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YIVO

October 15, 2023

YIVO (Yiddish: ייִוואָ, [jiˈvɔ]) is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany, and Russia as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish.

YIVO
Front entrance of YIVO in New York City
Established1925 (1925)
Location15 West 16th Street, Manhattan, New York City, United States
Coordinates40°44′17″N 73°59′38″W / 40.738047°N 73.993821°W / 40.738047; -73.993821
DirectorJonathan Brent
Public transit accessSubway: 14th Street–Union Square
WebsiteYIVO

Established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish: ייִדישער װיסנשאַפֿטלעכער אינסטיטוט, pronounced [ˈjidiʃɛr ˈvisn.ʃaftlɛχɛr instiˈtut], Yiddish Scientific Institute.[1] (The word yidisher means both "Yiddish" and "Jewish.")

Its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City, but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym. YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History. Formerly, they had linguists whose main occupation was deciding on grammar rules and new words, and during this time they were seen in the secular world to serve as the recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language. However, YIVO no longer serves this purpose. Nevertheless, the YIVO system is still commonly taught in universities and known as klal shprakh (spelled in Yiddish:כּלל־שפּראַך, meaning 'standard language') and sometimes "YIVO Yiddish" (spelled in Yiddish:ייִוואָ־ייִדיש).

Activities Edit

YIVO preserves manuscripts, rare books, and diaries, and other Yiddish sources. The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385,000 volumes[1] dating from as early as the 16th century.[1][2] Approximately 40,000 volumes are in Yiddish, making the YIVO Library the largest collection of Yiddish-language works in the world.[3] The YIVO archives hold over 23,000,000 documents, photographs, recordings, posters, films, and other artifacts.[1] Together, they comprise the world's largest collection of materials related to the history and culture of Central and East European Jewry and the American Jewish immigrant experience.[1] The archives and library collections include works in twelve major languages,[4] including English, French, German, Hebrew, Russian, Polish, and Judaeo-Spanish.[4]

YIVO also functions as a publisher of Yiddish-language books and of periodicals including YIVO Bleter[5] (founded 1931), Yedies Fun YIVO (founded 1929), and Yidishe Shprakh (founded 1941). It is also responsible for English-language publications such as the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies (founded 1946).

History Edit

YIVO was initially proposed by Yiddish linguist and writer Nochum Shtif (1879–1933). He characterized his advocacy of Yiddish as "realistic" Zionism, contrasted to the "visionary" Hebraists and the "self-hating" assimilationists who adopted Russian or Polish. Other key founders included philologist Max Weinreich (1894–1969) and historian Elias Tcherikower (1881–1943).[6]

YIVO was founded at a Berlin conference in 1925, but headquartered in Vilna, a city with a large Jewish population in the Second Polish Republic. The early YIVO also had branches in Berlin, Warsaw and New York City. Over the next decade, smaller groups arose in many of the other countries with Ashkenazi populations.

In YIVO's first decades, Tcherikover headed the historical research section, which also included Simon Dubnow, Saul M. Ginsburg, Abraham Menes, and Jacob Shatzky. Leibush Lehrer (1887–1964) headed a section including psychologists and educators Abraham Golomb, H. S. Kasdan, and Abraham Aaron Roback. Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) headed a section of economists and demographers Ben-Adir, Liebmann Hersch, and Moshe Shalit. Weinreich's language and literature section included Judah Leib Cahan, Alexander Harkavy, Judah A. Joffe, Zelig Kalmanovich, Shmuel Niger, Noach Pryłucki, and Zalman Reisen.[7] YIVO also collected and preserved ethnographic materials under the direction of its Ethnographic Committee.[8] In 1925, YIVO's honorary board of trustees or "Curatorium" consisted of Simon Dubnow, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Moses Gaster, Edward Sapir and Chaim Zhitlowsky.

