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Trần dynasty

September 01, 2023

For the dynasty of China, see Chen dynasty.

21°02′15″N 105°50′19″E / 21.03750°N 105.83861°E / 21.03750; 105.83861

Great Việt
大越
Đại Việt
1225–1400
Map of the Trần dynasty
The territory of Đại Việt in 1306 after the marriage of Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân and Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III. The province of Chau O (Cham: Vuyar) and Chau Ly (Cham: Ulik) was ceded to Đại Việt as dowry.
StatusInternal imperial system within Chinese tributary[1][2]
(Song 1225–1258)
(Yuan 1258–1368)
(Ming 1368–1400)
CapitalThăng Long
(1225–1397)
Thanh Hóa (temp)
(1397–1400)
Common languagesLiterary Chinese[3]
Vietnamese[3]
Religion
Buddhism (official), Taoism, Confucianism
GovernmentMonarchy
Emperor 
• 1226–1258
Trần Thái Tông (first)
• 1278–1293
Trần Nhân Tông
• 1293–1314
Trần Anh Tông
• 1398–1400
Trần Thiếu Đế (last)
Chancellor 
• 1225
Trần Thủ Độ (first)
• 
Trần Quốc Toản
• 
Trần Khánh Dư
• 
Trần Quang Khải
• 1387
Hồ Quý Ly (last)
Historical eraPostclassical Era
• Coronation of Trần Cảnh
January 10 1225
• Regent of Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ
1226
1258, 1285 and 1287–88
• Coup overthrown of Dương Nhật Lễ
1370
• Trần Thiếu Đế ceded the throne to Hồ Quý Ly
March 23 1400
CurrencyCopper-alloy cash coins
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part ofVietnam
China
Laos
Trần
CountryEmpire of Đại Việt (Vietnam)
Founded12th century
FounderTrần Nhật Cảnh
Final rulerTrần Quý Khoáng
Titles
Estate(s)Thăng Long and Thiên Trường
Deposition1400

The Trần dynasty,[a] (Vietnamese: Nhà Trần, chữ Nôm: 茹陳), officially Great Việt (Vietnamese: Đại Việt; Chữ Hán: 大越), was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions, most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288.[6] The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế, who was forced to abdicate the throne in 1400, at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly.

The Trần improved Chinese gunpowder,[7] enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa.[8] They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam.[9] The period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language, arts, and culture.[10] The first pieces of Chữ Nôm literature were written during this period,[11] while the introduction of vernacular Vietnamese into the court was established, alongside Chinese.[12] This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of the Vietnamese language and identity.

History Edit

Origin and foundation Edit

See also: Lý Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Thủ Độ

The ancestor of the Trần clan, Trần Kinh, (陳京) migrated from the province of Fujian to Đại Việt during the early 12th century. He settled in Tức Mặc village (now Mỹ Lộc, Nam Định) and lived by fishing.[13][14] His grandson Trần Lý (陳李; 1151–1210) became a wealthy landowner in the area.[15][16][4] Trần Lý's grandson, Trần Cảnh, later established the Trần dynasty.[3] From Trần Lý onwards, the Trần clan became related to the Lý clan by intermarriages with several members of the imperial Lý dynasty.

During the troubled time of many regional rebellions under the reign of emperor Lý Cao Tông, the imperial crown prince, Lý Sảm sought refuge in the territory of the Trần clan, headed by Trần Lý. During this time, the crown prince decided to marry Trấn Lý's daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209.[17] Afterward, it was the Trần clan who helped emperor Lý Cao Tông and crown prince Lý Sảm to restore their power and return to Thăng Long. As a result, the emperor appointed several members of the Trần clan to key positions in the imperial court, such as Tô Trung Từ, who was an uncle of Trần Thị Dung, and Trần Tự Khánh and Trần Thừa, who were all Trần Lý's sons.[17] In 1211 the crown prince Lý Sảm was enthroned as Lý Huệ Tông after the death of Lý Cao Tông. By that time the Trần clan's position began to rise within the imperial court.[18][19]

After a period of political crisis, the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông, who had been mentally ill for a long time, ultimately decided to pass the throne of the Lý dynasty to crown princess Lý Chiêu Hoàng in October of the lunar calendar, 1224.[20] Ascending the throne at the age of only six, Lý Chiêu Hoàng ruled under the dominant influence of the commander of the imperial guard, Trần Thủ Độ. Even the Empress Regnant's servants were chosen by Trần Thủ Độ; one of them was his 7-year-old nephew Trần Cảnh.[21]

When Trần Cảnh informed Trần Thủ Độ that the Empress Regnant seemed to have affection towards him, the leader of the Trần clan immediately decided to take this chance to carry out his plot to overthrow the Lý dynasty and establish a new dynasty ruled by his own clan. First Trần Thủ Độ moved the whole Trần clan to the imperial palace and arranged a secret marriage between Lý Chiêu Hoàng and Trần Cảnh there, without the appearance of any mandarin or member of the Lý imperial family. After that, he announced the fait accompli to the imperial court and made Lý Chiêu Hoàng cede the throne to her new husband on the grounds that she was incapable of holding office. Thus Trần Cảnh was chosen as her successor. As a result, the 216-year reign of the Lý dynasty was ended, and the new Trần dynasty was created on the first day of the twelfth lunar month (Gregorian: December 31) 1225.[22][23]

Early Trần Edit

See also: Trần Thái Tông and Trần Thánh Tông

After the collapse of the Lý Dynasty, Trần Thủ Độ was still afraid that the newly established Trần Dynasty might be overthrown by its political opponents. He therefore continued to eliminate members of the Lý imperial family: first the former emperor Lý Huệ Tông was coerced into suicide in the tenth lunar month of 1226,[24] then other members of the Lý imperial family were massacred by the order of Trần Thủ Độ in the eighth lunar month of 1232.[25][26][27]

Trần Thái Tông was enthroned when he was only eight years old. There were several rebellions in Đại Việt at that time, so Trần Thủ Độ had to devote all of his efforts to consolidating the rule of Thái Tông in the imperial court and over the country. Right after the coronation of the Emperor in 1226, Nguyễn Nộn and Đoàn Thượng rose in revolt in the mountainous region of Bắc Giang and Hải Dương.[13] By both military and diplomatic measures, such as sending an army and by awarding two leaders of the revolt the title of Prince (Vương), Trần Thủ Độ was able to put down these revolts in 1229.[28][29]

According to Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Thái Tông and his wife, the Empress Chiêu Thánh, did not have their first son for some time. This situation worried the grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ because he had profited from similar circumstances with the Emperor Lý Huệ Tông in overthrowing the Lý dynasty. Therefore, in 1237 Trần Thủ Độ decided to force Prince Hoài Trần Liễu, Thái Tông's elder brother, to give up his wife, Princess Thuận Thiên, for the Emperor when she had been pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang for three months. After the marriage, Thuận Thiên was entitled the new empress of the Trần dynasty, while Chiêu Thánh was downgraded to princess.

Furious at losing his pregnant wife to his brother, Trần Liễu rose in revolt against the imperial family. Meanwhile, Thái Tông felt remorse about the situation and decided to become a monk at Yên Tử Mountain in Quảng Ninh in order to avoid the family feud. Finally Trần Thủ Độ forcefully yet successfully persuaded Thái Tông to return to the throne, and Trần Liễu had to surrender after judging that he could not stand with his fragile force. All soldiers who participated in this revolt were killed; Trần Thủ Độ even wanted to behead Trần Liễu, but was stopped by Thái Tông.[30][31][32]

Mongol invasions Edit

Main article: Mongol invasions of Vietnam

In 1257, the first Mongol invasion of Đại Việt was launched with the purpose of opening a southern front against the Song dynasty, whom they were fighting for more than two decades.[1] The Mongols had already conquered parts of modern-day Sichuan and the Dali kingdom in modern-day Yunnan in order to besiege the Southern Song from the west.[1] Trần Thái Tông opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory and so dispatched soldiers on elephants to deter the Mongol troops.[1] The elephant-mounted troops were routed by sharpshooters targeting the elephants.[1] In comparison with the previous Ly dynasty, the Tran had strengthened their armed forces and so were more effectivelt able to deter Mongol attacks.[33]

At the beginning of the war, the Đại Việt army suffered several defeats at the hands of an overwhelming force that had already conquered a vast area in Asia. Several high-ranking officials of the Trần dynasty were so fearful that Prince Trần Nhật Hiệu, the younger brother of Thái Tông, even suggested to the Emperor that they might escape from Đại Việt to the Song dynasty.[34]

Trần Thái Tông submitted to the Mongols after the loss of a prince and the capital.[1] In 1258, the Trần commenced regular diplomatic relations and a tributary relationship with the Mongol court, treating them as equals to the embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing their ties to the Song.[1]

 
Trần imperial battle standard
 
Statue of noble admiral Trần Quốc Tuấn

Kublai Khan was dissatisfied with the arrangement at the end of the first invasion and requested greater tributary payments, including taxes to the Mongols in both money and labor, "incense, gold, silver, cinnabar, agarwood, sandalwood, ivory, tortoiseshell, pearls, rhinoceros horn, silk floss, and porcelain cups", and direct oversight from a Mongol-appointed darughachi.[1] In 1283, Khubilai Khan sent word to the Trần that he intended to send Yuan armies through Trần territory to attack the kingdom of Champa, with demands for provisions and other support to the Yuan army.[1]

In the twelfth lunar month of 1284, the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt was launched under the command of Kublai Khan's prince Toghon.[35] Đại Việt was attacked from two directions, with Toghan himself conducting an infantry invasion from the northern border while the Yuan navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through the territory of Champa.[36]

Initially, Trần Thánh Tông and Trần Nhân Tông had to order the army to retreat to avoid the pressure from the Yuan force when Prince Chiêu Minh Trần Quang Khải commanded his troops to stop Sogetu's fleet in the province of Nghệ An. Meanwhile, several high-ranking officials and members of the imperial family of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan side, including Thánh Tông's own brother, Prince Chiêu Quốc (Trần Ích Tắc), and Trần Kiện, who was the son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc (Trần Quốc Khang). To ensure the safety of Thánh Tông and Nhân Tông during their retreat, Princess An Tư was offered as a present and diversion for Prince Toghan, while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa (Trần Bình Trọng) was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đà Mạc defending the two emperors.[37] The mass defections were the result of the significant effect that recent Mongol conquest of the Southern Song had on contemporary observers, with a Mongol conquest of Vietnam appearing inevitable to many.[1]

