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Sweden–NATO relations

January 01, 1970

Sweden has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 7 March 2024.[1]

NATO–Sweden relations

NATO
Sweden

Before applying for NATO membership, Sweden had maintained a policy of neutrality in military affairs since the Napoleonic Wars, after which Sweden adopted a policy of "non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war". The country was neutral in both world wars—though it cooperated with both Germany and Allied nations on various occasions during World War II—and chose not to join NATO when it was founded in 1949. In the mid-1990s, after the Cold War, the country acceded to NATO's Partnership for Peace (PfP) programme, and the European Union (EU). EU membership in practice ended the country's non-alignment, as it included the adoption of common foreign and security policy and, from 2009 onwards, a mutual defence clause. However, public support for NATO accession remained low.

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine spurred a shift in public opinion, prompting Sweden to apply for NATO membership alongside Finland on 18 May 2022.

History edit

Background: Swedish neutrality following the Napoleonic wars edit

Further information: Swedish neutrality

Sweden adopted a policy of neutrality following the loss of a large amount of its territory (including Finland) to the Russian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars in 1812.[2] Since 1814, Sweden has not formally declared war,[3] and the country remained neutral even during World War I and World War II.[4]

1949–2022: Relations prior to membership application edit

1949–1991: Swedish neutrality during the Cold War edit

When NATO was founded in 1949, Sweden chose not to join. Instead, the country declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war.[5] Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during the Cold War.[2] Former Prime Minister of Sweden Carl Bildt has noted that this policy was in response to fears that if Sweden were to join NATO the Soviet Union might respond by invading neighbouring Finland, with which Sweden had close relations.[6] While independent, Finland adopted a policy of neutrality on foreign affairs during the Cold War in deference to the neighbouring Soviet Union, which was commonly referred to as Finlandization.[7]

1991–1995: Immediate aftermath of the Cold War edit

After the end of the Cold War, an active debate started in Sweden on the question of NATO membership.[8] Sweden joined NATO's Partnership for Peace on 9 May 1994.[9]

1995–2022: Shift from non-alignment within the European Union edit

 
Accession of Sweden to the European Union in 1995
 
European membership of the EU and NATO in March 2024
  EU member only
  NATO member only
  member of both

In 1995, Sweden acceded to the European Union, thereby aligning with the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy. This development diminished Sweden's policy of neutrality.[4] Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the EU mutual solidarity clause has applied to Sweden along with all other EU member states, and states that all member states must help any other member state under attack:[10]

If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States. [...]

— Article 42.7 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

On 18 September 2007, Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt stated that Swedish membership in NATO would require a "very wide" majority in Parliament, including the Social Democrats, and coordination with Finland.[11]

NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013,[12] and Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to "take necessary measures" to prevent Swedish NATO membership.[13] In September 2016 a Swedish government report found that escalating tensions in the Baltic would be a likely catalyst for Sweden joining NATO.[14]

Sweden has been an active participant in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR and SFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF), and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).[15] However, ideological divides were visible in November 2006, when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden rejected an invitation to join the NATO Response Force.[16][17] It later joined in 2013.[18]

Sweden allowed further cooperation with NATO by establishing a host country agreement with NATO (signed in 2014 and ratified in 2016), allowing NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and allowing NATO member states' forces to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden's national security.[19]

The Swedish left wing, including the Social Democratic Party, the Green Party and the Left Party, along with the nationalist Sweden Democrats, have historically favoured neutrality and non-alignment,[20][21] while the parties on the right wing have supported NATO membership, especially since the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The centre-right Moderate Party is the largest party by current parliamentary representation in favour of NATO membership, even making it their top election pledge in 2022,[22] and (like the centre-right Liberal Party) has generally supported NATO membership since the end of the Cold War.[23][24] The centrist Centre Party was opposed to NATO membership until September 2015, when party leadership under Annie Lööf announced that they would motion to change the party policy to push for Sweden to join NATO at their next party conference. The conservative Christian Democrats, also previously opposed, likewise voted to support NATO membership at their October 2015 party meeting.[25] When the nationalist Sweden Democrats adjusted their stance in December 2020 to allow for NATO membership if coordinated with neighbouring Finland and ratified in a referendum, a majority of the members of the Swedish Riksdag for the first time belonged to parties that were open to NATO membership,[26] and a motion to allow for future NATO membership passed the parliament that month by 204 votes to 145.[27]

Support for NATO membership rose between 2012 and 2015, when the SOM Institute showed it growing from 17% to 31%.[28] Events like the annexation of Crimea and reports of Russian submarine activity in 2014, as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if attacked, were credited with that rise in support.[29][30] In October 2014, an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favour of NATO membership (37%) than opposed (36%).[31]

Regular polling by Ipsos documented a decline in Swedes' opposition to membership from 56% in April 2015 to 35% in December 2020, when there was a three-way split, with 33% for membership and 32% undecided. The decline largely corresponded to an increase in undecideds, as the proportion supporting NATO membership had stayed mostly steady since 2014.[32] A poll by Sifo in June 2016 found more Swedes against NATO membership than in favour,[33] while a May 2017 poll by Pew also showed 48% support, and in November 2020, they showed that 65% of Swedes viewed NATO positively, the highest per cent of any non-NATO member polled.[34][35]

In days following Russia's invasion of Ukraine (24–25 February 2022), a Novus poll conducted found 41% in favour of NATO membership and 35% opposed.[36] The first poll to register majority (51%) support for NATO membership came on 4 March 2022,[37] and support has grown substantially since then.

