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Women in ancient warfare

January 01, 1970

The role of women in ancient warfare differed from culture to culture. There have been various historical accounts of females participating in battle.

Amazonomachy battle between Greeks and Amazons, relief of a sarcophagus – c. 180 BCE, found in Thessaloniki, 1836, now in the Louvre, Department of Greek Antiquities

This article lists instances of women recorded as participating in ancient warfare, from the beginning of written records to approximately 500 CE. Contemporary archaeological research regularly provides better insight into the accuracy of ancient historical accounts.

Women active in direct warfare, such as warriors and spies, are included in this list. Also included are women who commanded armies, but did not fight.

Timeline of women in ancient warfare worldwide edit

17th century BCE edit

  • 17th century BCE – Ahhotep I is credited with a stela at Karnak for "having pulled Egypt together, having cared for its army, having guarded it, having brought back those who fled, gathering up its deserters, having quieted the South, subduing those who defy her".[1]
  • Ahhotep II is buried with a dagger and axe, as well as three golden fly pendants, which were given as rewards for military valor. However, it is debated as to whether or not they actually belong to her.[2]

15th century BCE edit

  • 1479–1458 BCE[3] – Reign of Hatshepsut. It is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan.[4]

13th century BCE edit

 
Statue of Fu Hao at Yinxu
  • 13th century BCE[5] – Estimated time of the Trojan War. According to ancient sources, several women participate in battle (see Category:Women of the Trojan war). Epipole of Carystus is one of the first women who are reported to have fought in a war.
  • 13th century BCE – Lady Fu Hao, consort of the Chinese emperor Wu Ding, led 3,000 troops into battle[6] during the Shang dynasty. Fu Hao had entered the royal household by marriage and took advantage of the semi-matriarchal slave society to rise through the ranks.[7] Fu Hao is known to modern scholars mainly from inscriptions on Shang dynasty oracle bone artifacts unearthed at Yinxu.[8] In these inscriptions she is shown to have led numerous military campaigns. The Tu fought against the Shang for generations until they finally were defeated by Fu Hao in a single decisive battle. Further campaigns against the neighbouring Yi, Qiang, and Ba followed, the latter is particularly remembered as the earliest recorded large-scale ambush in Chinese history. With up to 13,000 troops and the important generals Zhi and Hou Gao serving under her, she was the most powerful military leader of her time.[9] This highly unusual status is confirmed by the many weapons, including great battle-axes, unearthed from her tomb.[10] One of Wu Ding's other wives, Fu Jing, also participated in military expeditions.[11]
  • Vedic period (1200–1000 BCE) roughly – The Rigveda (RV 1 and RV 10) hymns mention a female warrior named Vishpala, who lost a leg in battle, had an iron prosthesis made, and returned to warfare.[12]

12th century BCE edit

11th century BCE edit

  • 11th century BCE[14] – According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Queen Gwendolen fought her husband, Locrinus, in battle for the throne of Britain. She defeated him and became the monarch.[15] However, Geoffrey of Monmouth is not considered a reliable historical source.[16]
  • 11th century BCE – 4th century CE – Approximate time for the burial of a Kangju woman in modern Kazakhstan who was buried with a sword and a dagger.[17]

10th century BCE edit

  • 10th century BCE[18] – According to Greek legendary history, Messene conquered a territory and founded a city at roughly this time.[19][20][21][22]

9th century BCE edit

8th century BCE edit

  • 8th to 6th centuries BCE – Early Armenian period. A woman is buried in the Armenian highlands at this time. Her skeleton indicates strong muscles and a healed wound to her skeleton contained an iron arrowhead. Other injuries suggest that she was a warrior.[29]
  • 732 BCE – Approximate time of the reign of Samsi, an Arabian queen who may have been the successor of Zabibe.[30] She revolted against the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III.[31][32][33]

7th century BCE edit

  • 660 BCE – Lady Xu Mu is credited with saving the state of Wey from military invasion with her appeals for aid. The Wey people remembered her for bringing supplies, getting military aid and rebuilding the state. She is also the first recorded female poet in Chinese history.[34]
  • 654 BCE – Lampsacus is founded by the Greeks.[35] According to Greek legendary history, written centuries later, a Bebryces woman named Lampsace informed the Greeks of a plot against them by the Bebryces, and thus enabled them to conquer the area and found the city, which was named in her honor. She was deified and worshipped as a goddess.[36][37][38]
  • A Scythian warrior girl, aged approximately 13, is buried Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva, Russia. The remains, discovered in 1988, were originally assumed to be male, but DNA sequencing in 2020 determines the mummy to be female.[39]

6th century BCE edit

 
Tomyris from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
 
Cloelia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum
  • 506 BCE – Cloelia, a Roman girl[58] who was given as a hostage to the Etruscans, escaped her captors and led several others to safety.[59]

