fbpx
Wikipedia

Voivode of Transylvania

January 01, 1970

This article is about the royal governors of Transylvania. For the rulers of the Principality of Transylvania after 1570, see Prince of Transylvania.

The Voivode of Transylvania (German: Vojwode von Siebenbürgen;[1] Hungarian: erdélyi vajda;[1][2] Latin: voivoda Transsylvaniae;[1][2] Romanian: voievodul Transilvaniei)[3] was the highest-ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century. Appointed by the monarchs, the voivodes – themselves also the heads or ispáns of Fehér County – were the superiors of the ispáns of all the other counties in the province.

Changes in the administration of Transylvania between 1300 and 1867

They had wide-ranging administrative, military and judicial powers, but their jurisdiction never covered the whole province. The Saxon and Székely communities – organized into their own districts or "seats" from the 13th century – were independent of the voivodes. The kings also exempted some Transylvanian towns and villages from their authority over the centuries. Even so, the Voivodeship of Transylvania "was the largest single administrative entity"[4] in the entire kingdom in the 15th century. Voivodes enjoyed income from the royal estates attached to their office, but the right to "grant lands, collect taxes and tolls, or coin money"[5] was reserved for the monarchs. Although Roland Borsa, Ladislaus Kán and some other voivodes rebelled against the sovereign, most remained faithful royal officials.

Because of the gradual disintegration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century, the last voivodes of Transylvania, who came from the Báthory family, ceased to be high-ranking officials. Instead they were the heads of state, although under Ottoman suzerainty, of a new principality emerging in the eastern territories of the kingdom. Accordingly, Stephen Báthory, the voivode elected by the Diet of the new realm, officially abandoned the title of voivode and adopted that of prince in 1576, upon his election as King of Poland.

Origins edit

The origin of the office is unclear.[2] The title voivode is of Slavic origin with a meaning of "commander, lieutenant".[6] Although Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote of the voivodes[7] or chieftains of the Hungarian tribes around 950, he seems to have adopted the term used by a Slavic interpreter.[8] Romanian historians maintain that the title, homonymous with the one used in Wallachia and Moldavia, suggests a perpetuation of the local ruling tradition.[9][further explanation needed]

The border position of Transylvania[10] led to the formation of the voivodeship, since the monarchs could not maintain direct control over this remote region.[11] Thus the voivodes were never autonomous, but remained provincial officials of the kings.[8] The voivodes were heads of Fehér County from 1201,[12] which may indicate that their position had its origin in the office of that county's ispán.[13]

Two royal charters issued in 1111 and 1113 mention one Mercurius "princeps Ultrasilvanus", but he may have been only an important landowner in Transylvania without holding any specific office.[10] Leustach Rátót was the first individual whose title voivode was documented. He held the office in the late 12th century, but his voivodeship was mentioned by a royal charter in 1230. The earliest extant document mentioning a voivode named Legforus was issued in 1199.[2][6][10] In addition to voivode, royal charters used the titles banus,[14] dux and herzog for the same office in the next decades, showing that the terminology remained uncertain until the second half of the 13th century.[6]

Functions edit

Jurisdiction edit

See also: Count of the Székelys

The territories under the jurisdiction of the voivodes are known as Voivodeship or Voivodate of Transylvania.[15][16] Voivodes were the chiefs of the ispáns of the Transylvanian counties.[13] Although the counties in Transylvania were first attested from the 1170s, earlier references to fortresses at their seats[17] and archaeological finds suggest that a system of counties existed in the 11th century.[18] For instance, Torda County was first mentioned in a charter of 1227, but a royal castle at Torda (Turda) had already been documented in 1097,[19] and three burials coin-dated to the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000 or 1001–1038) were unearthed in the same fortress.[20]

 
Administrative division of Transylvania in the early 16th century, the territories under the control of the Voivode depicted in yellow

The ispáns of the Transylvanian counties of Doboka, Hunyad, Kolozs, Küküllő and Torda were not listed among the witnesses of royal charters from the beginning of the 13th century, hinting that their direct connection to the monarchs had by that time been interrupted.[13] Thereafter they were employed by the voivode who appointed and dismissed them at will.[13][21][22] Only the heads of Szolnok County remained directly connected to the monarchs for a longer period,[13] until their office was united with the voivodeship in the 1260s.[23][24][25] Similarly, the voivodes were simultaneously the ispáns of the nearby Arad County between 1321 and 1412.[24][26]

The kings exempted some communities from the jurisdiction of the voivodes.[5] The Diploma Andreanum, a royal charter of 1224, placed the territory of the Saxons between Broos (Szászváros, Orăștie) and Barót (Baraolt) under the authority of the Count of Hermannstadt (Nagyszeben, Sibiu), who was appointed by and directly subordinate to the monarchs.[27][28] Likewise, a special royal official, the Count of the Székelys, administered the Székely community[29] from around 1228.[30] In the latter case, the two offices were united by custom in 1462: from then on each voivode was also appointed Count of the Székelys.[29]

Following the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242, King Béla IV of Hungary exempted the inhabitants of Bilak (Mărişelu),[31] Gyalu (Gilău), Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Harina (Herina), Tasnád (Tășnad) and Zilah (Zalău).[32] King Charles I of Hungary granted immunity to the Saxon communities of Birthälm (Berethalom, Biertan), Kleinschelken (Kisselyk, Şeica Mică),[33] and Mediasch (Medgyes, Mediaș) in 1315, but the same monarch annulled other communities' similar privileges in 1324.[34] Altrodenau (Radna, Rodna) and Bistritz (Beszterce, Bistrița) received immunity in 1366.[35]

Honour of the voivodes edit

The office of voivode was one of the most important royal honours in the kingdom.[36] All income from lands attached to the Transylvanian royal castles was collected for the voivodes.[36] They enjoyed the income from fines,[36] but royal revenues from taxes, tolls and mines remained the kings' due.[37]

 
Restored Kőhalom Castle (Cetatea Cohalmului, Romania), held by the voivodes between 1324 and c. 1418[38]

During most of the 14th century, the voivodes held the castles at Bánffyhunyad (Huedin), Boroskrakkó (Cricău), Csicsóújfalu (Ciceu-Mihăieşti), Déva (Deva), Hátszeg (Hațeg), Kőhalom (Rupea), Küküllővár (Cetatea de Baltă), Léta (Lita), Nagy-Talmács (Tălmaciu), Torja (Turia) and Újvár (Gogan Varolea), together with their lands.[39] Additionally, the voivodes enjoyed the revenues of royal estates in Transylvania.[36] For instance, the estates at Bonchida (Bonțida) and Vajdahunyad (Hunedoara) were attached to them for decades.[40] However, the monarchs started to grant their castles and estates to noblemen, to the bishops of Transylvania or to the Saxon community after 1387.[40] Consequently, Küküllővár and the lands pertaining to it remained the last piece of the "voivodal domain" in the 1450s.[40]

The inhabitants of the Transylvanian counties were compelled to accommodate the voivodes and their officials.[41] The "guest settlers" – privileged colonists – at Boroskrakkó,[42] Magyarigen (Ighiu)[42] and Romosz (Romos)[33] were the first to be released from this duty in 1206.[43] In Alvinc (Vinţu de Jos) and Borberek (Vurpăr),[31] the obligation itself was not abolished, but limited to two occasions a year.[44] Finally King Charles I exempted all Transylvanian noblemen and their serfs from this irksome duty in 1324.[41]

The voivodes who preferred to stay in the royal court seldom resided in their province,[21] but were represented by their deputies.[36] The earliest record of a vicar of a voivode dates from 1221.[45] Later the title "vice-voivode", first documented in 1278, came into general use.[45][46] In addition to vice-voivodes and ispáns of the Transylvanian counties, the voivodes appointed the castellans of the royal fortresses.[21][47] They tended to choose from among the noblemen serving in their own retinue,[48] which ensured that their followers received a fair share of their revenues.[49][50] Accordingly, when a king dismissed a voivode, his men were also replaced with his successor's men.[49]

Judicial functions edit

Along with the palatine, the judge royal and the ban, the voivode was one of the Kingdom's highest judges.[51] In this capacity, he was authorized to issue "credible" charters.[51] The earliest preserved charter dates to 1248.[45] The voivodes or their vice-voivodes always heard disputes together with local noblemen who knew local customs.[52][53] Initially, the voivodes and their deputies held their courts at Marosszentimre (Sântimbru), but they heard disputes at their own abodes from the 14th century.[52] Voivodes rarely headed their courts after the 1340s and were rather represented by their deputies.[53]

Although limiting his own jurisdiction, in 1342 voivode Thomas Szécsényi recognized the right of Transylvanian noblemen to judge legal cases of peasants who held parcels of land in their estates, "with the exception of three cases, such as robbery, highway robbery, and violent trespass".[53][54] This concession was confirmed in 1365 by King Louis I of Hungary.[54] Furthermore, the monarchs granted jus gladii (the right to the application of capital punishment) to more and more nobles in the course of the same century.[55]

According to customary law, noblemen could not be sued outside the province until the 15th century.[52] King Louis I even prohibited all prelates and noblemen who owned lands in Transylvania from bringing legal proceedings of lesser importance concerning these estates to the royal court.[56] Nevertheless, legal actions between Transylvanians and the inhabitants of other parts of the kingdom remained outside the jurisdiction of the voivodes.[41] Litigants could appeal to the royal court against the decision of the voivode from the 14th century, but the voivode often remained involved in the proceedings.[56] Legislation prescribed that appeals against decisions of the voivodes were to be addressed to the judge royal only from 1444.[55][56]

"Then, contempt of the general diet and the noble assembly of the Transylvanians held on the mandate of the king or of the lord voivode of Transylvania is fined by a hundred marks, amounting to the same number of florins; and that of a judicial seat, by fifty."

"Tripartitum"[57]

"General assemblies" convoked and presided over by the principal judges of the realm became important judicial institutions in the last decade of the 13th century.[58] General assemblies for the representatives of the Transylvanian counties were presided over by the voivode or the vice-voivode.[59] The first such assembly was held on June 8, 1288. They became important legal institutions from 1322.[60] Thereafter they were held on a regular basis, at least once a year at Keresztes (Cristiş) near Torda.[59][61]

With the authority of the monarch, the voivodes occasionally also invited the representatives of the Saxon and Székely communities to the counties' general meetings.[61] This contributed to the development of legal connections among the future "Three Nations of Transylvania".[61] The threat from the peasants' revolt of 1437 gave rise to the first joint meeting of the Hungarian noblemen and the representatives of the Saxons and the Székelys, which was convoked without a former royal authorization by the vice-voivode.[62] Romanian cneazes were only once, in 1355, invited to the general assembly.[59] Otherwise, the vice-voivodes organized separate meetings for them.[61]

Military functions edit

 
Ruins of Déva Castle (Cetatea Deva, Romania), a fortress of the voivodes from 1321 to c. 1443[63]

The etymology of the title ("commander") suggests that voivodes had significant military duties.[64] They were the supreme leader of the troops recruited in the counties under their jurisdiction.[64] Although law obliged noblemen to fight in the king's army, Transylvanian nobles fought under the command of the voivode.[65] Furthermore, the voivodes had their own private retinue, formed primarily by armed noblemen.[64] Their right to raise an army under their own flag was confirmed by legislation in 1498.[66]

Military functions are attested, for instance, by Pousa, the voivode at the time of the Mongol invasion who fell in battle on March 31, 1241.[67][68] Voivode Lawrence of the Aba clan fought in the royal army in a war against Austria in 1246.[14] A Mongol army attacking the southern regions of Transylvania was defeated by voivode Ernye of the Ákos clan in 1260.[25] Roland Borsa fought against the invading Mongols in 1285.[69]