At the southern border, Trần Quang Khải also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetu's navy and the defection of the governor of Nghe An.[38] This critical situation for the Trần dynasty began to change after the Toghan made the decision to retreat with the forward troops their victory in the fourth lunar month of 1285 at the Battle of Hàm Tử, where the troops commanded by Trần Nhật Duật, Prince Chiêu Thành, Trần Quốc Toản, and Nguyễn Khoái were finally able to defeat the fleet of general Sogetu. On the tenth day of the fifth lunar month of 1285, Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in the Chương Dương, where the Yuan navy was almost destroyed and the balance in the battlefield tilted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty.[38][39] Ten days later Sogetu was killed and the Trần Emperor Nhân Tông and Emperor Emeritus Thánh Tông returned to the capital, Thăng Long, on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, 1285.[40]

In the third lunar month of 1287, the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt.[41] This time, unlike the second invasion, commander-in-chief Prince Hưng Đạo (Trần Quốc Tuấn) assured the Emperor that Đại Việt's army could easily break the Yuan military campaign. After occupying and looting the capital, Toghan decided to retreat with the forward troops.[1] This invasion was indeed ended one year later by a disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Bạch Đằng on the eighth day of the third lunar month, 1288.[42] Besides Trần Quốc Tuấn, other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhân Huệ Trần Khánh Dư, who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy[43][44][45][46] at the Battle of Vân Đồn, and general Phạm Ngũ Lão, who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan's retreating troops.[47] After the destruction of the Mongol navy, both the Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and serve as tributary states in order to avoid further conflicts.[2]

Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China, such as Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao, fled to the Tran dynasty after the Mongol invasion of the Song and helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion. Like the Tran dynasty, the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao originated from Fujian. He recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to the Mongols as "Northern bandits".[48]

Nguyễn Trung Ngạn, head of an envoy mission to the Yuan court in 1314, referred to the Yuan dynasty as Hồ (胡), meaning barbarians, in his poem Bắc sứ túc Khâu Ôn dịch (北使宿丘溫驛):

江山有限分南北，
The land is divided into North and South
胡越同風各弟兄。[49]
"Hồ" and Viet are brothers with same customs

Later on, Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 (b. 1334-d. 1384) was sent as Ming ambassador to Vietnam. Wu wrote in the Rongjinji (榮進集) that when he asked the Tran monarch about Annam's affairs, the Tran ruler said that the kingdom still adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs.

欲問安南事，
Asking about Annam situation?
安南風俗淳。
Annam customs are traditional
衣冠唐制度，
Clothings are Tang's standard
禮樂漢君臣
Music and Rites are similar to Han's court[50]

 
The handscroll "The Mahasattva of Truc Lam comes out of the mountains" depicts the arrival of Thái thượng hoàng Trần Nhân Tông in the outskirt of Thăng Long from his hermitage in Vũ Lâm.

Peace and southward expansion Edit

 
The expansion of Đại Việt. Trần dynasty from 1301 to 1337.
See also: Trần Anh Tông and Trần Minh Tông

After the Mongol invasions, king Trần Nhân Tông led an attack into modern-day Laos in the winter of 1289–1290 against the advice of his advisors with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands.[51] Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292. There were no records of what caused the crop failures, but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to the war, the mobilization of men away from the rice fields, and floods or drought.[51]

There was a relatively long period of prosperity and peace during the reigns of Trần Anh Tông, Trần Minh Tông, and Trần Hiến Tông.[52][53] Anh Tông was the first Trần emperor to reign without facing attacks from the Mongol Empire. Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty, Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300, the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật, Đoàn Nhữ Hài, Phạm Ngũ Lão, Trương Hán Siêu, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn. Anh Tông was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption, but he also generously rewarded those who served him well.[54]

In 1306, the king of Champa, Chế Mân, offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures, Ô and Lý, in exchange for a marriage with the Vietnamese princess Huyền Trân.[55] Anh Tông accepted this offer, then took and renamed Ô prefecture and Lý prefecture as Thuận prefecture and Hóa prefecture. These two prefectures soon began to be referred to collectively as the Thuận Hóa region.[55] Only one year into the marriage, Chế Mân died and, in line with the royal tradition of Champa, Huyền Trân was to be cremated with her husband. Facing this urgent condition, Anh Tông sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to Champa to save Huyền Trân from an imminent death.

Finally Huyền Trân was able to return to Đại Việt, but Chế Chí, the successor of Chế Mân, no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt. After that event, Anh Tông himself, along with the generals Trần Quốc Chân and Trần Khánh Dư, commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312. Chế Chí was defeated and captured in this invasion,[56] and Anh Tông installed a hand-picked successor, but the relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained[specify] for a long time afterwards.[57][58]

Champa invasions and decline Edit

See also: Trần Dụ Tông, Trần Nghệ Tông, and Dương Nhật Lễ

After the death of the retired Emperor Trần Minh Tông in 1357, the Trần dynasty began to fall into chaos during the reign of Trần Dụ Tông. While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tông, the reign of Emperor Dụ Tông saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other indulgences.[59][60] Dụ Tông introduced theatre, which was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure, into the imperial court.[61] The Emperor died on the 25th day of the fifth lunar month, 1369, at the age of 28, after appointing his brother's son Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from the Trần clan.[62]

Like his predecessor Dụ Tông, Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking, theatre, and wandering. He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương. Such activities disappointed everyone in the imperial court. This prompted the Prime Minister Trần Nguyên Trác and his son Trần Nguyên Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ, but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards.

In the tenth lunar month of 1370, the Emperor's father-in-law, Trần Phủ, after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the imperial family, decided to raise an army for the purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ. After one month, his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt, ruling as Trần Nghệ Tông, while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hôn Đức (Hôn Đức Công) and was killed afterwards by an order of Nghệ Tông.[63][64][65][66]

After the death of Hôn Đức Công, his mother fled to Champa and begged King Chế Bồng Nga to attack Đại Việt. Taking advantage of his neighbour's lack of political stability, Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted Thăng Long, the capital of Đại Việt. The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần imperial court had to escape from Thăng Long, creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing.[67]

In the twelfth lunar month of 1376 the Emperor Trần Duệ Tông decided to personally command a military campaign against Champa. Eventually, the campaign was ended by a disastrous defeat of Đại Việt's army at the Battle of Đồ Bàn, when the Emperor himself, along with many high-ranking mandarins and generals of the Trần dynasty, were killed by the Cham forces.[68] The successor of Duệ Tông, Trần Phế Đế, and the retired Emperor Nghệ Tông, were unable to drive back any invasion of Chế Bồng Nga in Đại Việt. As a result, Nghệ Tông even decided to hide money in Lạng Sơn, fearing that Chế Bồng Nga's troops might assault and destroy the imperial palace in Thăng Long.[69][70] In 1389 general Trần Khát Chân was appointed by Nghệ Tông to take charge of stopping Champa.[71] In the first lunar month of 1390, Trần Khát Chân had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and stabilised situation in the southern part of Đại Việt.[72]

Downfall Edit

See also: Hồ Quý Ly and Trần Thuận Tông

During the reign of Trần Nghệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly, an official who had two aunts entitled as consorts of Minh Tông,[73] was appointed to one of the highest positions in the imperial court. Despite his complicity in the death of the Emperor Duệ Tông, Hồ Quý Ly still had Nghệ Tông's confidence and came to hold more and more power at the imperial court.[74] Facing the unstoppable rise of Hồ Quý Ly in the court, the Emperor Trần Phế Đế plotted with minister Trần Ngạc to reduce Hồ Quý Ly's power, but Hồ Quý Ly pre-empted this plot by a defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made Nghệ Tông decide to replace him by Trần Thuận Tông and downgrade Phế Đế to Prince Linh Đức in December 1388.[75][76] Trần Nghệ Tông died on the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month, 1394 at the age of 73 leaving the imperial court in the total control of Hồ Quý Ly.[77] He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of the Trần dynasty and eventually obliged Thuận Tông to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hóa in January 1397.[78]

On the full moon of the third lunar month, 1398, under pressure from Hồ Quý Ly, Thuận Tông, had to cede the throne to his three-year-old son Trần An, now Trần Thiếu Đế, and held the title Retired Emperor at the age of only 20.[79] Only one year after his resignation, Thuận Tông was killed on the orders of Hồ Quý Ly.[80] Hồ Quý Ly also authorised the execution of over 370 persons who opposed his dominance in the imperial court, including several prominent mandarins and the Emperor's relatives together with their families, such as Trần Khát Chân, Trần Hãng, Phạm Khả Vĩnh and Lương Nguyên Bưu.[81] The end of the Trần dynasty came on the 28th day of the second lunar month (Gregorian: March 23) 1400,[82] when Hồ Quý Ly decided to overthrow Thiếu Đế and established a new dynasty, the Hồ dynasty.[83] Being Hồ Quý Ly's own grandson, Thiếu Đế was downgraded to Prince Bảo Ninh instead of being killed like his father.[83][84] Hồ Quý Ly claimed descent from Duke Hu of Chen (Trần Hồ công, 陳胡公), whose Hồ clan originated in State of Chen (modern day Zhejiang, China[85][86]) around the 940s.

Later Trần Edit

Main article: Later Trần dynasty

After the Ming dynasty conquered the Hồ dynasty in 1407, Prince Trần Ngỗi was declared emperor and led the Trần loyalists forces against the Chinese. His base was first centered in Ninh Bình Province. He defeated the Ming forces in 1408 but failed to retake Đông Quan (Hanoi). Due to internal purges, his offensive eventually failed and he had to retreat to Nghệ An. A new emperor, Trùng Quang Đế, was installed by the generals in 1409. The Later Trần held the southern provinces before being defeated by Ming forces in 1413.