5th century BCE edit

 
Artemisia I of Caria from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum

4th century BCE edit

  • 4th century BCE – Onomaris is estimated to have lived around this time period.[77] According to Tractatus De Mulieribus, she led her people in migration to a new land and conquered the local inhabitants.[78]
  • 4th century BCE – Cynane, a half-sister to Alexander the Great, accompanied her father on a military campaign and killed an Illyrian leader named Caeria in hand-to-hand combat, and defeated the Illyrian army.[79]
  • 4th century BCE[80] – Pythagorean philosopher, Timycha, was captured by Sicilian soldiers during a battle. She and her husband were the only survivors. She is admired for her defiance after capture, because while being questioned by the Sicilian tyrant, she bit off her tongue and spat it at his feet.[81]
  • 4th century BCE – Chinese statesman Shang Yang wrote The Book of Lord Shang,[82] in which he recommended dividing the members of an army into three categories; strong men, strong women, and the weak and old of both sexes. He recommended that the strong men serve as the first line of defence, that the strong women defend the forts and build traps, and that the weak and elderly of both sexes control the supply chain. He also recommended that these three groups not be intermingled, on the basis that doing so would be detrimental to morale.[83]
  • 4th century BCE – Artemisia II of Caria led a fleet and played a role in the military-political affairs of the Aegean after the decline in Athenian naval superiority.
  • 350 BCE – According to Heracleides of Cyme, Achaemenid kings employed a 300-woman entourage of concubines who served also as bodyguards.[84]
  • 339 BCE – Mania became satrap of Dardanus.[85] Polyaenus described her as going into battle riding in a chariot, and as being such an excellent general that she was never defeated.[86]
  • 335 BCE – Timoclea, after being raped by one of Alexander the Great's soldiers during his attack on Thebes, pushed her rapist down a well and killed him. Alexander was so impressed with her cunning in luring him to the well that he ordered her to be released and that she not be punished for killing his soldier.[87]
  • 333 BCE – Stateira I accompanied her husband Darius III while he went to war. It was because of this that she was captured by Alexander the Great after the Battle of Issus at the town of Issus.[88] Other female family members, including Drypetis, Stateira II, and Sisygambis were present and were captured as well.[89]
  • 332 BCE – The Nubian queen, Candace of Meroe, intimidated Alexander the Great with her armies and her strategy while confronting him, causing him to avoid Nubia, instead heading to Egypt, according to Pseudo-Callisthenes.[90] However, Pseudo-Callisthenes is not considered a reliable source, and it is possible that the entire event is fiction.[91] More reliable historical accounts indicate that Alexander never attacked Nubia and never attempted to move farther south than the oasis of Siwa in Egypt.[92]
  • 331 BCE – Alexander the Great and his troops burned down Persepolis several months after its capture; traditionally Thaïs (a hetaera who accompanied Alexander on campaigns) suggested it when they were drunk, but others record that it had been discussed previously.[93]
  • January 330 BCE – Youtab fights against Greek Macedonian King Alexander the Great at the Battle of the Persian Gate.[94]
  • 320s BCE – Cleophis surrendered to Alexander the Great after he laid siege to her city.[95][96] In the same battle, the wives of Indian mercenaries took up the weapons and armors of their fallen husbands and fought against the Macedonians.[97]
  • 320s BCE – Reign of Chandragupta Maurya, who started the custom of kings of the ancient India to employ armed women as bodyguards. They rode war chariots, horses and elephants, and would also partake in military campaigns.[98][99] This custom apparently was still in force until the Gupta period (320 to 550 AD).[100]
  • 324 BCE – The satrap Atropates presented Alexander the Great with 100 horsewomen armed with war axes and light shields. Alexander did not add them to his army, however, believing their presence might incite his troops to molest them.[84] This has been considered related to the myth of Thalestris.[101]
  • 318 BCE – Eurydice III of Macedon fought Polyperchon and Olympias.[102]
  • 314–308 BCE – Cratesipolis commanded an army and forced cities to submit to her.[103][104]
 
Olympias from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum

3rd century BCE edit

 
Arsinoe III of Egypt
 
Consort Yu

2nd century BCE edit

  • 2nd century BCE – Queen Stratonice convinced Docimus to leave his stronghold, and her forces took him captive.[133]
  • 2nd century BCE – The Book of Judith was probably written at this time.[134] It describes Judith as assassinating Holofernes, an enemy general.[135] However, this incident is regarded by historians fictional due to the historical anachronisms within the text.[136]
  • Late 2nd century BCE[137] – Amage, a Sarmatian queen, attacked a Scythian prince who was making incursions onto her protectorates. She rode to Scythia with 120 warriors, where she killed his guards, his friends, his family, and ultimately, killed the prince himself. She allowed his son to live on the condition that he obey her.[138]
  • 186 BCE – Chiomara, a Galatian princess, was captured in a battle between Rome and the Galatians and was raped by a centurion. After a reversal she ordered him killed by her companions, and she had him beheaded after he was dead. She then delivered his head to her husband.[139]
  • 2nd century BCE – Queen Rhodogune of Parthia was informed of a rebellion while preparing for her bath. She vowed not to brush her hair until the rebellion was ended. She waged a long war to suppress the rebellion, and won it without breaking her vow.[140]
  • 138 BCE – The Roman Decimus Junius Brutus found that in Lusitania the women were "fighting and perishing in company with the men with such bravery that they uttered no cry even in the midst of slaughter". He also noted that the Bracari women were "bearing arms with the men, who fought never turning, never showing their backs, or uttering a cry."[141]
  • 131 BCE – Cleopatra II led a rebellion against Ptolemy VIII in 131 BCE, and drove him and Cleopatra III out of Egypt.[142]
  • 102 BCE – A battle between Romans and the Teutonic Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae took place during this time. Plutarch described that "the fight had been no less fierce with the women than with the men themselves... the women charged with swords and axes and fell upon their opponents uttering a hideous outcry." The women attacked both the Romans and the Ambrones who tried to desert.[143]
  • 102/101 BCE[144] – General Marius of the Romans fought the Teutonic Cimbrians. Cimbrian women accompanied their men into war, created a line in battle with their wagons and fought with poles and lances,[145] as well as staves, stones, and swords.[146] When the Cimbrian women saw that defeat was imminent, they killed their children and committed suicide rather than be taken as captives.[147]

