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Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

January 01, 1970

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana
Ruins of Napoca
City coat of arms (starting 1377)
Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel
Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860
Central Cluj in 1930
St. Michael's Church and Matthias Corvinus Monument in 2012
Cluj Arena in 2012

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ⓘ, German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ⓘ; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 1790 to 1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

2nd century edit

 
Napoca in Roman Dacia
 
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".

3rd century edit

 
Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
 
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca
  • c.200–230 – Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 204 – Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 205 – Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 206 – Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 208 – Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 211 – 4 February: Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father's death.
  • c.211–217 – The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired.[31]
  • 212 – Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 215 – Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 217 – Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.217 – Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 222 – 11 March: Severus Alexander becomes Emperor.
  • c.222 – Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 235 – 20 March 235: Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated.
  • c.235–238 – Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235–238 – Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235–238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 236–238 – Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi.[32]
  • c.238 – Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 242–247 – Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior.[33]
  • 248–250 – Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi.[34]
  • 253
  • 257 – Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes.[36]
  • 258 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 258–260 – A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia.[37]
  • 260 – Monetary circulation[35] and raising of inscribed monuments[38] have a dramatic drop in Dacia.
  • c.260 – Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis.[35]
  • 263 – Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 267 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 269 – Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 270 – September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor.
  • 271–275 – Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia.[33][39]
  • c.291
  • 291–300 – Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[43]
  • c.295 – Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[44]

4th century edit

  • 295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals,[45] and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
  • c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
  • c.350 – Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania.[47]
  • 376 – Huns arrive, attacking the Thervingi[48] and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.[49]

5th century edit

 
Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida

6th century edit

  • c.501–568
    • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.[33]
    • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.[58]
    • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.[59]
    • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.[60]
    • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.[58]
    • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.[61]
  • 568 – The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.[62]
  • c.568 – Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599–600 – Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.[63][64]

7th century edit

 
Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania
  • c.600–800 – Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century edit

  • c. 700–800 – Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.[33]
  • 791–795 – Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.[65]
  • 794 – Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.[65]
  • 796 – Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.[65]

9th century edit

10th century edit

 
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle

11th century edit

12th century edit

13th century edit

 
Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

14th century edit

 
Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR

15th century edit

 
Interior of St. Michael's Church

16th century edit

17th century edit

 
1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century edit

19th century edit

 
The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
 
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century edit

 
Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
 
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
 
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923
 
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940

21st century edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Oltean 2007, p. 54.
  2. ^ Oltean 2007, p. 56.
  3. ^ a b MacKendrick 2000, p. 218.
  4. ^ Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
  5. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 166.
  6. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 15.
  7. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 169.
  8. ^ a b c Wanner 2010, p. 85.
  9. ^ Bennett 2005, p. 105.
  10. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 108.
  11. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 86.
  12. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 109.
  13. ^ a b c Wanner 2010, p. 110.
  14. ^ a b Oltean 2007, p. 55.
  15. ^ Bennett 1997, p. 170.
  16. ^ CIL, III,14465.
  17. ^ a b MacKendrick 2000, p. 127.
  18. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 68.
  19. ^ Oltean 2007, p. 58.
  20. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 16.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Petolescu 2014, p. 173.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g Petolescu 2014, p. 177.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Petolescu 2014, p. 174.
  24. ^ CIL, III,963=7726.
  25. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 280.
  26. ^ Wanner 2010, p. 278.
  27. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 89.
  28. ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 135.
  29. ^ MacKendrick 2000, p. 112.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h Petolescu 2014, p. 175.
  31. ^ Fodorean 2006, p. 70.
  32. ^ Southern & Dixon 1996, p. 11.
  33. ^ a b c d e Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 550.
  34. ^ a b c d e Treptow 1996, p. 34.
  35. ^ a b c Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 78.
  36. ^ Mócsy 1974, p. 205.
  37. ^ Mócsy 1974, p. 209.
  38. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 119.
  39. ^ Watson 2004, p. 156.
  40. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 57.
  41. ^ a b Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 58.
  42. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 59.
  43. ^ a b Burns 1991, pp. 110–111.
  44. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, p. 56.
  45. ^ Wolfram & Dunlap 1990, pp. 56–59.
  46. ^ Pop & Bolovan 2009, p. 82.
  47. ^ Wanner 2010, pp. 27–28.
  48. ^ Thompson 1999, p. 28.
  49. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 75.
  50. ^ Bărbulescu 2005, pp. 190–191.
  51. ^ a b Bóna 1994, p. 77.
  52. ^ a b c d Todd 2009, p. 223.
  53. ^ a b Gündisch 1998, p. 23.
  54. ^ Todd 2003, p. 223.
  55. ^ Heather 2012, p. 223.
  56. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 80.
  57. ^ Bărbulescu 2005, p. 191.
  58. ^ a b Bóna 1994, pp. 86, 89.
  59. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 20.
  60. ^ Curta 2005, pp. 87, 205.
  61. ^ Curta 2001, pp. 195, 201.
  62. ^ Curta 2006, p. 63.
  63. ^ Curta 2006, p. 62.
  64. ^ Todd 2003, p. 221.
  65. ^ a b c d AvarDateline 2012.
  66. ^ a b Anonymus c. 1200, ch.24.
  67. ^ a b Bak 2010, p. 59.
  68. ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.26.
  69. ^ Bak 2010, p. 63.
  70. ^ Sălăgean 2006, p. 141.
  71. ^ Pop 1996, p. 146.
  72. ^ Anonymus c. 1200, ch.27.
  73. ^ Bak 2010, p. 65.
  74. ^ a b c Lukács 2005, p. 30.
  75. ^ Lukács 2005, pp. 25–26.
  76. ^ Macartney 2008, p. 118.
  77. ^ Pop 1996, p. 142.
  78. ^ a b Lukács 2005, p. 29.
  79. ^ Köpeczi 2001, p. 310.
  80. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 28.
  81. ^ a b Köpeczi 2001, p. 311.
  82. ^ Bóna 1994, p. 163.
  83. ^ Benkő 1994, p. 364.
  84. ^ Keul 2009, p. 27.
  85. ^ a b c d e f Lukács 2005, p. 58.
  86. ^ Markó 2006, p. 416.
  87. ^ Curta 2006, p. 355.
  88. ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 32.
  89. ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911, p. 891.
  90. ^ clujnet 2004.
  91. ^ a b Lukács 2005, p. 33.
  92. ^ a b c d szabadsag 2003.
  93. ^ a b Lazarovici 1997, p. 204.
  94. ^ a b ghidvideoturistic 2013.
  95. ^ Lazarovici 1997, p. 38.
  96. ^ BeitHatfutsot 2013.
  97. ^ Lukács 2005, p. 49.
  98. ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
  99. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
  100. ^ a b c d Levack 2013, p. II.
  101. ^ HandbuchÖsterreich 1856, p. 59.
  102. ^ Csontosi 1882, p. 138.
  103. ^ Davidson 2014, p. 401.
  104. ^ Flóra 2012.
  105. ^ a b Ripley 1879.
  106. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
  107. ^ Magocsi 2002.
  108. ^ a b c d Brubaker 2006, p. 93.
  109. ^ Chambers 1901.
  110. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 134.
  111. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 97.
  112. ^ a b c Seltzer 1952, p. 421.
  113. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 100.
  114. ^ OsloCatholicDiocese 2007.
  115. ^ Brubaker 2006, p. 142.
  116. ^ YIVO 2010.
  117. ^ a b c Brubaker 2006, p. 105.
  118. ^ UN 1976.
  119. ^ Carey 2004, p. 264.
  120. ^ ETHZ 2018.