On 1 March 2024, in the wake of Hungary's approval in the National Assembly, the result of a new poll by Verian was released by TV4, showing a record high support for NATO among Swedes from the media outlet, with 66% in favour. A clear majority also among women now support NATO, after only being clear among men. When it comes to age groups, support is highest among 65 to 79 year olds, with 75%. Among parliament members, the Left Party is the only one where there's still a majority against membership. The Greens have turned in favour, with 50% supporting and only 22% opposing. The Moderate Party holds the strongest support. According to pollster Verian, the increased support was due to the expected imminent membership.[38]

Polls on Swedish membership of NATO
Date Pollster Support Oppose Neutral
or DK 		Lead Ref.
2012 SOM 17% 45% 38% 28% [28]
2013 SOM 29% 34% 37% 5% [28]
16 March 2014 Russia's annexation of Crimea
April 2014 Ipsos 28% 56% 16% 28% [29]
April 2014 Statista 28% 56% 15% 28% [39]
2014 SOM 31% 37% 32% 6% [28]
October 2014 FT 37% 36% 27% 1% [31]
December 2014 Ipsos 33% 47% 20% 14% [29]
December 2014 Statista 33% 47% 20% 14% [39]
September 2015 Sifo 41% 39% 20% 2% [30]
December 2015 Statista 34% 50% 16% 16% [39]
Spring 2016 Pew 45% 44% 11% 1% [34]
June 2016 Sifo 33% 49% 18% 16% [33]
December 2016 Statista 35% 40% 25% 5% [39]
Spring 2017 Pew 47% 39% 14% 8% [34]
December 2017 Statista 31% 44% 25% 13% [39]
Autumn 2020 Pew 65% 30% 5% 35% [35]
December 2020 Ipsos 33% 35% 32% 2% [32]
January 2022 Demoskop 42% 37% 21% 5% [37]
January 2022 Statista 37% 35% 28% 2% [39]
February 2022 Statista 41% 35% 24% 6% [39]
24 February 2022 Russia invades Ukraine
24–25 February 2022 Novus 41% 35% 24% 8% [36]
March 2022 Demoskop 51% 27% 22% 24% [37]
April 2022 Statista 45% 33% 22% 12% [39]
May 2022 Statista 58% 19% 23% 39% [39]
July 2022 Statista 64% 21% 15% 43% [39]
4 April 2023 Finland accedes to NATO
May 2023 Statista 62% 22% 16% 40% [40]
June 2023 Kantar Sifo 65% 18% 17% 47% [41]
July 2023 Verian 65% 18% 17% 47% [42]
November 2023 Verian 57% 20% 23% 37% [42]
February 2024 Verian 66% 18% 16% 48% [38]
7 March 2024 Sweden accedes to NATO

2022–2024: Accession process following the Russian invasion of Ukraine edit

February – May 2022: Initial response to the invasion edit

Many political positions on NATO membership were reviewed following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to news reports from early March 2022, Finland and Sweden had begun plans to apply for Major non-NATO ally status with the United States.[43][44][45] The nationalist Sweden Democrats revised their stance in April 2022 and announced that they would support Swedish membership in NATO if Finland also joins.[46][47] Around the same time, the ruling Swedish Social Democratic Party announced that they would be conducting an internal dialogue on NATO membership, for a second time in six months. The first time, the party decided to oppose membership.[48] However, on 15 May 2022 they announced that they would now support an application to join the organisation.[49][50] Of their coalition partners, the Green Party remained opposed,[51] while the Left Party wanted to hold a referendum on the subject, something Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson and the leading opposition Moderate party opposed.[52]

May – June 2022: Declaration of intent, application edit

 
Protest against NATO, Stockholm, Mynttorget, 21 May 2022
 
Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on 18 May 2022.

Andersson announced that Sweden would apply for NATO membership on 16 May 2022, in coordination with neighboring Finland's application.[53] On 17 May 2022, Ann Linde, Sweden's foreign minister, signed Sweden's application to join NATO.[54][55] The following day, both countries' applications were formally submitted to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg.[56][57]

The European Union announced its support for Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.[58] Croatia's president Zoran Milanović stated that his country should block ratification of Sweden's accession until electoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, though the Foreign Minister expressed the government's support for any application.[59] On 28 April 2022, Croatian Foreign Minister Gordan Grlić-Radman announced that Croatia supports Finland and Sweden's applications for membership in NATO.[60] In May 2022, various governments (including those of Albania,[61] Portugal,[62] and Britain[63]) and their leaders (including the presidents of France[64][65] and the United States)[66] announced support for both countries' applications.

June 2022 – March 2024: Ratification edit

The ratification process began with the invitation of Finland and Sweden to become members at the NATO summit in Madrid on 29 June 2022. Member negotiations were held on 4 July, and the accession protocols were signed in Brussels on 5 July. The same day, Canada was the first country to ratify both applications.[67] By October 2022, all NATO members except for Turkey and Hungary had completed the processes for ratifying Sweden's accession.[68]

  •  
    President Biden signing the Instruments of Ratification to approve Finland & Sweden's membership in NATO on 9 August 2022
  •  
    US Secretary of State Antony Blinken deposits the US Instruments of Ratification with the Depositary for the North Atlantic Treaty in August 2022.
  •  
    With 269 yes to 37 no and 43 absent, the Riksdag adopted the motion for Sweden to join NATO.

