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Fulvia

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Fulvia (disambiguation).

Fulvia (Classical Latin: [ˈfulwi.a]; d. 40 BC) was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic. Fulvia's birth into an important political dynasty facilitated her relationships and, later on, marriages to Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Mark Antony.[2] All of these men would go on to lead increasingly promising political careers as populares, tribunes, and supporters of Julius Caesar.

Fulvia
Portrait of Fulvia on a 18 mm leaded bronze coin from the city Eumeneia (renamed Fulvia) of Phrygia. Obverse: Fulvia, reverse: Athena. Legend: ΦΟΥΛΟVΙΑΝΩΝ ΖΜΕΡΤΟΡΙΓΟΣ ΦΙΛΩΝΙΔΟΥ (Phoulovianoon Zmertorigos Philoonidou, the town magistrate). Around 41/40 BC.[1]
Died40 BC
Sicyon, Greece
Years active52–40 BC
Spouse(s)Publius Clodius Pulcher
Gaius Scribonius Curio
Mark Antony
Children
FamilyFulvii

Fulvia remains an important figure in ancient Roman history due to her perseverance as a woman heavily involved in politics, as well as her role in the Perusine War against Caesar Augustus (Octavian, future emperor Augustus).[3] She played an important political role behind the scenes of her three marriages. Though she is most famous for her involvement in Antony's career, there are many scholarly debates taking place over whether or not Fulvia was already involved in politics before her husbands or as a result of marrying them. However, one thing is for sure: she was highly interested in politics and developed an increasingly strong public voice over time.[4] She is most famous for her activities during her third marriage and her involvement in the Perusine War of 41–40 BC.[5] She was the first Roman non-mythological woman to appear on Roman coins.[citation needed]

Birth and early life edit

Fulvia was born and raised either in Rome or Tusculum. Her date of birth is not known.[6] Fulvia was a member of the Fulvia gens, which hailed from Tusculum. The Fulvii were one of the most distinguished Republican plebeian wealthy families in Rome; various members of the family achieved consulship and became senators, though no member of the Fulvii is on record as a consul after 125 BC.[7] Fulvia was the only child of Marcus Fulvius Bambalio and Sempronia. As a result, Fulvia may have also represented the last of both the Fulvii and the Sempronii families, which meant she was likely an heiress of extreme worth and value.[2] Her father Marcus received the nickname "Bambalio", from the Latin "to stutter", because of his hesitancy in speech. Her maternal grandfather was Sempronius Tuditanus, who was described by Cicero as a madman, who liked to throw his money to the people from the Rostra.[8]

Marriage to Clodius Pulcher edit

 
Fulvia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum

Her first marriage was to Publius Clodius Pulcher, circa 62 BC. Fulvia and Clodius had two children together, a son also named Publius Clodius Pulcher and a daughter, Claudia. As a couple they went everywhere together.[9][10] Claudia later married Octavian, who would later become the first Roman emperor.

In 52 BC, Clodius ran for praetor; his political competition with a consular candidate and rival, Titus Annius Milo, escalated to violence. Milo and his gang killed Clodius on January 18 on the Appian Way. Fulvia first appears in the record after his death.[11][12] Fulvia and her mother Sempronia were present at the trial of Milo, and Fulvia's was the last testimony given by the prosecution.[13] Milo was convicted and exiled.[14]

While alive, Clodius had control of many gangs, and Fulvia retained the power and status that came with their loyalty. There is some evidence that she may have been involved in organizing the collegia.[15] Even after Clodius' death, however, the Clodian following remained strong because of Fulvia's understanding of her political potential, and Fulvia used this strong political following to avenge his death; she and her mother brought his body to the streets of Rome so the Roman citizens would see his wounds and grow angry towards Milo. [11][16] Fulvia would therefore actively invest herself into the political atmosphere that followed the death of her first husband, as a "visible symbol and reminder of his presence."[4][17][18]

Marriage to Scribonius Curio edit

With Pompey's seizure of power in Rome, he militarily forced out any remaining supporters of the late Clodius, including captains and tribunes; actions that prompted Fulvia to uphold her late husband's legacy alone within the city, taking advantage of every opportunity that allowed her to extend her influence and political prestige.

Her widowhood did not last long, as the customary period of mourning for Romans was ten months. Fulvia most likely married her second husband, Gaius Scribonius Curio, soon after his return from Asia and her mourning period had passed.[19] They were married in 52-51 BC, ultimately solidifying him as the legitimate "continuator and heir of Clodius' popularis policies,"[4] though initially an optimate. Like Clodius, Curio was very popular with the plebeians. He was from a less distinguished family than Clodius, being from a new consular family, but he may have had more wealth.[20] He soon became important to Gaius Julius Caesar and Clodian supporters,[21] becoming a trusted and valued political ally to these vitally important individuals because of his marriage to Fulvia and her emphasis on promoting the Clodian legacy. In 50 BC, the year after he married Fulvia, Curio won election as a tribune.