Sources edit

Primary sources edit

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Latin).

Secondary sources edit

  • Heather, Peter (2012). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-989226-6. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  • Keul, István (2009). Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691). Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions: History, Culture, Religion, Ideas (illustrated ed.). Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17652-2. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • Lazarovici, Gheorghe (1997). Cluj-Napoca: inima Transilvaniei [Cluj-Napoca: the heart of Transylvania] (in Romanian and English). Cluj-Napoca: Studia. ISBN 978-973-97555-0-4. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • Lukács, József (2005). Povestea "oraşului-comoară": scurtă istorie a Clujului şi a monumentelor sale [The story of the "treasure-city": a short history of Cluj and its monuments] (in Romanian). Levente Várdai. Cluj-Napoca: Apostrof. ISBN 978-973-9279-74-1. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  • Treptow, Kurt W. (1996). Treptow, Kurt W.; Bolovan, Ioan (eds.). A History of Romania. East European Monographs (3, illustrated ed.). Iași: Romanian Cultural Foundation, Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 978-0-88033-345-0. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  • Wanner, Robert (2010). Forts, fields and towns: Communities in Northwest Transylvania from the first century BC to the fifth century AD (Thesis). Leicester: University of Leicester. hdl:2381/8335.
  • Watson, Alaric (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Roman Imperial Biographies. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-134-90815-8. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  • Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). History of the Goths. European History/Medieval Studies/Classical Studies. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06983-1. Retrieved 13 September 2018.

Tertiary sources edit

  • "Avar Dateline". Turkic World/History. turkicworld.org: Turkic World/History. 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  • Bărbulescu, Mihai (2005). Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas (eds.). The History of Transylvania: (Until 1541). Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Cultural Institute, Center for Transylvanian Studies. ISBN 978-973-7784-04-9. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  • Benkő, Elek (1994). "Kolozsmonostor". In Kristó, Gyula; Engel, Pál; Makk, Ferenc (eds.). Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9–14. század) [Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History (9th–14th centuries)] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-963-056-722-0. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church – Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  • Bóna, István (1994). Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit (eds.). History of Transylvania. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 978-963-056-703-9. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • Carey, Henry F., ed. (2004). Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0592-4. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kolozsvár" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 891.
  • "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Romania". katolsk.no: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). 19 March 2007. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  • "Cluj". The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. yivoencyclopedia.org: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  • Davidson, Alan (2014). "Hungary". In Jaine, Tom (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford Companions (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  • Demographic Yearbook 1975 (27th ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office. 1976. pp. 253–279. OCLC 5157865. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
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  • [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 4 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
  • Köpeczi, Béla; Mócsy, András; Makkai, László, eds. (2001). History of Transylvania: From the beginnings to 1606. Social Science Monographs. Vol. 1. Hungarian Research Institute of Canada. ISBN 978-088-033-479-2. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  • Levack, Brian P., ed. (2013). Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164884-7. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe. Heritage Collection (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  • Markó, László (2006). A magyar állam főméltóságai: Szent Istvántól napjainkig - Életrajzi Lexikon [The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia] (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Budapest: Helikon Kiadó Kft. ISBN 978-963-208-970-6. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  • Museum of Applied Arts (Budapest) (1882). "Magyaroszagi regi nyomtatvanyok 1473–1711" [Kolozsvar (Hungarian printing 1473–1711)]. In Csontosi, János (ed.). Kalauz az Orsz. Magy. Iparművészeti Muzeum részéről rendezett könyvkiállitáshoz [Guide to the Museum of Applied Arts] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Athenaeum. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu55628052. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
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  • Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Bolovan, Ioan, eds. (2009). Istoria ilustrată a României [The Illustrated History of Romania] (in Romanian). Bucharest, Chișinău, Cluj-Napoca: Litera Internaţional. ISBN 978-973-675-584-2. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj-Napoca by year.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