On 22 March 2023, the Swedish parliament approved the country's accession to NATO by a vote of 269–37.[69]

NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg stated in March 2023 that it was "inconceivable" that NATO would not assist Sweden if the latter's security were threatened.[70]

On 4 April 2023, the formal ceremony for Finland's accession to NATO was immediately followed by Foreign Minister of Finland Pekka Haavisto submitting Finland's ratification of Sweden's accession to the organisation.[71]

Accession of Sweden to NATO
Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Kingdom of Sweden
French: Protocole au traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'Accession du Royaume de Suède
Swedish: Protokoll till Nordatlantiska fördraget om Konungariket Sveriges anslutning
TypeAccession treaty
Signed5 July 2022 (2022-07-05)
LocationBrussels, Belgium
Effective7 March 2024 (2024-03-07)
ConditionEntry into force of the accession treaty after ratification by all current NATO members. Membership of Sweden starts after deposit of its instrument of accession after the treaty has entered into force.
DepositaryUnited States
LanguagesEnglish and French
Milestones in the process for Sweden's membership in NATO
Event Date Ref.
Partnership for Peace 9 May 1994 [72]
Application submitted 18 May 2022 [73]
Invitation to join 29 June 2022 [74]
Accession protocol 5 July 2022 [75]
Ratification of protocol See table below
Domestic ratification 22 March 2023 [76]
Treaty in force 7 March 2024 [77]
Member of NATO 7 March 2024 [78]
Ratification status for Sweden's membership in NATO
Signatory Date Institution     AB Deposited[68] Ref.
  Albania 7 July 2022 Parliament 114 0 0 11 August 2022 [79]
10 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [80]
  Belgium 20 July 2022 Chamber of Representatives 121 11 0 11 August 2022 [81]
21 July 2022 Royal assent Granted [82]
  Bulgaria 13 July 2022 National Assembly 195 11 0 9 August 2022 [83]
18 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [84]
  Canada 5 July 2022 Government[a] Granted 5 July 2022 [67]
  Croatia 15 July 2022 Sabor 125 3 0 25 August 2022 [87]
19 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [88]
  Czech Republic 27 August 2022 Chamber of Deputies 135 4 12 19 September 2022 [89]
10 August 2022 Senate 66 0 0 [90]
31 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted [91]
  Denmark 7 June 2022 Folketing 95 0 0 5 July 2022 [92]
  Estonia 6 July 2022 Riigikogu 79 0 3 22 July 2022 [93]
6 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [94]
  Finland 1 March 2023 Eduskunta 184 7 8 4 April 2023 [95]
23 March 2023 Presidential assent Granted [96]
  France 2 August 2022 National Assembly 209 46 53 16 August 2022 [97]
21 July 2022 Senate 323 17 8 [98]
5 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted [99]
  Germany 8 July 2022 Bundestag Passed[b] 20 July 2022 [100]
8 July 2022 Bundesrat Passed[c] [101]
11 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [102]
  Greece 15 September 2022 Parliament Passed[d] 14 October 2022 [103]
15 September 2022 Presidential promulgation Granted [104]
  Hungary 26 February 2024 National Assembly 188 6 0 7 March 2024 [105]
5 March 2024 Presidential assent Granted [106]
  Iceland 7 June 2022 Althing 44 0 5 6 July 2022 [107]
5 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [108]
  Italy 2 August 2022 Chamber of Deputies 398 20 9 17 August 2022 [109]
3 August 2022 Senate 202 13 2 [110]
5 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted [111]
  Latvia 14 July 2022 Saeima 78 0 0 22 July 2022 [112]
15 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [113]
  Lithuania 20 July 2022 Seimas 112 1 0 4 August 2022 [114]
20 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [114]
  Luxembourg 12 July 2022 Chamber of Deputies 58 0 2 9 August 2022 [115]
22 July 2022 Grand Ducal promulgation Granted [116]
  Montenegro 28 July 2022 Parliament 57 2 11 13 September 2022 [117]
1 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted [118]
  Netherlands 7 July 2022 House of Representatives 142 8 0 20 July 2022 [119]
12 July 2022 Senate 71 1 0 [120]
13 July 2022 Royal promulgation Granted [121]
  North Macedonia 27 July 2022 Assembly 103 2 0 22 August 2022 [122]
27 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [123]
  Norway 16 June 2022 Storting 98 4 0 7 July 2022 [124]
22 June 2022 Royal assent Granted [125]
  Poland 7 July 2022 Sejm 442 0 0 3 August 2022 [126]
20 July 2022 Senate 96 0 0 [127]
22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [128]
  Portugal 16 September 2022 Assembly 219 11 0 11 October 2022 [129]
19 September 2022 Presidential assent Granted [130]
  Romania 20 July 2022 Chamber of Deputies 227 0 3 22 August 2022 [131]
20 July 2022 Senate 94 0 0 [132]
22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [133]
  Slovakia 27 September 2022 National Council 124 15 1 4 October 2022 [134]
28 September 2022 Presidential assent Granted [135]
  Slovenia 14 July 2022 National Assembly 77 5 0 24 August 2022 [136]
22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted [137]
  Spain 15 September 2022 Congress of Deputies 290 11 47 6 October 2022 [138]
21 September 2022 Senate 245 1 17 [139]
27 September 2022 Royal assent Granted [140]
  Turkey 23 January 2024 Grand National Assembly 287 55 4 26 January 2024 [141]
25 January 2024 Presidential assent (legislative) Granted [142]
26 January 2024 Presidential assent (executive) Granted [143]
  United Kingdom 5 July 2022 Government[e] Granted 8 July 2022 [145]
  United States 3 August 2022 Senate 95 1 1 18 August 2022 [146]
9 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted [147]
Swedish actions in NATO accession
Signatory Date Institution     AB Deposited[148] Ref.
  Sweden 16 May 2022 Government (submit application) Granted[f] 7 March 2024 [149]
22 March 2023 Riksdag (accession) 269 37 0 [76]
7 March 2024 Government (accession) Granted [150]