1st century BCE edit

 
Hypsicratea from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum

1st century CE edit

  • 1st century – There were detailed reports of women accompanying their men on Germanic battlefields to provide morale support. Tacitus mentions them twice; in his Germania and again in his Annals, specifically at the battle near modern Nijmegen when the XV Primigenia and V Alaudae legions were sent packing back to Castra Vetera where they were later besieged during the Revolt of the Batavi. He writes in detail how the women would gather behind the warhost, and show their breasts to flagging warriors while screaming that their loss that day would mean the enemy gaining these as slaves. Women held an honored position in German tribes, and were seen as holy spirits as shown by their adoration of such as Aurinia and Veleda. Slavery was the fate of cowards and the unlucky – and letting one's women fall into that fate was a hideous deed. Thus the men were encouraged to fight harder.[153]
  • 1st century – A Sarmatian woman was buried with weapons in what is now modern Russia.[154]
  • 1st century – A woman was entombed with a sword in Tabriz, Iran. The tomb was discovered in 2004.[155]
  • 1st century – Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, allied with the Roman Empire against other Britons.[156]
  • 1st century: The historian Tacitus wrote that Triaria, wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger, was accused of having armed herself with a sword and behaved with arrogance and cruelty while at Tarracina, a captured city.[157][158]
  • 1st century: There are several historical Roman references to female gladiators from this time period.[159]
  • 1st century – 5th century: Four women were buried in Phum Snay, Cambodia with metal swords. The graves date approximately from this time period, and were discovered in 2007.[160]
  • 14–18 – Lu Mu, a Chinese peasant also known as Mother Lu, led a rebellion against Wang Mang.[161]
  • 15 – Agrippina the Elder defends a bridge upon the Rhine.[162]
  • 21 – Debate erupted as to whether or not the wives of Roman governors should accompany their husbands in the provinces. Caecina Severus said that they should not, because they "paraded among the soldiers" and that "a woman had presided at the exercises of the cohorts and the manoeuvres of the legions".[163]
  • 40 – The Trung Sisters revolt against the Chinese in Vietnam.[164] Phung Thi Chinh joins them.[165]
  • 60 – According to Tacitus, druidesses among the Britannian lines waged psychological warfare against the Roman forces in the island of Mona.[166]
  • 60–61 – Boudica, a Celtic queen of the Iceni in Britannia, led a massive uprising against the occupying Roman forces.[167] According to Suetonius, her enemy Gaius Suetonius Paulinus encouraged his soldiers by joking that her army contained more women than men, implying the presence of warrior women.[168]
  • 69–70 – Veleda of the Germanic Bructeri tribe wielded a great deal of influence in the Batavian rebellion. She was acknowledged as a strategic leader, a priestess, a prophet, and as a living deity.[169]

2nd century CE edit

3rd century CE edit

4th century CE edit

 
Xun Guan portrayed by a Peking opera actress during a 2015 performance in Tianchan Theatre, Shanghai, China.
 
Hua Mulan
  • 306–307 – As military commander for the Emperor of China, Li Xiu took her father's place and defeated a rebellion.[181]
  • 315 – Xun Guan famously led a group of soldiers into battle at the age of thirteen. As daughter of the governor of Xiangyang she is said to have broken through enemy lines to assemble reinforcements and prevent the city of Wancheng from being invaded.[182]
  • 368–370 – Queen Pharantzem defended the fort Artogeressa against the Persian army of Shapur II.[183]
  • 375[184] – The Arab Queen Mavia led troops against the Romans.[185]
  • 378 – Roman Empress Albia Dominica organized her people in defense against the invading Goths after her husband had died in battle.[186]
  • 4th–6th centuries: Possible time period that the legendary woman warrior Hua Mulan may have lived.[187]

5th century edit

  • 5th century: Princess Sela acts as a pirate. The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus described Sela as a "skilled warrior and experienced in roving."[188][189]
  • 450 – A Moche woman was buried with two ceremonial war clubs and twenty-eight spear throwers. The South American grave is discovered in 2006, and is the first known grave of a Moche woman to contain weapons.[190]
  • 451: Saint Genevieve is credited with averting Attila from Paris by rallying the people in prayer.[191]

See also edit

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Sources edit

  • Geoffrey of Monmouth (2008). The History of the Kings of Britain. Translated by Michael A. Faletra. Toronto: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1551116396.

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women in the military.
  • Adams, Maeve. "Amazons." The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies (2016): 1–4.
  • Liccardo, Salvatore. "Different Gentes, Same Amazons: The Myth of Women Warriors at the Service of Ethnic Discourse." Medieval History Journal 21.2 (2018): 222–250.
  • Mayor, Adrienne. The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World (Princeton University Press, 2014) online review
  • Toler, Pamela D. Women warriors: An unexpected history (Beacon Press, 2019).
  • Wilde, Lyn Webster. On the trail of the women warriors: The Amazons in myth and history (Macmillan, 2000).