From 1934 to 1940, YIVO operated a graduate training program known as the Aspirantur. Named after Zemach Shabad, YIVO's chairman, the program held classes and guided students in conducting original research in the field of Jewish studies. Many of the students' projects were sociological in nature (reflecting the involvement of Max Weinreich) and gathered information on contemporary Jewish life in the Vilna region.[9]

The Nazi advance into Eastern Europe caused YIVO to move its operations to New York City. A second important center, known as the Fundacion IWO, was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[10] All four directors of YIVO's research sections were already in the Americas when the war broke out or were able to make their way there.[11] The organization's new headquarters were established in New York City. A portion of the Vilna archives was ransacked by the Nazis and sent to Frankfurt to become the basis of an antisemitic department of the Nazis' planned university. In 1946, the U.S. Army recovered these documents and sent them to YIVO in New York.[12]

The YIVO Library was looted by the Germans and the ERR, but an organization that called itself "The Paper Brigade" were able to smuggle out many books and preserve them from destruction.[13] These materials were then saved from the Soviets by a Lithuanian librarian, Antanas Ulpis. These materials are now held in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania.[12] In 2014, with the cooperation of the government of the Republic of Lithuania, Brent established the landmark Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project at The YIVO Institute to preserve and digitize over 1.5 million documents and approximately 12,200 books representing 500 years of Jewish history in Eastern Europe and Russia.[14]

In addition to New York City and Buenos Aires, the Chicago YIVO Society is a third center active today.[15]

Publications Edit

YIVO has undertaken many major scholarly publication projects, the most recent being The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, published in March 2008 in cooperation with Yale University Press.[16] Under the leadership of editor-in-chief Gershon David Hundert, professor of history and of Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal, this unprecedented reference work systematically represents the history and culture of Eastern European Jews from their first settlement in the region to the present day. More than 1,800 alphabetical entries encompass a vast range of topics including religion, folklore, politics, art, music, theater, language and literature, places, organizations, intellectual movements, and important figures. The two-volume set also features more than 1,000 illustrations and 55 maps. With original contributions from an international team of 450 distinguished scholars, the encyclopedia covers the region between Germany and the Ural Mountains, from which more than 2.5 million Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920.

See also Edit

References Edit

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e "About The OTC | YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | One Thousand Children". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | One Thousand Children.
  2. ^ "YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | Overview of Library Collections".[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ "Overview of Library". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  4. ^ a b "Overview of Library". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-03-05. Retrieved 2007-11-11.
  6. ^ Liptzin, Sol (1972). A History of Yiddish Literature. Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Publishers. pp. 127–130, 133. ISBN 0-8246-0124-6.
  7. ^ Liptzin, 1972, 130, 133
  8. ^ "Guide to the Records of the YIVO Ethnographic Committeeundated, 1885-1941RG 1.2". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  9. ^ "Guide to the Records of the YIVO Aspirantur1934-1940RG 1.3". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  11. ^ Liptzin, 1972, 3, 133
  12. ^ a b "YIVO Announces $1,160,000 Challenge Grant for International Project to Preserve Prewar Library and Archives". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  13. ^ Fishman, David E. The Book Smugglers: Partisans, Poets, and the Race to Save Jewish Treasures from the Nazis. 2017.n
  14. ^ "Scope of Project". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research | The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections. Retrieved 2019-02-28.
  15. ^ "Chicago Yivo Society". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  16. ^ "The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe - Hundert, Gershon David; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research - Yale University Press". Yalepress.yale.edu. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Bibliography

Further reading Edit

  • Dawidowicz, Lucy S. From that Place and Time: A Memoir 1938 - 1947. New York: Norton, 1989. ISBN 0-393-02674-4
  • *Fishman, David E. New York: YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 1996. (in English and Yiddish)
  • Kaiser, Menachem. "Paper brigade: The incredible story of the Vilnius archive". The Jewish Quarterly, Winter 2022.

External links Edit

  Media related to YIVO Institute for Jewish Research at Wikimedia Commons

  • Official website
  • The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
  • YIVO (Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut) – The Yiddish Scientific Institute in the online exhibition The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna by Yad Vashem
  • Guide to the Records of the YIVO Aspirantur, 1934-1940
  • YIVO Digital Archive on Jewish Life in Poland