Voivode Nicholas Csáki failed to repel an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania in 1420.[70][71] In contrast, John Hunyadi, voivode between 1441 and 1446,[72] defeated a major Ottoman army at Gyulafehérvár in 1442.[73] His successor Stephen Báthory likewise won a resounding victory at Breadfield (Hungarian: Kenyérmező, Romanian: Câmpul Pâinii) on October 13, 1479.[74] By contrast, John Zápolya (Szapolyai), the last voivode before the battle of Mohács on August 29, 1526 did not arrive to the battlefield in time, summoned too late.[75] The battle ended with the Ottomans' annihilation of the royal army.[76] King Louis II of Hungary was also killed on the battlefield.[77]

Monarchs and their voivodes edit

Appointment and dismissal edit

The voivodes had power concentrated in their hands, impelling the monarchs to replace them frequently:[11] forty-three voivodes ruled between 1199 and 1288.[78] Monarchs usually refrained from appointing as voivode noblemen who owned Transylvanian estates.[37] Michael of the Kacsics clan was the first voivode to receive a land grant in the province, around 1210.[79] However, these originally uninhabited lands along the upper courses of the river Mureș (Maros) were confiscated in 1228.[80]

The era beginning with 1288 was characterized by longer periods in office.[13] Roland Borsa survived 10 years, while his successor, Ladislaus Kán, lasted 20 years.[13] This apparent stability was the consequence of the weakening of central government under the last two kings of the Árpád dynasty, Ladislaus IV (1272–1290) and Andrew III (1290–1301).[81] Royal power was only restored in the reign of Charles I (1308–1342) who one by one defeated the rebellious noblemen throughout his kingdom.[82]

In Transylvania, he was assisted by Thomas Szécsényi, the voivode between 1321 and 1342.[83] Historian Ioan-Aurel Pop characterizes the following period as including "voidvodal dynasties":[21] five members of the Lackfi family (father and four sons) were successively appointed between 1356 and 1376.[84] Likewise, Nicholas Csáki (1415 to 1426) was succeeded by his son Ladislaus.[61] The pair preferred to entrust their vice-voivode Roland Lépes to represent them, instead of visiting the province.[61] From the middle of the 15th century it was not unusual for two or even three noblemen to hold the office at the same time.[85] For instance, John Hunyadi was appointed together with Nicholas Újlaki in 1441 by King Wladislas I.[86]

Cooperation and conflicts edit

Further information: Roland Borsa and Ladislaus Kán

The Mongols comprehensively plundered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, including Transylvania, during both their invasion in 1241 and their withdrawal the following year.[87] The consolidation of the province was the main task of Lawrence of the Aba clan, who the office for 10 years from 1242.[88] One of his successors, appointed by King Béla IV, Ernye of the Ákos clan, was dismissed in 1260 by the king's son, Stephen who had just taken over Transylvania with the title of duke.[14] The duke's action showed emerging tensions between father and son, rather than conflicts between the duke and Ernye.[14][89]

The first years of the reign of the minor Ladislaus IV were characterized by armed conflicts between parties of the leading noble families.[90] Although Roland Borsa, voivode in 1282 and between 1284 and 1294, was initially among the nobles assisting the king in consolidating royal power,[90] he himself became the source of new conflicts. First he prevented the canons of the Gyulafehérvár Chapter from collecting their income in 1289. Next he unlawfully compelled noblemen and Saxon landowners in Transylvania to accommodate him and his retinue.[13] Later Borsa fought the bishop of Várad (Oradea) and even resisted King Andrew III who besieged him in the fortress of Adorján (Adrian) at Szalárd (Sălard)[31] for three months in 1294.[81][91]

Borsa's successor Ladislaus Kán went even further by usurping royal prerogative during his voivodeship between 1294 and 1315.[92] He arbitrarily assumed the titles of count of Bistritz, Hermannstadt and the Székelys to expand his authority over Saxon and Székely communities exempted from voivodal authority.[93] He set up a tax-collecting body, seemingly covering the entire province.[94] He captured Otto of Bavaria, a claimant to the Hungarian throne and seized the Holy Crown of Hungary from him in the first half of 1307.[95][96] He handed the royal diadem to King Charles I in 1310, but continued to rule Transylvania de facto independently until his death in 1315.[97] His son of the same name declared himself voivode, a title even used by the monarch when referring to him in a charter of August 12, 1315.[98] Dózsa Debreceni, the voivode King Charles I appointed in 1318, defeated some rebellious minor lords, but royal authority in Transylvania was only restored by Thomas Szécsényi in the 1320s.[99]

The next rebellion against royal power in Transylvania broke out in 1467.[100] Irritated by a new tax that King Matthias Corvinus had just introduced, representatives of the Three Nations concluded an alliance against the monarch and declared the three incumbent voivodes (the brothers Counts John and Sigismund Szentgyörgyi and Berthold Ellerbach) their leaders. The king put down the revolt in a week, but did not sentence the three voivodes, because their active role in the revolt was never proven.[101]

End of the office edit

Further information: Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)

The barons did not find a compromise candidate to succeed King Louis II who perished in the battle of Mohács in 1526.[102] First the voivode, John Szapolyai was proclaimed king by a group of nobles, but the opposing party also elected its own king, Ferdinand I, a scion of the Habsburg family, by the end of the year.[103]

 
Baron István Dobó of Ruszka, last voivode appointed by a king of Hungary (1553–1559)

King John I accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1529,[103] but in the Treaty of Nagyvárad of 1538 he conceded the right of the Habsburgs to succeed him after his death.[104] At that point his voivodes, Stephen Majláth and Emeric Balassa, decided to separate Transylvania from the kingdom in order to save the province from an Ottoman invasion. Although other leading Transylvanian noblemen soon joined them, King John I overcame their rebellion in some weeks.[105]

Following John's death, Ottoman troops occupied the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1541.[106] Sultan Suleiman I permitted the king's widow, Queen Isabella, to retain the territories east of the river Tisza (Tisa), including Transylvania, in the name of her infant son, John Sigismund.[106][107] George Martinuzzi, bishop of Várad, soon started to reorganize the government in the name of the dowager queen and her son. The Ottomans assisted the bishop by capturing his opponent, Stephen Majláth,[106] although the sultan had earlier confirmed the latter's position as voivode.[108] An assembly of the Three Nations elected George Martinuzzi as governor on behalf of the infant king in 1542.[106]

The office of voivode was vacant[1] until September 1549, when Ferdinand (who had not given up the idea of reuniting the territories of the entire kingdom) appointed Martinuzzi to this post.[109] However, Isabella and his son only left their realm in 1551.[110] Thereafter, Transylvania was again under the rule of voivodes appointed by the monarch, ending with István Dobó.[1] He administered the province until 1556, when Isabella and John Sigismund returned.[111]

John Sigismund ceased to style himself king of Hungary after the Treaty of Speyer of 1570, under which he adopted the title of "Prince of Transylvania and Lord of parts of the Kingdom of Hungary".[112][113] His successor Stephen Báthory (who was elected ruler by the assembly of the Three Nations) revived the title of voivode, initially for himself.[114] He adopted the title of "prince of Transylvania" when he was elected king of Poland in 1576.[115] At the same time, he conferred the title voivode on his brother Christopher in 1576.[115] Christopher Báthory was followed in 1581 by his minor son Sigismund who continued to style himself voivode until the death of his uncle, Stephen Báthory in 1586.[116] Sigismund Báthory's title of prince was acknowledged in 1595 by Emperor Rudolph (also king of Hungary).[116]

List of voivodes edit

Twelfth century edit

Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
c. 1111–c. 1113 Mercurius Coloman "princeps Ultrasilvanus", but maybe only a distinguished nobleman [2][10][117][118]
1176–c. 1196 Leustach of the Rátót clan Béla III first voivode attested by a royal charter (from 1230); leader of Hungarian reinforcements sent to the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuks in the Battle of Myriokephalon of 1176 [2][6][118][119][120]
1199–1200 Legforus Emeric his voivode title is documented by the earliest royal charter (from 1199) [2][6][118][119]
1200 Eth of the Geregye clan Emeric also ispán of Fehér County [118][119][121]

Thirteenth century edit

Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1201 Julius of the Kán clan Emeric first rule; also ispán of Fehér County [118][119][121]
1201 Nicholas (I) Emeric according to a non-authentic charter also in 1202 [119][121]
1202–1206 Benedict, son of Korlát Emeric, Ladislaus III, Andrew II first rule [118][119][121]
1206 Smaragd of the Smaragd clan Andrew II [118][119][121]
1208–1209 Benedict, son of Korlát Andrew II second rule; conspired against the king who exiled him [118][119][121][122]
1209–1212 Michael of the Kacsics clan Andrew II first voivode receiving land grant in Transylvania [118][119][121]
1212–1213 Berthold of Merania Andrew II brother of Gertrud, Andrew II's queen; also archbishop of Kalocsa [118][121][123]
1213 Nicholas (II) Andrew II [118][119][121]
1214 Julius of the Kán clan Andrew II second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1214) [118][119][121]
1215 Simon of the Kacsics clan Andrew II [118][119][121]
1216–1217 Ipoch of the Bogátradvány clan Andrew II [118][119][121]
1217 Raphael Andrew II he might have been in office in 1218 (Kurt W. Treptow, Marcel Popa) [118][119][121]
1219–1221 Neuka Andrew II [118][119][121]
1221–1222 Paul, son of Peter Andrew II [118][119][121]
1227 Pousa, son of Sólyom Andrew II first rule [68][118][119]
1229–1231 Julius of the Rátót clan Andrew II [68][118][119]
1233–1234 Denis of the Türje clan Andrew II [68][118][119]
1235 Andrew, son of Serafin Béla IV also ispán of Pozsony County (1235) [68][118][124][125]
1235–1241 Pousa, son of Sólyom Béla IV second rule; died fighting against the invading Mongols [68][118][124][126]
1242–1252 Lawrence Béla IV also ispán of Valkó County [68][118][124]
b. 1261 Ernye of the Ákos clan Béla IV banus quondam Transiluanus in 1261 [68][118][124]
1261 Csák of the Hahót clan Béla IV banus Transilvanus; also ispán of Szolnok County (1261); the king's son, Stephen is duke of Transylvania [14][68][124]
1263–1264 Ladislaus (II) of the Kán clan Béla IV first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1263–1264); the king's son, Stephen is duke of Transylvania [14][118][124][127]
1267–1268 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Béla IV first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1267–1268); it is presumable, he held the dignity uninterruptedly from 1264 to 1270; the king's son, Stephen is duke of Transylvania [14][124][127][128]
1270–1272 Matthew of the Csák clan Stephen V first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1270–1272) [124][127][128]
1272–1273 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1272–1273) [124][127][128]
1273 John Ladislaus IV also ispán of Szolnok County (1273) [124][128][129]
1273–1274 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV third rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1273–1274) [124][128][129]
1274 Matthew of the Csák clan Ladislaus IV second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1274) [124][128][129]
1274 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV fourth rule; maybe in 1275 (Kurth W. Treptow, Marcel Popa); also ispán of Szolnok County (1274) [124][128][129]
1274–1275 Matthew of the Csák clan Ladislaus IV third rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1274–1275) [124][129]
1275 Ugrin of the Csák clan Ladislaus IV first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1275) [124][128][129]
1275–1276 Ladislaus (II) of the Kán clan Ladislaus IV second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1275–1276) [124][128][129]
1276 Ugrin of the Csák clan Ladislaus IV second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1276) [124][128][129]
1276 Matthew of the Csák clan Ladislaus IV fourth rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1276) [124][128][129]
1277 Nicholas of the Pok clan (Meggyesi) Ladislaus IV first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1277) [124][128][129]
1278–1280 Finta of the Aba clan Ladislaus IV also ispán of Szolnok County (1278–1280); captured the king [124][128][129][130]
1280 Stephen, son of Tekesh Ladislaus IV also ispán of Szolnok County (1280) [124][128][129]
1282 Roland of the Borsa clan Ladislaus IV first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1282) [124][128][131]
1283 Apor of the Péc clan Ladislaus IV also ispán of Szolnok County (1283) [124][128][131]
1284–1294 Roland of the Borsa clan Ladislaus IV, Andrew III second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1284–1294); successfully fought against the invading Mongols in 1285; rebelled against both kings [122][124][128][131]
1287–c. 1288 (?) Mojs of the Ákos clan Ladislaus IV only a non-authentic charter refers to him as voivode, if so, he was also ispán of Szolnok County in the same period [124][128][131]
1295–1314 or 1315 Ladislaus (III) of the Kán clan Andrew III de facto independent ruler; also ispán of Szolnok County (1295–1314) [124][128][131]