Economy and society Edit

To restore the country's economy, which had been heavily damaged during the turbulent time at the end of the Lý dynasty, Emperor Trần Thái Tông decided to reform the nation's system of taxation by introducing a new personal tax (thuế thân), which was levied on each person according to the area of cultivated land owned.[26] For example, a farmer who owned one or two mẫu, equal to 3,600 to 7,200 square metres (39,000 to 78,000 sq ft), had to pay one quan per year, while another with up to four mẫus had to pay two quan. Besides personal taxes, farmers were obliged to pay a land tax in measures of rice that was calculated by land classification. One historical book reveals that the Trần dynasty taxed everything from fish and fruits to betel.[29] Taxpayers were divided into three categories: minors (tiểu hoàng nam, from 18 to 20), adults (đại hoàng nam, from 20 to 60), and seniors (lão hạng, over 60).[26][29]

Manufactured items such as handicrafts, cotton, silk and brocades saw rapid development in this period. Some of these items were exported to China while silver, gold, tin and lead mining increased jewelry-making. State-minted copper coins were set up by the Tran authorities, so were weapons workshops, court attire workshops and utilities for bronze smelting. Education and literature were largely aided from improvements in the technology of printing and engraved wooden plates.[citation needed]

The shipbuilding industry expanded where large 100-oar junks were produced. Thang Long then became the state's commercial center with numerous markets established. A 13th-century Mongolian ambassador mentioned that markets were held twice a month, with "plenty of goods", and a market was situated every five miles on the state highway. Inns were also established by the state during the period.[citation needed]

During the reign of Trần Thánh Tông members of the Trần clan and imperial family were required by the Emperor to take full advantage of their land grants by hiring the poor to cultivate them.[87] [88] Đại Việt's cultivated land was annually ruined by river floods, so for a more stable agriculture, in 1244 Trần Thái Tông ordered his subordinates to construct a new system of levees along the Red River. Farmers who had to sacrifice their land for the diking were compensated with the value of the land. The Emperor also appointed a separate official to control the system.[29]

Towards the end of the Trần dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly held absolute power in the imperial court, and he began to carry out his ideas for reforming the economy of Đại Việt. The most significant change during this time was the replacement of copper coins with paper money in 1396. It was the first time in the history of Vietnam that paper money was used in trading.[9][89] The Emperor set up trading posts at the coastal town of Vân Đồn, where Chinese merchants from Guangdong and Fujian would move in to engage in commerce.[90] Ethnic Chinese are recorded in Tran and Ly dynasty records of officials.[91]

Culture Edit

Literature Edit

 
Lĩnh Nam chích quái,14th-century Vietnamese historical work written in Han scripts by Trần Thế Pháp.

Trần literature is considered superior to Lý literature in both quality and quantity.[92] Initially, most members of the Trần clan were fishermen[17] without any depth of knowledge. For example, Trần Thủ Độ, the founder of the Trần dynasty, was described in Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư as a man of superficial learning.[93] However, after their usurpation of power from the Lý dynasty, Trần emperors and other princes and marquises always attached special importance to culture, especially literature.[94]

Two important schools of literature during the reign of the Trần dynasty were patriotic and Buddhist literature. To commemorate the victory of Đại Việt against the second Mongol invasion the grand chancellor Trần Quang Khải composed a poem, named Tụng giá hoàn kinh (Return to the capital), which was considered one of the finest examples of Vietnamese patriotic literature during the dynastic era.[95] Patriotism in Trần literature was also represented by the proclamation Hịch tướng sĩ (Call of Soldiers), written by general Trần Quốc Tuấn, which was the most popular work of the hịch (appeal, call) form in Vietnamese literature.[96]

 
(Đại Việt sử lược) History of Vietnam record .

Besides members of the Trần clan, there were several mandarins and scholars who were well known for patriotic works such as Trương Hán Siêu, an eminent author of the phú form,[94][97] or general Phạm Ngũ Lão with his famous poem Thuật hoài. As Buddhism was de facto the national religion of the Trần dynasty, there were many works of Trần literature that expressed the spirit of Buddhism and Zen, notably the works of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông and other masters of Trúc Lâm School.[12]

`Besides the literature created by the upper classes, folk narratives of myths, legends, and ghost stories were also collected in Việt Điện U Linh Tập by Lý Tế Xuyên and Lĩnh Nam chích quái by Trần Thế Pháp. These two collections held great value not only for folk culture but also for the early history of Vietnam.[98]

Trần literature had a special role in the history of Vietnamese literature for its introduction and development of the Vietnamese language (Quốc ngữ) written in chữ nôm. Before the Trần dynasty, Vietnamese was only used in oral history or proverbs.[99] Under the rule of the Emperor Trần Nhân Tông, it was used for the first time as the second language in official scripts of the imperial court, besides Chinese.[12][better source needed]

It was Hàn Thuyên, an official of Nhân Tông, who began to compose his literary works in the Vietnamese language, with the earliest recorded poem written in chữ Nôm in 1282.[11] He was considered the pioneer who introduced chữ nôm in literature.[100] After Hàn Thuyên, chữ Nôm was progressively used by Trần scholars in composing Vietnamese literature, such as Chu Văn An with the collection Quốc ngữ thi tập (Collection of national language poems) or Hồ Quý Ly who wrote Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa to explain Shi Jing in the Vietnamese language.[101] The achievement of Vietnamese language literature during the Trần era was the essential basis for the development of this language and the subsequent literature of Vietnam.[12][better source needed]

Performing arts Edit

The Trần dynasty was considered a golden age for music and culture.[10] Although it was still seen as a shameful pleasure at that time, theatre rapidly developed towards the end of the Trần dynasty with the role of Lý Nguyên Cát (Li Yuan Ki), a captured Chinese soldier who was granted a pardon for his talent in theatre. Lý Nguyên Cát imported many features of Chinese theatre (also see 话剧) in the performing arts of Đại Việt such as stories, costumes, roles, and acrobatics.[10] For that reason, Lý Nguyên Cát was traditionally considered the founder of the art of hát tuồng in Vietnam. However this is nowadays a challenged hypothesis because hát tuồng and Beijing opera differed in the way of using painted faces, costumes, or theatrical conventions.[102] The art of theatre was introduced to the imperial court by Trần Dụ Tông and eventually the emperor even decided to cede the throne to Dương Nhật Lễ, who was born to a couple of hát tuồng performers.[61]

To celebrate the victory over the 1288 Mongol invasion, Trần Quang Khải and Trần Nhật Duật created the Múa bài bông (dance of flowers) for a major three-day festival in Thăng Long. This dance has been handed down to the present and is still performed at local festivals in the northern region.[103]

Education and imperial examination system Edit

 
Statue of noble professor Chu Văn An who was the imperial professor of Tran dynasty in Dai-Viet

Although Buddhism was considered the national religion of the Trần dynasty, Confucianist education began to spread across the country. The principal curricula during this time were the Four Books and Five Classics, and Northern history, which were at the beginning taught only at Buddhist pagodas and gradually brought to pupils in private classes organized by retired officials or Confucian scholars.[104]

The most famous teacher of the Trần dynasty was probably Chu Văn An, an official in the imperial court from the reign of Trần Minh Tông to the reign of Trần Dụ Tông, who also served as imperial professor of Crown Prince Trần Vượng.[105] During the reign of Trần Thánh Tông, the emperor also permitted his brother Trần Ích Tắc, a prince who was well known for his intelligence and knowledge, to open his own school at the prince's palace.[87] Several prominent mandarins of the future imperial court such as Mạc Đĩnh Chi and Bùi Phóng were trained at this school.[106]

The official school of the Trần dynasty, Quốc học viện, was established in June 1253 to teach the Four Books and Five Classics to imperial students (thái học sinh). The military school, Giảng võ đường, which focused on teaching about war and military manoeuvre, was opened in August of the same year.[29][107] Together with this military school, the first Temple of Military Men (Võ miếu) was built in Thăng Long to worship Jiang Ziya and other famous generals.[108]

Seven years after the establishment of the Trần dynasty, the Emperor Trần Thái Tông ordered the first imperial examination, in the second lunar month of 1232, for imperial students with the purpose of choosing the best scholars in Đại Việt for numerous high-ranking positions in the imperial court. Two of the top candidates in this examination were Trương Hanh and Lưu Diễm.[27] After another imperial examination in 1239, the Trần emperor began to establish the system of seven-year periodic examinations in order to select imperial students from all over the country.[104]

 
Statue of noble scholar Mạc Đĩnh Chi of Tran dynasty who was the ancestor of emperor Mạc Đăng Dung.

The most prestigious title of this examination was tam khôi (three first laureates), which was composed of three candidates who ranked first, second, and third in the examination with the names respectively of trạng nguyên (狀 元, exemplar of the state), bảng nhãn (榜 眼, eyes positioned alongside) and thám hoa (探 花, selective talent).[109] The first tam khôi of the Trần dynasty were trạng nguyên Nguyễn Hiền, who was only 12 at that time,[110] bảng nhãn Lê Văn Hưu who later became a imperial historian of the Trần dynasty,[111] and thám hoa Đặng Ma La.[112] In the 1256 examination, the Trần dynasty divided the title trạng nguyên into two categories, kinh trạng nguyên for candidates from northern provinces and trại trạng nguyên for those from two southern provinces: Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An,[113] so that students from those remote regions could have the motivation for the imperial examination. This separation was abolished in 1275 when the ruler decided that it was no longer necessary.[104]

In 1304, the Emperor Trần Anh Tông decided to standardize the examination by four different rounds in which candidates were eliminated step by step through tests of classical texts, Confucianist classics, imperial document redaction, and finally argument and planning.[114] This examining process was abandoned in 1396 by the Emperor Trần Thuận Tông under pressure from Hồ Quý Ly, who replaced the traditional examination with the new version as a part of his radical reforms of the social and administrative system.

Hồ Quý Ly regulated the imperial examination by a prefectural examination (thi hương) and a metropolitan examination (thi hội) following in the next year. The second-degree examination included four rounds: literary dissertation, literary composition, imperial document redaction, and eventually an essay which was personally evaluated by the Emperor.[115] For the lower-ranking officials, the emperor had another examination which tested writing and calculating, such as the examination in the sixth lunar month of 1261 during the reign of Trần Thánh Tông.[116]

During its 175 years of existence, the Trần dynasty carried out fourteen imperial examinations including ten official and four auxiliary contests. Many laureates from these examinations later became prominent officials in the imperial court or well-known scholars such as Lê Văn Hưu, author of the historical accounts Đại Việt sử ký,[111] Mạc Đĩnh Chi, renowned envoy of the Trần dynasty to the Yuan dynasty,[117] or Nguyễn Trung Ngạn, one of the most powerful officials during the reign of Trần Minh Tông.[117] Below is the complete list of examinations with the candidates who ranked first in each examination:[118]

Year Emperor Ranked first Note
1232 Trần Thái Tông Trương Hanh
Lưu Diễm		 [27]
1234 Trần Thái Tông Nguyễn Quan Quang [118]
1239 Trần Thái Tông Lưu Miễn
Vương Giát		 [119]
1247 Trần Thái Tông Nguyễn Hiền Trạng nguyên[112]
1256 Trần Thái Tông Trần Quốc Lặc Kinh trạng nguyên[113]
Trương Xán Trại trạng nguyên[113]
1266 Trần Thánh Tông Trần Cố Kinh trạng nguyên[88]
Bạch Liêu Trại trạng nguyên[88]
1272 Trần Thánh Tông Lý Đạo Tái Trạng nguyên[118]
1275 Trần Thánh Tông Đào Tiêu Trạng nguyên[120]
1304 Trần Anh Tông Mạc Đĩnh Chi Trạng nguyên[114]
1347 Trần Dụ Tông Đào Sư Tích Trạng nguyên[121]