January 01, 1970
women, ancient, warfare, role, women, ancient, warfare, differed, from, culture, culture, there, have, been, various, historical, accounts, females, participating, battle, amazonomachy, battle, between, greeks, amazons, relief, sarcophagus, found, thessaloniki. The role of women in ancient warfare differed from culture to culture There have been various historical accounts of females participating in battle Amazonomachy battle between Greeks and Amazons relief of a sarcophagus c 180 BCE found in Thessaloniki 1836 now in the Louvre Department of Greek Antiquities This article lists instances of women recorded as participating in ancient warfare from the beginning of written records to approximately 500 CE Contemporary archaeological research regularly provides better insight into the accuracy of ancient historical accounts Women active in direct warfare such as warriors and spies are included in this list Also included are women who commanded armies but did not fight Contents 1 Timeline of women in ancient warfare worldwide 1 1 17th century BCE 1 2 15th century BCE 1 3 13th century BCE 1 4 12th century BCE 1 5 11th century BCE 1 6 10th century BCE 1 7 9th century BCE 1 8 8th century BCE 1 9 7th century BCE 1 10 6th century BCE 1 11 5th century BCE 1 12 4th century BCE 1 13 3rd century BCE 1 14 2nd century BCE 1 15 1st century BCE 1 16 1st century CE 1 17 2nd century CE 1 18 3rd century CE 1 19 4th century CE 1 20 5th century 2 See also 3 References 3 1 Sources 4 Further readingTimeline of women in ancient warfare worldwide edit17th century BCE edit 17th century BCE Ahhotep I is credited with a stela at Karnak for having pulled Egypt together having cared for its army having guarded it having brought back those who fled gathering up its deserters having quieted the South subduing those who defy her 1 Ahhotep II is buried with a dagger and axe as well as three golden fly pendants which were given as rewards for military valor However it is debated as to whether or not they actually belong to her 2 15th century BCE edit 1479 1458 BCE 3 Reign of Hatshepsut It is possible that she led military campaigns against Nubia and Canaan 4 13th century BCE edit nbsp Statue of Fu Hao at Yinxu 13th century BCE 5 Estimated time of the Trojan War According to ancient sources several women participate in battle see Category Women of the Trojan war Epipole of Carystus is one of the first women who are reported to have fought in a war 13th century BCE Lady Fu Hao consort of the Chinese emperor Wu Ding led 3 000 troops into battle 6 during the Shang dynasty Fu Hao had entered the royal household by marriage and took advantage of the semi matriarchal slave society to rise through the ranks 7 Fu Hao is known to modern scholars mainly from inscriptions on Shang dynasty oracle bone artifacts unearthed at Yinxu 8 In these inscriptions she is shown to have led numerous military campaigns The Tu fought against the Shang for generations until they finally were defeated by Fu Hao in a single decisive battle Further campaigns against the neighbouring Yi Qiang and Ba followed the latter is particularly remembered as the earliest recorded large scale ambush in Chinese history With up to 13 000 troops and the important generals Zhi and Hou Gao serving under her she was the most powerful military leader of her time 9 This highly unusual status is confirmed by the many weapons including great battle axes unearthed from her tomb 10 One of Wu Ding s other wives Fu Jing also participated in military expeditions 11 Vedic period 1200 1000 BCE roughly The Rigveda RV 1 and RV 10 hymns mention a female warrior named Vishpala who lost a leg in battle had an iron prosthesis made and returned to warfare 12 12th century BCE edit Mid 12th century BCE Deborah believed to have been appointed judge and defeated the army of King Jabin of Canaan according to the Book of Judges 13 11th century BCE edit 11th century BCE 14 According to Geoffrey of Monmouth Queen Gwendolen fought her husband Locrinus in battle for the throne of Britain She defeated him and became the monarch 15 However Geoffrey of Monmouth is not considered a reliable historical source 16 11th century BCE 4th century CE Approximate time for the burial of a Kangju woman in modern Kazakhstan who was buried with a sword and a dagger 17 10th century BCE edit 10th century BCE 18 According to Greek legendary history Messene conquered a territory and founded a city at roughly this time 19 20 21 22 9th century BCE edit Late 9th century 8th century BCE Shammuramat Semiramis ruled the Neo Assyrian Empire 23 24 She was the first woman to rule an empire without a man ruling with her 25 She is believed to have been the inspiration for the legendary warrior queen Semiramis 26 Late 9th 8th century BCE 27 According to Geoffrey of Monmouth Queen Cordelia on whom the character in Shakespeare s King Lear is based battled her nephews for control of her kingdom 28 However Geoffrey of Monmouth is not considered a reliable historical source 16 8th century BCE edit 8th to 6th centuries BCE Early Armenian period A woman is buried in the Armenian highlands at this time Her skeleton indicates strong muscles and a healed wound to her skeleton contained an iron arrowhead Other injuries suggest that she was a warrior 29 732 BCE Approximate time of the reign of Samsi an Arabian queen who may have been the successor of Zabibe 30 She revolted against the Assyrian king Tiglath Pileser III 31 32 33 7th century BCE edit 660 BCE Lady Xu Mu is credited with saving the state of Wey from military invasion with her appeals for aid The Wey people remembered her for bringing supplies getting military aid and rebuilding the state She is also the first recorded female poet in Chinese history 34 654 BCE Lampsacus is founded by the Greeks 35 According to Greek legendary history written centuries later a Bebryces woman named Lampsace informed the Greeks of a plot against them by the Bebryces and thus enabled them to conquer the area and found the city which was named in her honor She was deified and worshipped as a goddess 36 37 38 A Scythian warrior girl aged approximately 13 is buried Saryg Bulun in Central Tuva Russia The remains discovered in 1988 were originally assumed to be male but DNA sequencing in 2020 determines the mummy to be female 