol 6 Cambridge Cambridge University Press External links Edit nbsp Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article History of Jin in Chinese History of Jin 金史 Chinese text with matching English vocabulary Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of Jin amp oldid 1163877892, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