Notes

  1. ^ In Canada, the ratification of treaties is a royal prerogative of the monarch. As such, Parliament has no role or authority in ratifying treaties.[85][86]
  2. ^ The vote was taken by voice vote, rather than as a full recorded vote. In favour: SPD, The Greens, FDP, CDU/CSU, AfD. Against: The Left.[100]
  3. ^ Unanimous consent.
  4. ^ The vote was taken by party rather than as a full recorded vote. In favour: ND, Syriza, PASOK-KINAL. Against: KKE, Greek Solution, MeRA25.[103]
  5. ^ In the United Kingdom, the ratification of treaties is a royal prerogative of the monarch. As such, Parliament has no role or authority in ratifying treaties, but the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 and the Ponsonby Rule require that treaties be laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum before ratification by the monarch.[144]
  6. ^ "According to the Constitution, the government must normally receive the approval of the parliament for binding international commitments of great importance, but when the interest of Sweden so requires, the government need only consult with the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs at the Royal Palace. On 16 May 2022, the government informed the king that it intends to apply for membership in NATO during a meeting of the Advisory Council." In favour: SAP, C, M, SD, KD, and L. Against: V and MP.
 
Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson handing the formal accession instrument to US Secretary of State Antony Blinken to make Swedish membership in NATO official

On 7 March 2024, Sweden deposited its instrument of accession, formally becoming a member of NATO.[151][152] Shortly thereafter, a press conference was held in Washington D.C. with Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson, Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billström and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken.[153][154]

Obstacles in Turkey's process edit

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan voiced his opposition to Finland and Sweden joining NATO, saying that it would be "impossible" for Turkey to support their application while the two countries allow groups which Turkey classifies as terrorist organisations to operate on their territory, including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK), Democratic Union Party (Syria) (PYD), and People's Defense Units (YPG) and the supporters of Fethullah Gülen, a US-based Muslim cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating a failed 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt.[155][156][157] The PKK is also on the EU's list of terrorist organisations and Sweden was the first country after Turkey to label them as such in 1984.[158][159] Turkey has requested the extradition of several members of the PKK from the Nordic countries.[160] People whom Turkey has requested to be extradited include independent Member of the Swedish Parliament Amineh Kakabaveh for her support of Kurdish organisations,[161] writer and poet Mehmet Sıraç Bilgin (who died in 2015),[162][163] and the Turkish publisher and human rights activist Ragıp Zarakolu.[164][165] In addition, the Turkish government has demanded that the arms embargo imposed by the Finnish and Swedish governments in response to its 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria against the YPG be lifted,[166] and the dismissal of defence minister Peter Hultqvist because he met in 2011 with members of the PKK.[167] Turkey's demands for extradition of Kurdish and other political dissidents has been met with hostility by Kurdish activists and some human rights organisations, for Turkey's poor human rights record and suppression of the Kurdish minority in Turkey.[168][169][170][171][172][173][174]

On 14 May 2022, Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said, "These two countries (Finland and Sweden) very openly support the PKK and YPG".[175]

 
US President Joe Biden with Finnish President Sauli Niinistö and Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson 19 May 2022

On 15 May 2022, Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto and Swedish Foreign Minister Ann Linde announced that they are ready to address Turkey's security concerns and have always condemned terrorism.[176][177] On 17 May 2022, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz called on Turkey to approve Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.[178] On 18 May 2022, Turkey quickly prevented Finland and Sweden from starting NATO membership negotiations.[179] On 19 May Finland and Sweden announced that they could address Turkey's security concerns.[180] On the same day, Finnish President Sauli Niinistö and Swedish then-Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announced that they were always ready for talks with Turkey.[181] On 21 May 2022, Andersson, after a phone call with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, told Swedish state television SVT that they were ready for dialogue with Turkey on Sweden's NATO membership.[182] On 24 May 2022, Finland and Sweden decided to send a delegation to meet with Turkey. Jukka Salovaara from Finland, Oscar Stenström from Sweden, İbrahim Kalın and Sedat Önal from Turkey are serving in the memorandum negotiations.[183][184] The first meeting of the delegations of Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 25 May 2022 in Ankara, Turkey.[185] Opposition parties CHP and HDP in Turkey announced that they support the membership of Finland and Sweden.[186][187] The ruling parties in Turkey, the AKP and MHP have announced that they would not support the membership of Finland and Sweden.[188][189] The position of the governing Social Democratic Party is complicated by the fact that it relies on the support of Kakabaveh, who is of Iranian Kurdish descent,[190] to retain the confidence of the Riksdag for their minority government.[167] Kakabaveh was a member of the Kurdish guerrilla Komala in Iran since her youth, and took refuge in Sweden at the age of nineteen. In the 2021 Swedish government crisis, Kakabaveh only agreed to support the formation of a government headed by Magdalena Andersson after some political demands concerning support for Syrian Kurds were met.[191] She is opposed to the NATO accession of Sweden, because of her own experiences of war, and is a defender of the Swedish policy of non-alignment.[192] In May, she declared that she would no longer support the governing Swedish Social Democratic Party in important votes in the parliament since she considered parts of the previous agreement had not been followed.[193]