Fourteenth century edit

 
Coat-of-arms of the Lackfi family
 
Stibor of Stiboricz
Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
c. 1315 Ladislaus (IV) of the Kán clan self declared voivode, son of Ladislaus (III) Kán (1295–1314) [98]
1315–1316 Nicholas Meggyesi Charles I second rule; unable to take up his office; also ispán of Szolnok County (1315–1316) [128][132][133]
1318–1321 Dózsa Debreceni Charles I also ispán of Szolnok County (1318–1321) [40][128][133]
1321–1342 Thomas Szécsényi Charles I also ispán of Szolnok County (1321–1342), ispán of Arad County (1330–1342), and ispán of Csongrád County (1330) [40][128][133]
1342–1344 Nicholas Sirokai Louis I also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1342–1344) [128][133][134]
1344–1350 Stephen Lackfi Louis I also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1344–1350) [128][133][134]
1350–1351 Thomas Gönyűi or Csór Louis I appointed by Stephen, duke of Transylvania, the monarch's brother; also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1350–1351) [128][133][134]
1351–1356 Nicholas Kont of Orahovica Louis I also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1351–1356) [128][133][134]
1356–1359 Andrew Lackfi Louis I brother of Stephen Lackfi (1344–1350); also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1356–1359) [128][134][135]
1359–1367 Denis Lackfi Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi (1344–1350); also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1359–1367) [128][134][135][136]
1367–1368 Nicholas Lackfi, Jr. Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi (1344–1350); also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1367–1368) [128][134][135][136]
1369–1372 Emeric Lackfi Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi (1344–1350); also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1369–1372) [128][134][135][136]
1372–1376 Stephen Lackfi of Csáktornya Louis I first rule; son of Stephen Lackfi (1344–1350); also ispán of Szolnok County (1372–1376) [128][135][136][137]
1376–1385 Ladislaus Losonci, Sr. Louis I, Mary first rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1376–1385) [128][133][137][138]
1385–1386 Stephen Lackfi of Csáktornya Charles II second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1385–1386) [133][137]
1386–1392 Ladislaus Losonci, Sr. Sigismund, Mary second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1386–1392) [133][137][138]
1392–1393 Emeric Bebek Sigismund, Mary also ispán of Szolnok County (1392–1393) [128][133][137]
1393–1395 Frank Szécsényi Sigismund, Mary also ispán of Arad, Csongrád, and Szolnok Counties (1393–1395) [128][133][137]
1395–1401 Stibor of Stiboricz Sigismund first rule; also ispán of Arad and Szolnok Counties (1395–1401) [128][133][137]

Fifteenth century edit

 
Gravestone of Nicholas Újlaki in the Church of St. John of Capistrano at Újlak (Ilok, Croatia)
 
John Hunyadi on an engraving
Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1401 Simon Szécsényi Sigismund also ispán of Szolnok County (1401) [133][137]
1402–1403 Nicholas Csáki Sigismund first rule; also ispán of Békés, Bihar, Csanád, Csongrád, Keve, Krassó, Szolnok, Temes, and Zaránd Counties (1402–1403); a leader of the party supporting King Ladislaus of Naples's claim to the Hungarian throne in 1403 [128][133][137][139]
Nicholas Marcali also ispán of Békés, Csanád, Csongrád, Keve, Krassó, Szolnok, Temes, and Zaránd Counties (1402–1403); joined the party supporting King Ladislaus of Naples's claim to the Hungarian throne in 1403 [128][133][137][140]
1403–1409 John Tamási Sigismund also ispáns of Szolnok County (1403–1409) [128][133][141]
James Lack of Szántó
1409–1414 Stibor of Stiboricz Sigismund second rule; also ispán of Szolnok County (1409–1414), Nyitra and Trencsén, Lord of all Váh [128][133][141]
1415–1426 Nicholas Csáki Sigismund second rule; also ispán of Békés, Bihar, and Szolnok Counties (1415–1426) [128][133][141]
1426–1437 Ladislaus Csáki Sigismund second rule; together with Peter Cseh of Léva (1436–1437); also ispán of Közép-Szolnok County (1426–1437), ispán of Szatmár County (1430–1437), and ispán of Bihar County (1433–1437); routed by the rebelling peasants at Dés (Dej); [133][139][142][143]
1436–1438 Peter Cseh of Léva Sigismund, Albert together with Ladislaus Csáki (1426–1437) [142][143][144]
1438–1441 Desiderius Losonci Albert, Ladislaus V left Ladislaus V's party and became Wladislas I's partisan in 1441 [138][142][143][144]
1440–1441 Ladislaus Jakcs Wladislas I [142][144]
Michael Jakcs
1441–1458 Nicholas Újlaki Wladislas I, Ladislaus V first rule; together with John Hunyadi (1441–1446), with Emeric Bebek (1446–1448), and with John Rozgonyi (1449–1458); also ban of Macsó and commander of Nándorfehérvár (Beograd, Serbia) (1441–1458), count of the Székelys (1441–1446), ispán of Csanád, Csongrád, Máramaros, and Temes Counties (1441–1446), ispán of Arad County (1444–1446), ban of Severin (1445–1446), and ban of Slavonia (1457) [85][144]
1441–1446 John Hunyadi Wladislas I together with Nicholas Újlaki (1441–1458); also commander of Nándorfehérvár (Beograd, Serbia) (1441–1446), count of the Székelys (1441–1446), ispán of Csanád, Csongrád, and Temes Counties (1441–1446), ispán of Arad and Bihar Counties (1443–1446), ispán of Közép-Szolnok, Kraszna, Szabolcs, Szatmár, and Ugocsa Counties (1444–1446), ispán of Bereg and Máramaros Counties (1445–1446), and regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary (1446) [85][144]
1446–1448 Emeric Bebek elected by the Diet of Hungary together with Nicholas Újlaki (1441–1458); also ispán of Abaúj County (1446–1448) and judge of the Jász people (1446–1448); died fighting against the Ottomans in the second battle of Kosovo [85][144][145]
1449–1458 John Rozgonyi first rule; together with Nicholas Újlaki (1441–1458); also ispán of Sopron and Vas Counties (1449–1454), count of the Székelys (1457–1458) [85][144]
1459–1461 Ladislaus Kanizsai Matthias together with John and Sebastian Rozgonyi (1459–1460), and with his brother, Nicholas Kanizsai (1461) [146]
1459–1460 John Rozgonyi Matthias together with Ladislaus Kanizsai (1459–1461), and with Sebastian Rozgonyi (1459–1460) [147]
1459–1460 Sebastian Rozgonyi Matthias together with Ladislaus Kanizsai (1459–1461), and with John Rozgonyi (1459–1460) [148]
1461 Nicholas Kanizsai Matthias together with his brother, Ladislaus Kanizsai (1459–1461) [146]
1462–1465 Nicholas Újlaki Matthias second rule [149]
John Pongrác of Dengeleg Matthias first rule [120]
1465–1467 Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorókerék Matthias dismissed after rebellious Transylvanian nobles elected them to their leaders [150]
Count Sigismund Szentgyörgyi brothers of Count Peter Szentgyörgyi (1498–1510); dismissed after rebellious Transylvanian nobles elected them to their leaders [151]
Count John Szentgyörgyi [151]
1468–1474 Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló Matthias together with John Pongrác of Dengeleg (1468–1472) [139]
1468–1472 John Pongrác of Dengeleg Matthias second rule; together with Nicholas Csupor of Monoszló (1468–1474) [120]
1472–1475 Blaise Magyar Matthias leader of Hungarian reinforcements sent to Stephen the Great, prince of Moldavia in the Battle of Vaslui of 1475 [143][152]
1475–1476 John Pongrác of Dengeleg Matthias third rule [143]
1478–1479 Peter Geréb of Vingárt Matthias [143]
1479–1493 Stephen (V) Báthory of Ecsed Matthias, Wladislas II [143]
1493–1498 Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek Wladislas II together with Ladislaus Losonci, Jr. (1493–1494); suppressed a rebellion of the Székelys [143][153]
1493–1495 Ladislaus Losonci, Jr. Wladislas II together with Bartholomew Drágfi of Béltek (1493–1498) [138][143]
1498–1510 Count Peter Szentgyörgyi Wladislas II brother of Counts Sigismund and John Szentgyörgyi (1465–1467) [143][154]

Sixteenth century edit

 
Stephen Báthory

"Voivode of Transylvania, István Báthory! (...) Transylvania has long been under my protection, (...) and the country is my own (...). Therefore, out of my power, in accordance with your fealty to me I make Transylvania over to you."

Ahidnâme of 1571 to Stephen Báthory by Sultan Selim II[114]

Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source
1510–1526 John Zápolya (Szapolyai) Wladislas II, Louis II became king of Hungary [1][143][144]
1527–1529 Péter Perényi John Zápolya left John Zápolya's party and became a partisan of Ferdinand I [1][143][155]
1530–1534 Stephen (VIII) Báthory of Somlyó Ferdinand I [1][143]
1530 Bálint Török [143]
1530–1534 Jerome Laski John Zápolya conspired against the king, who imprisoned him [1][143][156]
1533–1534 Emeric Czibak [143]
1534–1540 Stephen Majláth of Szunyogszeg John Zápolya together with Emeric Balassa of Gyarmat (1538–1540); planned to secede Transylvania from the Kingdom of Hungary, but was captured by the Ottomans [1][106][157]
1538–1540 Emeric Balassa of Gyarmat John Zápolya together with Stephen Majláth of Szunyogszeg (1534–1540); fled when the Ottomans invaded Transylvania [1][106][157]
1551 George Martinuzzi Ferdinand I also elected governor of Transylvania on behalf of the minor John Sigismund, the elected king (1543–1551) [1][106]
1552–1553 Andrew Báthory of Ecsed Ferdinand I resigned [1][143][158]
1553–1556 Stephen Dobó Ferdinand I last voivodes appointed by a king of Hungary [1][143]
Francis Kendi
1571–1576 Stephen Báthory elected by the Three Nations and confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan Selim II; declared himself prince of Transylvania after his election as king of Poland in 1576 [1][143][159]
1576–1581 Christopher Báthory Stephen Báthory [1][115]
1581–1586 Sigismund Báthory Stephen Báthory last voivode; his title of prince of Transylvania confirmed in 1595 by Emperor Rudolph [160][161]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fallenbüchl 1988, p. 77.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Zsoldos 2011, p. 36.
  3. ^ Negrău 2011, p. 92.
  4. ^ Jefferson 2012, p. 142.
  5. ^ a b Sedlar 1994, p. 275.
  6. ^ a b c d e Kristó 2003, p. 97.
  7. ^ Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (ch. 38.), p. 171.
  8. ^ a b Bóna 1994, p. 153.
  9. ^ Ioan Aurel Pop: Istoria României. Transilvania, Volumul I, Edit. „George Barițiu”, Cluj-Napoca, 1997, p.452
  10. ^ a b c d Curta 2006, p. 355.
  11. ^ a b Rady 2000, p. 18.
  12. ^ Curta 2006, p. 354.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Kristó 2003, p. 98.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Sălăgean 2005, p. 176.
  15. ^ Kristó 1979, p. 110
  16. ^ Pop 1996, p. 143
  17. ^ Curta 2006, pp. 355–356.
  18. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 90.
  19. ^ Curta 2006, p. 356.
  20. ^ Kristó 2003, pp. 90–92.
  21. ^ a b c d Pop 2005, p. 227.
  22. ^ Engel 1996, p. 246.
  23. ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 209.
  24. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 144.
  25. ^ a b Sălăgean 2005, p. 177.
  26. ^ Engel 1996, p. 97.
  27. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 180.
  28. ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 279.
  29. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 115.
  30. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 133.
  31. ^ a b c Vistai, András János, Tekintő: Erdélyi helynévkönyv, Első kötet, A – H (""Tekintő": Book on Transylvanian Toponymy, Volume II, A – H ") (PDF), retrieved 21 August 2012
  32. ^ Kristó 2003, pp. 156–157., 182.
  33. ^ a b Vistai, András János, (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2011, retrieved 21 August 2012
  34. ^ Kristó 2003, pp. 125., 234.
  35. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 183.
  36. ^ a b c d e Engel 2001, p. 151.
  37. ^ a b Makkai 1994, p. 200.
  38. ^ Engel 1996, p. 348.
  39. ^ Engel 1996, pp. 11, 272, 295, 299, 325–326, 338, 354, 358, 408–409, 452.
  40. ^ a b c d e Engel 1996, p. 11.
  41. ^ a b c Kristó 2003, p. 234.
  42. ^ a b Vistai, András János, Tekintő: Erdélyi helynévkönyv, Második kötet, I – P (""Tekintő": Book on Transylvanian Toponymy, Volume II, I – P ") (PDF), retrieved 21 August 2012
  43. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 182.
  44. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 183.
  45. ^ a b c Kristó 2003, p. 222.
  46. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 178.
  47. ^ Rady 2000, p. 116.
  48. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 151–152.
  49. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 152.
  50. ^ Rady 2000, p. 110.
  51. ^ a b Rady 2000, p. 69.
  52. ^ a b c Stipta 1997, p. 51.
  53. ^ a b c Mályusz 1994, p. 39.
  54. ^ a b Makkai 1994, p. 207.
  55. ^ a b Pop 2005, p. 244.
  56. ^ a b c Stipta 1997, p. 52.
  57. ^ Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (3.3.10.), p. 381.
  58. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 220.
  59. ^ a b c Pop 2005, p. 230.
  60. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 182.
  61. ^ a b c d e f Makkai 1994, p. 223.
  62. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 226.
  63. ^ Engel 1996, p. 299.
  64. ^ a b c Pop 2005, p. 246.
  65. ^ Mályus 1994, p. 29.
  66. ^ Rady 2000, pp. 147, 152–153
  67. ^ Curta 2006, p. 411.
  68. ^ a b c d e f g h i Zsoldos 2011, p. 38.
  69. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 168.
  70. ^ Pop 2005, p. 258.
  71. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 224.
  72. ^ Pop 2005, p. 261.
  73. ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 247.
  74. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 229.
  75. ^ Engel 1996, pp. 370–371.
  76. ^ Engel 1996, p. 371.
  77. ^ Sedlar 1994, p. 398.
  78. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 223.
  79. ^ Curta 2006, p. 400.
  80. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 201.
  81. ^ a b Makkai 1994, p. 204.
  82. ^ Engel 1996, pp. 132–133.
  83. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 205.
  84. ^ Engel 1996, p. 182.
  85. ^ a b c d e Engel 1996, p. 15.
  86. ^ Engel 2001, p. 283.
  87. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 175.
  88. ^ Sălăgean 2005, pp. 175–176.
  89. ^ Engel 1996, p. 106.
  90. ^ a b Sălăgean 2005, p. 179.
  91. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 183.
  92. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 185.
  93. ^ Kristó 2003, p. 228.
  94. ^ Sălăgean 2005, p. 186.
  95. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 129–130.
  96. ^ Sălăgean 2005, pp. 186–187.
  97. ^ Sălăgean 2005, pp. 187., 188.
  98. ^ a b Kristó 2003, p. 232.
  99. ^ Engel 2001, p. 133.
  100. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 228.
  101. ^ Engel 2001, p. 302.
  102. ^ Barta 1994, p. 247.
  103. ^ a b Engel 2001, p. 371.
  104. ^ Barta 1994, p. 251.
  105. ^ Barta 1994, p. 252.
  106. ^ a b c d e f g Barta 1994, p. 253.
  107. ^ Felezeu 2009, p. 20.
  108. ^ Felezeu 2009, p. 19.
  109. ^ Barta 1994, p. 256.
  110. ^ Felezeu 2009, p. 22.
  111. ^ Barta 1994, p. 259.
  112. ^ Barta 1994, pp. 259–260.
  113. ^ Felezeu 2009, p. 25.
  114. ^ a b Barta 1994, p. 260.
  115. ^ a b c Barta 1994, p. 263.
  116. ^ a b Barta 1994, p. 294.
  117. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 35., 381.
  118. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Treptow, Popa 1996, p. lvi.
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Engel 2001, p. 381.
  120. ^ a b c Markó 2000, p. 291.
  121. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zsoldos 2011, p. 37.
  122. ^ a b Markó 2000, p. 283.
  123. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 90., 381.
  124. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Engel 2001, p. 382.
  125. ^ Markó 2000, p. 254.
  126. ^ Makkai 1994, p. 195.
  127. ^ a b c d Zsoldos 2011, pp. 38., 209.
  128. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Treptow, Popa 1996, p. lvii.
  129. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Zsoldos 2011, pp. 39., 209.
  130. ^ Markó 2000, p. 207.
  131. ^ a b c d e Zsoldos 2011, pp. 40., 209.
  132. ^ Engel 1996, pp. 11., 200.
  133. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Engel 2001, p. 383.
  134. ^ a b c d e f g h Engel 1996, pp. 11–12.
  135. ^ a b c d e Engel 1996, pp. 182., 383.
  136. ^ a b c d Markó 2000, p. 287.
  137. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Engel 1996, pp. 11., 13.
  138. ^ a b c d Markó 2000, p. 288.
  139. ^ a b c Markó 2000, p. 284.
  140. ^ Markó 2000, p. 289.
  141. ^ a b c Engel 1996, pp. 11., 14.
  142. ^ a b c d Engel 1996, p. 14.
  143. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Treptow, Popa 1996, p. lviii.
  144. ^ a b c d e f g h Engel 2001, p. 384.
  145. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 282–283.
  146. ^ a b Markó 2000, p. 286.
  147. ^ Markó 2000, p. 275.
  148. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 291–292.
  149. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 291., 294.
  150. ^ Markó 2000, p. 285.
  151. ^ a b Markó 2000, pp. 278., 293.
  152. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 288–289.
  153. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 283–285.
  154. ^ Markó 2000, p. 278.
  155. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 290–291.
  156. ^ Markó 2000, pp. 287–288.
  157. ^ a b Markó 2000, p. 282.
  158. ^ Markó 2000, p. 256.
  159. ^ Barta 1994, pp. 260, 263.
  160. ^ Barta 1994, pp. 263, 294–295.
  161. ^ Szegedi 2009, p. 101.

Sources edit

Primary sources edit

  • Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 0-88402-021-5.
  • Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517) (Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó and Martyn Rady with an introductory study by László Péter) (2005). Charles Schlacks, Jr. Publishers. ISBN 1-884445-40-3.

Secondary sources edit

  • Barta, Gábor (1994). "The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises (1526–1606)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 247–300. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
  • Bóna, István (1994). "The Hungarian–Slav Period (895–1172)". In Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 109–177. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
  • (in Hungarian) C. Tóth, Norbert; Horváth, Richárd; Neumann, Tibor; Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2016). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1458–1526, I. Főpapok és bárók [Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1458–1526, Volume I: Prelates and Barons] (in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 978-963-4160-35-9.
  • Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
  • (in Hungarian) Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 963-8312-44-0.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
  • (in Hungarian) Fallenbüchl, Zoltán (1988). Magyarország főméltóságai ("High Dignitaries in Hungary"). Maecenas Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-02-5536-7.
  • Felezeu, Călin (2009). "The International Political Background (1541–1699)". In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas & Magyari, András, The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (From 1541 to 1711). Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-7784-43-8.
  • Jefferson, John (2012). The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad. Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-21904-5
  • (in Hungarian) Kristó, Gyula (1979). A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ("Feudal Anarchy in Hungary"). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1595-4
  • Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895–1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN 963-9465-12-7.
  • Makkai, László (1994). "The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526)". In: Köpeczi, Béla (editor), History of Transylvania. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
  • Mályusz, Elemér (1994). "Hungarian nobles of medieval Transylvania". In: Bak, János M., Nobilities in Central and Eastern Europe: Kinship, Property and Privilege. Hajnal István Alapítvány & Medium Aevum Quotidianum Gesellschaft. ISBN 963-04-2014-7.
  • (in Hungarian) Markó, László (2000). A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig: Életrajzi Lexikon ("Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days: A Biographical Encyclopedia"). Magyar Könyvklub. ISBN 963-547-085-1
  • (in Romanian) Negrău, Elisabeta (2011). Cultul suveranului sud-est european şi cazul Ţării Româneşti: O perspectivă artistică [=The Southeastern European Sovereigns' Cult in the Case of Wallachia: An Artistic Approach]. Lumen. ISBN 978-973-166-274-9.
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (1996). Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century: the genesis of the Transylvanian medieval state. Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 973-577-037-7
  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2005). "Romanians in the 14th–16th Centuries: From the 'Christian Republic' to the 'Restoration of Dacia'". In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel & Bolovan, Ioan, History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
  • Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave (in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London). ISBN 0-333-80085-0.
  • Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4.
  • Sălăgean, Tudor (2005). "Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th–14th Centuries AD)". In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel & Bolovan, Ioan, History of Romania: Compendium. Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). ISBN 978-973-7784-12-4.
  • (in Hungarian) Stipta, István (1997). A magyar bírósági rendszer története ("History of the Hungarian Judicial System"). Multiplex Media-Debrecen University Press. ISBN 963-04-9197-4.
  • Szegedi, Edit (2009). "The birth and evolution of the Principality of Transylvania (1541–1690)". In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas & Magyari, András, The History of Transylvania, Vol. II. (From 1541 to 1711). Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-7784-43-8.
  • Treptow, Kurt W. & Popa, Marcel (1996). Historical Dictionary of Romania. Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-3179-1.
  • (in Hungarian) Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.

Further reading edit

  • Bărbulescu, Mihai; Dörner, Anton E.; Glodariu, Ioan; Pop, Grigor P.; Rotea, Mihai; Sălăgean, Tudor; Vasiliev, Valentin; Aldea, Bogdan; Proctor, Richard (2005). Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541) (PDF). Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies). ISBN 973-7784-00-6.