January 01, 1970
timeline, cluj, napoca, contents, century, century, century, century, century, century, century, century, 10th, century, 11th, century, 12th, century, 13th, century, 14th, century, 15th, century, 16th, century, 17th, century, 18th, century, 19th, century, 20th. Contents 1 2nd century 2 3rd century 3 4th century 4 5th century 5 6th century 6 7th century 7 8th century 8 9th century 9 10th century 10 11th century 11 12th century 12 13th century 13 14th century 14 15th century 15 16th century 16 17th century 17 18th century 18 19th century 19 20th century 20 21st century 21 See also 22 References 23 Sources 23 1 Primary sources 23 2 Secondary sources 23 3 Tertiary sources 24 External links The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj Napoca a city in Transylvania Romania Timeline of Cluj NapocaRoman Napoca on Tabula PeutingerianaRuins of NapocaCity coat of arms starting 1377 Cluj in 1617 by Joris HoefnagelCluj Bridge Gate in 1860Central Cluj in 1930St Michael s Church and Matthias Corvinus Monument in 2012Cluj Arena in 2012 Cluj Napoca Romanian pronunciation ˈkluʒ naˈpoka German Klausenburg Hungarian Kolozsvar Hungarian pronunciation ˈkoloʒvaːr Medieval Latin Castrum Clus Claudiopolis and Yiddish קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg commonly known as Cluj is located in the Someșul Mic River valley roughly equidistant from Bucharest 324 kilometres 201 miles Budapest 351 km 218 mi and Belgrade 322 km 200 mi Throughout its long history the area around Cluj Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms including the Roman Empire as part of the Dacia province and later a sub division of Dacia Porolissensis Gepidia Avaria the Hungarian Kingdom the Habsburg monarchy Austria Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania From 1790 to 1848 and 1861 1867 it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania In modern times the city holds the status of municipiu is the seat of Cluj County in the north western part of Romania and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic cultural industrial and business centres in Romania Among other institutions it hosts the country s largest university Babeș Bolyai University with its famous botanical garden The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179 52 square kilometres 69 31 sq mi The Cluj Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411 379 people while the population of the peri urban area Romanian zona periurbană exceeds 420 000 residents making it one of the most populous cities in Romania This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources 2nd century edit nbsp Napoca in Roman Dacia nbsp Text of Roman milliarium from 108 describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca by request of the Emperor Trajan It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet P M X to Potaissa The complete inscription is Imp erator Caesar Nerva Traianus Aug ustus Germ anicus Dacicus pontif ex maxim us sic pot estate XII co n s ul V imp erator VI p ater p atriae fecit per coh ortem I Fl aviam Vlp iam Hisp anam mil liariam c ivium R omanorum eq uitatam a Potaissa Napo cam m ilia p assuum X 101 After gaining support from the Roman Senate emperor Trajan leads the Roman legions across the Danube into Dacia starting the First Dacian War 1 102 Hostilities between Roman Empire and Dacian Kingdom cease and the two parties reach a peace agreement 2 105 Trajan starts the second Dacian campaign with aim of expansion and conquest 1 105 106 During the second campaign the Romans build Castra of Napoca 3 106 11 August the territories annexed from the Kingdom of Dacia officially become the imperial province of Dacia 4 Decimus Terentius Scaurianus who commanded legions during the Dacian wars is named the propraetorian governor 5 107 After a directive from Trajan Cohors I Hispanorum miliaria 6 begins the work to connect Napoca with Potaissa as part of via Traiana Pataesina 7 along the pre existing salt road 8 June Trajan returns to Rome after the successful Dacian campaign starting a series of celebrations 9 108 Napoca is mentioned as a vicus an ad hoc provincial civilian settlement which sprang up close to the military castra 10 The work to the Roman road connecting Napoca to Potaissa finishes 8 increasing significantly the importance of Napoca The town becomes the end of the central spine from which all of the Roman forts in Northwest Dacia can be reached 11 c 108 124 A bridge is constructed across Samus River 12 A brooch workshop is built using timber 13 Town starts to extend to the south and the surveyors begin to lay out the main streets decumanus maximus east west and the cardo north south 8 117 8 August Trajan dies in Selinus Cilicia 10 August Hadrian becomes Roman Emperor 118 After the battles with Roxolani and the Iazyges where Hadrian himself participates the provinces of Moesia and Dacia are reorganized Trajan s original province of Dacia being relabelled Dacia Superior 14 124 Emperor Hadrian visits Napoca in Dacia 3 grants the title and rank of municipium 15 full citation needed as municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napocenses 16 and attaches it to his tribe the Sergia 17 Province of Dacia is reorganized and an additional province called Dacia Porolissensis is created in the northern portion of Dacia Superior 18 14 Napoca becomes the location of the military high command in Dacia Porolissensis 19 and its capital 20 Livius Gratus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 131 Flavius Italicus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 21 138 11 July Antoninus Pius becomes emperor at Hadrian s death 151 Marcus Macrinius Vindex becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 21 157 Tiberius Clodius Quintianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 21 161 8 March Marcus Aurelius succeeds Antoninus Pius as Emperor 161 162 Volu becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 21 164 Lucius Sempronius Ingenuus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 21 166 Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province Tres Daciae Three Dacias which fuses the three Dacia provinces into one and is commanded by a consular legate The three provinces including Dacia Porolissesnsis still remain as separate entities each one governed by a praesidial procurator who then reports to the proconsular governor Sextus Calpurnius Agricola becomes the first Legatus Augusti pro praetore consular legate of the Tres Daciae 168 Marcus Claudius Fronto becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 170 Sextus Cornelius Clemens becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 173 Lucius Aemilius Carus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 