Science and technology Edit

There is evidence for the use of feng shui by Trần dynasty officials, such as in 1248 when Trần Thủ Độ ordered several feng shui masters to block many spots over the country for the purpose of protecting the newly founded Trần dynasty from its opponents.[122] Achievements in science during the Trần dynasty were not detailed in historical accounts, though a notable scientist named Đặng Lộ was mentioned several times in Đại Việt sử kí toàn thư. It was said that Đặng Lộ was appointed by Retired Emperor Minh Tông to the position of national inspector (liêm phóng sứ)[123] but he was noted for his invention called lung linh nghi, which was a type of armillary sphere for astronomic measurement.[124] From the result in observation, Đặng Lộ successfully persuaded the emperor to modify the calendar in 1339 for a better fit with the agricultural seasons in Đại Việt.[125][126] Marquis Trần Nguyên Đán, a superior of Đặng Lộ in the imperial court, was also an expert in calendar calculation.[127]

Gunpowder Edit

Near the end of the Trần dynasty the technology of gunpowder appeared in the historical records of Đại Việt. It was responsible for the death of the King of Champa, Chế Bồng Nga, after general Trần Khát Chân fired a cannon from his battleship in January 1390.[72] According to the NUS researcher Sun Laichen, the Trần dynasty acquired gunpowder technology from China and effectively used it to change the balance of power between Đại Việt and Champa in favour of Đại Việt.[8] As a result of this Sun reasoned that the need for copper for manufacturing firearms was probably another reason for the order of Hồ Quý Ly to change from copper coins to paper money in 1396.[128]

The people of the Trần dynasty and the later Hồ dynasty continued to improve their firearms using gunpowder. This resulted in weapons of superior quality to their Chinese counterparts. These were acquired by the Ming dynasty in their invasion of Đại Việt.[7]

Medicine Edit

 
"Nam dược thần hiệu", the record book of Vietnamese traditional medicine in 14th century.

During the rule of the Trần dynasty, medicine had a better chance to develop because of a more significant role of Confucianism in society.[129][130] In 1261,[116] the emperor issued an order to establish the Institute of Imperial Physicians (Thái y viện) which managed medicine in Đại Việt, carrying out the examination for new physicians and treating people during disease epidemics.[129] In 1265 the institute distributed a pill named Hồng ngọc sương to the poor, which they considered able to cure many diseases.[131] Besides the traditional Northern herbs (thuốc Bắc), Trần physicians also began to cultivate and gather various regional medicinal herbs (thuốc Nam) for treating both civilians and soldiers. During the reign of Trần Minh Tông the head of the Institute of Imperial Physicians Phạm Công Bân was widely known for his medical ethics, treating patients regardless of their descent with his own medicine made from regional herbs;[129][132] it was said that Phạm Công Bân gathered his remedies in a medical book named Thái y dịch bệnh (Diseases by the Imperial Physician).[133]

The monk Phạm Công Bân, also known as Tuệ Tĩnh, who was a famous physician in Vietnamese history, was called the "Father of the Southern Medicine" for creating the basis of Vietnamese traditional medicine with his works Hồng nghĩa giác tư y thư and Nam dược thần hiệu.[134] Nam dược thần hiệu was a collection of 499 manuscripts about local herbs and ten branches of treatment with 3932 prescriptions to cure 184 type of diseases while Hồng nghĩa giác tư y thư provided people with many simple, easy-to-prepare medicines that produced effective results.[134][135]

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Bình Sơn pagoda of Vĩnh Khánh Temple, Trần dynasty, Tam Sơn town, Lô river commune, Vĩnh Phúc province.

  •  

    Pagoda of the Phổ Minh Temple

  •  

    Wooden gate of Phổ Minh Temple

  •  

    Carved wooden doors from the Phổ Minh Temple, Nam Định province, northern Vietnam (13th–14th century)

  •  

    Terracotta Tower

  •  

    Phoenix head. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  •  

    Lion figure. Terracotta, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Nghệ An province, central Vietnam. Architectural decoration. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  •  

    The boy Buddha rising up from lotus. Crimson and gilded wood, Trần-Hồ dynasty, 14th–15th century. Statue for worship. National Museum of Vietnamese History, Hanoi.

  •  

    Patterned brown glazed ceramic jar with lotus and chrysanthemum motifs from Nam Định Province (13th–14th century)

  •  

    Bronze ceremonial helmet from the Tran dynasty in Dai-Viet

Family tree Edit

Trần Thiếu ĐếTrần Thuận TôngTrần Phế ĐếTrần Duệ TôngTrần Nghệ TôngHôn Đức CôngTrần Dụ TôngTrần Hiến TôngTrần Minh TôngTrần Anh TôngTrần Nhân TôngTrần Thánh TôngTrần Thái Tông

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Vietnamese: Nhà Trần; Chữ Nôm: 家陳; Chữ Hán: 陳朝, Trần triều[4][5]

References Edit

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Sources Edit

Further reading Edit

  • Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003), China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 1-86448-954-5
  • Lockard, Craig (2009), Southeast Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-516075-8
  • Tarling, Nicholas (1992), The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume one: From Early Times to C. 1800, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-35505-2
  • Taylor, Keith Weller (1991), The Birth of Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-07417-3
  • Thiện Đỗ (2003), Vietnamese supernaturalism: views from the southern region, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30799-6
  • Wolters, O. W. (2009), Monologue, Dialogue, and Tran Vietnam, Cornell University Library, hdl:1813/13117

External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trần dynasty.
Preceded by Dynasty of Vietnam
1225–1400 		Succeeded by