Curio died in 49 BC, killed during the Battle of the Bagradas in North Africa, fighting for Julius Caesar against King Juba I of Numidia.[22] During the civil war, Fulvia was most likely in Rome or nearby, because Caesar's troops had taken over Italy. At the time, she would have had her two children by Clodius and was either pregnant with Curio's son or had already given birth.[23]

Marriage to Mark Antony edit

 
Fulvia With the Head of Cicero by Pavel Svedomsky
 
The vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura Y Montaner, 1888 depicting Fulvia inspecting the severed head of Cicero

After Curio's death in Africa, Fulvia was still an important widow in elite circles and her political interests were well known. Marriage to her would provide an important tie to Clodius and his clientela, and could offer a husband money and political organization. Also, her next husband would become the stepfather to Clodius' children, further linking him to Clodian politics.[24]

As it turned out, Fulvia's third and final marriage was to Mark Antony in 47 or 46 BC.[25] a few years after Curio's death, although Cicero suggested that Fulvia and Antony had had a relationship since 58 BC.[26][27] Cicero wrote about their relationship in his Philippicae as a way of attacking Antony. According to him, while Fulvia and Clodius were married, Antony once left a military post to sneak back into Rome during the night and personally deliver a love letter to Fulvia describing his love for her and saying he had stopped seeing the famous actress Cytheris.[28] Cicero also suggested that Antony had married Fulvia for her money,[29] though at the time of their marriage, Antony was an established politician. He had already been tribune in 49 BC, commanded armies under Caesar and was the Master of the Horse in 47 BC.[30]

Fulvia's marriage to Antony was not one of subordination; rather, they had become a "formidable political force"[4] within the crucial city of Rome. Fulvia played a very influential role in Mark Antony's political career. She was the brains behind many of his policies, such as the decision to give Sicilians Roman citizenship, as well as to confirm Deiotarus in his kingdom, and she was a very persuasive campaigner for her husband. It is also possible that former Clodian policies were continued through him.[24] They had two sons together, Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Iullus Antonius, and throughout their marriage, Fulvia defended Antony from Cicero's attacks, sustained his popularity with his soldiers and hindered Octavian's ascension to power.[31] In fact, Fulvia still retained the support of gangs formerly ruled by her first husband, Clodius. By publicly associating himself with Clodius' children, Antony was able to gather that support and, through Fulvia's influence, to use what was left of Clodius' gangs in his own gang wars against Dolabella and his supporters.[32]

Through the political connections of his wife, and his close friendship with Julius Caesar, Antony found himself the most powerful man in Rome after Caesar's assassination. Therefore, it was only fitting that Fulvia was to be heavily involved in the political aftermath. After Caesar's death, the senate realized his popularity and declared that it would pass all of Caesar's planned laws. Antony had attained possession of Caesar's papers, and with the ability to produce papers in support of any law, Fulvia and Antony made a fortune and gained immense power. She allegedly accompanied Antony to his military camp at Brundisium in 44 BC.[33] Appian wrote that in December 44 and again in 43 BC, while Antony was abroad and Cicero campaigned for Antony to be declared an enemy of the state, Fulvia tried to block such declarations by soliciting support for Antony.[34]

Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian, the future emperor Augustus, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 43 BC and began to conduct proscriptions. To solidify the political alliance and to advance Clodian interests, Fulvia's daughter Claudia was married to the young Octavian. Appian and Cassius Dio describe Fulvia as being involved in the violent proscriptions that were used to destroy enemies and gain badly needed funds to secure control of Rome.[35][36] Antony pursued his political enemies, especially Cicero, who had openly criticized him for abusing his powers as consul after Caesar's assassination. Although many ancient sources wrote that Fulvia was happy to take revenge against Cicero for Antony's and Clodius' sake, Cassius Dio is the only one who describes the joy with which she pierced the tongue of the dead Cicero with her golden hairpins, as a final revenge against Cicero's power of speech.

Perusine War (41 BC to 40 BC) and Fulvia's death edit

Background edit

In 42 BC, Antony and Octavian left Rome to pursue Julius Caesar's assassins, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Fulvia was left behind as the most powerful woman in Rome, seeing as though she had already manifested her political aptitudes throughout the decades.[37] According to Cassius Dio, Fulvia controlled the politics of Rome. Dio wrote that "the following year Publius Servilius and Lucius Antonius nominally became consuls, but in reality it was Antonius and Fulvia. She, the mother-in‑law of Octavian and wife of Antony, had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness, and managed affairs herself, so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure."[38]