External links edit

  • "TRANSYLVANIA IN THE MEDIEVAL HUNGARIAN KINGDOM (896–1526) (László Makkai)"
  • (in French) "La Transylvanie dans l'Etat hongrois médiéval (895–1526)"
  • (in German) "Siebenbürgen im mittalterlichen Königreich Ungarn"

January 01, 1970
voivode, transylvania, this, article, about, royal, governors, transylvania, rulers, principality, transylvania, after, 1570, prince, transylvania, german, vojwode, siebenbürgen, hungarian, erdélyi, vajda, latin, voivoda, transsylvaniae, romanian, voievodul, t. This article is about the royal governors of Transylvania For the rulers of the Principality of Transylvania after 1570 see Prince of Transylvania The Voivode of Transylvania German Vojwode von Siebenburgen 1 Hungarian erdelyi vajda 1 2 Latin voivoda Transsylvaniae 1 2 Romanian voievodul Transilvaniei 3 was the highest ranking official in Transylvania within the Kingdom of Hungary from the 12th century to the 16th century Appointed by the monarchs the voivodes themselves also the heads or ispans of Feher County were the superiors of the ispans of all the other counties in the province Changes in the administration of Transylvania between 1300 and 1867 They had wide ranging administrative military and judicial powers but their jurisdiction never covered the whole province The Saxon and Szekely communities organized into their own districts or seats from the 13th century were independent of the voivodes The kings also exempted some Transylvanian towns and villages from their authority over the centuries Even so the Voivodeship of Transylvania was the largest single administrative entity 4 in the entire kingdom in the 15th century Voivodes enjoyed income from the royal estates attached to their office but the right to grant lands collect taxes and tolls or coin money 5 was reserved for the monarchs Although Roland Borsa Ladislaus Kan and some other voivodes rebelled against the sovereign most remained faithful royal officials Because of the gradual disintegration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century the last voivodes of Transylvania who came from the Bathory family ceased to be high ranking officials Instead they were the heads of state although under Ottoman suzerainty of a new principality emerging in the eastern territories of the kingdom Accordingly Stephen Bathory the voivode elected by the Diet of the new realm officially abandoned the title of voivode and adopted that of prince in 1576 upon his election as King of Poland Contents 1 Origins 2 Functions 2 1 Jurisdiction 2 2 Honour of the voivodes 2 3 Judicial functions 2 4 Military functions 3 Monarchs and their voivodes 3 1 Appointment and dismissal 3 2 Cooperation and conflicts 4 End of the office 5 List of voivodes 5 1 Twelfth century 5 2 Thirteenth century 5 3 Fourteenth century 5 4 Fifteenth century 5 5 Sixteenth century 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8 1 Primary sources 8 2 Secondary sources 9 Further reading 10 External linksOrigins editThe origin of the office is unclear 2 The title voivode is of Slavic origin with a meaning of commander lieutenant 6 Although Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos wrote of the voivodes 7 or chieftains of the Hungarian tribes around 950 he seems to have adopted the term used by a Slavic interpreter 8 Romanian historians maintain that the title homonymous with the one used in Wallachia and Moldavia suggests a perpetuation of the local ruling tradition 9 further explanation needed The border position of Transylvania 10 led to the formation of the voivodeship since the monarchs could not maintain direct control over this remote region 11 Thus the voivodes were never autonomous but remained provincial officials of the kings 8 The voivodes were heads of Feher County from 1201 12 which may indicate that their position had its origin in the office of that county s ispan 13 Two royal charters issued in 1111 and 1113 mention one Mercurius princeps Ultrasilvanus but he may have been only an important landowner in Transylvania without holding any specific office 10 Leustach Ratot was the first individual whose title voivode was documented He held the office in the late 12th century but his voivodeship was mentioned by a royal charter in 1230 The earliest extant document mentioning a voivode named Legforus was issued in 1199 2 6 10 In addition to voivode royal charters used the titles banus 14 dux and herzog for the same office in the next decades showing that the terminology remained uncertain until the second half of the 13th century 6 Functions editJurisdiction edit See also Count of the Szekelys The territories under the jurisdiction of the voivodes are known as Voivodeship or Voivodate of Transylvania 15 16 Voivodes were the chiefs of the ispans of the Transylvanian counties 13 Although the counties in Transylvania were first attested from the 1170s earlier references to fortresses at their seats 17 and archaeological finds suggest that a system of counties existed in the 11th century 18 For instance Torda County was first mentioned in a charter of 1227 but a royal castle at Torda Turda had already been documented in 1097 19 and three burials coin dated to the reign of Stephen I of Hungary 1000 or 1001 1038 were unearthed in the same fortress 20 nbsp Administrative division of Transylvania in the early 16th century the territories under the control of the Voivode depicted in yellow The ispans of the Transylvanian counties of Doboka Hunyad Kolozs Kukullo and Torda were not listed among the witnesses of royal charters from the beginning of the 13th century hinting that their direct connection to the monarchs had by that time been interrupted 13 Thereafter they were employed by the voivode who appointed and dismissed them at will 13 21 22 Only the heads of Szolnok County remained directly connected to the monarchs for a longer period 13 until their office was united with the voivodeship in the 1260s 23 24 25 Similarly the voivodes were simultaneously the ispans of the nearby Arad County between 1321 and 1412 24 26 The kings exempted some communities from the jurisdiction of the voivodes 5 The Diploma Andreanum a royal charter of 1224 placed the territory of the Saxons between Broos Szaszvaros Orăștie and Barot Baraolt under the authority of the Count of Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Sibiu who was appointed by and directly subordinate to the monarchs 27 28 Likewise a special royal official the Count of the Szekelys administered the Szekely community 29 from around 1228 30 In the latter case the two offices were united by custom in 1462 from then on each voivode was also appointed Count of the Szekelys 29 Following the Mongol invasion of 1241 and 1242 King Bela IV of Hungary exempted the inhabitants of Bilak Măriselu 31 Gyalu Gilău Gyulafehervar Alba Iulia Harina Herina Tasnad Tășnad and Zilah Zalău 32 King Charles I of Hungary granted immunity to the Saxon communities of Birthalm Berethalom Biertan Kleinschelken Kisselyk Seica Mică 33 and Mediasch Medgyes Mediaș in 1315 but the same monarch annulled other communities similar privileges in 1324 34 Altrodenau Radna Rodna and Bistritz Beszterce Bistrița received immunity in 1366 35 Honour of the voivodes edit The office of voivode was one of the most important royal honours in the kingdom 36 All income from lands attached to the Transylvanian royal castles was collected for the voivodes 36 They enjoyed the income from fines 36 but royal revenues from taxes tolls and mines remained the kings due 37 nbsp Restored Kohalom Castle Cetatea Cohalmului Romania held by the voivodes between 1324 and c 1418 38 During most of the 14th century the voivodes held the castles at Banffyhunyad Huedin Boroskrakko Cricău Csicsoujfalu Ciceu Mihăiesti Deva Deva Hatszeg Hațeg Kohalom Rupea Kukullovar Cetatea de Baltă Leta Lita Nagy Talmacs Tălmaciu Torja Turia and Ujvar Gogan Varolea together with their lands 39 Additionally the voivodes enjoyed the revenues of royal estates in Transylvania 36 For instance the estates at Bonchida Bonțida and Vajdahunyad Hunedoara were attached to them for decades 40 However the monarchs started to grant their castles and estates to noblemen to the bishops of Transylvania or to the Saxon community after 1387 40 Consequently Kukullovar and the lands pertaining to it remained the last piece of the voivodal domain in the 1450s 40 The inhabitants of the Transylvanian counties were compelled to accommodate the voivodes and their officials 41 The guest settlers privileged colonists at Boroskrakko 42 Magyarigen Ighiu 42 and Romosz Romos 33 were the first to be released from this duty in 1206 43 In Alvinc Vinţu de Jos and Borberek Vurpăr 31 the obligation itself was not abolished but limited to two occasions a year 44 Finally King Charles I exempted all Transylvanian noblemen and their serfs from this irksome duty in 1324 41 The voivodes who preferred to stay in the royal court seldom resided in their province 21 but were represented by their deputies 36 The earliest record of a vicar of a voivode dates from 1221 45 Later the title vice voivode first documented in 1278 came into general use 45 46 In addition to vice voivodes and ispans of the Transylvanian counties the voivodes appointed the castellans of the royal fortresses 21 47 They tended to choose from among the noblemen serving in their own retinue 48 which ensured that their followers received a fair share of their revenues 49 50 Accordingly when a king dismissed a voivode his men were also replaced with his successor s men 49 Judicial functions edit Along with the palatine the judge royal and the ban the voivode was one of the Kingdom s highest judges 51 In this capacity he was authorized to issue credible charters 51 The earliest preserved charter dates to 1248 45 The voivodes or their vice voivodes always heard disputes together with local noblemen who knew local customs 52 53 Initially the voivodes and their deputies held their courts at Marosszentimre Santimbru but they heard disputes at their own abodes from the 14th century 52 Voivodes rarely headed their courts after the 1340s and were rather represented by their deputies 53 Although limiting his own jurisdiction in 1342 voivode Thomas Szecsenyi recognized the right of Transylvanian noblemen to judge legal cases of peasants who held parcels of land in their estates with the exception of three cases such as robbery highway robbery and violent trespass 53 54 This concession was confirmed in 1365 by King Louis I of Hungary 54 Furthermore the monarchs granted jus gladii the right to the application of capital punishment to more and more nobles in the course of the same century 55 According to customary law noblemen could not be sued outside the province until the 15th century 52 King Louis I even prohibited all prelates and noblemen who owned lands in Transylvania from bringing legal proceedings of lesser importance concerning these estates to the royal court 56 Nevertheless legal actions between Transylvanians and the inhabitants of other parts of the kingdom remained outside the jurisdiction of the voivodes 41 Litigants could appeal to the royal court against the decision of the voivode from the 14th century but the voivode often remained involved in the proceedings 56 Legislation prescribed that appeals against decisions of the voivodes were to be addressed to the judge royal only from 1444 55 56 Then contempt of the general diet and the noble assembly of the Transylvanians held on the mandate of the king or of the lord voivode of Transylvania is fined by a hundred marks amounting to the same number of florins and that of a judicial seat by fifty Tripartitum 57 General assemblies