176 Gaius Arrius Antoninus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 177 Marcus Aurelius bestows the title of Augustus on his son Commodus giving him the same status as his own and formally starting to share power Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 c 178 179 Marcus Valerius Maximianus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 180 17 March Marcus Aurelius dies and Commodus remains sole emperor Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 c 180 the city gaines the status of a colonia as Colonia Aurelia Napoca 17 24 c 180 190 Gaius Valerius Catulinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 c 180 192 Eocene limestone is extracted from the stone quarries around Hoia Hill to the west of the town 25 on a large scale 26 The city wall around the precinct is constructed using large blocks of limestone in opus quadratum covering a surface of around 25 hectares 13 A brooch workshop is built using stone 13 182 Lucius Vespronius Candidus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 21 185 Dacian revolt in the province Free Dacians living outside the borders also defeated 27 Commodus legates devastate a territory some 8 km 5 mi deep along the north of the Castrum Gilău near Napoca to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions 28 c 185 Gaius Pescennius Niger becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 c 190 G C Hasta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 191 Aelius Constans becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 192 31 December Emperor Commodus is assassinated 193 14 April Septimius Severus legion XIV Gemina proclaims him Emperor c 193 211 The villa rustica from Apahida near Napoca is in use 29 c 193 Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 195 Publius Septimius Geta becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 c 197 Pollienus Auspex becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 198 Caracalla is appointed by his father Septimius Severus as joint Augustus and full Emperor c 198 209 Publius Aelius Sempronius Lycinus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 c 198 209 Gaius Publicius Antonius Probus becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 200 Lucius Octavius Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 c 200 Marcus Cocceius Genialis becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 3rd century edit nbsp Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st 4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana upper center nbsp Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca c 200 230 Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 204 Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 205 Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 206 Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 208 Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 211 4 February Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father s death c 211 217 The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired 31 212 Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 23 215 Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 217 Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 c 217 Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis 22 222 11 March Severus Alexander becomes Emperor c 222 Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 235 20 March 235 Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire after Severus Alexander is assassinated c 235 238 Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 c 235 238 Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 c 235 238 Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 236 238 Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi 32 c 238 Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias 30 242 247 Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior 33 248 250 Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi 34 253 22 October Gallienus and Valerian start ruling jointly the Roman Empire Monetary circulation starts to decrease in Dacia and Pannonia 35 257 Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes 36 258 Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths 34 258 260 A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia 37 260 Monetary circulation 35 and raising of inscribed monuments 38 have a dramatic drop in Dacia c 260 Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis 35 263 Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths 34 267 Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules 34 269 Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules 34 270 September Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor 271 275 Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia 33 39 c 291 Goths including Thervingi begin to move into the former province of Dacia 40 Victohali a subdivision of Hasdingi themselves southern Vandals push from north and west into north west of Dacia 41 Taifals join Thervingi to fight Victohali and Gepids over the possession of Samus valley 42 Gepids mentioned for the first time 41 291 300 Thervingi continue migrating into north eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non Romanized Dacians 43 c 295 Goths defeat the Carpi pushing them southward 44 4th century edit295 320s After a peace treaty with the Romans Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia starting to be called Gothia dividing some of the land with the Taifals 45 and co existing with the remaining semi Romanized population 43 c 300 350 Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia 46 c 350 Santana de Mures Cernjachov culture Goths enter intra Carpathian Transylvania 47 376 Huns arrive attacking the Thervingi 48 and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area 49 5th century edit nbsp Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida c 401 420 Gepidic center on the plains north west of the Meses Mountains 50 51 420s Huns impose their authority over the Gepids 51 but the latter remain united under the rule of their kings 52 c 440 Ardaric favored by the Hunic king becomes the leader of the Gepids 52 c 435 453 Huns fight the Alans Vandals and Quadi forcing them toward the Roman Empire and making Pannonia their center 53 453 Attila King of the Huns dies and the Hunnic Empire starts to disintegrate c 454 Ardaric initiates an uprising of the Gepids against the Huns 54 full citation needed Gepids defeat the Huns in Pannonia regain their independence 55 and are able to start to expand eastwards into Dacia 56 53 c 475 500 Gepid power centers start to develop in Transylvania 33 Major wealthy Gepid center at Apahida near Napoca 52 having