September 01, 2023
trần, dynasty, dynasty, china, chen, dynasty, 03750, 83861, 03750, 83861, great, việt大越, Đại, việt1225, 1400map, territory, Đại, việt, 1306, after, marriage, vietnamese, princess, huyền, trân, cham, king, jaya, simhavarman, province, chau, cham, vuyar, chau, c. For the dynasty of China see Chen dynasty 21 02 15 N 105 50 19 E 21 03750 N 105 83861 E 21 03750 105 83861 Great Việt大越 Đại Việt1225 1400Map of the Trần dynastyThe territory of Đại Việt in 1306 after the marriage of Vietnamese princess Huyền Tran and Cham king Jaya Simhavarman III The province of Chau O Cham Vuyar and Chau Ly Cham Ulik was ceded to Đại Việt as dowry StatusInternal imperial system within Chinese tributary 1 2 Song 1225 1258 Yuan 1258 1368 Ming 1368 1400 CapitalThăng Long 1225 1397 Thanh Hoa temp 1397 1400 Common languagesLiterary Chinese 3 Vietnamese 3 ReligionBuddhism official Taoism ConfucianismGovernmentMonarchyEmperor 1226 1258Trần Thai Tong first 1278 1293Trần Nhan Tong 1293 1314Trần Anh Tong 1398 1400Trần Thiếu Đế last Chancellor 1225Trần Thủ Độ first Trần Quốc Toản Trần Khanh Dư Trần Quang Khải 1387Hồ Quy Ly last Historical eraPostclassical Era Coronation of Trần CảnhJanuary 10 1225 Regent of Trần Thừa and Trần Thủ Độ1226 Mongol invasions of Vietnam1258 1285 and 1287 88 Coup overthrown of Dương Nhật Lễ1370 Trần Thiếu Đế ceded the throne to Hồ Quy LyMarch 23 1400CurrencyCopper alloy cash coinsPreceded by Succeeded byLy dynasty Hồ dynastyToday part ofVietnamChinaLaosTrầnCountryEmpire of Đại Việt Vietnam Founded12th centuryFounderTrần Nhật CảnhFinal rulerTrần Quy KhoangTitlesEmperor of Đại Việt King of AnnamEstate s Thăng Long and Thien TrườngDeposition1400The Trần dynasty a Vietnamese Nha Trần chữ Nom 茹陳 officially Great Việt Vietnamese Đại Việt Chữ Han 大越 was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled from 1225 to 1400 The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thai Tong ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Ly dynasty The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions most notably during the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288 6 The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế who was forced to abdicate the throne in 1400 at the age of five years old in favor of his maternal grandfather Hồ Quy Ly The Trần improved Chinese gunpowder 7 enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa 8 They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam 9 The period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language arts and culture 10 The first pieces of Chữ Nom literature were written during this period 11 while the introduction of vernacular Vietnamese into the court was established alongside Chinese 12 This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of the Vietnamese language and identity Contents 1 History 1 1 Origin and foundation 1 2 Early Trần 1 3 Mongol invasions 1 4 Peace and southward expansion 1 5 Champa invasions and decline 1 6 Downfall 1 7 Later Trần 2 Economy and society 3 Culture 3 1 Literature 3 2 Performing arts 4 Education and imperial examination system 5 Science and technology 5 1 Gunpowder 5 2 Medicine 6 Gallery 7 Family tree 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistory EditOrigin and foundation Edit See also Ly Chieu Hoang and Trần Thủ Độ The ancestor of the Trần clan Trần Kinh 陳京 migrated from the province of Fujian to Đại Việt during the early 12th century He settled in Tức Mặc village now Mỹ Lộc Nam Định and lived by fishing 13 14 His grandson Trần Ly 陳李 1151 1210 became a wealthy landowner in the area 15 16 4 Trần Ly s grandson Trần Cảnh later established the Trần dynasty 3 From Trần Ly onwards the Trần clan became related to the Ly clan by intermarriages with several members of the imperial Ly dynasty During the troubled time of many regional rebellions under the reign of emperor Ly Cao Tong the imperial crown prince Ly Sảm sought refuge in the territory of the Trần clan headed by Trần Ly During this time the crown prince decided to marry Trấn Ly s daughter Trần Thị Dung in 1209 17 Afterward it was the Trần clan who helped emperor Ly Cao Tong and crown prince Ly Sảm to restore their power and return to Thăng Long As a result the emperor appointed several members of the Trần clan to key positions in the imperial court such as To Trung Từ who was an uncle of Trần Thị Dung and Trần Tự Khanh and Trần Thừa who were all Trần Ly s sons 17 In 1211 the crown prince Ly Sảm was enthroned as Ly Huệ Tong after the death of Ly Cao Tong By that time the Trần clan s position began to rise within the imperial court 18 19 After a period of political crisis the Emperor Ly Huệ Tong who had been mentally ill for a long time ultimately decided to pass the throne of the Ly dynasty to crown princess Ly Chieu Hoang in October of the lunar calendar 1224 20 Ascending the throne at the age of only six Ly Chieu Hoang ruled under the dominant influence of the commander of the imperial guard Trần Thủ Độ Even the Empress Regnant s servants were chosen by Trần Thủ Độ one of them was his 7 year old nephew Trần Cảnh 21 When Trần Cảnh informed Trần Thủ Độ that the Empress Regnant seemed to have affection towards him the leader of the Trần clan immediately decided to take this chance to carry out his plot to overthrow the Ly dynasty and establish a new dynasty ruled by his own clan First Trần Thủ Độ moved the whole Trần clan to the imperial palace and arranged a secret marriage between Ly Chieu Hoang and Trần Cảnh there without the appearance of any mandarin or member of the Ly imperial family After that he announced the fait accompli to the imperial court and made Ly Chieu Hoang cede the throne to her new husband on the grounds that she was incapable of holding office Thus Trần Cảnh was chosen as her successor As a result the 216 year reign of the Ly dynasty was ended and the new Trần dynasty was created on the first day of the twelfth lunar month Gregorian December 31 1225 22 23 Early Trần Edit See also Trần Thai Tong and Trần Thanh Tong After the collapse of the Ly Dynasty Trần Thủ Độ was still afraid that the newly established Trần Dynasty might be overthrown by its political opponents He therefore continued to eliminate members of the Ly imperial family first the former emperor Ly Huệ Tong was coerced into suicide in the tenth lunar month of 1226 24 then other members of the Ly imperial family were massacred by the order of Trần Thủ Độ in the eighth lunar month of 1232 25 26 27 Trần Thai Tong was enthroned when he was only eight years old There were several rebellions in Đại Việt at that time so Trần Thủ Độ had to devote all of his efforts to consolidating the rule of Thai Tong in the imperial court and over the country Right after the coronation of the Emperor in 1226 Nguyễn Nộn and Đoan Thượng rose in revolt in the mountainous region of Bắc Giang and Hải Dương 13 By both military and diplomatic measures such as sending an army and by awarding two leaders of the revolt the title of Prince Vương Trần Thủ Độ was able to put down these revolts in 1229 28 29 According to Đại Việt sử ky toan thư Thai Tong and his wife the Empress Chieu Thanh did not have their first son for some time This situation worried the grand chancellor Trần Thủ Độ because he had profited from similar circumstances with the Emperor Ly Huệ Tong in overthrowing the Ly dynasty Therefore in 1237 Trần Thủ Độ decided to force Prince Hoai Trần Liễu Thai Tong s elder brother to give up his wife Princess Thuận Thien for the Emperor when she had been pregnant with Trần Quốc Khang for three months After the marriage Thuận Thien was entitled the new empress of the Trần dynasty while Chieu Thanh was downgraded to princess Furious at losing his pregnant wife to his brother Trần Liễu rose in revolt against the imperial family Meanwhile Thai Tong felt remorse about the situation and decided to become a monk at Yen Tử Mountain in Quảng Ninh in order to avoid the family feud Finally Trần Thủ Độ forcefully yet successfully persuaded Thai Tong to return to the throne and Trần Liễu had to surrender after judging that he could not stand with his fragile force All soldiers who participated in this revolt were killed Trần Thủ Độ even wanted to behead Trần Liễu but was stopped by Thai Tong 30 31 32 Mongol invasions Edit Main article Mongol invasions of Vietnam In 1257 the first Mongol invasion of Đại Việt was launched with the purpose of opening a southern front against the Song dynasty whom they were fighting for more than two decades 1 The Mongols had already conquered parts of modern day Sichuan and the Dali kingdom in modern day Yunnan in order to besiege the Southern Song from the west 1 Trần Thai Tong opposed the encroachment of a foreign army across his territory and so dispatched soldiers on elephants to deter the Mongol troops 1 The elephant mounted troops were routed by sharpshooters targeting the elephants 1 In comparison with the previous Ly dynasty the Tran had strengthened their armed forces and so were more effectivelt able to deter Mongol attacks 33 At the beginning of the war the Đại Việt army suffered several defeats at the hands of an overwhelming force that had already conquered a vast area in Asia Several high ranking officials of the Trần dynasty were so fearful that Prince Trần Nhật Hiệu the younger brother of Thai Tong even suggested to the Emperor that they might escape from Đại Việt to the Song dynasty 34 Trần Thai Tong submitted to the Mongols after the loss of a prince and the capital 1 In 1258 the Trần commenced regular diplomatic relations and a tributary relationship with the Mongol court treating them as equals to the embattled Southern Song dynasty without renouncing their ties to the Song 1 nbsp Trần imperial battle standard nbsp Statue of noble admiral Trần Quốc TuấnKublai Khan was dissatisfied with the arrangement at the end of the first invasion and requested greater tributary payments including taxes to the Mongols in both money and labor incense gold silver cinnabar agarwood sandalwood ivory tortoiseshell pearls rhinoceros horn silk floss and porcelain cups and direct oversight from a Mongol appointed darughachi 1 In 1283 Khubilai Khan sent word to the Trần that he intended to send Yuan armies through Trần territory to attack the kingdom of Champa with demands for provisions and other support to the Yuan army 1 In the twelfth lunar month of 1284 the second Yuan invasion of Đại Việt was launched under the command of Kublai Khan s prince Toghon 35 Đại Việt was attacked from two directions with Toghan himself conducting an infantry invasion from the northern border while the Yuan navy under general Sogetu advanced from the southern border through the territory of Champa 36 Initially Trần Thanh Tong and Trần Nhan Tong had to order the army to retreat to avoid the pressure from the Yuan force when Prince Chieu Minh Trần Quang Khải commanded his troops to stop Sogetu s fleet in the province of Nghệ An Meanwhile several high ranking officials and members of the imperial family of the Trần dynasty defected to the Yuan side including Thanh Tong s own brother Prince Chieu Quốc Trần Ich Tắc and Trần Kiện who was the son of Prince Tĩnh Quốc Trần Quốc Khang To ensure the safety of Thanh Tong and Nhan Tong during their retreat Princess An Tư was offered as a present and diversion for Prince Toghan while Marquis Bảo Nghĩa Trần Binh Trọng was captured and later killed in the Battle of Đa Mạc defending the two emperors 37 The mass defections were the result of the significant effect that recent Mongol conquest of the Southern Song had on contemporary observers with a Mongol conquest of Vietnam appearing inevitable to many 1 At the southern border Trần Quang Khải also had to retreat under the pressure of Sogetu s navy and the defection of the governor of Nghe An 38 This critical situation for the Trần dynasty began to change after the Toghan made the decision to retreat with the forward troops their victory in the fourth lunar month of 1285 at the Battle of Ham Tử where the troops commanded by Trần Nhật Duật Prince Chieu Thanh Trần Quốc Toản and Nguyễn Khoai were finally able to defeat the fleet of general Sogetu On the tenth day of the fifth lunar month of 1285 Trần Quang Khải fought the decisive battle in the Chương Dương where the Yuan navy was almost destroyed and the balance in the battlefield tilted definitively in favor of the Trần dynasty 38 39 Ten days later Sogetu was killed and the Trần Emperor Nhan Tong and Emperor Emeritus Thanh Tong returned to the capital Thăng Long on the sixth day of the sixth lunar month 1285 40 In the third lunar month of 1287 the Yuan dynasty launched their third invasion of Đại Việt 41 This time unlike the second invasion commander in chief Prince Hưng Đạo Trần Quốc Tuấn assured the Emperor that Đại Việt s army could easily break the Yuan military campaign After occupying and looting the capital Toghan decided to retreat with the forward troops 1 This invasion was indeed ended one year later by a disastrous defeat of the Yuan navy at the Battle of Bạch Đằng on the eighth day of the third lunar month 1288 42 Besides Trần Quốc Tuấn other notable generals of the Trần dynasty