Shortly afterwards, the triumvirs distributed the provinces among them. Lepidus took the west and Antony went to Egypt, where he met Cleopatra VII. Octavian returned to Rome in 41 BC to dispense land to Caesar's veterans, divorced Fulvia's daughter and accused Fulvia of aiming at supreme power.[39] Fearing that Octavian was gaining the veterans' loyalty at Antony's expense, Fulvia traveled constantly with her children to the new settlements in order to remind the veterans of their debt to Antony.[40][41] Fulvia also tried to delay the land settlements until Antony returned to Rome, so that the two triumvirs could share the credit. With Octavian in Italy and Antony abroad, Fulvia allied with her brother-in-law Lucius Antonius and publicly endorsed Mark Antony in opposition to Octavian.[42][43]

These actions caused political and social unrest. In 41 BC, tensions between Octavian and Fulvia escalated to war in Italy: the Perusine War of 41-40 BC. According to Appian, Fulvia was a central cause of the war, due to her jealousy of Antony and Cleopatra's affair in Egypt; she may have escalated the tensions between Octavian and Lucius in order to draw back Antony's attention to Italy.[42] However, Appian also wrote that the other main causes were the selfish ambitions of the commanders and their inability to control their own soldiers.

Together with Lucius Antonius, Fulvia raised eight legions in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian, an event known as the Perusine War. The army occupied Rome for a short time, and Lucius organized his troops at Praeneste, but eventually retreated to Perusia (modern Perugia), where Octavian besieged him. Lucius waited for Antony's legions in Gaul to come to his aid.[44][45] However, unaware of the war, Antony was still in the eastern provinces, and his legions were unsure of his commands and did not assist Lucius. Although during this conflict, Fulvia was at Praeneste, there is evidence she helped Lucius. According to Appian, she "urged Ventidius, Asinius, and Calenus from Gaul to help Lucius, and having gathered another army, she sent it to Lucius under the command of Plancus."[46]

Octavian's poem on Fulvia quoted by Martial edit

During the war, Octavian's soldiers at Perusia used sling bullets inscribed with insults directed at Fulvia personally[47] and Octavian wrote a vulgar epigram directed at her in 40 BC, referring to Antony's affair with the ex-courtesan queen of Cappadocia Glaphyra. It is recorded by Martial within one of his own poems:[48]

Fulvia's death edit

The siege at Perusia lasted two months before Octavian starved Lucius into surrender in February 40 BC. After Lucius' surrender, Fulvia fled to Greece with her children. Appian writes that she met Antony in Athens, and he was upset with her involvement in the war. Antony then sailed back to Rome to deal with Octavian, and Fulvia died of an unknown illness in exile in Sicyon, near Corinth, Achaea.[50] After her death, Antony and Octavian used it as an opportunity to blame their quarrelling on her. According to Plutarch, "there was even more opportunity for a reconciliation with Caesar. For when Antony reached Italy, and Caesar manifestly intended to make no charges against him, and Antony himself was ready to put upon Fulvia the blame for whatever was charged against himself."[50] After Fulvia's death, Antony married Octavian's sister, Octavia Minor, to publicly demonstrate his reconciliation with Octavian, but Antony never regained his position and influence in Italy.[51]

Once Antony and Octavia were married, she took in and reared all of Fulvia's children. The fate of Fulvia's daughter, Clodia Pulchra, after her divorce from Octavian is unknown. Her son Marcus Antonius Antyllus was executed by Octavian in Alexandria, Egypt in 30 BC. Her youngest child, Iullus Antonius, was spared by Octavian and raised from 40 BC by Octavia Minor. Iullus married Octavia's daughter and Octavian's niece Claudia Marcella Major and they had a son Lucius Antonius and possibly a daughter Iulla Antonia.