convoked and presided over by the principal judges of the realm became important judicial institutions in the last decade of the 13th century 58 General assemblies for the representatives of the Transylvanian counties were presided over by the voivode or the vice voivode 59 The first such assembly was held on June 8 1288 They became important legal institutions from 1322 60 Thereafter they were held on a regular basis at least once a year at Keresztes Cristis near Torda 59 61 With the authority of the monarch the voivodes occasionally also invited the representatives of the Saxon and Szekely communities to the counties general meetings 61 This contributed to the development of legal connections among the future Three Nations of Transylvania 61 The threat from the peasants revolt of 1437 gave rise to the first joint meeting of the Hungarian noblemen and the representatives of the Saxons and the Szekelys which was convoked without a former royal authorization by the vice voivode 62 Romanian cneazes were only once in 1355 invited to the general assembly 59 Otherwise the vice voivodes organized separate meetings for them 61 Military functions edit nbsp Ruins of Deva Castle Cetatea Deva Romania a fortress of the voivodes from 1321 to c 1443 63 The etymology of the title commander suggests that voivodes had significant military duties 64 They were the supreme leader of the troops recruited in the counties under their jurisdiction 64 Although law obliged noblemen to fight in the king s army Transylvanian nobles fought under the command of the voivode 65 Furthermore the voivodes had their own private retinue formed primarily by armed noblemen 64 Their right to raise an army under their own flag was confirmed by legislation in 1498 66 Military functions are attested for instance by Pousa the voivode at the time of the Mongol invasion who fell in battle on March 31 1241 67 68 Voivode Lawrence of the Aba clan fought in the royal army in a war against Austria in 1246 14 A Mongol army attacking the southern regions of Transylvania was defeated by voivode Ernye of the Akos clan in 1260 25 Roland Borsa fought against the invading Mongols in 1285 69 Voivode Nicholas Csaki failed to repel an Ottoman invasion of Transylvania in 1420 70 71 In contrast John Hunyadi voivode between 1441 and 1446 72 defeated a major Ottoman army at Gyulafehervar in 1442 73 His successor Stephen Bathory likewise won a resounding victory at Breadfield Hungarian Kenyermezo Romanian Campul Painii on October 13 1479 74 By contrast John Zapolya Szapolyai the last voivode before the battle of Mohacs on August 29 1526 did not arrive to the battlefield in time summoned too late 75 The battle ended with the Ottomans annihilation of the royal army 76 King Louis II of Hungary was also killed on the battlefield 77 Monarchs and their voivodes editAppointment and dismissal edit The voivodes had power concentrated in their hands impelling the monarchs to replace them frequently 11 forty three voivodes ruled between 1199 and 1288 78 Monarchs usually refrained from appointing as voivode noblemen who owned Transylvanian estates 37 Michael of the Kacsics clan was the first voivode to receive a land grant in the province around 1210 79 However these originally uninhabited lands along the upper courses of the river Mureș Maros were confiscated in 1228 80 The era beginning with 1288 was characterized by longer periods in office 13 Roland Borsa survived 10 years while his successor Ladislaus Kan lasted 20 years 13 This apparent stability was the consequence of the weakening of central government under the last two kings of the Arpad dynasty Ladislaus IV 1272 1290 and Andrew III 1290 1301 81 Royal power was only restored in the reign of Charles I 1308 1342 who one by one defeated the rebellious noblemen throughout his kingdom 82 In Transylvania he was assisted by Thomas Szecsenyi the voivode between 1321 and 1342 83 Historian Ioan Aurel Pop characterizes the following period as including voidvodal dynasties 21 five members of the Lackfi family father and four sons were successively appointed between 1356 and 1376 84 Likewise Nicholas Csaki 1415 to 1426 was succeeded by his son Ladislaus 61 The pair preferred to entrust their vice voivode Roland Lepes to represent them instead of visiting the province 61 From the middle of the 15th century it was not unusual for two or even three noblemen to hold the office at the same time 85 For instance John Hunyadi was appointed together with Nicholas Ujlaki in 1441 by King Wladislas I 86 Cooperation and conflicts edit Further information Roland Borsa and Ladislaus Kan The Mongols comprehensively plundered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary including Transylvania during both their invasion in 1241 and their withdrawal the following year 87 The consolidation of the province was the main task of Lawrence of the Aba clan who the office for 10 years from 1242 88 One of his successors appointed by King Bela IV Ernye of the Akos clan was dismissed in 1260 by the king s son Stephen who had just taken over Transylvania with the title of duke 14 The duke s action showed emerging tensions between father and son rather than conflicts between the duke and Ernye 14 89 The first years of the reign of the minor Ladislaus IV were characterized by armed conflicts between parties of the leading noble families 90 Although Roland Borsa voivode in 1282 and between 1284 and 1294 was initially among the nobles assisting the king in consolidating royal power 90 he himself became the source of new conflicts First he prevented the canons of the Gyulafehervar Chapter from collecting their income in 1289 Next he unlawfully compelled noblemen and Saxon landowners in Transylvania to accommodate him and his retinue 13 Later Borsa fought the bishop of Varad Oradea and even resisted King Andrew III who besieged him in the fortress of Adorjan Adrian at Szalard Sălard 31 for three months in 1294 81 91 Borsa s successor Ladislaus Kan went even further by usurping royal prerogative during his voivodeship between 1294 and 1315 92 He arbitrarily assumed the titles of count of Bistritz Hermannstadt and the Szekelys to expand his authority over Saxon and Szekely communities exempted from voivodal authority 93 He set up a tax collecting body seemingly covering the entire province 94 He captured Otto of Bavaria a claimant to the Hungarian throne and seized the Holy Crown of Hungary from him in the first half of 1307 95 96 He handed the royal diadem to King Charles I in 1310 but continued to rule Transylvania de facto independently until his death in 1315 97 His son of the same name declared himself voivode a title even used by the monarch when referring to him in a charter of August 12 1315 98 Dozsa Debreceni the voivode King Charles I appointed in 1318 defeated some rebellious minor lords but royal authority in Transylvania was only restored by Thomas Szecsenyi in the 1320s 99 The next rebellion against royal power in Transylvania broke out in 1467 100 Irritated by a new tax that King Matthias Corvinus had just introduced representatives of the Three Nations concluded an alliance against the monarch and declared the three incumbent voivodes the brothers Counts John and Sigismund Szentgyorgyi and Berthold Ellerbach their leaders The king put down the revolt in a week but did not sentence the three voivodes because their active role in the revolt was never proven 101 End of the office editFurther information Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania 1570 1711 The barons did not find a compromise candidate to succeed King Louis II who perished in the battle of Mohacs in 1526 102 First the voivode John Szapolyai was proclaimed king by a group of nobles but the opposing party also elected its own king Ferdinand I a scion of the Habsburg family by the end of the year 103 nbsp Baron Istvan Dobo of Ruszka last voivode appointed by a king of Hungary 1553 1559 King John I accepted Ottoman suzerainty in 1529 103 but in the Treaty of Nagyvarad of 1538 he conceded the right of the Habsburgs to succeed him after his death 104 At that point his voivodes Stephen Majlath and Emeric Balassa decided to separate Transylvania from the kingdom in order to save the province from an Ottoman invasion Although other leading Transylvanian noblemen soon joined them King John I overcame their rebellion in some weeks 105 Following John s death Ottoman troops occupied the central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1541 106 Sultan Suleiman I permitted the king s widow Queen Isabella to retain the territories east of the river Tisza Tisa including Transylvania in the name of her infant son John Sigismund 106 107 George Martinuzzi bishop of Varad soon started to reorganize the government in the name of the dowager queen and her son The Ottomans assisted the bishop by capturing his opponent Stephen Majlath 106 although the sultan had earlier confirmed the latter s position as voivode 108 An assembly of the Three Nations elected George Martinuzzi as governor on behalf of the infant king in 1542 106 The office of voivode was vacant 1 until September 1549 when Ferdinand who had not given up the idea of reuniting the territories of the entire kingdom appointed Martinuzzi to this post 109 However Isabella and his son only left their realm in 1551 110 Thereafter Transylvania was again under the rule of voivodes appointed by the monarch ending with Istvan Dobo 1 He administered the province until 1556 when Isabella and John Sigismund returned 111 John Sigismund ceased to style himself king of Hungary after the Treaty of Speyer of 1570 under which he adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and Lord of parts of the Kingdom of Hungary 112 113 His successor Stephen Bathory who was elected ruler by the assembly of the Three Nations revived the title of voivode initially for himself 114 He adopted the title of prince of Transylvania when he was elected king of Poland in 1576 115 At the same time he conferred the title voivode on his brother Christopher in 1576 115 Christopher Bathory was followed in 1581 by his minor son Sigismund who continued to style himself voivode until the death of his uncle Stephen Bathory in 1586 116 Sigismund Bathory s title of prince was acknowledged in 1595 by Emperor Rudolph also king of Hungary 116 List of voivodes editTwelfth century edit Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source c 1111 c 1113 Mercurius Coloman princeps Ultrasilvanus but maybe only a distinguished nobleman 2 10 117 118 1176 c 1196 Leustach of the Ratot clan Bela III first voivode attested by a royal charter from 1230 leader of Hungarian reinforcements sent to the Byzantine Empire against the Seljuks in the Battle of Myriokephalon of 1176 2 6 118 119 120 1199 1200 Legforus Emeric his voivode title is documented by the earliest royal charter from 1199 2 6 118 119 1200 Eth of the Geregye clan Emeric also ispan of Feher County 118 119 121 Thirteenth century edit Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source 1201 Julius of the Kan clan Emeric first rule also ispan of Feher County 118 119 121 1201 Nicholas I Emeric according to a non authentic charter also in 1202 119 121 1202 1206 Benedict son of Korlat Emeric Ladislaus III Andrew II first rule 118 119 121 1206 Smaragd of the Smaragd clan Andrew II 118 119 121 1208 1209 Benedict son of Korlat Andrew II second rule conspired against the king who exiled him 118 119 121 122 1209 1212 Michael of the Kacsics clan Andrew II first voivode receiving land grant in Transylvania 118 119 121 1212 1213 Berthold of Merania Andrew II brother of Gertrud Andrew II s queen also archbishop of Kalocsa 118 121 