during this time were Prince Nhan Huệ Trần Khanh Dư who destroyed the logistics convoy of the Yuan navy 43 44 45 46 at the Battle of Van Đồn and general Phạm Ngũ Lao who took charge of ambushing prince Toghan s retreating troops 47 After the destruction of the Mongol navy both the Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and serve as tributary states in order to avoid further conflicts 2 Professor Liam Kelley noted that people from Song dynasty China such as Zhao Zhong and Xu Zongdao fled to the Tran dynasty after the Mongol invasion of the Song and helped the Tran fight against the Mongol invasion Like the Tran dynasty the Daoist cleric Xu Zongdao originated from Fujian He recorded the Mongol invasion and referred to the Mongols as Northern bandits 48 Nguyễn Trung Ngạn head of an envoy mission to the Yuan court in 1314 referred to the Yuan dynasty as Hồ 胡 meaning barbarians in his poem Bắc sứ tuc Khau On dịch 北使宿丘溫驛 江山有限分南北 The land is divided into North and South 胡越同風各弟兄 49 Hồ and Viet are brothers with same customs Later on Wu Bozong 吳伯宗 b 1334 d 1384 was sent as Ming ambassador to Vietnam Wu wrote in the Rongjinji 榮進集 that when he asked the Tran monarch about Annam s affairs the Tran ruler said that the kingdom still adhered to Tang dynasty and Han dynasty customs 欲問安南事 Asking about Annam situation 安南風俗淳 Annam customs are traditional衣冠唐制度 Clothings are Tang s standard禮樂漢君臣Music and Rites are similar to Han s court 50 nbsp The handscroll The Mahasattva of Truc Lam comes out of the mountains depicts the arrival of Thai thượng hoang Trần Nhan Tong in the outskirt of Thăng Long from his hermitage in Vũ Lam Peace and southward expansion Edit nbsp The expansion of Đại Việt Trần dynasty from 1301 to 1337 See also Trần Anh Tong and Trần Minh Tong After the Mongol invasions king Trần Nhan Tong led an attack into modern day Laos in the winter of 1289 1290 against the advice of his advisors with the goal of preventing raids from the inhabitants of the highlands 51 Famines and starvations ravaged the country from 1290 to 1292 There were no records of what caused the crop failures but possible factors included neglect of the water control system due to the war the mobilization of men away from the rice fields and floods or drought 51 There was a relatively long period of prosperity and peace during the reigns of Trần Anh Tong Trần Minh Tong and Trần Hiến Tong 52 53 Anh Tong was the first Trần emperor to reign without facing attacks from the Mongol Empire Despite the deaths of the two most important generals of the early Trần dynasty Trần Quang Khải in 1294 and Trần Quốc Tuấn in 1300 the Emperor was still served by many efficient mandarins like Trần Nhật Duật Đoan Nhữ Hai Phạm Ngũ Lao Trương Han Sieu Mạc Đĩnh Chi and Nguyễn Trung Ngạn Anh Tong was very strict in suppressing gambling and corruption but he also generously rewarded those who served him well 54 In 1306 the king of Champa Chế Man offered Vietnam two Cham prefectures O and Ly in exchange for a marriage with the Vietnamese princess Huyền Tran 55 Anh Tong accepted this offer then took and renamed O prefecture and Ly prefecture as Thuận prefecture and Hoa prefecture These two prefectures soon began to be referred to collectively as the Thuận Hoa region 55 Only one year into the marriage Chế Man died and in line with the royal tradition of Champa Huyền Tran was to be cremated with her husband Facing this urgent condition Anh Tong sent his mandarin Trần Khắc Chung to Champa to save Huyền Tran from an imminent death Finally Huyền Tran was able to return to Đại Việt but Chế Chi the successor of Chế Man no longer wished to abide by the peace treaty with Đại Việt After that event Anh Tong himself along with the generals Trần Quốc Chan and Trần Khanh Dư commanded three groups of Đại Việt military units to attack Champa in 1312 Chế Chi was defeated and captured in this invasion 56 and Anh Tong installed a hand picked successor but the relations between Đại Việt and Champa remained strained specify for a long time afterwards 57 58 Champa invasions and decline Edit See also Trần Dụ Tong Trần Nghệ Tong and Dương Nhật Lễ After the death of the retired Emperor Trần Minh Tong in 1357 the Trần dynasty began to fall into chaos during the reign of Trần Dụ Tong While being modest and diligent under the regency of Minh Tong the reign of Emperor Dụ Tong saw extravagant spending on the building of several luxurious palaces and other indulgences 59 60 Dụ Tong introduced theatre which was considered at the time to be a shameful pleasure into the imperial court 61 The Emperor died on the 25th day of the fifth lunar month 1369 at the age of 28 after appointing his brother s son Dương Nhật Lễ despite the fact that his appointee was not from the Trần clan 62 Like his predecessor Dụ Tong Nhật Lễ neglected his administrative duties and concentrated only on drinking theatre and wandering He even wanted to change his family name back to Dương Such activities disappointed everyone in the imperial court This prompted the Prime Minister Trần Nguyen Trac and his son Trần Nguyen Tiết to plot the assassination of Nhật Lễ but their conspiracy was discovered by the Emperor and they were killed afterwards In the tenth lunar month of 1370 the Emperor s father in law Trần Phủ after receiving advice from several mandarins and members of the imperial family decided to raise an army for the purpose of overthrowing Nhật Lễ After one month his plan succeeded and Trần Phủ became the new emperor of Đại Việt ruling as Trần Nghệ Tong while Nhật Lễ was downgraded to Duke of Hon Đức Hon Đức Cong and was killed afterwards by an order of Nghệ Tong 63 64 65 66 After the death of Hon Đức Cong his mother fled to Champa and begged King Chế Bồng Nga to attack Đại Việt Taking advantage of his neighbour s lack of political stability Chế Bồng Nga commanded troops and directly assaulted Thăng Long the capital of Đại Việt The Trần army could not withstand this attack and the Trần imperial court had to escape from Thăng Long creating an opportunity for Chế Bồng Nga to violently loot the capital before withdrawing 67 In the twelfth lunar month of 1376 the Emperor Trần Duệ Tong decided to personally command a military campaign against Champa Eventually the campaign was ended by a disastrous defeat of Đại Việt s army at the Battle of Đồ Ban when the Emperor himself along with many high ranking mandarins and generals of the Trần dynasty were killed by the Cham forces 68 The successor of Duệ Tong Trần Phế Đế and the retired Emperor Nghệ Tong were unable to drive back any invasion of Chế Bồng Nga in Đại Việt As a result Nghệ Tong even decided to hide money in Lạng Sơn fearing that Chế Bồng Nga s troops might assault and destroy the imperial palace in Thăng Long 69 70 In 1389 general Trần Khat Chan was appointed by Nghệ Tong to take charge of stopping Champa 71 In the first lunar month of 1390 Trần Khat Chan had a decisive victory over Champa which resulted in the death of Chế Bồng Nga and stabilised situation in the southern part of Đại Việt 72 Downfall Edit See also Hồ Quy Ly and Trần Thuận Tong During the reign of Trần Nghệ Tong Hồ Quy Ly an official who had two aunts entitled as consorts of Minh Tong 73 was appointed to one of the highest positions in the imperial court Despite his complicity in the death of the Emperor Duệ Tong Hồ Quy Ly still had Nghệ Tong s confidence and came to hold more and more power at the imperial court 74 Facing the unstoppable rise of Hồ Quy Ly in the court the Emperor Trần Phế Đế plotted with minister Trần Ngạc to reduce Hồ Quy Ly s power but Hồ Quy Ly pre empted this plot by a defamation campaign against the Emperor which ultimately made Nghệ Tong decide to replace him by Trần Thuận Tong and downgrade Phế Đế to Prince Linh Đức in December 1388 75 76 Trần Nghệ Tong died on the 15th day of the twelfth lunar month 1394 at the age of 73 leaving the imperial court in the total control of Hồ Quy Ly 77 He began to reform the administrative and examination systems of the Trần dynasty and eventually obliged Thuận Tong to change the capital from Thăng Long to Thanh Hoa in January 1397 78 On the full moon of the third lunar month 1398 under pressure from Hồ Quy Ly Thuận Tong had to cede the throne to his three year old son Trần An now Trần Thiếu Đế and held the title Retired Emperor at the age of only 20 79 Only one year after his resignation Thuận Tong was killed on the orders of Hồ Quy Ly 80 Hồ Quy Ly also authorised the execution of over 370 persons who opposed his dominance in the imperial court including several prominent mandarins and the Emperor s relatives together with their families such as Trần Khat Chan Trần Hang Phạm Khả Vĩnh and Lương Nguyen Bưu 81 The end of the Trần dynasty came on the 28th day of the second lunar month Gregorian March 23 1400 82 when Hồ Quy Ly decided to overthrow Thiếu Đế and established a new dynasty the Hồ dynasty 83 Being Hồ Quy Ly s own grandson Thiếu Đế was downgraded to Prince Bảo Ninh instead of being killed like his father 83 84 Hồ Quy Ly claimed descent from Duke Hu of Chen Trần Hồ cong 陳胡公 whose Hồ clan originated in State of Chen modern day Zhejiang China 85 86 around the 940s Later Trần Edit Main article Later Trần dynasty After the Ming dynasty conquered the Hồ dynasty in 1407 Prince Trần Ngỗi was declared emperor and led the Trần loyalists forces against the Chinese His base was first centered in Ninh Binh Province He defeated the Ming forces in 1408 but failed to retake Đong Quan Hanoi Due to internal purges his offensive eventually failed and he had to retreat to Nghệ An A new emperor Trung Quang Đế was installed by the generals in 1409 The Later Trần held the southern provinces before being defeated by Ming forces in 1413 Economy and society EditTo restore the country s economy which had been heavily damaged during the turbulent time at the end of the Ly dynasty Emperor Trần Thai Tong decided to reform the nation s system of taxation by introducing a new personal tax thuế than which was levied on each person according to the area of cultivated land owned 26 For example a farmer who owned one or two mẫu equal to 3 600 to 7 200 square metres 39 000 to 78 000 sq ft had to pay one quan per year while another with up to four mẫus had to pay two quan Besides personal taxes farmers were obliged to pay a land tax in measures of rice that was calculated by land classification One historical book reveals that the Trần dynasty taxed everything from fish and fruits to betel 29 Taxpayers were divided into three categories minors tiểu hoang nam from 18 to 20 adults đại hoang nam from 20 to 60 and seniors lao hạng over 60 26 29 Manufactured items such as handicrafts cotton silk and brocades saw rapid development in this period Some of these items were exported to China while silver gold tin and lead mining increased jewelry making State minted copper coins were set up by the Tran authorities so were weapons workshops court attire workshops and utilities for bronze smelting Education and literature were largely aided from improvements in the technology of printing and engraved wooden plates citation needed The shipbuilding industry expanded where large 100 oar junks were produced Thang Long then became the state s commercial center with numerous markets established A 13th century Mongolian ambassador mentioned that markets were held twice a month with plenty of goods and a market was situated every five miles on the state highway Inns were also established by the state during the period citation needed During the reign of Trần Thanh Tong members of the Trần clan and imperial family were required by the Emperor to take full advantage of their land grants by hiring the poor to cultivate them 87 88 Đại Việt s cultivated land was annually ruined by river floods so for a more stable agriculture in 1244 Trần Thai Tong ordered his subordinates to construct a new system of levees along the Red River Farmers who had to sacrifice their land for the diking were compensated with the value of the land The Emperor also appointed a separate official to control the system 29 Towards the end of the Trần dynasty Hồ Quy Ly held absolute power in the imperial court and he began to carry out his ideas for reforming the economy of Đại Việt The most significant change during this time was the replacement of copper coins with paper money in 1396 It was the first time in the history of Vietnam that paper money was used in trading 9 89 The Emperor set up trading posts at the coastal town of Van Đồn where Chinese merchants from Guangdong and Fujian would move in to engage in commerce 90 Ethnic Chinese are recorded in Tran and Ly dynasty records of officials 91 Culture EditLiterature Edit nbsp Lĩnh Nam chich quai 14th century Vietnamese historical work written in Han scripts by Trần Thế Phap Trần literature is considered superior to Ly literature in both quality and quantity 92 Initially most members of the Trần clan were fishermen 17 without any depth of knowledge For example Trần Thủ Độ the founder of the Trần dynasty was described in Đại Việt sử ky toan thư as a man of superficial learning 93 However after their usurpation of power from the Ly dynasty