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "Volume: I №: 3139 Reign: Roman Republic Persons: Fulvia Magistrate: Zmertorix, son of Philonides". rpc.ashmus.ox.ac.uk. Roman Provincial Coinage online. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford University. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b Babcock, Charles L. (January 1965). "The Early Career of Fulvia". The American Journal of Philology. 86 (1): 1–32. doi:10.2307/292619. ISSN 0002-9475. JSTOR 292619.
  3. ^ "With all the vitriolic propaganda surrounding her, it is now very difficult to judge Fulvia's real character and role fairly, but she was certainly one of the most politically visible women of her generation." Adrian Goldsworthy: Augustus. From Revolutionary to Emperor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson 2014, p. 156.
  4. ^ a b c d Welch, Kathryn E. (October 1995). "Antony, Fulvia, and the Ghost of Clodius in 47 B.C." Greece and Rome. 42 (2): 182–201. doi:10.1017/s0017383500025638. ISSN 0017-3835. S2CID 162532957.
  5. ^ Weir, p. ii.
  6. ^ Weir, p. 2.
  7. ^ Babcock, 3.
  8. ^ Cicero, Philippics. III, 16.
  9. ^ Cicero.Mil.28
  10. ^ Cicero.Mil.55.
  11. ^ a b Asconius, 28 and 35.
  12. ^ Weir, p. 3.
  13. ^ Asconius.Mil.28 and 35.
  14. ^ See generally Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC?". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 65 (3): 298–324. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 45019234.
  15. ^ Babcock, 21.
  16. ^ Delia, Diana (1991). "Fulvia Reconsidered". Women's History and Ancient History. ed. Sarah Pomeroy: 197–217. ISBN 9780807819494.
  17. ^ Welch, 187.
  18. ^ Brennan, T. Corey (2012), "Perceptions of Women's Power in the Late Republic", A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 354–366, doi:10.1002/9781444355024.ch26, ISBN 9781444355024
  19. ^ Plut.Vit.Ant.10.3.
  20. ^ Cicero.Fam.2.3.1.[permanent dead link]
  21. ^ Welch, 189.
  22. ^ Appian.B.Civ.2.7.45.
  23. ^ Babcock, 18.
  24. ^ a b Welch, 192.
  25. ^ William Smith's Dictionary of Biography (1873) entry for Fulvia states her marriage to Marc Antony was not before 44BC.
  26. ^ Cicero.Phil.2.48.
  27. ^ Cicero.Phil.2.99.
  28. ^ Cicero.Phil.2.77.8.
  29. ^ Cicero.Phil.3.16.
  30. ^ Weir, p. 7.
  31. ^ Weir, p. 135.
  32. ^ Welch, 194
  33. ^ Cicero.Phil.13.18.
  34. ^ Appian.B.Civ.3.8.51
  35. ^ Appian.B.Civ.4.4.29.
  36. ^ Dio.47.8.2.
  37. ^ Cassius Dio.48.4.1-6.
  38. ^ Cassius Dio.48.4.1.
  39. ^ Cassius Dio.48. 5. 1-5.
  40. ^ Appian. B.Civ.5.2.14
  41. ^ Appian. B.Civ.5.3.19.
  42. ^ a b Appian.B.Civ.5.3.19.
  43. ^ Cassius Dio 48.10.3.
  44. ^ Appian.B.Civ.5.4.32.
  45. ^ Cassius Dio 48.15.1.
  46. ^ Appian.B.Civ.5.4.33.
  47. ^ Vell.Pat.2.74.3.
    CIL XI.6721
  48. ^ Martial. "M. VALERI MARTIALIS EPIGRAMMATON LIBER XI [Martial Epigrams Book 11 Epigram 20]". thelatinlibrary.com. William L. Carey. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  49. ^ Martial.11.20.
  50. ^ a b Plutarch.Vit.Ant.30.3.
  51. ^ Welch,194.

Bibliography edit

  • Babcock, Charles L. (1965). "The Early Career of Fulvia". American Journal of Philology. 86 (341): 1–32. doi:10.2307/292619. JSTOR 292619.
  • L. Fezzi, Il tribuno Clodio, Roma-Bari 2008.
  • Eleanor G. Huzar, Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers, The Classical Journal, Vol. 81, No. 2 (Dec. 1985-Jan. 1986), pp. 97–111.
  • W. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 2, .
  • G. Traina, Marco Antonio, Roma-Bari 2003.
  • C. Virlouvet, Fulvia, la pasionaria, in A. Fraschetti (ed.), Roma al femminile, Roma-Bari 1994.
  • Kathryn E. Welch, Antony, Fulvia and the Ghost of Clodius in 47 B.C., Greece and Rome, Second Series, Vol. 42, No.2 (Oct., 1995), pp. 182–201.
  • Allison J. Weir, 2007, A Study of Fulvia, Masters Thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, see [1], accessed 18 April 2015.[better source needed]

Further reading edit

  • G. Dareggi, “Sulle tracce di Fulvia, moglie del triumviro M. Antonio”, in G. Bonamente, Augusta Perusia: studi storici e archeologici sull’epoca del bellum Perusinum, Perugia, 2012, 107-115.
  • M.-C. Ferriès, F. Delrieux, “Un tournant pour le monnayage provincial romain d’Asie Mineure: les effigies de matrones romaines, Fulvia, Octavia, Livia et Julia (43 a.C.-37 p.C.)”, in L. Cavalier, M.-C. Ferriès and F. Delrieux, Auguste et l’Asie Mineure, Bordeaux, 2017, 357-383.
  • F. Rohr Vio, “Dux femina: Fulvia in armi nella polemica politica di età triumvirale”, in T. Lucchelli and F. Rohr Vio, Viri militares: rappresentazione e propaganda tra Repubblica e Principato, Trieste, 2015, 61-89.
  • Susanna Roxman, 2007, "Fulvia at Sicyon" (poem), in Imagining Seals, Edinburgh:Dionysia Press.[page needed]
  • C. Schubert, “Homo politicus - femina privata? Fulvia: eine Fallstudie zur späten römischen Republik”, in B. Feichtinger and G. Wöhrle, Gender Studies in den Altertumswissenschaften: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen, Trier, 2002, 65-79
  • Celia E. Schultz, Fulvia: playing for power at the end of the Roman republic. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780197601839

External links edit

  •   Media related to Fulvia (wife of Mark Antonius) at Wikimedia Commons
  • Bust of Fulvia
  • Sculpture of Fulvia
  • Statue of Fulvia