İbrahim Kalın, spokesman for Erdoğan, said that approving Swedish membership was not being ruled out, but that the status of these groups was "a matter of national security for Turkey" and that negotiation would be required.[194] However, after İbrahim Kalın's statement, Erdoğan reiterated his threat to block Finland's and Sweden's membership applications.[195] NATO leadership and the United States said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries' accession process. Canadian Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations integration.[196] On 20 May Ann Linde, Sweden's minister for foreign affairs, pushed back against Erdoğan's claim they support PKK calling it "disinformation", and pointing out Sweden listed PKK as a terrorist organisation in 1984, while the EU followed suit in 2002.[157] Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın, who led the talks on behalf of Turkey, stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey's expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them.[197] After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with their Turkish counterparts, Erdoğan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid, since the same day the talks were held in Ankara, Salih Muslim, who is considered a terrorist by Erdoğan, appeared on Swedish television.[198][199] Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahçeli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option,[200] in which case a new military alliance could be founded.[201] In late May 2022, opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close the Incirlik Airbase, the CHP would support this.[201]

To address Turkey's concerns, in June Sweden pointed to reforms to its anti-terrorism laws which were to come into force on 1 July (although delayed by human rights groups), and announced that it would review its policies on weapons exports to reflect its NATO membership.[167][202] Meanwhile, Finnish president Sauli Niinistö stated that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden, and that the two countries would join NATO "hand in hand".[203]

At the 2022 Madrid summit, Andersson, Niinistö, and Erdoğan signed an agreement to address Turkey's security concerns,[204][205] and Niinistö announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden.[206] While NATO members unanimously agreed to formally invite the countries to join the following day and the accession protocols for Sweden and Finland to join the alliance were signed on 5 July,[207] Erdoğan reiterated his threat to veto their membership, stating that he expected the applicant countries to meet their obligations under the agreement before Turkish parliament would consider approving their accession protocol.[208][209]

 
Flags of Turkey and Sweden

Finland, Sweden, and Turkey held the first of five trilateral memorandum meeting on 26 August 2022 in Vantaa, Finland.[210]

Finland–Sweden–Turkey memorandum meetings
Date City Country
26 August 2022 Vantaa Finland
25 November 2022 Stockholm Sweden
9 March 2023 Brussels Belgium
14 June 2023 Ankara Turkey
6 July 2023 Brussels Belgium

The center-right government formed after the September 2022 Swedish general elections pledged to continue the NATO process, reaffirming a united front with Finland's application, and suggesting that they would be more able to meet Turkish requirements.[211] Shortly after winning, the new government lifted Sweden's embargo on weapons exports to Turkey.[212] The second trilateral meeting on was on 25 November 2022 in Stockholm.[213]

On 8 January 2023, Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson stated that "Turkey both confirms that we have done what we said we would do, but they also say that they want things that we cannot or do not want to give them", with additional negotiations planned for later that month and sometime later in the spring of 2023.[214]

In January 2023, and in view of the continued Turkish refusal to agree to Swedish NATO membership, Jimmie Åkesson of the Sweden Democrats reasoned that there were limits to how far Sweden would go to appease Turkey "because it is ultimately an anti-democratic system and a dictator we are dealing with".[215]

On 23 January 2023, Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar announced that Turkey fully fulfilled the tripartite memorandum, while Finland and Sweden did not. In addition, Akar announced that they expect Finland and Sweden to fully comply with the triple memorandum.[216]

Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he would not look favourably on Sweden's NATO membership.[217] In the meantime, Akar said the visit of the Swedish defence chief was cancelled due to the "provocative act, which is clearly a hate crime" citing the permission of burning the Quran.[218]

The third trilateral meeting was to have been held in Brussels, Belgium in February 2023,[219] but the series was paused upon Turkey's request in January.[220][221] Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto noted that the meetings would likely be suspended until after the parliamentary and presidential elections in Turkey.[222]

The third meeting took place on 9 March 2023 in Brussels,[223][224] after which Sweden's chief negotiator, Oscar Stenström, stated that membership talks with Turkey would take a long time.[225] The fourth trilateral meeting was on 14 June 2023 in Ankara,[226] and the fifth was on 6 July 2023 in Brussels.[227]

 
Danish-Swedish far-right politician Rasmus Paludan burned the Koran in front of the Turkish embassy in Stockholm during a demonstration on 21 January 2023.

On 1 February 2023, Erdoğan announced that Turkey had a positive view of Finland's NATO membership but not Sweden's, due to Sweden allowing a demonstration by far-right politician, Rasmus Paludan, wherein he burnt a copy of the Quran.[228]

In March 2023, Jens Stoltenberg pushed for Hungary and Turkey to finalise the accession of Finland and Sweden by the July summit.[229] On 15 March, Erdoğan and Turkish officials indicated that Finland's application would be approved in mid-April while Sweden's would be approved independently.[230]

While Finland's Prime Minister Sanna Marin originally stated that it was "very important for us, of course, that Finland and Sweden would join NATO hand in hand," with Turkey continuing to raise concerns with Sweden and an April election due in Finland the Finnish government decided to proceed independently if all NATO members approved their membership.[231][232][233]

The United States Congress refused to approve a Turkish purchase of F-16 fighter jets because of the Swedish NATO membership issue.[234] Analysts said that aid and financing required to respond to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake increased the importance of good relations with Western countries. They noted agreement would be easier after a Swedish anti-terrorism law took effect on 1 June, and after Turkish elections in May.[235] Just prior to the NATO summit in Vilnius in July 2023, Erdoğan linked Sweden's accession to NATO membership to Turkey's application for EU membership. Turkey had applied for EU membership in 1999, but talks made little progress since 2016.[236][237]