Trần emperors and other princes and marquises always attached special importance to culture especially literature 94 Two important schools of literature during the reign of the Trần dynasty were patriotic and Buddhist literature To commemorate the victory of Đại Việt against the second Mongol invasion the grand chancellor Trần Quang Khải composed a poem named Tụng gia hoan kinh Return to the capital which was considered one of the finest examples of Vietnamese patriotic literature during the dynastic era 95 Patriotism in Trần literature was also represented by the proclamation Hịch tướng sĩ Call of Soldiers written by general Trần Quốc Tuấn which was the most popular work of the hịch appeal call form in Vietnamese literature 96 nbsp Đại Việt sử lược History of Vietnam record Besides members of the Trần clan there were several mandarins and scholars who were well known for patriotic works such as Trương Han Sieu an eminent author of the phu form 94 97 or general Phạm Ngũ Lao with his famous poem Thuật hoai As Buddhism was de facto the national religion of the Trần dynasty there were many works of Trần literature that expressed the spirit of Buddhism and Zen notably the works of the Emperor Trần Nhan Tong and other masters of Truc Lam School 12 Besides the literature created by the upper classes folk narratives of myths legends and ghost stories were also collected in Việt Điện U Linh Tập by Ly Tế Xuyen and Lĩnh Nam chich quai by Trần Thế Phap These two collections held great value not only for folk culture but also for the early history of Vietnam 98 Trần literature had a special role in the history of Vietnamese literature for its introduction and development of the Vietnamese language Quốc ngữ written in chữ nom Before the Trần dynasty Vietnamese was only used in oral history or proverbs 99 Under the rule of the Emperor Trần Nhan Tong it was used for the first time as the second language in official scripts of the imperial court besides Chinese 12 better source needed It was Han Thuyen an official of Nhan Tong who began to compose his literary works in the Vietnamese language with the earliest recorded poem written in chữ Nom in 1282 11 He was considered the pioneer who introduced chữ nom in literature 100 After Han Thuyen chữ Nom was progressively used by Trần scholars in composing Vietnamese literature such as Chu Văn An with the collection Quốc ngữ thi tập Collection of national language poems or Hồ Quy Ly who wrote Quốc ngữ thi nghĩa to explain Shi Jing in the Vietnamese language 101 The achievement of Vietnamese language literature during the Trần era was the essential basis for the development of this language and the subsequent literature of Vietnam 12 better source needed Performing arts Edit The Trần dynasty was considered a golden age for music and culture 10 Although it was still seen as a shameful pleasure at that time theatre rapidly developed towards the end of the Trần dynasty with the role of Ly Nguyen Cat Li Yuan Ki a captured Chinese soldier who was granted a pardon for his talent in theatre Ly Nguyen Cat imported many features of Chinese theatre also see 话剧 in the performing arts of Đại Việt such as stories costumes roles and acrobatics 10 For that reason Ly Nguyen Cat was traditionally considered the founder of the art of hat tuồng in Vietnam However this is nowadays a challenged hypothesis because hat tuồng and Beijing opera differed in the way of using painted faces costumes or theatrical conventions 102 The art of theatre was introduced to the imperial court by Trần Dụ Tong and eventually the emperor even decided to cede the throne to Dương Nhật Lễ who was born to a couple of hat tuồng performers 61 To celebrate the victory over the 1288 Mongol invasion Trần Quang Khải and Trần Nhật Duật created the Mua bai bong dance of flowers for a major three day festival in Thăng Long This dance has been handed down to the present and is still performed at local festivals in the northern region 103 Education and imperial examination system Edit nbsp Statue of noble professor Chu Văn An who was the imperial professor of Tran dynasty in Dai VietAlthough Buddhism was considered the national religion of the Trần dynasty Confucianist education began to spread across the country The principal curricula during this time were the Four Books and Five Classics and Northern history which were at the beginning taught only at Buddhist pagodas and gradually brought to pupils in private classes organized by retired officials or Confucian scholars 104 The most famous teacher of the Trần dynasty was probably Chu Văn An an official in the imperial court from the reign of Trần Minh Tong to the reign of Trần Dụ Tong who also served as imperial professor of Crown Prince Trần Vượng 105 During the reign of Trần Thanh Tong the emperor also permitted his brother Trần Ich Tắc a prince who was well known for his intelligence and knowledge to open his own school at the prince s palace 87 Several prominent mandarins of the future imperial court such as Mạc Đĩnh Chi and Bui Phong were trained at this school 106 The official school of the Trần dynasty Quốc học viện was established in June 1253 to teach the Four Books and Five Classics to imperial students thai học sinh The military school Giảng vo đường which focused on teaching about war and military manoeuvre was opened in August of the same year 29 107 Together with this military school the first Temple of Military Men Vo miếu was built in Thăng Long to worship Jiang Ziya and other famous generals 108 Seven years after the establishment of the Trần dynasty the Emperor Trần Thai Tong ordered the first imperial examination in the second lunar month of 1232 for imperial students with the purpose of choosing the best scholars in Đại Việt for numerous high ranking positions in the imperial court Two of the top candidates in this examination were Trương Hanh and Lưu Diễm 27 After another imperial examination in 1239 the Trần emperor began to establish the system of seven year periodic examinations in order to select imperial students from all over the country 104 nbsp Statue of noble scholar Mạc Đĩnh Chi of Tran dynasty who was the ancestor of emperor Mạc Đăng Dung The most prestigious title of this examination was tam khoi three first laureates which was composed of three candidates who ranked first second and third in the examination with the names respectively of trạng nguyen 狀 元 exemplar of the state bảng nhan 榜 眼 eyes positioned alongside and tham hoa 探 花 selective talent 109 The first tam khoi of the Trần dynasty were trạng nguyen Nguyễn Hiền who was only 12 at that time 110 bảng nhan Le Văn Hưu who later became a imperial historian of the Trần dynasty 111 and tham hoa Đặng Ma La 112 In the 1256 examination the Trần dynasty divided the title trạng nguyen into two categories kinh trạng nguyen for candidates from northern provinces and trại trạng nguyen for those from two southern provinces Thanh Hoa and Nghệ An 113 so that students from those remote regions could have the motivation for the imperial examination This separation was abolished in 1275 when the ruler decided that it was no longer necessary 104 In 1304 the Emperor Trần Anh Tong decided to standardize the examination by four different rounds in which candidates were eliminated step by step through tests of classical texts Confucianist classics imperial document redaction and finally argument and planning 114 This examining process was abandoned in 1396 by the Emperor Trần Thuận Tong under pressure from Hồ Quy Ly who replaced the traditional examination with the new version as a part of his radical reforms of the social and administrative system Hồ Quy Ly regulated the imperial examination by a prefectural examination thi hương and a metropolitan examination thi hội following in the next year The second degree examination included four rounds literary dissertation literary composition imperial document redaction and eventually an essay which was personally evaluated by the Emperor 115 For the lower ranking officials the emperor had another examination which tested writing and calculating such as the examination in the sixth lunar month of 1261 during the reign of Trần Thanh Tong 116 During its 175 years of existence the Trần dynasty carried out fourteen imperial examinations including ten official and four auxiliary contests Many laureates from these examinations later became prominent officials in the imperial court or well known scholars such as Le Văn Hưu author of the historical accounts Đại Việt sử ky 111 Mạc Đĩnh Chi renowned envoy of the Trần dynasty to the Yuan dynasty 117 or Nguyễn Trung Ngạn one of the most powerful officials during the reign of Trần Minh Tong 117 Below is the complete list of examinations with the candidates who ranked first in each examination 118 Year Emperor Ranked first Note1232 Trần Thai Tong Trương HanhLưu Diễm 27 1234 Trần Thai Tong Nguyễn Quan Quang 118 1239 Trần Thai Tong Lưu MiễnVương Giat 119 1247 Trần Thai Tong Nguyễn Hiền Trạng nguyen 112 1256 Trần Thai Tong Trần Quốc Lặc Kinh trạng nguyen 113 Trương Xan Trại trạng nguyen 113 1266 Trần Thanh Tong Trần Cố Kinh trạng nguyen 88 Bạch Lieu Trại trạng nguyen 88 1272 Trần Thanh Tong Ly Đạo Tai Trạng nguyen 118 1275 Trần Thanh Tong Đao Tieu Trạng nguyen 120 1304 Trần Anh Tong Mạc Đĩnh Chi Trạng nguyen 114 1347 Trần Dụ Tong Đao Sư Tich Trạng nguyen 121 Science and technology EditThere is evidence for the use of feng shui by Trần dynasty officials such as in 1248 when Trần Thủ Độ ordered several feng shui masters to block many spots over the country for the purpose of protecting the newly founded Trần dynasty from its opponents 122 Achievements in science during the Trần dynasty were not detailed in historical accounts though a notable scientist named Đặng Lộ was mentioned several times in Đại Việt sử ki toan thư It was said that Đặng Lộ was appointed by Retired Emperor Minh Tong to the position of national inspector liem phong sứ 123 but he was noted for his invention called lung linh nghi which was a type of armillary sphere for astronomic measurement 124 From the result in observation Đặng Lộ successfully persuaded the emperor to modify the calendar in 1339 for a better fit with the agricultural seasons in Đại Việt 125 126 Marquis Trần Nguyen Đan a superior of Đặng Lộ in the imperial court was also an expert in calendar calculation 127 Gunpowder Edit Near the end of the Trần dynasty the technology of gunpowder appeared in the historical records of Đại Việt It was responsible for the death of the King of Champa Chế Bồng Nga after general Trần Khat Chan fired a cannon from his battleship in January 1390 72 According to the NUS researcher Sun Laichen the Trần dynasty acquired gunpowder technology from China and effectively used it to change the balance of power between Đại Việt and Champa in favour of Đại Việt 8 As a result of this Sun reasoned that the need for copper for manufacturing firearms was probably another reason for the order of Hồ Quy Ly to change from copper coins to paper money in 1396 128 The people of the Trần dynasty and the later Hồ dynasty continued to improve their firearms using gunpowder This resulted in weapons of superior quality to their Chinese counterparts These were acquired by the Ming dynasty in their invasion of Đại Việt 7 Medicine Edit nbsp Nam dược thần hiệu the record book of Vietnamese traditional medicine in 14th century During the rule of the Trần dynasty medicine had a better chance to develop because of a more significant role of Confucianism in society 129 130 In 1261 116 the emperor issued an order to establish the Institute of Imperial Physicians Thai y viện which managed medicine in Đại Việt carrying out the examination for new physicians and treating people during disease epidemics 129 In 1265 the institute distributed a pill named Hồng ngọc sương to the poor which they considered able to cure many diseases 131 Besides the traditional Northern herbs thuốc Bắc Trần physicians also began to cultivate and gather various regional medicinal herbs thuốc Nam for treating both civilians and soldiers During the reign of Trần Minh Tong the head of the Institute of Imperial Physicians Phạm Cong Ban was widely known for his medical ethics treating patients regardless of their descent with his own medicine made from regional herbs 129 132 it was said that Phạm Cong Ban gathered his remedies in a medical book named Thai y dịch bệnh Diseases by the Imperial Physician 133 The monk Phạm Cong Ban also known as Tuệ Tĩnh who was a famous physician in Vietnamese history was called the Father of the Southern Medicine for creating the basis of Vietnamese traditional medicine with his works Hồng nghĩa giac tư y thư and Nam dược thần hiệu 134 Nam dược thần hiệu was a collection of 499 manuscripts about local herbs and ten branches of treatment with 3932 prescriptions to cure 184 type of diseases while Hồng nghĩa giac tư y thư provided people with many simple easy to prepare medicines that produced effective results 134 135 Gallery Edit nbsp Binh Sơn pagoda of Vĩnh Khanh Temple Trần dynasty Tam Sơn town Lo river commune Vĩnh Phuc province nbsp Pagoda of the Phổ Minh Temple nbsp Wooden