39 6th century BCE edit 6th through 4th centuries BCE Women are buried with weapons as well as jewelry on the Kazakhstan Russia border at roughly this time 40 6th century BCE 41 Pheretima Cyrenaean queen leads a military force 42 43 44 45 46 nbsp Tomyris from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum 580 BCE Massagetae Queen Tomyris led an army that defeated a Persian army under Cyrus the Great Tomyris would be known forever after as the killer of Cyrus although the actual soldier who slew Cyrus is unknown 47 48 49 539 BCE Pantea Arteshbod participate in the Battle of Opis as a Lieutenant Commander in the army of Cyrus the Great 50 514 496 BCE During the Warring States period of China 51 Sun Tzu wrote a contemporary report of how Ho Lu King of Wu ruled in 514 496 tested his skill by ordering him to train an army of 180 women 52 510 BCE Greek poet Telesilla defended the city of Argos from the Spartans 53 54 55 56 57 nbsp Cloelia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum 506 BCE Cloelia a Roman girl 58 who was given as a hostage to the Etruscans escaped her captors and led several others to safety 59 5th century BCE edit 5th century BCE The Lady of Yue trained the soldiers of the army of King Goujian of Yue 60 nbsp Artemisia I of Caria from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum 480 BCE Artemisia I of Caria Queen of Halicarnassus was a naval commander and advisor to Xerxes at the Battle of Salamis 61 62 63 480 BCE 64 Greek diver Hydna and her father sabotaged enemy ships before a critical battle thus causing the Greeks to win 65 460 425 BCE 66 Greek historian Herodotus 67 described Scythian Amazons 68 Herodotus in The Histories 69 recorded that queen Tomyris of the Massagetae fought and defeated Cyrus the Great 70 He also records the Zaueces people of Ancient Libya whom he describes as having their women drive their chariots to war as well as the festival of Athena Tritogenia among the Ausean people whose young women are divided into two groups and fight each other with stones and sticks 71 This festival taking place in Ancient Libya describes the girls from the Machlyans and Auseans tribes fighting each other and those who died were labeled false virgins 72 460 370 BCE Approximate lifetime of Hippocrates 73 who wrote of the Sauromatae Scythian women fighting battles 74 Late 400s 75 Ctesias records the story of Zarinaea a Sacae woman who participated in battle 76 4th century BCE edit 4th century BCE Onomaris is estimated to have lived around this time period 77 According to Tractatus De Mulieribus she led her people in migration to a new land and conquered the local inhabitants 78 4th century BCE Cynane a half sister to Alexander the Great accompanied her father on a military campaign and killed an Illyrian leader named Caeria in hand to hand combat and defeated the Illyrian army 79 4th century BCE 80 Pythagorean philosopher Timycha was captured by Sicilian soldiers during a battle She and her husband were the only survivors She is admired for her defiance after capture because while being questioned by the Sicilian tyrant she bit off her tongue and spat it at his feet 81 4th century BCE Chinese statesman Shang Yang wrote The Book of Lord Shang 82 in which he recommended dividing the members of an army into three categories strong men strong women and the weak and old of both sexes He recommended that the strong men serve as the first line of defence that the strong women defend the forts and build traps and that the weak and elderly of both sexes control the supply chain He also recommended that these three groups not be intermingled on the basis that doing so would be detrimental to morale 83 4th century BCE Artemisia II of Caria led a fleet and played a role in the military political affairs of the Aegean after the decline in Athenian naval superiority 350 BCE According to Heracleides of Cyme Achaemenid kings employed a 300 woman entourage of concubines who served also as bodyguards 84 339 BCE Mania became satrap of Dardanus 85 Polyaenus described her as going into battle riding in a chariot and as being such an excellent general that she was never defeated 86 335 BCE Timoclea after being raped by one of Alexander the Great s soldiers during his attack on Thebes pushed her rapist down a well and killed him Alexander was so impressed with her cunning in luring him to the well that he ordered her to be released and that she not be punished for killing his soldier 87 333 BCE Stateira I accompanied her husband Darius III while he went to war It was because of this that she was captured by Alexander the Great after the Battle of Issus at the town of Issus 88 Other female family members including Drypetis Stateira II and Sisygambis were present and were captured as well 89 332 BCE The Nubian queen Candace of Meroe intimidated Alexander the Great with her armies and her strategy while confronting him causing him to avoid Nubia instead heading to Egypt according to Pseudo Callisthenes 90 However Pseudo Callisthenes is not considered a reliable source and it is possible that the entire event is fiction 91 More reliable historical accounts indicate that Alexander never attacked Nubia and never attempted to move farther south than the oasis of Siwa in Egypt 92 331 BCE Alexander the Great and his troops burned down Persepolis several months after its capture traditionally Thais a hetaera who accompanied Alexander on campaigns suggested it when they were drunk but others record that it had been discussed previously 93 January 330 BCE Youtab fights against Greek Macedonian King Alexander the Great at the Battle of the Persian Gate 94 320s BCE Cleophis surrendered to Alexander the Great after he laid siege to her city 95 96 In the same battle the wives of Indian mercenaries took up the weapons and armors of their fallen husbands and fought against the Macedonians 97 320s BCE Reign of Chandragupta Maurya who started the custom of kings of the ancient India to employ armed women as bodyguards They rode war chariots horses and elephants and would also partake in military campaigns 98 99 This custom apparently was still in force until the Gupta period 320 to 550 AD 100 324 BCE The satrap Atropates presented Alexander the Great with 100 horsewomen armed with war axes and light shields Alexander