connections with the Eastern Roman Empire 57 52 6th century editc 501 568 More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania 33 New settlements appear along the Somes Mures and Tarnava rivers reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia 58 A circle of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca 59 Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths 60 Farming is the primary activity but looms combs and other items are produced in local workshops 58 Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea Mazovia or Scandinavia 61 568 The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia 62 c 568 Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I c 599 600 Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria 63 64 7th century edit nbsp Avars Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania c 600 800 Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania 8th century editc 700 800 Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence 33 791 795 Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne 65 794 Avars in small numbers and mixed with Slavs still inhabit parts of Transylvania 65 796 Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks 65 9th century editc 796 803 Bulgars under Khan Krum unite with Franks to crush the Avar Khaganate 65 c 803 Transylvanian Avars are subjugated by the Bulgars under Khan Krum Transylvania and eastern Pannonia are incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire Salt mines of Transylvania under Bulgar control c 850 900 Gelou a certain Vlach 66 67 and prince of the Vlachs 68 69 is ruling in Transylvania the Gesta Hungarorum mention indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population 70 71 Pechenegs are raiding the Duchy of Gelou 66 67 10th century edit nbsp The Hungarians arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle c 895 902 Magyars Hungarians commence the conquest of the Carpathian Basin defeating and conquering the lands of Menumorut and later Gelou c 902 950 Area falls under the rule of Tuhutum hu ro Teteny and his descendants 72 73 within newly formed Principality of Hungary c 900 1000 A small settlement appears on the ruins of Roman Napoca covering less than 3rd of the ancient site with Roman fortifications being used as a source of construction materials 74 The settlement has four unequal sides northern side 250 m western side 223 m southern side 300m eastern side 197 m 74 A cemetery is active 600 1300 m from Napoca 75 1000 Area becomes part of the Kingdom of Hungary as Stephen I of Hungary is crowned as the first king and adopts Christianity 76 77 11th century editc 1001 1038 Stephen I establishes an administrative system of counties based on fortresses or comitati using the French model with four of them in Transylvania including the Kolozs County 78 Each county or comitatus Latin is led by a count comes Latin or Ispan Hungarian 78 The new Ispan of Kolozs comes Clusiensis is responsible with the protection of the salt production in nearby Koloszokna 74 A fort is erected at Kolozsmonostor 3 km from the ancient Napoca to serve as the count s residence 79 1009 Diocese of Transylvania is established 80 1068 Kolozsmonostor fort and settlement are destroyed by fire during an incursion of the Pechenegs in Transylvania 81 1080s 1090s Kolozsmonostor fort reconstructed having its earth and beam wall raised by three metres 81 Ladislaus I of Hungary settles Benedictine monks on the fort premises who establish Kolozsmonostor Abbey the first Benedictine monastery in Transylvania 82 83 84 First church is constructed in Kolozs 85 12th century edit1111 1113 Mercurius a distinguished nobleman who held the office during the reign of Coloman King of Hungary 1095 1116 86 is mentioned in two royal charters as princeps Ultrasilvanus perhaps the first known Voivode of Transylvania 87 1143 The colonization of Transylvania by Germans commences under the reign of King Geza II of Hungary 1141 1162 1173 Clus as a county name is recorded for the first time in a document which mentions Thomas comes Clusiensis 88 1176 Leustach of the Ratot clan becomes Voivode of Transylvania 1178 Site colonized by newly arrived Saxons 89 1199 Legforus becomes Voivode of Transylvania 13th century edit nbsp Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz s Chronica Hungarorum 1213 The first written mention of the city s current name as a Royal Borough under the Medieval Latin name Castrum Clus 90 1241 Both Kolozs and Kolozsmonostor are destroyed during First Mongol invasion of Hungary with very few survivors 91 1246 The first recording for the Hungarian form Kolozsvar uar var means castle in Hungarian 92 c 1242 1275 More German colonists arrive from Rhineland and Flanders and are working to rebuild the fortress of Kolozs 91 1275 In a document of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary the village Villa Kulusvar is granted to Peter Monoszlo the Bishop of Transylvania 93 c 1260 1290 A new church in built in Kolozs in Late Romanesque style on the site of the destroyed first church and then starts to serve as the parochial church 85 1285 1286 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary14th century edit nbsp Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary with the inscription S igilium CIVIVM de CLVS WAR 1316 19 August King Charles I of Hungary grants the status of a city Latin civitas as a reward for the Saxons contribution to the defeat of the rebellious Transylvanian voivode Ladislaus Kan 93 Groundbreaking for the St Michael s Church 94 1332 The first appearance of the Hungarian form Koloswar as it underwent various phonetic changes over the years 92 1348 First usage of the Transylvanian Saxon name of Clusenburg Clusenbvrg appeared 92 1349 A document signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the St Michael s Church 1377 King Louis I of Hungary grants to Cluj the coat of arms and seal consisting of three towers a city wall with a gate in silver on a blue background 1390 The altar of St Michael s Church is inaugurated 94 and the church starts to be used as the new parochial church of Kolozs 85 The original church from the Old Town is given to friars of the Dominican Order 85 15th century edit nbsp Interior of St Michael s Church 1405 Through the privileges granted by Sigismund of Luxembourg Cluj becomes a royal free city is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes vice voivodes and royal judges and obtains the right to elect a twelve member jury every year 95 1408 First mention of the Transylvanian Saxon form Clausenburg 92 1432 St Michael s Church is completed 89 1442 Dominican friars begin the construction of their monastery and to rebuild the old church in Gothic