January 01, 1970
fulvia, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, relies, excessively, references, primary, sources, please, improve, this, article, adding, secondary, tertiary, sources, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, february, 2024, learn, when, re. For other uses see Fulvia disambiguation This article relies excessively on references to primary sources Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources Find sources Fulvia news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2024 Learn how and when to remove this message Fulvia Classical Latin ˈfulwi a d 40 BC was an aristocratic Roman woman who lived during the Late Roman Republic Fulvia s birth into an important political dynasty facilitated her relationships and later on marriages to Publius Clodius Pulcher Gaius Scribonius Curio and Mark Antony 2 All of these men would go on to lead increasingly promising political careers as populares tribunes and supporters of Julius Caesar FulviaPortrait of Fulvia on a 18 mm leaded bronze coin from the city Eumeneia renamed Fulvia of Phrygia Obverse Fulvia reverse Athena Legend FOYLOVIANWN ZMERTORIGOS FILWNIDOY Phoulovianoon Zmertorigos Philoonidou the town magistrate Around 41 40 BC 1 Died40 BCSicyon GreeceYears active52 40 BCSpouse s Publius Clodius PulcherGaius Scribonius CurioMark AntonyChildrenClaudiaPublius Claudius PulcherGaius Scribonius CurioMarcus Antonius AntyllusIullus AntoniusFamilyFulvii Fulvia remains an important figure in ancient Roman history due to her perseverance as a woman heavily involved in politics as well as her role in the Perusine War against Caesar Augustus Octavian future emperor Augustus 3 She played an important political role behind the scenes of her three marriages Though she is most famous for her involvement in Antony s career there are many scholarly debates taking place over whether or not Fulvia was already involved in politics before her husbands or as a result of marrying them However one thing is for sure she was highly interested in politics and developed an increasingly strong public voice over time 4 She is most famous for her activities during her third marriage and her involvement in the Perusine War of 41 40 BC 5 She was the first Roman non mythological woman to appear on Roman coins citation needed Contents 1 Birth and early life 2 Marriage to Clodius Pulcher 3 Marriage to Scribonius Curio 4 Marriage to Mark Antony 4 1 Perusine War 41 BC to 40 BC and Fulvia s death 4 1 1 Background 4 1 2 Octavian s poem on Fulvia quoted by Martial 4 1 3 Fulvia s death 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksBirth and early life editFulvia was born and raised either in Rome or Tusculum Her date of birth is not known 6 Fulvia was a member of the Fulvia gens which hailed from Tusculum The Fulvii were one of the most distinguished Republican plebeian wealthy families in Rome various members of the family achieved consulship and became senators though no member of the Fulvii is on record as a consul after 125 BC 7 Fulvia was the only child of Marcus Fulvius Bambalio and Sempronia As a result Fulvia may have also represented the last of both the Fulvii and the Sempronii families which meant she was likely an heiress of extreme worth and value 2 Her father Marcus received the nickname Bambalio from the Latin to stutter because of his hesitancy in speech Her maternal grandfather was Sempronius Tuditanus who was described by Cicero as a madman who liked to throw his money to the people from the Rostra 8 Marriage to Clodius Pulcher edit nbsp Fulvia from Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum Her first marriage was to Publius Clodius Pulcher circa 62 BC Fulvia and Clodius had two children together a son also named Publius Clodius Pulcher and a daughter Claudia As a couple they went everywhere together 9 10 Claudia later married Octavian who would later become the first Roman emperor In 52 BC Clodius ran for praetor his political competition with a consular candidate and rival Titus Annius Milo escalated to violence Milo and his gang killed Clodius on January 18 on the Appian Way Fulvia first appears in the record after his death 11 12 Fulvia and her mother Sempronia were present at the trial of Milo and Fulvia s was the last testimony given by the prosecution 13 Milo was convicted and exiled 14 While alive Clodius had control of many gangs and Fulvia retained the power and status that came with their loyalty There is some evidence that she may have been involved in organizing the collegia 15 Even after Clodius death however the Clodian following remained strong because of Fulvia s understanding of her political potential and Fulvia used this strong political following to avenge his death she and her mother brought his body to the streets of Rome so the Roman citizens would see his wounds and grow angry towards Milo 11 16 Fulvia would therefore actively invest herself into the political atmosphere that followed the death of her first husband as a visible symbol and reminder of his presence 4 17 18 Marriage to Scribonius Curio editWith Pompey s seizure of power in Rome he militarily forced out any remaining supporters of the late Clodius including captains and tribunes actions that prompted Fulvia to uphold her