did not add them to his army however believing their presence might incite his troops to molest them 84 This has been considered related to the myth of Thalestris 101 318 BCE Eurydice III of Macedon fought Polyperchon and Olympias 102 314 308 BCE Cratesipolis commanded an army and forced cities to submit to her 103 104 nbsp Olympias from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum nbsp Timoclea nbsp 18th century depiction of Thais 3rd century BCE edit nbsp Arsinoe III of Egypt nbsp Consort Yu Early 3rd century BCE Legendary Empress Jingu of Japan may have led an invasion against Korea at this time However the story is regarded as semi fictional by many scholars 105 3rd century BCE Graves of women warriors buried at during this period were found near the Sea of Azov 106 3rd century BCE Stratonice of Macedon revolts against Seleucus II Callinicus 107 108 109 110 295 BCE Phila daughter of Antipater was besieged in Salamis Cyprus by the king of Egypt Ptolemy I and ultimately compelled to surrender but was treated by him in the most honourable manner and sent together with her children in safety to Macedonia citation needed 279 BCE During the Gallic Invasion of Greece a large Gallic force entered Aetolia Women and the elderly joined in its defense 111 272 BCE When Pyrrhus attacked Sparta the women of the city assisted in the defense assisted by Chilonis 112 113 114 272 BCE Spartan princess Archidamia leads Spartan women in the construction of a defensive trench and in the aiding of the wounded in battle during the siege of Pyrrhus 115 116 272 BCE Pyrrhus of Epirus the conqueror and source of the term pyrrhic victory according to Plutarch died while fighting an urban battle in Argos when an old woman threw a roof tile at him stunning him and allowing an Argive soldier to kill him 117 231 BCE Teuta Illyrian Teutana mistress of the people queen Ancient Greek Teyta Latin Teuta was the queen regent A of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria 118 Following the death of her spouse Agron in 231 BC she assumed the regency of the Ardiaean Kingdom for her stepson Pinnes continuing Agron s policy of expansion in the Adriatic Sea in the context of an ongoing conflict with the Roman Republic regarding the effects of Illyrian piracy on regional trade 119 120 220 BCE Vaccaei and Vetton women fought in the siege of Salmantica against Hannibal The inhabitants pretended to give up the city but the women carried hidden weapons in their clothing while they exited and once outside they armed themselves and the men and attacked the Carthaginians One of the women disarmed the Carthaginian interpreter Banno and attacked him with his own spear Many of the Salmantines managed to reach the mountains from where they negotiated with Hannibal The latter was so impressed that he gave them back their city 121 220 BCE Cisalpine Gaul women served as judges in their people s disputes with Hannibal 122 219 BCE A possibly fictitious Libyan princess named Asbyte fights for Hannibal at the Siege of Saguntum along with an entourage of horsewomen and war charioteers 123 124 125 217 BCE Arsinoe III of Egypt accompanied Ptolemy IV at the Battle of Raphia When the battle went poorly she appeared before the troops and exhorted them to fight to defend their families She also promised two minas of gold to each of them if they won the battle which they did 126 216 BCE During the siege of Petelia women accompanied their husbands in sorties against Hannibal 127 216 BCE Busa of Canosa di Puglia is recorded as aiding soldiers fleeing Hannibal 128 129 130 206 BCE Iberian women assisted in the siege of Illiturgis against Scipio Africanus 131 206 202 BCE Consort Yu accompanies Xiang Yu on all battles during the Chu Han Contention 132 2nd century BCE edit 2nd century BCE Queen Stratonice convinced Docimus to leave his stronghold and her forces took him captive 133 2nd century BCE The Book of Judith was probably written at this time 134 It describes Judith as assassinating Holofernes an enemy general 135 However this incident is regarded by historians fictional due to the historical anachronisms within the text 136 Late 2nd century BCE 137 Amage a Sarmatian queen attacked a Scythian prince who was making incursions onto her protectorates She rode to Scythia with 120 warriors where she killed his guards his friends his family and ultimately killed the prince himself She allowed his son to live on the condition that he obey her 138 186 BCE Chiomara a Galatian princess was captured in a battle between Rome and the Galatians and was raped by a centurion After a reversal she ordered him killed by her companions and she had him beheaded after he was dead She then delivered his head to her husband 139 2nd century BCE Queen Rhodogune of Parthia was informed of a rebellion while preparing for her bath She vowed not to brush her hair until the rebellion was ended She waged a long war to suppress the rebellion and won it without breaking her vow 140 138 BCE The Roman Decimus Junius Brutus found that in Lusitania the women were fighting and perishing in company with the men with such bravery that they uttered no cry even in the midst of slaughter He also noted that the Bracari women were bearing arms with the men who fought never turning never showing their backs or uttering a cry 141 131 BCE Cleopatra II led a rebellion against Ptolemy VIII in 131 BCE and drove him and Cleopatra III out of Egypt 142 102 BCE A battle between Romans and the Teutonic Ambrones at Aquae Sextiae took place during this time Plutarch described that the fight had been no less fierce with the women than with the men themselves the women charged with swords and axes and fell upon their opponents uttering a hideous outcry The women attacked both the Romans and the Ambrones who tried to desert 143 102 101 BCE 144 General Marius of the Romans fought the Teutonic Cimbrians Cimbrian women accompanied their men into war created a line in battle with their wagons and fought with poles and lances 145 as well as staves stones and swords 146 When the Cimbrian women saw that defeat was imminent they killed their children and committed suicide rather than be taken as captives 147 nbsp Chiomara nbsp Cleopatra II 1st century BCE edit nbsp Hypsicratea from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum 1st century BCE 148 Hypsicratea fights in battles 149 41 40 BCE Fulvia becomes involved in the Perusine War The extent of her involvement is not agreed upon by scholars 150 27 21 BCE Amanirenas led the Kushite armies against the Romans 151 152 nbsp Fulvia of Roman Empire 1st century CE edit 1st century There were detailed reports of women accompanying their men on Germanic battlefields to provide morale support Tacitus mentions them twice in his Germania and again in his Annals specifically at the battle near modern Nijmegen when the XV Primigenia and V Alaudae legions were sent packing back to Castra Vetera where they were later besieged during the Revolt of the Batavi He writes in detail how the women would gather behind the warhost and show their breasts to flagging warriors while screaming that their loss that day would mean the enemy gaining these as slaves Women held an honored position in German tribes and were seen as holy spirits as shown by their adoration of such as Aurinia and Veleda Slavery was the fate of cowards and the unlucky and letting one s women fall into that fate was a hideous deed Thus the men were encouraged to fight harder 153 1st century A Sarmatian woman was buried with weapons in what is now modern Russia 154 1st century A woman was entombed with a sword in Tabriz Iran The tomb was discovered in 2004 155 1st century Cartimandua queen of the Brigantes allied with the Roman Empire against other Britons 156 1st century The historian Tacitus wrote that Triaria wife of Lucius Vitellius the younger was accused of having armed herself with a sword and behaved with arrogance and cruelty while at Tarracina a captured city 157 158 1st century There are several historical Roman references to female gladiators from this time period 159 1st century 5th century Four women were buried in Phum Snay Cambodia with metal swords The graves date approximately from this time period and were discovered in 2007 160 14 18 Lu Mu a Chinese peasant also known as Mother Lu led a rebellion against Wang Mang 161 15 Agrippina the Elder defends a bridge upon the Rhine 162 21 Debate erupted as to whether or not the wives of Roman governors should accompany their husbands in the provinces Caecina Severus said that they should not because they paraded among the soldiers and that a woman had presided at the exercises of the cohorts and the manoeuvres of the legions 163 40 The Trung Sisters revolt against the Chinese in Vietnam 164 Phung Thi Chinh joins them 165 60 According to Tacitus druidesses among the Britannian lines waged psychological warfare against the Roman forces in the island of Mona 166 60 61 Boudica a Celtic queen of the Iceni in Britannia led a massive uprising against the occupying Roman forces 167 According to Suetonius her enemy Gaius Suetonius Paulinus encouraged his soldiers by joking that her army contained more women than men implying the presence of warrior women 168 69 70 Veleda of the Germanic Bructeri tribe wielded a great deal of influence in the Batavian rebellion She was acknowledged as a strategic leader a priestess a prophet and as a living deity 169 nbsp Medieval depection of Triaria nbsp Agrippina the Elder nbsp Statue of the Trung sisters in Ho Chi Minh City nbsp John Opie s Boadicea Haranguing the Britons nbsp Veleda 2nd century CE edit In this time period 170 Pausanias describes a sacrificial feast to Ares Gynaecothoenas in Tegea in which only women are allowed to participate due to them having defeated Lacedaemonians without male help 171 170 174 Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband to war in Germany and is hailed as Mother of the Army after one of his victories 172 195 Julia Domna accompanied her husband Emperor Septimius Severus in his campaigns in Mesopotamia 173 nbsp Faustina the Younger nbsp Julia Domna 3rd century CE edit 210s Wang Yi wife of Zhao Ang participated in multiple battles alongside her husband against the warlord Ma Chao 174 175 240s Women are described as fighting amongst the cavalry ranks of the Sasanian Empire under Shapur I dressed and armed like men 176 248 Trieu Thi Trinh led a rebellion against the Chinese in Vietnam 177 270 272 Zenobia the queen of Palmyra led armies into battle against the Roman Empire 178 274 A group of Gothic women who were captured by Romans while fighting in the same garb as their male peers were paraded in a Roman triumph wearing signs that said Amazons 179 180 nbsp Folk art depiction of Lady Triệu nbsp Coin depicting Zenobia 4th century CE edit nbsp Xun Guan portrayed by a Peking opera actress during a 2015 performance in Tianchan Theatre Shanghai China nbsp Hua Mulan nbsp Pharandzem 306 307 As military commander for the Emperor of China Li Xiu took her father s place and defeated a rebellion 181 315 Xun Guan famously led a group of soldiers into battle at the age of thirteen As daughter of the governor of Xiangyang she is said to have broken through enemy lines to assemble reinforcements and prevent the city of Wancheng from being invaded 182 368 370 Queen Pharantzem defended the fort Artogeressa against the Persian army of Shapur II 183 375 184 The Arab Queen Mavia led troops against the Romans 185 378 Roman Empress Albia Dominica organized her people in defense against the invading Goths after her husband had died in battle 186 4th 6th centuries Possible time period that the legendary woman warrior Hua Mulan may have lived 187 5th century edit 5th century Princess Sela acts as a pirate The Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus described Sela as a skilled warrior and experienced in roving 188 189 450 A Moche woman was buried with two ceremonial war clubs and twenty eight spear throwers The South American grave is discovered in 2006 and is the first known grave of a Moche woman to contain weapons 190 451 Saint Genevieve is credited with averting Attila from Paris by rallying the people in prayer 191 See also editWomen in post classical warfare Women in warfare 1500 1699 Women in 18th century warfare Timeline of women in 19th century warfare Women warriors in literature and cultureReferences edit Rice Michael 1999 Who s Who in Ancient Egypt London and New York Routlage p 3 ISBN 0415154480 Graves Brown Carolyn 2010 Dancing for Hathor Women in Ancient Egypt London and New York Continuum Books p 39 ISBN 