 
Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson with U.S. President Joe Biden in Washington, D.C., on 5 July 2023

On 10 July 2023, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg announced that Sweden had agreed to provide Turkey a roadmap to its full implementation of their 2022 agreement to fight terrorism, and would support Turkey's effort to restart EU membership negotiation, update of the EU-Turkey Customs Union and secure visa liberalisation. In return, Turkey agreed to bring forward Sweden's accession into NATO to the Turkish parliament.[238][239] However, Erdoğan later said it would not be passed in October due to a parliamentary recess.[240]

By September 2023, Hungary and Turkey again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden's membership. Erdoğan said Turkey could not approve its membership so long as Quran burnings and Kurdish protests in the country continued.[241] Erdoğan objected to the US government making the sale of F-16 to Turkey conditional on approving Sweden's NATO accession,[242] though later said that Turkey would approve the accession protocol if they received the fighter jets.[243] However, on 23 October 2023, Erdoğan approved Sweden's pending NATO membership bid and sent the accession protocol to the Turkish Parliament for ratification.[244] Two days later, Turkey's parliamentary speaker, Numan Kurtulmuş, sent a bill approving Sweden's NATO membership bid to parliament's foreign affairs committee.[245] The committee discussed the ratification on 16 November 2023, but a decision was deferred,[246] with a request for Sweden to produce a written roadmap to implement its anti-terrorism commitments.[247][248] On 16 November 2023, Turkish Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Burak Akçapar announced that the sixth meeting of the Turkey-Finland-Sweden tripartite memorandum will be held in Finland during the discussion of Sweden's accession protocol of the Turkish parliament's foreign affairs commission.[249] The USA indicated that the fighter jets would be sent after Turkish approval and Sweden vowed to help Turkey's EU bid.[250] On 1 December 2023, Jens Stoltenberg told Erdoğan at a meeting in the United Arab Emirates, that "the time has come" to let Sweden become a member of NATO.[251] In December 2023, Erdoğan stated that Canada should lift its embargo on the export of arms to Turkey, which was imposed in 2020 due to evidence they were being used by Azerbaijan in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, in exchange for Turkey's ratification of Sweden's NATO membership.[252]

Turkish negotiators, led by Fuat Oktay, the head of the Turkish parliament's foreign affairs committee, stated on 11 December that they were in "no rush" to allow the accession of Sweden and stated that the sale of F-16s to Turkey as a conditional for Swedish accession was only delaying the process, and that the sale and Swedish accession should take place simultaneously.[253] On 14 December 2023, Joe Biden talked with Erdoğan over the phone, discussing the F-16 sale, Swedish accession, and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[254] Ultimately, the committee approved Sweden's accession on 26 December 2023, sending it to the National Assembly for final approval.[255] On 16 January, the Turkish parliament's session opened, with Swedish accession as the last of 42 items on the agenda.[256] A vote on 23 January 2024 effected the parliament's approval,[257] and Erdoğan gave presidential assent on 25 January.[258] The following day, after the instrument of ratification was formally deposited,[259] the United States Department of State started the process of selling F-16s to Turkey.[260] On 29 January, Canada lifted its arms embargo on Turkey.[261]

Obstacles in Hungary's process edit

On 24 November 2022, Hungary's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced he was backing Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO, promising Hungary would ratify NATO membership in January 2023,[262] but later delayed ratification for over a year. On 13 December 2022, Gergely Gulyás, Orbán's chief of staff, stated that parliament would start debating the ratification process of Sweden and Finland's NATO accession on 20 February 2023.[263]

On 1 March 2023, Orbán reiterated his and his party Fidesz's support for both Finland and Sweden's NATO membership. He objected to their support for the EU's freezing of funds for Hungary due to concerns about rule-of-law and corruption. Orbán said "it's not right for them to ask us to take them on board while they're spreading blatant lies about Hungary, about the rule of law in Hungary, about democracy, about life here."[264] A Hungarian delegation was sent to both countries to discuss the issue.[265][266]

On 4 July 2023, Hungary's Foreign Minister announced that they would approve Sweden's NATO membership once Turkey had,[267][268] and when Turkey confirmed support for Sweden's membership, Orbán stated that Hungary would no longer block progress.[269] However, by September 2023, both countries again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden's membership. Fidesz politicians raised objections to membership after some Swedish politicians criticised the Hungarian government for democratic backsliding.[270][271]

On 23 January 2024, Orbán sent a letter to Swedish Prime Minister Kristersson inviting him to Budapest to negotiate Sweden's accession into NATO.[272] However, Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billström rejected the call for negotiations, stating that although he was open to a constructive conversation, there was no reason to do so.[273] On 24 January 2024, Orbán reaffirmed the Hungarian government's support for Sweden's NATO membership and would urge the Hungarian National Assembly to approve it at the earliest opportunity.[274] On 25 January 2024, Kristersson invited Orbán to discuss Sweden's membership application in Brussels at the upcoming meeting of the European Council.[275] Following the meeting, Kristersson stated that he would meet with Orbán in Budapest after Sweden's NATO membership application was approved.[276]