style 85 1443 23 February Matthias Corvinus is born in Cluj 1445 John Hunyadi starts supporting the construction efforts of the Dominican friars offering a guaranteed income of 50 cubes of salt from the salt mine of Szek 85 1464 29 April Matthias Corvinus becomes King of Hungary 1481 First record of the presence of Jews living in Cluj 96 16th century edit1511 1545 Tower of St Michael s Church is built 1541 City stays in Eastern Hungarian Kingdom after the Ottoman Turks occupied the central part of the Kingdom of Hungary 1543 Bonțida Banffy Castle built near city 1544 Kaspar Helth Hungarian Gaspar Heltai a Transylvanian Saxon who studied at Wittenberg University comes to Kolozsvar as a Lutheran preacher marking the arrival of Reformation in the city 97 1550 Printing press is established in the city by Kaspar Helth 98 99 1565 Witch trials begin 100 1568 Unitarian Church of Transylvania is founded by David Ferenc who was previously a Catholic priest later a Lutheran one and then a Calvinist bishop 1570 City becomes part of the independent Principality of Transylvania established through the Treaty of Speyer 1572 Filstich Wolf House hu built in Big Market Square 1581 Gymnasium school founded 101 1593 Witch trials end with thirteen people being burned 100 17th century edit nbsp 1617 engraving of Kolozsvar Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel amp son 1615 Witch hunt starts 100 1629 Witch hunt ends 100 1695 Hungarian Szakacskonyv cookbook published 102 103 1699 City becomes part of the Habsburg monarchy per Treaty of Karlowitz 18th century edit1715 Construction of the Citadel ro begins 89 1785 Banffy Palace built Gherla Prison begins operating in vicinity 1790 City becomes capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania 1792 Hungarian Theatre founded 1798 Large parts of the city destroyed by fire 89 19th century edit nbsp The Kolozsvar Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860 nbsp Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvar Klausenburg c 1900 1803 Bob Church consecrated 1812 Reduta Palace ro fr built 1828 Josika Palace ro hu expanded 1829 Evangelical Lutheran Church built 1830s Nepkertnek Park Central Park opens 1845 Town Hall built 104 full citation needed 1848 25 December City taken by Hungarian forces 105 full citation needed 1869 Institute of Agronomic Studies founded 1870 Railway to Budapest begins operating 106 Population 26 382 105 1872 Franz Joseph University 107 and Botanical Garden founded 1880 Population 29 923 70 of Hungarian ethnicity 108 1887 Neolog Synagogue built 1890 Population 32 739 109 full citation needed 1895 New York Cafe hu ro built 1900 Population 46 670 89 20th century edit nbsp Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902 nbsp Romanian troops Regiment 16 Dorobanți Fălticeni marching in Cluj 1918 nbsp U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923 nbsp Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940 1902 Palace of Justice built Matthias Corvinus Monument unveiled in Big Market Square 110 1906 Cluj Napoca National Theatre opens 1907 CFR Cluj football club formed 1910 Hungarian Theatre of Cluj building constructed 1911 Ion Moina Stadium opens 1913 Sebestyen Palace hu built in Big Market Square 1918 1 December Union of Transylvania with Romania is declared 24 December City taken by Romanian forces Hungarian rule ends 111 1919 Iulian Pop becomes the first Romanian mayor U Cluj football club formed Gheorghe Dima Music Academy founded Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Romanian Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie Iuliu Hațieganu or UMF Cluj in Cluj Napoca Romania is the oldest medical education institution in Transylvania a continuation of the Faculty of Medicine which was founded in 1919 as a part of the Superior Dacia University 1920 Based on the Treaty of Trianon Cluj becomes part of the Kingdom of Romania 112 Population 85 509 1921 28 September Capitoline Wolf Statue a gift from Italy to Romania as a symbol for its Latinity unveiled in Unirii Square 113 1922 Ethnographic Museum of Transylvania founded 1925 Fine Arts School founded 1930 Greek Catholic Diocese of Cluj Gherla established 114 Population 100 844 108 1933 Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral Romanian Orthodox built 115 1934 Goldmark Jewish Symphonic Orchestra founded 116 1940 City becomes part of Hungary again 112 1944 27 March City occupied by German forces 117 25 May Deportation of Jews begins 117 11 October City captured by Romanian and Soviet forces Hungarian rule ends 117 1948 Protestant Theological Institute established Population 117 915 112 1966 Population 185 663 56 of Romanian ethnicity 42 of Hungarian ethnicity 108 1968 Echinox ro literary magazine begins publication 1973 CFR Cluj Stadium opens 1974 City renamed to Cluj Napoca Population 218 703 118 1989 December Romanian Revolution 1992 Gheorghe Funar becomes mayor Population 328 602 75 of Romanian ethnicity 108 1994 Association for Interethnic Dialogue established in Cluj 119 21st century edit2001 Peace Action Training and Research Institute of Romania PATRIR founded 120 2004 Emil Boc becomes mayor 2008 Sorin Apostu becomes mayor Cluj Napoca metropolitan area created 20 November Demolition of Ion Moina Stadium starts 2009 16 July Construction of the new stadium Cluj Arena begins on the site of demolished Ion Moina Stadium 2011 Population 324 576 city 411 379 metro 11 October Cluj Arena opens 2012 Emil Boc becomes mayor again 2015 Holds the title of European Youth Capital 2016 Emil Boc reelected mayor yet again 2018 Holds the title of European City of Sport See also editHistory of Cluj Napoca Historical chronology of Cluj in Romanian Napoca castra Roman Dacia List of mayors of Cluj Napoca List of places in Cluj Napoca Other names of Cluj Napoca Timeline of Romanian historyReferences edit a b Oltean 2007 p 54 Oltean 2007 p 56 a b MacKendrick 2000 p 218 Georgescu 1991 p 5 Bennett 2005 p 166 Lukacs 2005 p 15 Bennett 2005 p 169 a b c Wanner 2010 p 85 Bennett 2005 p 105 Wanner 2010 p 108 Wanner 2010 p 86 Wanner 2010 p 109 a b c Wanner 2010 p 110 a b Oltean 2007 p 55 Bennett 1997 p 170 sfn error no target CITEREFBennett1997 help CIL III 14465 a b MacKendrick 2000 p 127 Kopeczi 2001 p 68 Oltean 2007 p 58 Lukacs 2005 p 16 a b c d e f g h i j k Petolescu 2014 p 173 a b c d e f g Petolescu 2014 p 177 a b c d e f g h i j k l Petolescu 2014 p 174 CIL III 963 7726 Wanner 2010 p 280 Wanner 2010 p 278 Kopeczi 2001 p 89 MacKendrick 2000 p 135 MacKendrick 2000 p 112 a b c d e f g h Petolescu 2014 p 175 Fodorean 2006 p 70 Southern amp Dixon 1996 p 11 a b c d e Pop amp Bolovan 2009 p 550 a b c d e Treptow 1996 p 34 a b c Pop amp Bolovan 2009 p 78 Mocsy 1974 p 205 Mocsy 1974 