123 1213 Nicholas II Andrew II 118 119 121 1214 Julius of the Kan clan Andrew II second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1214 118 119 121 1215 Simon of the Kacsics clan Andrew II 118 119 121 1216 1217 Ipoch of the Bogatradvany clan Andrew II 118 119 121 1217 Raphael Andrew II he might have been in office in 1218 Kurt W Treptow Marcel Popa 118 119 121 1219 1221 Neuka Andrew II 118 119 121 1221 1222 Paul son of Peter Andrew II 118 119 121 1227 Pousa son of Solyom Andrew II first rule 68 118 119 1229 1231 Julius of the Ratot clan Andrew II 68 118 119 1233 1234 Denis of the Turje clan Andrew II 68 118 119 1235 Andrew son of Serafin Bela IV also ispan of Pozsony County 1235 68 118 124 125 1235 1241 Pousa son of Solyom Bela IV second rule died fighting against the invading Mongols 68 118 124 126 1242 1252 Lawrence Bela IV also ispan of Valko County 68 118 124 b 1261 Ernye of the Akos clan Bela IV banus quondam Transiluanus in 1261 68 118 124 1261 Csak of the Hahot clan Bela IV banus Transilvanus also ispan of Szolnok County 1261 the king s son Stephen is duke of Transylvania 14 68 124 1263 1264 Ladislaus II of the Kan clan Bela IV first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1263 1264 the king s son Stephen is duke of Transylvania 14 118 124 127 1267 1268 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Bela IV first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1267 1268 it is presumable he held the dignity uninterruptedly from 1264 to 1270 the king s son Stephen is duke of Transylvania 14 124 127 128 1270 1272 Matthew of the Csak clan Stephen V first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1270 1272 124 127 128 1272 1273 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1272 1273 124 127 128 1273 John Ladislaus IV also ispan of Szolnok County 1273 124 128 129 1273 1274 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV third rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1273 1274 124 128 129 1274 Matthew of the Csak clan Ladislaus IV second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1274 124 128 129 1274 Nicholas of the Geregye clan Ladislaus IV fourth rule maybe in 1275 Kurth W Treptow Marcel Popa also ispan of Szolnok County 1274 124 128 129 1274 1275 Matthew of the Csak clan Ladislaus IV third rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1274 1275 124 129 1275 Ugrin of the Csak clan Ladislaus IV first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1275 124 128 129 1275 1276 Ladislaus II of the Kan clan Ladislaus IV second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1275 1276 124 128 129 1276 Ugrin of the Csak clan Ladislaus IV second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1276 124 128 129 1276 Matthew of the Csak clan Ladislaus IV fourth rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1276 124 128 129 1277 Nicholas of the Pok clan Meggyesi Ladislaus IV first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1277 124 128 129 1278 1280 Finta of the Aba clan Ladislaus IV also ispan of Szolnok County 1278 1280 captured the king 124 128 129 130 1280 Stephen son of Tekesh Ladislaus IV also ispan of Szolnok County 1280 124 128 129 1282 Roland of the Borsa clan Ladislaus IV first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1282 124 128 131 1283 Apor of the Pec clan Ladislaus IV also ispan of Szolnok County 1283 124 128 131 1284 1294 Roland of the Borsa clan Ladislaus IV Andrew III second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1284 1294 successfully fought against the invading Mongols in 1285 rebelled against both kings 122 124 128 131 1287 c 1288 Mojs of the Akos clan Ladislaus IV only a non authentic charter refers to him as voivode if so he was also ispan of Szolnok County in the same period 124 128 131 1295 1314 or 1315 Ladislaus III of the Kan clan Andrew III de facto independent ruler also ispan of Szolnok County 1295 1314 124 128 131 Fourteenth century edit nbsp Coat of arms of the Lackfi family nbsp Stibor of Stiboricz Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source c 1315 Ladislaus IV of the Kan clan self declared voivode son of Ladislaus III Kan 1295 1314 98 1315 1316 Nicholas Meggyesi Charles I second rule unable to take up his office also ispan of Szolnok County 1315 1316 128 132 133 1318 1321 Dozsa Debreceni Charles I also ispan of Szolnok County 1318 1321 40 128 133 1321 1342 Thomas Szecsenyi Charles I also ispan of Szolnok County 1321 1342 ispan of Arad County 1330 1342 and ispan of Csongrad County 1330 40 128 133 1342 1344 Nicholas Sirokai Louis I also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1342 1344 128 133 134 1344 1350 Stephen Lackfi Louis I also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1344 1350 128 133 134 1350 1351 Thomas Gonyui or Csor Louis I appointed by Stephen duke of Transylvania the monarch s brother also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1350 1351 128 133 134 1351 1356 Nicholas Kont of Orahovica Louis I also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1351 1356 128 133 134 1356 1359 Andrew Lackfi Louis I brother of Stephen Lackfi 1344 1350 also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1356 1359 128 134 135 1359 1367 Denis Lackfi Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi 1344 1350 also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1359 1367 128 134 135 136 1367 1368 Nicholas Lackfi Jr Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi 1344 1350 also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1367 1368 128 134 135 136 1369 1372 Emeric Lackfi Louis I son of Stephen Lackfi 1344 1350 also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1369 1372 128 134 135 136 1372 1376 Stephen Lackfi of Csaktornya Louis I first rule son of Stephen Lackfi 1344 1350 also ispan of Szolnok County 1372 1376 128 135 136 137 1376 1385 Ladislaus Losonci Sr Louis I Mary first rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1376 1385 128 133 137 138 1385 1386 Stephen Lackfi of Csaktornya Charles II second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1385 1386 133 137 1386 1392 Ladislaus Losonci Sr Sigismund Mary second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1386 1392 133 137 138 1392 1393 Emeric Bebek Sigismund Mary also ispan of Szolnok County 1392 1393 128 133 137 1393 1395 Frank Szecsenyi Sigismund Mary also ispan of Arad Csongrad and Szolnok Counties 1393 1395 128 133 137 1395 1401 Stibor of Stiboricz Sigismund first rule also ispan of Arad and Szolnok Counties 1395 1401 128 133 137 Fifteenth century edit nbsp Gravestone of Nicholas Ujlaki in the Church of St John of Capistrano at Ujlak Ilok Croatia nbsp John Hunyadi on an engraving Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source 1401 Simon Szecsenyi Sigismund also ispan of Szolnok County 1401 133 137 1402 1403 Nicholas Csaki Sigismund first rule also ispan of Bekes Bihar Csanad Csongrad Keve Krasso Szolnok Temes and Zarand Counties 1402 1403 a leader of the party supporting King Ladislaus of Naples s claim to the Hungarian throne in 1403 128 133 137 139 Nicholas Marcali also ispan of Bekes Csanad Csongrad Keve Krasso Szolnok Temes and Zarand Counties 1402 1403 joined the party supporting King Ladislaus of Naples s claim to the Hungarian throne in 1403 128 133 137 140 1403 1409 John Tamasi Sigismund also ispans of Szolnok County 1403 1409 128 133 141 James Lack of Szanto 1409 1414 Stibor of Stiboricz Sigismund second rule also ispan of Szolnok County 1409 1414 Nyitra and Trencsen Lord of all Vah 128 133 141 1415 1426 Nicholas Csaki Sigismund second rule also ispan of Bekes Bihar and Szolnok Counties 1415 1426 128 133 141 1426 1437 Ladislaus Csaki Sigismund second rule together with Peter Cseh of Leva 1436 1437 also ispan of Kozep Szolnok County 1426 1437 ispan of Szatmar County 1430 1437 and ispan of Bihar County 1433 1437 routed by the rebelling peasants at Des Dej 133 139 142 143 1436 1438 Peter Cseh of Leva Sigismund Albert together with Ladislaus Csaki 1426 1437 142 143 144 1438 1441 Desiderius Losonci Albert Ladislaus V left Ladislaus V s party and became Wladislas I s partisan in 1441 138 142 143 144 1440 1441 Ladislaus Jakcs Wladislas I 142 144 Michael Jakcs 1441 1458 Nicholas Ujlaki Wladislas I Ladislaus V first rule together with John Hunyadi 1441 1446 with Emeric Bebek 1446 1448 and with John Rozgonyi 1449 1458 also ban of Macso and commander of Nandorfehervar Beograd Serbia 1441 1458 count of the Szekelys 1441 1446 ispan of Csanad Csongrad Maramaros and Temes Counties 1441 1446 ispan of Arad County 1444 1446 ban of Severin 1445 1446 and ban of Slavonia 1457 85 144 1441 1446 John Hunyadi Wladislas I together with Nicholas Ujlaki 1441 1458 also commander of Nandorfehervar Beograd Serbia 1441 1446 count of the Szekelys 1441 1446 ispan of Csanad Csongrad and Temes Counties 1441 1446 ispan of Arad and Bihar Counties 1443 1446 ispan of Kozep Szolnok Kraszna Szabolcs Szatmar and Ugocsa Counties 1444 1446 ispan of Bereg and Maramaros Counties 1445 1446 and regent governor of the Kingdom of Hungary 1446 85 144 1446 1448 Emeric Bebek elected by the Diet of Hungary together with Nicholas Ujlaki 1441 1458 also ispan of Abauj County 1446 1448 and judge of the Jasz people 1446 1448 died fighting against the Ottomans in the second battle of Kosovo 85 144 145 1449 1458 John Rozgonyi first rule together with Nicholas Ujlaki 1441 1458 also ispan of Sopron and Vas Counties 1449 1454 count of the Szekelys 1457 1458 85 144 1459 1461 Ladislaus Kanizsai Matthias together with John and Sebastian Rozgonyi 1459 1460 and with his brother Nicholas Kanizsai 1461 146 1459 1460 John Rozgonyi Matthias together with Ladislaus Kanizsai 1459 1461 and with Sebastian Rozgonyi 1459 1460 147 1459 1460 Sebastian Rozgonyi Matthias together with Ladislaus Kanizsai 1459 1461 and with John Rozgonyi 1459 1460 148 1461 Nicholas Kanizsai Matthias together with his brother Ladislaus Kanizsai 1459 1461 146 1462 1465 Nicholas Ujlaki Matthias second rule 149 John Pongrac of Dengeleg Matthias first rule 120 1465 1467 Bertold Ellerbach of Monyorokerek Matthias dismissed after rebellious Transylvanian nobles elected them to their leaders 150 Count Sigismund Szentgyorgyi brothers of Count Peter Szentgyorgyi 1498 1510 dismissed after rebellious Transylvanian nobles elected them to their leaders 151 Count John Szentgyorgyi 151 1468 1474 Nicholas Csupor of Monoszlo Matthias together with John Pongrac of Dengeleg 1468 1472 139 1468 1472 John Pongrac of Dengeleg Matthias second rule together with Nicholas Csupor of Monoszlo 1468 1474 120 1472 1475 Blaise Magyar Matthias leader of Hungarian reinforcements sent to Stephen the Great prince of Moldavia in the Battle of Vaslui of 1475 143 152 1475 1476 John Pongrac of Dengeleg Matthias third rule 143 1478 1479 Peter Gereb of Vingart Matthias 143 1479 1493 Stephen V Bathory of Ecsed Matthias Wladislas II 143 1493 1498 Bartholomew Dragfi of Beltek Wladislas II together with Ladislaus Losonci Jr 1493 1494 suppressed a rebellion of the Szekelys 143 153 1493 1495 Ladislaus Losonci Jr Wladislas II together with Bartholomew Dragfi of Beltek 1493 1498 138 143 1498 1510 Count Peter Szentgyorgyi Wladislas II brother of Counts Sigismund and John Szentgyorgyi 1465 1467 143 154 Sixteenth century edit nbsp Stephen Bathory Voivode of Transylvania Istvan Bathory Transylvania has long been under my protection and the country is my own Therefore out of my power in accordance with your fealty to me I make Transylvania over to you Ahidname of 1571 to Stephen Bathory by Sultan Selim II 114 Term Incumbent Monarch Notes Source 1510 1526 John Zapolya Szapolyai Wladislas II Louis II became king of Hungary 1 143 144 1527 