late husband s legacy alone within the city taking advantage of every opportunity that allowed her to extend her influence and political prestige Her widowhood did not last long as the customary period of mourning for Romans was ten months Fulvia most likely married her second husband Gaius Scribonius Curio soon after his return from Asia and her mourning period had passed 19 They were married in 52 51 BC ultimately solidifying him as the legitimate continuator and heir of Clodius popularis policies 4 though initially an optimate Like Clodius Curio was very popular with the plebeians He was from a less distinguished family than Clodius being from a new consular family but he may have had more wealth 20 He soon became important to Gaius Julius Caesar and Clodian supporters 21 becoming a trusted and valued political ally to these vitally important individuals because of his marriage to Fulvia and her emphasis on promoting the Clodian legacy In 50 BC the year after he married Fulvia Curio won election as a tribune Curio died in 49 BC killed during the Battle of the Bagradas in North Africa fighting for Julius Caesar against King Juba I of Numidia 22 During the civil war Fulvia was most likely in Rome or nearby because Caesar s troops had taken over Italy At the time she would have had her two children by Clodius and was either pregnant with Curio s son or had already given birth 23 Marriage to Mark Antony edit nbsp Fulvia With the Head of Cicero by Pavel Svedomsky nbsp The vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura Y Montaner 1888 depicting Fulvia inspecting the severed head of Cicero After Curio s death in Africa Fulvia was still an important widow in elite circles and her political interests were well known Marriage to her would provide an important tie to Clodius and his clientela and could offer a husband money and political organization Also her next husband would become the stepfather to Clodius children further linking him to Clodian politics 24 As it turned out Fulvia s third and final marriage was to Mark Antony in 47 or 46 BC 25 a few years after Curio s death although Cicero suggested that Fulvia and Antony had had a relationship since 58 BC 26 27 Cicero wrote about their relationship in his Philippicae as a way of attacking Antony According to him while Fulvia and Clodius were married Antony once left a military post to sneak back into Rome during the night and personally deliver a love letter to Fulvia describing his love for her and saying he had stopped seeing the famous actress Cytheris 28 Cicero also suggested that Antony had married Fulvia for her money 29 though at the time of their marriage Antony was an established politician He had already been tribune in 49 BC commanded armies under Caesar and was the Master of the Horse in 47 BC 30 Fulvia s marriage to Antony was not one of subordination rather they had become a formidable political force 4 within the crucial city of Rome Fulvia played a very influential role in Mark Antony s political career She was the brains behind many of his policies such as the decision to give Sicilians Roman citizenship as well as to confirm Deiotarus in his kingdom and she was a very persuasive campaigner for her husband It is also possible that former Clodian policies were continued through him 24 They had two sons together Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Iullus Antonius and throughout their marriage Fulvia defended Antony from Cicero s attacks sustained his popularity with his soldiers and hindered Octavian s ascension to power 31 In fact Fulvia still retained the support of gangs formerly ruled by her first husband Clodius By publicly associating himself with Clodius children Antony was able to gather that support and through Fulvia s influence to use what was left of Clodius gangs in his own gang wars against Dolabella and his supporters 32 Through the political connections of his wife and his close friendship with Julius Caesar Antony found himself the most powerful man in Rome after Caesar s assassination Therefore it was only fitting that Fulvia was to be heavily involved in the political aftermath After Caesar s death the senate realized his popularity and declared that it would pass all of Caesar s planned laws Antony had attained possession of Caesar s papers and with the ability to produce papers in support of any law Fulvia and Antony made a fortune and gained immense power She allegedly accompanied Antony to his military camp at Brundisium in 44 BC 33 Appian wrote that in December 44 and again in 43 BC while Antony was abroad and Cicero campaigned for Antony to be declared an enemy of the state Fulvia tried to block such declarations by soliciting support for Antony 34 Antony formed the Second Triumvirate with Octavian the future emperor Augustus and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 43 BC and began to conduct proscriptions To solidify the political alliance and to advance Clodian interests Fulvia s daughter Claudia was married to the young Octavian Appian and Cassius Dio describe Fulvia as being involved in the violent proscriptions that were used to destroy enemies and gain badly needed funds to secure control of Rome 35 36 Antony pursued his political enemies especially Cicero who had