p 209 Kopeczi 2001 p 119 Watson 2004 p 156 Wolfram amp Dunlap 1990 p 57 a b Wolfram amp Dunlap 1990 p 58 Wolfram amp Dunlap 1990 p 59 a b Burns 1991 pp 110 111 Wolfram amp Dunlap 1990 p 56 Wolfram amp Dunlap 1990 pp 56 59 Pop amp Bolovan 2009 p 82 Wanner 2010 pp 27 28 Thompson 1999 p 28 Bona 1994 p 75 Bărbulescu 2005 pp 190 191 a b Bona 1994 p 77 a b c d Todd 2009 p 223 a b Gundisch 1998 p 23 Todd 2003 p 223 sfn error no target CITEREFTodd2003 help Heather 2012 p 223 Bona 1994 p 80 Bărbulescu 2005 p 191 a b Bona 1994 pp 86 89 Lukacs 2005 p 20 Curta 2005 pp 87 205 Curta 2001 pp 195 201 Curta 2006 p 63 Curta 2006 p 62 Todd 2003 p 221 sfn error no target CITEREFTodd2003 help a b c d AvarDateline 2012 a b Anonymus c 1200 ch 24 a b Bak 2010 p 59 Anonymus c 1200 ch 26 Bak 2010 p 63 Sălăgean 2006 p 141 Pop 1996 p 146 Anonymus c 1200 ch 27 Bak 2010 p 65 a b c Lukacs 2005 p 30 Lukacs 2005 pp 25 26 Macartney 2008 p 118 Pop 1996 p 142 a b Lukacs 2005 p 29 Kopeczi 2001 p 310 Lukacs 2005 p 28 a b Kopeczi 2001 p 311 Bona 1994 p 163 Benko 1994 p 364 Keul 2009 p 27 a b c d e f Lukacs 2005 p 58 Marko 2006 p 416 Curta 2006 p 355 Lazarovici 1997 p 32 a b c d e Chisholm 1911 p 891 clujnet 2004 a b Lukacs 2005 p 33 a b c d szabadsag 2003 a b Lazarovici 1997 p 204 a b ghidvideoturistic 2013 Lazarovici 1997 p 38 BeitHatfutsot 2013 Lukacs 2005 p 49 Csontosi 1882 p 135 Brubaker 2006 p 90 a b c d Levack 2013 p II HandbuchOsterreich 1856 p 59 Csontosi 1882 p 138 Davidson 2014 p 401 Flora 2012 sfn error no target CITEREFFlora2012 help a b Ripley 1879 sfn error no target CITEREFRipley1879 help Brubaker 2006 p 92 Magocsi 2002 a b c d Brubaker 2006 p 93 Chambers 1901 sfn error no target CITEREFChambers1901 help Brubaker 2006 p 134 Brubaker 2006 p 97 a b c Seltzer 1952 p 421 Brubaker 2006 p 100 OsloCatholicDiocese 2007 Brubaker 2006 p 142 YIVO 2010 a b c Brubaker 2006 p 105 UN 1976 Carey 2004 p 264 ETHZ 2018 Sources editPrimary sources edit Anonymus Notary of King Bela c 1200 Gesta Hungarorum The Deeds of the Hungarians in Latin Bak Janos M Rady Martyn C Veszpremy Laszlo eds 2010 Anonymus Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians Central European Medieval Texts Budapest New York Central European University Press ISBN 978 963 9776 95 1 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum in Latin Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Secondary sources edit Bennett Julian 2005 Trajan Optimus Princeps Roman Imperial Biographies London New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 36056 9 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Brubaker Rogers Feischmidt Margit Fox Jon Grancea Liana 2006 Brubaker Rogers ed Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town Princeton Oxford Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 12834 4 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Burns Thomas S 1991 A History of the Ostrogoths Midland Book Indiana University Press ISBN 978 0 253 20600 8 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Curta Florin 2001 The Making of the Slavs History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c 500 700 Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought Fourth Series Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 1 139 42888 0 Retrieved 15 September 2018 Curta Florin 2005 East Central amp Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages Studies in the Early Middle Ages University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 11498 6 Retrieved 15 September 2018 Curta Florin 2006 Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages 500 1250 Cambridge Medieval Textbooks illustrated ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 81539 0 Retrieved 15 September 2018 Fodorean Florin 2006 Drumurile din Dacia Romană The Roads of Roman Dacia Publicaţiile Institutului de Studii Clasice in Romanian and English Cluj Napoca Napoca Star ISBN 978 973 647 372 2 Retrieved 12 September 2018 Georgescu Vlad 1991 Călinescu Matei ed The Romanians A History Romanian Literature and Thought in Translation Series 1st US ed Columbus Ohio USA Ohio State University Press ISBN 978 0814205112 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Gundisch Konrad 1998 Siebenburgen und die Siebenburger Sachsen Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat in German 2 ed Langen Muller ISBN 978 3 7844 2685 3 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Heather Peter 2012 Empires and Barbarians The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat 2 ed Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 989226 6 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Keul Istvan 2009 Early Modern Religious Communities in East Central Europe Ethnic Diversity Denominational Plurality and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania 1526 1691 Studies in Medieval and Reformation Traditions History Culture Religion Ideas illustrated ed Leiden Boston Brill ISBN 978 90 04 17652 2 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Lazarovici Gheorghe 1997 Cluj Napoca inima Transilvaniei Cluj Napoca the heart of Transylvania in Romanian and English Cluj Napoca Studia ISBN 978 973 97555 0 4 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Lukacs Jozsef 2005 Povestea orasului comoară scurtă istorie a Clujului si a monumentelor sale The story of the treasure city a short history of Cluj and its monuments in Romanian Levente Vardai Cluj Napoca Apostrof ISBN 978 973 9279 74 1 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Macartney Carlile Aylmer 2008 The Magyars in the Ninth Century illustrated reprint ed Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 08070 5 Retrieved 9 September 2018 MacKendrick Paul Lachlan 2000 The Dacian Stones Speak Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies illustrated reprint ed Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press ISBN 978 0 8078 4939 2 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Mocsy Andras 1974 Pannonia and Upper Moesia A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire Routledge ISBN 978 0 7100 7714 1 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Oltean Ioana Adina 2007 Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies London New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 203 94583 4 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Peace Action Training and Research Institute of Romania PATRIR ethz ch Center for Security Studies Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich 2018 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Petolescu Constantin C 2014 Dacia un mileniu de istorie Dacia a millennium of history in Romanian Bucharest Editura Academiei Romane ISBN 978 973 27 2450 7 Retrieved 23 October 