Ágnes Vadai, of Hungarian opposition party Democratic Coalition, expressed a desire to force a vote in the parliament prior to the body's scheduled reconvening in late February.[277] On 29 January,[278] the opposition parties in Hungary again called for a special session of parliament to vote on ratifying Sweden's application,[279] which was scheduled for 5 February 2024. However, Fidesz members—including Orbán[280]—arranged not to attend,[281][282] preventing the vote from occurring.[283] Fidesz head Máté Kocsis stated that the ratification could instead occur later in the month during a normal parliamentary session and Orbán encouraged a Swedish delegation to visit Hungary to expedite the process.[280] On 17 February, Orbán said the Hungarian Parliament could ratify Sweden's NATO accession at the start of the spring session;[284][285] the motion was indeed scheduled for 26 February.[286][287]

On 23 February 2024 Kristersson visited Budapest to meet Orbán, and the leaders signed an agreement for Hungary to buy 4 new Saab JAS 39 Gripen C fighter jets from Sweden, improving relations between the two countries.[288][289]

The motion to approve Sweden's accession into NATO overwhelmingly passed on the Hungarian parliament's opening day, 26 February. Of the 194 members of the parliament who voted, 188 voted in favor of Sweden's accession, while 6 voted against it. Ulf Kristersson, the prime minister of Sweden, called it a "historic day".[290]

The Hungarian ratification of Sweden's NATO membership took effect once the ratification instrument had been signed by the Speaker of the National Assembly and by the President of Hungary, and the ratification instrument had been deposited.[291] As László Kövér had resigned as Speaker to become acting President, after the resignation of Katalin Novák over a pardon scandal,[292] the ratification was instead signed by the acting Speaker of the National Assembly Sándor Lezsák on 2 March.[293] The legislation was forwarded to the president's office for promulgation, where it was signed by the newly elected president, Tamás Sulyok, the day he took office on 5 March.[291][294]

On 7 March 2024, Hungary deposited its instrument of ratification.[295]

2024–present: Swedish membership in NATO edit

 
Finnish Coastal Jaegers loading equipment from the American amphibious ship USS Gunston Hall onto Swedish CB90-class fast assault craft during the NATO exercise Steadfast Defender 2024 in March 2024

A flag-raising ceremony was held at NATO headquarters on 11 March, and on 18 March Sweden organized two ceremonies: One outside the Riksdag Building in Stockholm and one at Karlberg Palace, hosted by the Supreme Commander.[296][78][297]

Sweden's (in addition to Finland's) NATO membership has greatly altered the strategic situation of the Baltic Sea.[298] Sweden's membership facilitates NATO's access to the Baltic states in response to their invasion,[299] which could otherwise be isolated and surrounded by an attack on the Suwałki Gap.[300][better source needed]