openly criticized him for abusing his powers as consul after Caesar s assassination Although many ancient sources wrote that Fulvia was happy to take revenge against Cicero for Antony s and Clodius sake Cassius Dio is the only one who describes the joy with which she pierced the tongue of the dead Cicero with her golden hairpins as a final revenge against Cicero s power of speech Perusine War 41 BC to 40 BC and Fulvia s death edit Background edit In 42 BC Antony and Octavian left Rome to pursue Julius Caesar s assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus Fulvia was left behind as the most powerful woman in Rome seeing as though she had already manifested her political aptitudes throughout the decades 37 According to Cassius Dio Fulvia controlled the politics of Rome Dio wrote that the following year Publius Servilius and Lucius Antonius nominally became consuls but in reality it was Antonius and Fulvia She the mother in law of Octavian and wife of Antony had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness and managed affairs herself so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure 38 Shortly afterwards the triumvirs distributed the provinces among them Lepidus took the west and Antony went to Egypt where he met Cleopatra VII Octavian returned to Rome in 41 BC to dispense land to Caesar s veterans divorced Fulvia s daughter and accused Fulvia of aiming at supreme power 39 Fearing that Octavian was gaining the veterans loyalty at Antony s expense Fulvia traveled constantly with her children to the new settlements in order to remind the veterans of their debt to Antony 40 41 Fulvia also tried to delay the land settlements until Antony returned to Rome so that the two triumvirs could share the credit With Octavian in Italy and Antony abroad Fulvia allied with her brother in law Lucius Antonius and publicly endorsed Mark Antony in opposition to Octavian 42 43 These actions caused political and social unrest In 41 BC tensions between Octavian and Fulvia escalated to war in Italy the Perusine War of 41 40 BC According to Appian Fulvia was a central cause of the war due to her jealousy of Antony and Cleopatra s affair in Egypt she may have escalated the tensions between Octavian and Lucius in order to draw back Antony s attention to Italy 42 However Appian also wrote that the other main causes were the selfish ambitions of the commanders and their inability to control their own soldiers Together with Lucius Antonius Fulvia raised eight legions in Italy to fight for Antony s rights against Octavian an event known as the Perusine War The army occupied Rome for a short time and Lucius organized his troops at Praeneste but eventually retreated to Perusia modern Perugia where Octavian besieged him Lucius waited for Antony s legions in Gaul to come to his aid 44 45 However unaware of the war Antony was still in the eastern provinces and his legions were unsure of his commands and did not assist Lucius Although during this conflict Fulvia was at Praeneste there is evidence she helped Lucius According to Appian she urged Ventidius Asinius and Calenus from Gaul to help Lucius and having gathered another army she sent it to Lucius under the command of Plancus 46 Octavian s poem on Fulvia quoted by Martial edit During the war Octavian s soldiers at Perusia used sling bullets inscribed with insults directed at Fulvia personally 47 and Octavian wrote a vulgar epigram directed at her in 40 BC referring to Antony s affair with the ex courtesan queen of Cappadocia Glaphyra It is recorded by Martial within one of his own poems 48 Caesaris Augusti lascivos livide versus sex lege qui tristis verba Latina legis Quod futuit Glaphyran Antonius hanc mihi poenam Fulvia constituit se quoque uti futuam Fulviam ego ut futuam Quod si me Manius oret pedicem faciam Non puto si sapiam Aut futue aut pugnemus ait Quid quod mihi vita carior est ipsa mentula Signa canant Absolvis lepidos nimirum Auguste libellos qui scis Romana simplicitate loqui Spiteful censor of the Latin Language read six insolent verses of Caesar Augustus Because Antony fucks Glaphyra Fulvia has arranged this punishment for me that I fuck her too That I fuck Fulvia What if Manius begged me to bugger him Would I I don t think so if I were sane Either fuck or fight she says Doesn t she know my prick is dearer to me than life itself Let the trumpets blare Augustus you certainly grant my clever little books pardon since you are the expert at speaking with Roman frankness 49 Fulvia s death edit The siege at Perusia lasted two months before Octavian starved Lucius into surrender in February 40 BC After Lucius surrender Fulvia fled to Greece with her children Appian writes that she met Antony in Athens and he was upset with her involvement in the war Antony then sailed back to Rome to deal with Octavian and Fulvia died of an unknown illness in exile in Sicyon near Corinth Achaea 50 After her death Antony and Octavian used it as an opportunity to blame their quarrelling on her According to Plutarch there was even more opportunity for a reconciliation with Caesar For when Antony reached Italy and Caesar manifestly intended to make no charges against him and Antony himself was ready to put upon Fulvia the blame for whatever was charged against