978 1847250544 Gender in Pre Hispanic America edited by Cecelia F Klein 2001 p 309 Bunson Margaret 2002 1991 Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt hardcover revised ed New York Facts on File Books p 161 ISBN 0816045631 Mandzuka Mandzuka Demystifying the Odyssey p 100 Peterson Barbara Bennett He Hong Fei Wang Jiu Han Tie Zhang Guangyu eds 2000 Notable Women of China Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century New York M E Sharpe Inc p 13 ISBN 076560504X Woman General Fu Hao All China Women s Federation Archived from the original on February 14 2007 Retrieved August 4 2007 The Tomb of Lady Fu Hao PDF British Museum Archived PDF from the original on September 28 2007 Retrieved August 4 2007 Fu Hao Queen and top general of King Wuding of Shang Color Q World Archived from the original on July 4 2007 Retrieved August 4 2007 Buckley Ebrey Patricia Shang Tomb of Fu Hao A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization University of Washington Archived from the original on August 13 2007 Retrieved August 4 2007 Zhou 周 Ying 英 2014 中国古代女性阅读史分期述略 A brief introduction to the stages of Ancient Chinese women s written histories Xinshi Jitu Shiguan in Chinese 8 75 78 A Brief Review of the History of Amputations and Prostheses Earl E Vanderwerker Jr M D JACPOC 1976 Vol 15 Num 5 Archived from the original on October 14 2007 Retrieved January 27 2007 Northen Magill Frank and Christina J Moose 2003 Deborah Dictionary of World Biography The Ancient World Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1579580407 Retrieved April 1 2013 Mountain Harry 1997 The Celtic Encyclopedia Volume 3 Upublish com p 729 ISBN 1581128932 Geoffrey of Monmouth 2008 pp 59 62 a b Princes in Exile By Richard Denning p 302 Ancient warrior princess skeleton found in Kazakhstan August 11 2015 Archived from the original on January 20 2018 Retrieved April 5 2018 Things Can Only Get Feta Two Journalists and Their Crazy Dog Living Through the Greek Crisis By Marjory McGinn Scholia on Euripides Orestes 932 Pausanias Description of Greece 4 1 1 2 Pausanias Description of Greece 4 3 9 Pausanias 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A Political and Military History Oxford University Press Oxford p 270 ISBN 978 0199218721 Cooper W R 1876 An Archaic Dictionary Biographical Historical and Mythological from the Egyptian Assyrian and Etruscan Monuments and Papyri Samuel Bagster and Sons 15 Pater Noster Row London p 484 Ephʻal Israel 1982 The Ancient Arabs Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th 5th Centuries B C Brill ISBN 978 9652234001 Leick Gwendolyn 2001 Who s Who in the Ancient Near East Illustrated ed Routledge pp 85 86 ISBN 978 0415132312 Bennet Peterson Barbara 2000 Notable Women of China Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century M E Sharpe Inc p 21 The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara By John Freely p 346 Plutarch On the Virtues of Women 18 Archived October 18 2014 at the Wayback Machine Polyaenus Stratagems of War 8 37 Archived October 6 2014 at the Wayback Machine Stephanus of Byzantium s v Lampsakos Lampsacus a city in Propontis named after Lampsace a local girl DNA shows Scythian warrior mummy was a 13 year old girl June 26 2020 News Latest amp Breaking News Latest News Headlines Deccan Herald Rawlinson George 1869 A Manual of Ancient History From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Western Empire Comprising the History of Chaldea Assyria Media Babylonia Lydia Phoenicia Syria Judea Egypt Carthage Persia Greece Macedonia Rome and Parthia Clarendon Press Herodotus The Histories Book 4 Morkot R The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece Penguin Books The Bath Press Avon Great Britain 1996 Smith William May 15 1849 Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology Boston C C Little and J Brown etc etc via Internet Archive A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography by William Smith 1873 Cyrene Archived from the original on October 13 2014 Retrieved October 8 2014 Polyaenus Stratagems Book 8 B Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved July 9 2014 F Altheim und R Stiehl Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum Berlin 1970 pp 127 128 Karasulas 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0806136219 Archived from the original on October 28 2013 Retrieved October 9 2016 Fant M B amp Lefkowitz M R 2005 Women s Life in Greece and Rome A Source Book in Translation Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore Maryland p 131 ISBN 0801883105 Smith William ed 1867 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Vol I Boston Little Brown and Company p 214 Lee Lily Xiao Hong Stefanowska A D eds 2007 Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women Antiquity Through Sui 1600 B C E 618 C E M E Sharpe p 91 ISBN 978 0765617507 Polyaenus Stratagems Book 8 53 5 Archived October 6 2014 at the Wayback Machine Artemisia queen of Caria fought as an ally of Xerxes against the Greeks Herodotus Book 8 Urania 68 Archived June 4 2014 at the Wayback Machine which have been fought near Euboea and have displayed deeds not inferior to those of others speak to him thus N S Gill Herodotus Passages on Artemisia of Halicarnassus About Archived from the original on October 10 2014 Retrieved October 6 2014 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by Michael A Faletra Toronto Broadview Press ISBN 978 1551116396 Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women in the military Adams Maeve Amazons The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies 2016 1 4 Liccardo Salvatore Different Gentes Same Amazons The Myth of Women Warriors at the Service of Ethnic Discourse Medieval History Journal 21 2 2018 222 250 Mayor Adrienne The Amazons Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World Princeton University Press 2014 online review Toler Pamela D Women warriors An unexpected history Beacon Press 2019 Wilde Lyn Webster On the trail of the women warriors The Amazons in myth and history Macmillan 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Women in ancient warfare amp oldid 1219545417 Timeline of women in ancient warfare worldwide, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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