2018 Pop Ioan Aurel 1996 Romanians and Hungarians from the 9th to the 14th century The Genesis of the Transylvanian Medieval State Bibliotheca rerum Transsilvaniae Cluj Napoca Romanian Cultural Foundation Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 577 037 2 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Southern Patricia Dixon Karen R 1996 The Late Roman Army The archaeology of the Roman Empire series Batsford ISBN 978 0 7134 7047 5 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Thompson E A 1999 The Huns The Peoples of Europe Wiley ISBN 978 0 631 21443 4 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Todd Malcolm 2009 The Early Germans Peoples of Europe Wiley ISBN 978 1 4051 3756 0 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Treptow Kurt W 1996 Treptow Kurt W Bolovan Ioan eds A History of Romania East European Monographs 3 illustrated ed Iași Romanian Cultural Foundation Center for Romanian Studies ISBN 978 0 88033 345 0 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Wanner Robert 2010 Forts fields and towns Communities in Northwest Transylvania from the first century BC to the fifth century AD Thesis Leicester University of Leicester hdl 2381 8335 Watson Alaric 2004 Aurelian and the Third Century Roman Imperial Biographies London New York Routledge Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 134 90815 8 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Wolfram Herwig Dunlap Thomas J 1990 History of the Goths European History Medieval Studies Classical Studies University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 06983 1 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Tertiary sources edit Avar Dateline Turkic World History turkicworld org Turkic World History 2012 Retrieved 15 September 2018 Bărbulescu Mihai 2005 Pop Ioan Aurel Nagler Thomas eds The History of Transylvania Until 1541 Cluj Napoca Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies ISBN 978 973 7784 04 9 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Benko Elek 1994 Kolozsmonostor In Kristo Gyula Engel Pal Makk Ferenc eds Korai magyar torteneti lexikon 9 14 szazad Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History 9th 14th centuries in Hungarian Budapest Akademiai Kiado pp 363 364 ISBN 978 963 056 722 0 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Biserica Romano Catolica Sf Mihail Cluj Napoca St Michael s Roman Catholic Church Cluj Napoca in Romanian ghidvideoturistic ro Ghid Video Turistic PhantomMedia 2013 Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 Retrieved 3 September 2013 Bona Istvan 1994 Kopeczi Bela Barta Gabor Bona Istvan Makkai Laszlo Szasz Zoltan Borus Judit eds History of Transylvania Budapest Akademiai Kiado ISBN 978 963 056 703 9 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Carey Henry F ed 2004 Romania Since 1989 Politics Economics and Society Lexington Books ISBN 978 0 7391 0592 4 Retrieved 10 September 2018 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Kolozsvar Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 15 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 891 Chronology of Catholic Dioceses Romania katolsk no Oslo katolske bispedomme Oslo Catholic Diocese 19 March 2007 Retrieved 28 February 2015 Cluj The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe yivoencyclopedia org Yivo Institute for Jewish Research 2010 Retrieved 28 February 2015 Davidson Alan 2014 Hungary In Jaine Tom ed The Oxford Companion to Food Oxford Companions 3rd ed Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 104072 6 Retrieved 10 September 2018 Demographic Yearbook 1975 27th ed New York United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistical Office 1976 pp 253 279 OCLC 5157865 Retrieved 10 September 2018 Hof und Staats Handbuch des Kaiserthumes Osterreich Court and State Handbook of the Austrian Empire in German Vol 5 Vienna Kaiserlich koniglichen Hof und Staatsdruckerei 1856 OCLC 894955555 Kolozsvar neve The name of Kolozsvar in Hungarian szabadsag ro Szabadsag 4 August 2003 Archived from the original on 7 December 2008 Retrieved 15 March 2008 Kopeczi Bela Mocsy Andras Makkai Laszlo eds 2001 History of Transylvania From the beginnings to 1606 Social Science Monographs Vol 1 Hungarian Research Institute of Canada ISBN 978 088 033 479 2 Retrieved 11 September 2018 Levack Brian P ed 2013 Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America Oxford Handbooks Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 164884 7 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Magocsi Paul Robert 2002 Historical Atlas of Central Europe Heritage Collection 2nd ed Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0 8020 8486 6 Retrieved 10 September 2018 Marko Laszlo 2006 A magyar allam fomeltosagai Szent Istvantol napjainkig Eletrajzi Lexikon The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days A Biographical Encyclopedia in Hungarian 2nd ed Budapest Helikon Kiado Kft ISBN 978 963 208 970 6 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Museum of Applied Arts Budapest 1882 Magyaroszagi regi nyomtatvanyok 1473 1711 Kolozsvar Hungarian printing 1473 1711 In Csontosi Janos ed Kalauz az Orsz Magy Iparmuveszeti Muzeum reszerol rendezett konyvkiallitashoz Guide to the Museum of Applied Arts in Hungarian Budapest Athenaeum hdl 2027 nnc1 cu55628052 Retrieved 9 September 2018 O istorie inedită a Clujului Cetatea coloniștilor sași A unique history of Cluj The fortress of the Saxon settlers in Romanian clujnet com ReMARK ltd 2004 Archived from the original on 30 January 2008 Retrieved 16 March 2008 Pop Ioan Aurel Bolovan Ioan eds 2009 Istoria ilustrată a Romaniei The Illustrated History of Romania in Romanian Bucharest Chișinău Cluj Napoca Litera Internaţional ISBN 978 973 675 584 2 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Sălăgean Tudor 2006 Romanian Society in the Early Middle Ages 9th 14th centuries AD In Pop Ioan Aurel Bolovan Ioan eds History of Romania Compendium Romanian Cultural Institute Center for Transylvanian Studies pp 133 207 ISBN 978 973 7784 12 4 Retrieved 9 September 2018 Seltzer Leon E ed 1952 Cluj Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World New York Columbia University Press p 421 OL 6112221M Retrieved 10 September 2018 The Jewish Community of Cluj Napoca dbs bh org il The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot 2018 Retrieved 9 September 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cluj Napoca by year Europeana Items related to Cluj various dates Digital Public Library of America Items related to Cluj various dates This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources Retrieved from https en 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