himself 50 After Fulvia s death Antony married Octavian s sister Octavia Minor to publicly demonstrate his reconciliation with Octavian but Antony never regained his position and influence in Italy 51 Once Antony and Octavia were married she took in and reared all of Fulvia s children The fate of Fulvia s daughter Clodia Pulchra after her divorce from Octavian is unknown Her son Marcus Antonius Antyllus was executed by Octavian in Alexandria Egypt in 30 BC Her youngest child Iullus Antonius was spared by Octavian and raised from 40 BC by Octavia Minor Iullus married Octavia s daughter and Octavian s niece Claudia Marcella Major and they had a son Lucius Antonius and possibly a daughter Iulla Antonia See also editWomen in Rome List of Roman womenReferences editCitations edit Volume I 3139 Reign Roman Republic Persons Fulvia Magistrate Zmertorix son of Philonides rpc ashmus ox ac uk Roman Provincial Coinage online Ashmolean Museum Oxford University Retrieved 15 November 2023 a b Babcock Charles L January 1965 The Early Career of Fulvia The American Journal of Philology 86 1 1 32 doi 10 2307 292619 ISSN 0002 9475 JSTOR 292619 With all the vitriolic propaganda surrounding her it is now very difficult to judge Fulvia s real character and role fairly but she was certainly one of the most politically visible women of her generation Adrian Goldsworthy Augustus From Revolutionary to Emperor London Weidenfeld amp Nicholson 2014 p 156 a b c d Welch Kathryn E October 1995 Antony Fulvia and the Ghost of Clodius in 47 B C Greece and Rome 42 2 182 201 doi 10 1017 s0017383500025638 ISSN 0017 3835 S2CID 162532957 Weir p ii Weir p 2 Babcock 3 Cicero Philippics III 16 Cicero Mil 28 Cicero Mil 55 a b Asconius 28 and 35 Weir p 3 Asconius Mil 28 and 35 See generally Ramsey John T 2016 How and why was Pompey Made Sole Consul in 52 BC Historia Zeitschrift fur Alte Geschichte 65 3 298 324 ISSN 0018 2311 JSTOR 45019234 Babcock 21 Delia Diana 1991 Fulvia Reconsidered Women s History and Ancient History ed Sarah Pomeroy 197 217 ISBN 9780807819494 Welch 187 Brennan T Corey 2012 Perceptions of Women s Power in the Late Republic A Companion to Women in the Ancient World John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp 354 366 doi 10 1002 9781444355024 ch26 ISBN 9781444355024 Plut Vit Ant 10 3 Cicero Fam 2 3 1 permanent dead link Welch 189 Appian B Civ 2 7 45 Babcock 18 a b Welch 192 William Smith s Dictionary of Biography 1873 entry for Fulvia states her marriage to Marc Antony was not before 44BC Cicero Phil 2 48 Cicero Phil 2 99 Cicero Phil 2 77 8 Cicero Phil 3 16 Weir p 7 Weir p 135 Welch 194 Cicero Phil 13 18 Appian B Civ 3 8 51 Appian B Civ 4 4 29 Dio 47 8 2 Cassius Dio 48 4 1 6 Cassius Dio 48 4 1 Cassius Dio 48 5 1 5 Appian B Civ 5 2 14 Appian B Civ 5 3 19 a b Appian B Civ 5 3 19 Cassius Dio 48 10 3 Appian B Civ 5 4 32 Cassius Dio 48 15 1 Appian B Civ 5 4 33 Vell Pat 2 74 3 CIL XI 6721 Martial M VALERI MARTIALIS EPIGRAMMATON LIBER XI Martial Epigrams Book 11 Epigram 20 thelatinlibrary com William L Carey Retrieved 15 November 2023 Martial 11 20 a b Plutarch Vit Ant 30 3 Welch 194 Bibliography edit Babcock Charles L 1965 The Early Career of Fulvia American Journal of Philology 86 341 1 32 doi 10 2307 292619 JSTOR 292619 L Fezzi Il tribuno Clodio Roma Bari 2008 Eleanor G Huzar Mark Antony Marriages vs Careers The Classical Journal Vol 81 No 2 Dec 1985 Jan 1986 pp 97 111 W Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology v 2 pp 187 188 G Traina Marco Antonio Roma Bari 2003 C Virlouvet Fulvia la pasionaria in A Fraschetti ed Roma al femminile Roma Bari 1994 Kathryn E Welch Antony Fulvia and the Ghost of Clodius in 47 B C Greece and Rome Second Series Vol 42 No 2 Oct 1995 pp 182 201 Allison J Weir 2007 A Study of Fulvia Masters Thesis Queen s University Kingston ON see 1 accessed 18 April 2015 better source needed Further reading editG Dareggi Sulle tracce di Fulvia moglie del triumviro M Antonio in G Bonamente Augusta Perusia studi storici e archeologici sull epoca del bellum Perusinum Perugia 2012 107 115 M C Ferries F Delrieux Un tournant pour le monnayage provincial romain d Asie Mineure les effigies de matrones romaines Fulvia Octavia Livia et Julia 43 a C 37 p C in L Cavalier M C Ferries and F Delrieux Auguste et l Asie Mineure Bordeaux 2017 357 383 F Rohr Vio Dux femina Fulvia in armi nella polemica politica di eta triumvirale in T Lucchelli and F Rohr Vio Viri militares rappresentazione e propaganda tra Repubblica e Principato Trieste 2015 61 89 Susanna Roxman 2007 Fulvia at Sicyon poem in Imagining Seals Edinburgh Dionysia Press page needed C Schubert Homo politicus femina privata Fulvia eine Fallstudie zur spaten romischen Republik in B Feichtinger and G Wohrle Gender Studies in den Altertumswissenschaften Moglichkeiten und Grenzen Trier 2002 65 79 Celia E Schultz Fulvia playing for power at the end of the Roman republic New York NY Oxford University Press 2021 ISBN 9780197601839External links edit nbsp Media related to Fulvia wife of Mark Antonius at Wikimedia Commons Bust of Fulvia Sculpture of Fulvia Statue of Fulvia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fulvia amp oldid 1210669286, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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