October 15, 2023
yivo, yiddish, יי, ווא, jiˈvɔ, organization, that, preserves, studies, teaches, cultural, history, jewish, life, throughout, eastern, europe, germany, russia, well, orthography, lexicography, other, studies, related, yiddish, front, entrance, york, cityestabli. YIVO Yiddish יי ווא jiˈvɔ is an organization that preserves studies and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe Germany and Russia as well as orthography lexicography and other studies related to Yiddish YIVOFront entrance of YIVO in New York CityEstablished1925 1925 Location15 West 16th Street Manhattan New York City United StatesCoordinates40 44 17 N 73 59 38 W 40 738047 N 73 993821 W 40 738047 73 993821DirectorJonathan BrentPublic transit accessSubway 14th Street Union SquareWebsiteYIVOEstablished in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic now Vilnius Lithuania as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut Yiddish יי דישער װיסנשא פ טלעכער אינסטיטוט pronounced ˈjidiʃɛr ˈvisn ʃaftlɛxɛr instiˈtut Yiddish Scientific Institute 1 The word yidisher means both Yiddish and Jewish Its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History Formerly they had linguists whose main occupation was deciding on grammar rules and new words and during this time they were seen in the secular world to serve as the recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language However YIVO no longer serves this purpose Nevertheless the YIVO system is still commonly taught in universities and known as klal shprakh spelled in Yiddish כ לל שפ רא ך meaning standard language and sometimes YIVO Yiddish spelled in Yiddish יי ווא יי דיש Contents 1 Activities 2 History 3 Publications 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksActivities EditYIVO preserves manuscripts rare books and diaries and other Yiddish sources The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385 000 volumes 1 dating from as early as the 16th century 1 2 Approximately 40 000 volumes are in Yiddish making the YIVO Library the largest collection of Yiddish language works in the world 3 The YIVO archives hold over 23 000 000 documents photographs recordings posters films and other artifacts 1 Together they comprise the world s largest collection of materials related to the history and culture of Central and East European Jewry and the American Jewish immigrant experience 1 The archives and library collections include works in twelve major languages 4 including English French German Hebrew Russian Polish and Judaeo Spanish 4 YIVO also functions as a publisher of Yiddish language books and of periodicals including YIVO Bleter 5 founded 1931 Yedies Fun YIVO founded 1929 and Yidishe Shprakh founded 1941 It is also responsible for English language publications such as the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies founded 1946 History EditYIVO was initially proposed by Yiddish linguist and writer Nochum Shtif 1879 1933 He characterized his advocacy of Yiddish as realistic Zionism contrasted to the visionary Hebraists and the self hating assimilationists who adopted Russian or Polish Other key founders included philologist Max Weinreich 1894 1969 and historian Elias Tcherikower 1881 1943 6 YIVO was founded at a Berlin conference in 1925 but headquartered in Vilna a city with a large Jewish population in the Second Polish Republic The early YIVO also had branches in Berlin Warsaw and New York City Over the next decade smaller groups arose in many of the other countries with Ashkenazi populations In YIVO s first decades Tcherikover headed the historical research section which also included Simon Dubnow Saul M Ginsburg Abraham Menes and Jacob Shatzky Leibush Lehrer 1887 1964 headed a section including psychologists and educators Abraham Golomb H S Kasdan and Abraham Aaron Roback Jacob Lestschinsky 1876 1966 headed a section of economists and demographers Ben Adir Liebmann Hersch and Moshe Shalit Weinreich s language and literature section included Judah Leib Cahan Alexander Harkavy Judah A Joffe Zelig Kalmanovich Shmuel Niger Noach Prylucki and Zalman Reisen 7 YIVO also collected and preserved ethnographic materials under the direction of its Ethnographic Committee 8 In 1925 YIVO s honorary board of trustees or Curatorium consisted of Simon Dubnow Albert Einstein Sigmund Freud Moses Gaster Edward Sapir and Chaim Zhitlowsky From 1934 to 1940 YIVO operated a graduate training program known as the Aspirantur Named after Zemach Shabad YIVO s chairman the program held classes and guided students in conducting original research in the field of Jewish studies Many of the students projects were sociological in nature reflecting the involvement of Max Weinreich and gathered information on contemporary Jewish life in the Vilna region 9 The Nazi advance into Eastern Europe caused YIVO to move its operations to New York City A second important center known as the Fundacion IWO was established in Buenos Aires Argentina 10 All four directors of YIVO s research sections were already in the Americas when the war broke out or were able to make their way there 11 The organization s new headquarters were established in New York City A portion of the Vilna archives was ransacked by the Nazis and sent to Frankfurt to become the basis of an antisemitic department of the Nazis planned university