gate of Phổ Minh Temple nbsp Carved wooden doors from the Phổ Minh Temple Nam Định province northern Vietnam 13th 14th century nbsp Terracotta Tower nbsp Phoenix head Terracotta Trần Hồ dynasty 14th 15th century Architectural decoration National Museum of Vietnamese History Hanoi nbsp Lion figure Terracotta Trần Hồ dynasty 14th 15th century Nghệ An province central Vietnam Architectural decoration National Museum of Vietnamese History Hanoi nbsp The boy Buddha rising up from lotus Crimson and gilded wood Trần Hồ dynasty 14th 15th century Statue for worship National Museum of Vietnamese History Hanoi nbsp Patterned brown glazed ceramic jar with lotus and chrysanthemum motifs from Nam Định Province 13th 14th century nbsp Bronze ceremonial helmet from the Tran dynasty in Dai VietFamily tree EditThai TổThai TongThanh TongNhan TongAnh TongMinh TongNghệ TongHiến TongDụ TongDuệ TongCung TucThuận TongPhế ĐếNhật LễThiếu ĐếSee also EditList of emperors of the Trần dynastyNotes Edit Vietnamese Nha Trần Chữ Nom 家陳 Chữ Han 陳朝 Trần triều 4 5 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k Baldanza Kathlene 2016 Ming China and Vietnam Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia Cambridge Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 cbo9781316440551 004 ISBN 978 1 316 44055 1 a b Bulliet Richard Crossley Pamela Headrick Daniel Hirsch Steven Johnson Lyman 2014 The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History Cengage Learning ISBN 9781285965703 a b c Taylor 2013 pp 108 121 a b Hall 2008 p 159 Dutton Werner amp Whitmore 2012 p 29 Tran Dynasty Britannica com a b Tuyet Nhung Tran amp Reid 2006 pp 89 90 a b Tuyet Nhung Tran amp Reid 2006 pp 75 77 a b Chapuis 1995 p 95 a b c Miller amp Williams 2008 p 249 a b Kevin Bowen Ba Chung Nguyen Bruce Weigl 1998 Mountain river Vietnamese poetry from the wars 1948 1993 a bilingual collection Univ of Massachusetts Press pp xxiv ISBN 1 55849 141 4 a b c d Le Mạnh That A Complete Collection of Trần Nhan Tong s Works Thuvienhoasen org Archived from the original on December 2 2008 Retrieved 2009 12 10 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 159 Taylor 2013 p 120 Tran Ly Tran Canh s grandfather who had led the Tran family into court politics was the grandson of an emigrant from Fujian Ham sắc To Trung Từ tự hại minh Retrieved 2017 03 09 Nha Trần khởi nghiệp Retrieved 2016 03 09 a b c Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 153 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 154 National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 p 186 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 156 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 157 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 157 158 Chapuis 1995 p 79 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 160 National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 p 194 a b c Chapuis 1995 p 80 a b c Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 163 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 161 162 a b c d e Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 50 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 49 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 164 166 National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 pp 195 196 Hays Jeffrey LY DYNASTY 1010 1225 AND THE EARLY YEARS OF VIETNAMESE RULE AFTER CHINESE WERE OUSTED Facts and Details factsanddetails com Retrieved 2022 09 14 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 172 173 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 189 190 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 193 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 192 a b Chapuis 1995 p 83 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 58 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 192 195 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 195 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 196 198 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 197 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 61 Chapuis 1995 p 84 Delgado James P 2009 Khubilai Khan s Lost Fleet In Search of a Legendary Armada University of California Press pp 161 162 ISBN 978 0 520 25976 8 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 62 Giặc Bắc đến xam lược Translations and Exclamation Points Le Minh Khai s SEAsian History Blog and More Archived from the original on 2016 10 06 Retrieved 2016 02 03 Author Liam Kelley University of Hawaii at Manoa Archived from the original on 2014 10 14 Bai thơ Bắc sứ tuc Khau On dịch 北使宿丘溫驛 Nguyễn Trung Ngạn 阮忠彥 Bai thơ Đap bắc nhan vấn an Nam phong tục 答北人問安南風俗 Hồ Quy Ly 胡季釐 a b Taylor 2013 p 137 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 65 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 205 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 207 a b Chapuis 1995 p 85 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 223 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 66 Chapuis 1995 p 86 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 258 259 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 69 a b Chapuis 1995 p 89 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 259 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 262 263 National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 p 292 Chapuis 1995 pp 89 90 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 250 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 70 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 269 270 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 273 Chapuis 1995 p 91 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 281 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 282 283 Chapuis 1995 p 90 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 270 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 278 279 Chapuis 1995 p 94 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 287 288 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 288 291 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 292 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 294 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 294 295 Chuyển đổi ngay am dương Lunar calendar converter Retrieved 22 March 2021 The second option on the left tab allows for the lunar date to be entered on the top green row and gives a conversion to Gregorian date and vice versa a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 296 Chapuis 1995 p 96 Taylor 2013 p 166 Hall 2008 p 161 a b Chapuis 1995 p 81 a b c Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 179 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 73 Philippe Truong 2007 The Elephant and the Lotus Vietnamese Ceramics in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston MFA Pub p 18 ISBN 978 0 87846 717 4 Gunn Geoffrey C 2011 History Without Borders The Making of an Asian World Region 1000 1800 Hong Kong University Press pp 112 ISBN 978 988 8083 34 3 Dương Quảng Ham 1968 pp 232 238 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 178 a b Trần Trọng Kim 1971 p 53 Tham Seong Chee 1981 pp 304 305 Tham Seong Chee 1981 p 305 Tham Seong Chee 1981 pp 312 313 Dror Olga 1997 Cult culture and authority Princess Liễu Hạnh in Vietnamese history University of Hawaii Press pp 14 28 ISBN 0 8248 2972 7 Dương Quảng Ham 1968 p 292 Han Thuyen Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 10 Dương Quảng Ham 1968 p 294 Miller amp Williams 2008 p 274 Miller amp Williams 2008 pp 278 279 a b c Trương Hữu Quynh Đinh Xuan Lam amp Le Mậu Han 2008 p 261 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 263 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 180 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 171 Adriano di St Thecla Olga Dror 2002 Opusculum de sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses A small treatise on the sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese Olga Dror trans SEAP Publications p 128 ISBN 0 87727 732 X Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 pp 168 169 Nguyễn Hiền Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 09 a b Le Văn Hưu Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 09 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 168 a b c Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 172 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 217 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 289 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 176 a b Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 233 a b c Mai Hồng 1989 p 20 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 166 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 182 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 267 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 169 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 234 Đặng Lộ Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 08 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 246 Đặng Lộ Nha thien văn học in Vietnamese Baobinhduong org vn 2006 02 28 Retrieved 2009 12 08 dead link Trần Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 08 Tuyet Nhung Tran amp Reid 2006 p 77 a b c Alan Kam leung Chan Clancey amp Hui Chieh Loy 2001 p 265 Jan Van Alphen Anthony Aris 1995 Oriental medicine an illustrated guide to the Asian arts of healing Serindia Publications Inc pp 210 214 ISBN 0 906026 36 9 Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 p 257 Phạm Văn Sơn 1983 p 215 Nguyễn Xuan Việt 2008 12 26 Y học cổ truyền của tỉnh Hải Dương trong hiện tại va tương lai in Vietnamese Haiduong Department of Science and Technology Archived from the original on 2014 05 17 Retrieved 2009 12 09 a b Tuệ Tĩnh Từ điển Bach khoa toan thư Việt Nam in Vietnamese Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2009 12 09 Alan Kam leung Chan Clancey amp Hui Chieh Loy 2001 pp 265 266 Sources EditAlan Kam leung Chan Clancey Gregory K Hui Chieh Loy 2001 Historical perspectives on East Asian science technology and medicine World Scientific ISBN 9971 69 259 7 Chapuis Oscar 1995 A history of Vietnam from Hong Bang to Tu Duc Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 313 29622 7 Dương Quảng Ham 1968 Việt Nam văn học in Vietnamese Trung Tam Học Liệu Dutton George Werner Jayne Whitmore John K 2012 Sources of Vietnamese Tradition Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 51110 0 Hall Kenneth R ed 2008 Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm C 1400 1800 Comparative Urban Studies vol 1 Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 2835 0 retrieved 7 August 2013 Mai Hồng 1989 Cac trạng nguyen nước ta in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Miller Terry E Williams Sean 2008 The Garland handbook of Southeast Asian music Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 96075 5 National Bureau for Historical Record 1998 Kham định Việt sử Thong giam cương mục in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Ngo Sĩ Lien 1993 Đại Việt sử ky toan thư in Vietnamese Nội cac quan bản ed Hanoi Social Science Publishing House Phạm Văn Sơn 1983 Việt sử toan thư in Vietnamese Japan Association of Vietnameses in Japan Taylor K W 2013 A History of the Vietnamese Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 87586 8 Tham Seong Chee 1981 Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia Political and Sociological Perspectives Singapore NUS Press ISBN 9971 69 036 5 Tuyet Nhung Tran Reid Anthony J S 2006 Việt Nam Borderless Histories Madison Wisconsin University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 978 0 299 21770 9 Trần Trọng Kim 1971 Việt Nam sử lược in Vietnamese Saigon Center for School Materials Trương Hữu Quynh Đinh Xuan Lam Le Mậu Han 2008 Đại cương lịch sử Việt Nam in Vietnamese Hanoi Education Publishing House Whitmore John K 2022 The Song Cai Red River Delta the Chinese Diaspora and the Trần Chen Clan of Dại Việt Crossroads An Interdisciplinary Journal of Asian Interactions 19 2 210 232 doi 10 1163 26662523 12340011 S2CID 247914991 Further reading EditStuart Fox Martin 2003 China and Southeast Asia Tribute Trade and Influence Allen amp Unwin ISBN 1 86448 954 5 Lockard Craig 2009 Southeast Asia in World History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 516075 8 Tarling Nicholas 1992 The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia Volume one From Early Times to C 1800 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 35505 2 Taylor Keith Weller 1991 The Birth of Vietnam University of California Press ISBN 0 520 07417 3 Thiện Đỗ 2003 Vietnamese supernaturalism views from the southern region Routledge ISBN 0 415 30799 6 Wolters O W 2009 Monologue Dialogue and Tran Vietnam Cornell University Library hdl 1813 13117External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trần dynasty https ecommons cornell edu bitstream handle 1813 13117 Wolters TranVietnam pdf sequence 1 Preceded byLy dynasty Dynasty of Vietnam1225 1400 Succeeded byHồ dynasty Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trần dynasty amp oldid 1170909341, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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