1529 Peter Perenyi John Zapolya left John Zapolya s party and became a partisan of Ferdinand I 1 143 155 1530 1534 Stephen VIII Bathory of Somlyo Ferdinand I 1 143 1530 Balint Torok 143 1530 1534 Jerome Laski John Zapolya conspired against the king who imprisoned him 1 143 156 1533 1534 Emeric Czibak 143 1534 1540 Stephen Majlath of Szunyogszeg John Zapolya together with Emeric Balassa of Gyarmat 1538 1540 planned to secede Transylvania from the Kingdom of Hungary but was captured by the Ottomans 1 106 157 1538 1540 Emeric Balassa of Gyarmat John Zapolya together with Stephen Majlath of Szunyogszeg 1534 1540 fled when the Ottomans invaded Transylvania 1 106 157 1551 George Martinuzzi Ferdinand I also elected governor of Transylvania on behalf of the minor John Sigismund the elected king 1543 1551 1 106 1552 1553 Andrew Bathory of Ecsed Ferdinand I resigned 1 143 158 1553 1556 Stephen Dobo Ferdinand I last voivodes appointed by a king of Hungary 1 143 Francis Kendi 1571 1576 Stephen Bathory elected by the Three Nations and confirmed by the Ottoman Sultan Selim II declared himself prince of Transylvania after his election as king of Poland in 1576 1 143 159 1576 1581 Christopher Bathory Stephen Bathory 1 115 1581 1586 Sigismund Bathory Stephen Bathory last voivode his title of prince of Transylvania confirmed in 1595 by Emperor Rudolph 160 161 See also editVice voivode of Transylvania Ban of Croatia Ban of Slavonia Governor of Transylvania Palatine Kingdom of Hungary Transylvania in the Middle Ages List of rulers of Transylvania List of chancellors of TransylvaniaReferences edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fallenbuchl 1988 p 77 a b c d e f g Zsoldos 2011 p 36 Negrău 2011 p 92 Jefferson 2012 p 142 a b Sedlar 1994 p 275 a b c d e Kristo 2003 p 97 Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio ch 38 p 171 a b Bona 1994 p 153 Ioan Aurel Pop Istoria Romaniei Transilvania Volumul I Edit George Barițiu Cluj Napoca 1997 p 452 a b c d Curta 2006 p 355 a b Rady 2000 p 18 Curta 2006 p 354 a b c d e f g h Kristo 2003 p 98 a b c d e f g Sălăgean 2005 p 176 Kristo 1979 p 110 Pop 1996 p 143 Curta 2006 pp 355 356 Kristo 2003 p 90 Curta 2006 p 356 Kristo 2003 pp 90 92 a b c d Pop 2005 p 227 Engel 1996 p 246 Zsoldos 2011 p 209 a b Engel 2001 p 144 a b Sălăgean 2005 p 177 Engel 1996 p 97 Makkai 1994 p 180 Sedlar 1994 p 279 a b Engel 2001 p 115 Kristo 2003 p 133 a b c Vistai Andras Janos Tekinto Erdelyi helynevkonyv Elso kotet A H Tekinto Book on Transylvanian Toponymy Volume II A H PDF retrieved 21 August 2012 Kristo 2003 pp 156 157 182 a b Vistai Andras Janos Tekinto Erdelyi helynevkonyv Harmadik kotet Q Zs Tekinto Book on Transylvanian Toponymy Volume II Q Zs PDF archived from the original PDF on 10 July 2011 retrieved 21 August 2012 Kristo 2003 pp 125 234 Makkai 1994 p 183 a b c d e Engel 2001 p 151 a b Makkai 1994 p 200 Engel 1996 p 348 Engel 1996 pp 11 272 295 299 325 326 338 354 358 408 409 452 a b c d e Engel 1996 p 11 a b c Kristo 2003 p 234 a b Vistai Andras Janos Tekinto Erdelyi helynevkonyv Masodik kotet I P Tekinto Book on Transylvanian Toponymy Volume II I P PDF retrieved 21 August 2012 Kristo 2003 p 182 Kristo 2003 p 183 a b c Kristo 2003 p 222 Sălăgean 2005 p 178 Rady 2000 p 116 Engel 2001 pp 151 152 a b Engel 2001 p 152 Rady 2000 p 110 a b Rady 2000 p 69 a b c Stipta 1997 p 51 a b c Malyusz 1994 p 39 a b Makkai 1994 p 207 a b Pop 2005 p 244 a b c Stipta 1997 p 52 Stephen Werboczy The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts 1517 3 3 10 p 381 Kristo 2003 p 220 a b c Pop 2005 p 230 Sălăgean 2005 p 182 a b c d e f Makkai 1994 p 223 Makkai 1994 p 226 Engel 1996 p 299 a b c Pop 2005 p 246 Malyus 1994 p 29 Rady 2000 pp 147 152 153 Curta 2006 p 411 a b c d e f g h i Zsoldos 2011 p 38 Kristo 2003 p 168 Pop 2005 p 258 Makkai 1994 p 224 Pop 2005 p 261 Sedlar 1994 p 247 Makkai 1994 p 229 Engel 1996 pp 370 371 Engel 1996 p 371 Sedlar 1994 p 398 Kristo 2003 p 223 Curta 2006 p 400 Makkai 1994 p 201 a b Makkai 1994 p 204 Engel 1996 pp 132 133 Makkai 1994 p 205 Engel 1996 p 182 a b c d e Engel 1996 p 15 Engel 2001 p 283 Sălăgean 2005 p 175 Sălăgean 2005 pp 175 176 Engel 1996 p 106 a b Sălăgean 2005 p 179 Sălăgean 2005 p 183 Sălăgean 2005 p 185 Kristo 2003 p 228 Sălăgean 2005 p 186 Engel 2001 pp 129 130 Sălăgean 2005 pp 186 187 Sălăgean 2005 pp 187 188 a b Kristo 2003 p 232 Engel 2001 p 133 Makkai 1994 p 228 Engel 2001 p 302 Barta 1994 p 247 a b Engel 2001 p 371 Barta 1994 p 251 Barta 1994 p 252 a b c d e f g Barta 1994 p 253 Felezeu 2009 p 20 Felezeu 2009 p 19 Barta 1994 p 256 Felezeu 2009 p 22 Barta 1994 p 259 Barta 1994 pp 259 260 Felezeu 2009 p 25 a b Barta 1994 p 260 a b c Barta 1994 p 263 a b Barta 1994 p 294 Engel 2001 pp 35 381 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Treptow Popa 1996 p lvi a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Engel 2001 p 381 a b c Marko 2000 p 291 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zsoldos 2011 p 37 a b Marko 2000 p 283 Engel 2001 pp 90 381 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Engel 2001 p 382 Marko 2000 p 254 Makkai 1994 p 195 a b c d Zsoldos 2011 pp 38 209 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Treptow Popa 1996 p lvii a b c d e f g h i j k l Zsoldos 2011 pp 39 209 Marko 2000 p 207 a b c d e Zsoldos 2011 pp 40 209 Engel 1996 pp 11 200 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Engel 2001 p 383 a b c d e f g h Engel 1996 pp 11 12 a b c d e Engel 1996 pp 182 383 a b c d Marko 2000 p 287 a b c d e f g h i j Engel 1996 pp 11 13 a b c d Marko 2000 p 288 a b c Marko 2000 p 284 Marko 2000 p 289 a b c Engel 1996 pp 11 14 a b c d Engel 1996 p 14 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Treptow Popa 1996 p lviii a b c d e f g h Engel 2001 p 384 Marko 2000 pp 282 283 a b Marko 2000 p 286 Marko 2000 p 275 Marko 2000 pp 291 292 Marko 2000 pp 291 294 Marko 2000 p 285 a b Marko 2000 pp 278 293 Marko 2000 pp 288 289 Marko 2000 pp 283 285 Marko 2000 p 278 Marko 2000 pp 290 291 Marko 2000 pp 287 288 a b Marko 2000 p 282 Marko 2000 p 256 Barta 1994 pp 260 263 Barta 1994 pp 263 294 295 Szegedi 2009 p 101 Sources editPrimary sources edit Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik English translation b Romillyi J H Jenkins 1967 Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies ISBN 0 88402 021 5 Stephen Werboczy The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts 1517 Edited and translated by Janos M Bak Peter Banyo and Martyn Rady with an introductory study by Laszlo Peter 2005 Charles Schlacks Jr Publishers ISBN 1 884445 40 3 Secondary sources edit Barta Gabor 1994 The Emergence of the Principality and its First Crises 1526 1606 In Kopeczi Bela Barta Gabor Bona Istvan Makkai Laszlo Szasz Zoltan Borus Judit eds History of Transylvania Akademiai Kiado pp 247 300 ISBN 963 05 6703 2 Bona Istvan 1994 The Hungarian Slav Period 895 1172 In Kopeczi Bela Barta Gabor Bona Istvan Makkai Laszlo Szasz Zoltan Borus Judit eds History of Transylvania Akademiai Kiado pp 109 177 ISBN 963 05 6703 2 in Hungarian C Toth Norbert Horvath Richard Neumann Tibor Palosfalvi Tamas 2016 Magyarorszag vilagi archontologiaja 1458 1526 I Fopapok es barok Secular Archontology of Hungary 1458 1526 Volume I Prelates and Barons in Hungarian MTA Bolcseszettudomanyi Kutatokozpont Tortenettudomanyi Intezete ISBN 978 963 4160 35 9 Curta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 89452 4 in Hungarian Engel Pal 1996 Magyarorszag vilagi archontologiaja 1301 1457 I Secular Archontology of Hungary 1301 1457 Volume I Historia MTA Tortenettudomanyi Intezete Budapest ISBN 963 8312 44 0 Engel Pal 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 I B Tauris Publishers ISBN 1 86064 061 3 in Hungarian Fallenbuchl Zoltan 1988 Magyarorszag fomeltosagai High Dignitaries in Hungary Maecenas Konyvkiado ISBN 963 02 5536 7 Felezeu Călin 2009 The International Political Background 1541 1699 In Pop Ioan Aurel Nagler Thomas amp Magyari Andras The History of Transylvania Vol II From 1541 to 1711 Romanian Academy Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 7784 43 8 Jefferson John 2012 The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad Brill Academic Publishers ISBN 978 90 04 21904 5 in Hungarian Kristo Gyula 1979 A feudalis szettagolodas Magyarorszagon Feudal Anarchy in Hungary Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 1595 4 Kristo Gyula 2003 Early Transylvania 895 1324 Lucidus Kiado ISBN 963 9465 12 7 Makkai Laszlo 1994 The Emergence of the Estates 1172 1526 In Kopeczi Bela editor History of Transylvania Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 6703 2 Malyusz Elemer 1994 Hungarian nobles of medieval Transylvania In Bak Janos M Nobilities in Central and Eastern Europe Kinship Property and Privilege Hajnal Istvan Alapitvany amp Medium Aevum Quotidianum Gesellschaft ISBN 963 04 2014 7 in Hungarian Marko Laszlo 2000 A magyar allam fomeltosagai Szent Istvantol napjainkig Eletrajzi Lexikon Great Officers of State in Hungary from King Saint Stephen to Our Days A Biographical Encyclopedia Magyar Konyvklub ISBN 963 547 085 1 in Romanian Negrău Elisabeta 2011 Cultul suveranului sud est european si cazul Ţării Romanesti O perspectivă artistică The Southeastern European Sovereigns Cult in the Case of Wallachia An Artistic Approach Lumen ISBN 978 973 166 274 9 Pop Ioan Aurel 1996 Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century the genesis of the Transylvanian medieval state Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 973 577 037 7 Pop Ioan Aurel 2005 Romanians in the 14th 16th Centuries From the Christian Republic to the Restoration of Dacia In Pop Ioan Aurel amp Bolovan Ioan History of Romania Compendium Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 7784 12 4 Rady Martyn 2000 Nobility Land and Service in Medieval Hungary Palgrave in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London ISBN 0 333 80085 0 Sedlar Jean W 1994 East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000 1500 University of Washington Press ISBN 0 295 97290 4 Sălăgean Tudor 2005 Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages 9th 14th Centuries AD In Pop Ioan Aurel amp Bolovan Ioan History of Romania Compendium Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 7784 12 4 in Hungarian Stipta Istvan 1997 A magyar birosagi rendszer tortenete History of the Hungarian Judicial System Multiplex Media Debrecen University Press ISBN 963 04 9197 4 Szegedi Edit 2009 The birth and evolution of the Principality of Transylvania 1541 1690 In Pop Ioan Aurel Nagler Thomas amp Magyari Andras The History of Transylvania Vol II From 1541 to 1711 Romanian Academy Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 7784 43 8 Treptow Kurt W amp Popa Marcel 1996 Historical Dictionary of Romania Scarecrow Press Inc ISBN 0 8108 3179 1 in Hungarian Zsoldos Attila 2011 Magyarorszag vilagi archontologiaja 1000 1301 Secular Archontology of Hungary 1000 1301 Historia MTA Tortenettudomanyi Intezete Budapest ISBN 978 963 9627 38 3 Further reading editBărbulescu Mihai Dorner Anton E Glodariu Ioan Pop Grigor P Rotea Mihai Sălăgean Tudor Vasiliev Valentin Aldea Bogdan Proctor Richard 2005 Pop Ioan Aurel Nagler Thomas eds The History of Transylvania Vol I Until 1541 PDF Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 973 7784 00 6 External links edit TRANSYLVANIA IN THE MEDIEVAL HUNGARIAN KINGDOM 896 1526 Laszlo Makkai in French La Transylvanie dans l Etat hongrois medieval 895 1526 in German Siebenburgen im mittalterlichen Konigreich Ungarn Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voivode of Transylvania amp oldid 1211872880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.