In 1946 the U S Army recovered these documents and sent them to YIVO in New York 12 The YIVO Library was looted by the Germans and the ERR but an organization that called itself The Paper Brigade were able to smuggle out many books and preserve them from destruction 13 These materials were then saved from the Soviets by a Lithuanian librarian Antanas Ulpis These materials are now held in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and Martynas Mazvydas National Library of Lithuania 12 In 2014 with the cooperation of the government of the Republic of Lithuania Brent established the landmark Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project at The YIVO Institute to preserve and digitize over 1 5 million documents and approximately 12 200 books representing 500 years of Jewish history in Eastern Europe and Russia 14 In addition to New York City and Buenos Aires the Chicago YIVO Society is a third center active today 15 Publications EditYIVO has undertaken many major scholarly publication projects the most recent being The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe published in March 2008 in cooperation with Yale University Press 16 Under the leadership of editor in chief Gershon David Hundert professor of history and of Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal this unprecedented reference work systematically represents the history and culture of Eastern European Jews from their first settlement in the region to the present day More than 1 800 alphabetical entries encompass a vast range of topics including religion folklore politics art music theater language and literature places organizations intellectual movements and important figures The two volume set also features more than 1 000 illustrations and 55 maps With original contributions from an international team of 450 distinguished scholars the encyclopedia covers the region between Germany and the Ural Mountains from which more than 2 5 million Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920 See also EditAcademy of the Hebrew Language for Hebrew Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino for Ladino Dina Abramowicz long time YIVO librarian Yiddish Book Center League for YiddishReferences EditNotes a b c d e About The OTC YIVO Institute for Jewish Research One Thousand Children YIVO Institute for Jewish Research One Thousand Children YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Overview of Library Collections permanent dead link Overview of Library YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Retrieved 2019 02 28 a b Overview of Library YIVO Institute for Jewish Research YIVO Institute for Jewish Research YIVO in the United States Archived from the original on 2007 03 05 Retrieved 2007 11 11 Liptzin Sol 1972 A History of Yiddish Literature Middle Village NY Jonathan David Publishers pp 127 130 133 ISBN 0 8246 0124 6 Liptzin 1972 130 133 Guide to the Records of the YIVO Ethnographic Committeeundated 1885 1941RG 1 2 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Guide to the Records of the YIVO Aspirantur1934 1940RG 1 3 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Fundacion IWO Archived from the original on 12 August 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Liptzin 1972 3 133 a b YIVO Announces 1 160 000 Challenge Grant for International Project to Preserve Prewar Library and Archives YIVO Institute for Jewish Research The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections Retrieved 2019 02 28 Fishman David E The Book Smugglers Partisans Poets and the Race to Save Jewish Treasures from the Nazis 2017 n Scope of Project YIVO Institute for Jewish Research The Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections Retrieved 2019 02 28 Chicago Yivo Society Retrieved 4 August 2015 The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe Hundert Gershon David YIVO Institute for Jewish Research Yale University Press Yalepress yale edu 2008 05 28 Retrieved 2015 08 10 BibliographyPrager Leonard Yiddish Studies in Israel III Archived 2008 12 29 at the Wayback Machine Mendele Vol 6 277 April 4 1997 Liptzin Solomon December 1 1985 A history of Yiddish literature Jonathan David Publishers Incorporated ISBN 978 0 8246 0307 6 Further reading EditDawidowicz Lucy S From that Place and Time A Memoir 1938 1947 New York Norton 1989 ISBN 0 393 02674 4 Fishman David E Embers Plucked From The Fire The Rescue of Jewish Cultural Treasures in Vilna New York YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 1996 in English and Yiddish Kaiser Menachem Paper brigade The incredible story of the Vilnius archive The Jewish Quarterly Winter 2022 External links Edit nbsp Media related to YIVO Institute for Jewish Research at Wikimedia Commons Official website The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe YIVO Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut The Yiddish Scientific Institute in the online exhibition The Jerusalem of Lithuania The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna by Yad Vashem Guide to the Records of the YIVO Aspirantur 1934 1940 YIVO Digital Archive on Jewish Life in Poland Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title YIVO amp oldid 1178180252, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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