See also edit

Sweden's foreign relations with NATO member states edit

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Sweden and NATO.
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January 01, 1970
sweden, nato, relations, sweden, been, member, north, atlantic, treaty, organization, nato, since, march, 2024, nato, sweden, relationsnato, sweden, before, applying, nato, membership, sweden, maintained, policy, neutrality, military, affairs, since, napoleoni. Sweden has been a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO since 7 March 2024 1 NATO Sweden relationsNATO Sweden Before applying for NATO membership Sweden had maintained a policy of neutrality in military affairs since the Napoleonic Wars after which Sweden adopted a policy of non alignment in peace and neutrality in war The country was neutral in both world wars though it cooperated with both Germany and Allied nations on various occasions during World War II and chose not to join NATO when it was founded in 1949 In the mid 1990s after the Cold War the country acceded to NATO s Partnership for Peace PfP programme and the European Union EU EU membership in practice ended the country s non alignment as it included the adoption of common foreign and security policy and from 2009 onwards a mutual defence clause However public support for NATO accession remained low The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine spurred a shift in public opinion prompting Sweden to apply for NATO membership alongside Finland on 18 May 2022 Contents 1 History 1 1 Background Swedish neutrality following the Napoleonic wars 1 2 1949 2022 Relations prior to membership application 1 2 1 1949 1991 Swedish neutrality during the Cold War 1 2 2 1991 1995 Immediate aftermath of the Cold War 1 2 3 1995 2022 Shift from non alignment within the European Union 1 3 2022 2024 Accession process following the Russian invasion of Ukraine 1 3 1 February May 2022 Initial response to the invasion 1 3 2 May June 2022 Declaration of intent application 1 3 3 June 2022 March 2024 Ratification 1 3 3 1 Obstacles in Turkey s process 1 3 3 2 Obstacles in Hungary s process 1 4 2024 present Swedish membership in NATO 2 See also 2 1 Sweden s foreign relations with NATO member states 3 ReferencesHistory editBackground Swedish neutrality following the Napoleonic wars edit Further information Swedish neutrality Sweden adopted a policy of neutrality following the loss of a large amount of its territory including Finland to the Russian Empire during the Napoleonic Wars in 1812 2 Since 1814 Sweden has not formally declared war 3 and the country remained neutral even during World War I and World War II 4 1949 2022 Relations prior to membership application edit 1949 1991 Swedish neutrality during the Cold War edit When NATO was founded in 1949 Sweden chose not to join Instead the country declared a security policy aiming for non alignment in peace and neutrality in war 5 Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during the Cold War 2 Former Prime Minister of Sweden Carl Bildt has noted that this policy was in response to fears that if Sweden were to join NATO the Soviet Union might respond by invading neighbouring Finland with which Sweden had close relations 6 While independent Finland adopted a policy of neutrality on foreign affairs during the Cold War in deference to the neighbouring Soviet Union which was commonly referred to as Finlandization 7 1991 1995 Immediate aftermath of the Cold War edit After the end of the Cold War an active debate started in Sweden on the question of NATO membership 8 Sweden joined NATO s Partnership for Peace on 9 May 1994 9 1995 2022 Shift from non alignment within the European Union edit nbsp Accession of Sweden to the European Union in 1995 nbsp European membership of the EU and NATO in March 2024 EU member only NATO member only member of both In 1995 Sweden acceded to the European Union thereby aligning with the EU s Common Foreign and Security Policy This development diminished Sweden s policy of neutrality 4 Since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the EU mutual solidarity clause has applied to Sweden along with all other EU member states and states that all member states must help any other member state under attack 10 If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States Article 42 7 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union On 18 September 2007 Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt stated that Swedish membership in NATO would require a very wide majority in Parliament including the Social Democrats and coordination with Finland 11 NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013 12 and Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to take necessary measures to prevent Swedish NATO membership 13 In September 2016 a Swedish government report found that escalating tensions in the Baltic would be a likely catalyst for Sweden joining NATO 14 Sweden has been an active participant in NATO led missions in Bosnia IFOR and SFOR Kosovo KFOR Afghanistan ISAF and Libya Operation Unified Protector 15 However ideological divides were visible in November 2006 when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO s plane pool and in December 2006 when Sweden rejected an invitation to join the NATO Response Force 16 17 It later joined in 2013 18 Sweden allowed further cooperation with NATO by establishing a host country agreement with NATO signed in 2014 and ratified in 2016 allowing NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and allowing NATO member states forces to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden s national security 19 The Swedish left wing including the Social Democratic Party the Green Party and the Left Party along with the nationalist Sweden Democrats have historically favoured neutrality and non alignment 20 21 while the parties on the right wing have supported NATO membership especially since the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation The centre right Moderate Party is the largest party by current parliamentary representation in favour of NATO membership even making it their top election pledge in 2022 22 and like the centre right Liberal Party has generally supported NATO membership since the end of the Cold War 23 24 The centrist Centre Party was opposed to NATO membership until September 2015 when party leadership under Annie Loof announced that they would motion to change the party policy to push for Sweden to join NATO at their next party conference The conservative Christian Democrats also previously opposed likewise voted to support NATO membership at their October 2015 party meeting 25 When the nationalist Sweden Democrats adjusted their stance in December 2020 to allow for NATO membership if coordinated with neighbouring Finland and ratified in a referendum a majority of the members of the Swedish Riksdag for the first time belonged to parties that were open to NATO membership 26 and a motion to allow for future NATO membership passed the parliament that month by 204 votes to 145 27 Support for NATO membership rose between 2012 and 2015 when the SOM Institute showed it growing from 17 to 31 28 Events like the annexation of Crimea and reports of Russian submarine activity in 2014 as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if attacked were credited with that rise in support 29 30 In October 2014 an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favour of NATO membership 37 than opposed 36 31 Regular polling by Ipsos documented a decline in Swedes opposition to membership from 56 in April 2015 to 35 in December 2020 when there was a three way split with 33 for membership and 32 undecided The decline largely corresponded to an increase in undecideds as the proportion supporting NATO membership had stayed mostly steady since 2014 32 A poll by Sifo in June 2016 found more Swedes against NATO membership than in favour 33 while a May 2017 poll by Pew also showed 48 support and in November 2020 they showed that 65 of Swedes viewed NATO positively the highest per cent of any non NATO member polled 34 35 In days following Russia s invasion of Ukraine 24 25 February 2022 a Novus poll conducted found 41 in favour of NATO membership and 35 opposed 36 The first poll to register majority 51 support for NATO membership came on 4 March 2022 37 and support has grown substantially since then On 1 March 2024 in the wake of Hungary s approval in the National Assembly the result of a new poll by Verian was released by TV4 showing a record high support for NATO among Swedes from the media outlet with 66 in favour A clear majority also among women now support NATO after only being clear among men When it comes to age groups support is highest among 65 to 79 year olds with 75 Among parliament members the Left Party is the only one where there s still a majority against membership The Greens have turned in favour with 50 supporting and only 22 opposing The Moderate Party holds the strongest support According to pollster Verian the increased support was due to the expected imminent membership 38 Polls on Swedish membership of NATO Date Pollster Support Oppose Neutralor DK Lead Ref 2012 SOM 17 45 38 28 28 2013 SOM 29 34 37 5 28 16 March 2014 Russia s annexation of Crimea April 2014 Ipsos 28 56 16 28 29 April 2014 Statista 28 56 15 28 39 2014 SOM 31 37 32 6 28 October 2014 FT 37 36 27 1 31 December 2014 Ipsos 33 47 20 14 29 December 2014 Statista 33 47 20 14 39 September 2015 Sifo 41 39 20 2 30 December 2015 Statista 34 50 16 16 39 Spring 2016 Pew 45 44 11 1 34 June 2016 Sifo 33 49 18 16 33 December 2016 Statista 35 40 25 5 39 Spring 2017 Pew 47 39 14 8 34 December 2017 Statista 31 44 25 13 39 Autumn 2020 Pew 65 30 5 35 35 December 2020 Ipsos 33 35 32 2 32 January 2022 Demoskop 42 37 21 5 37 January 2022 Statista 37 35 28 2 39 February 2022 Statista 41 35 24 6 39 24 February 2022 Russia invades Ukraine 24 25 February 2022 Novus 41 35 24 8 36 March 2022 Demoskop 51 27 22 24 37 April 2022 Statista 45 33 22 12 39 May 2022 Statista 58 19 23 39 39 July 2022 Statista 64 21 15 43 39 4 April 2023 Finland accedes to NATO May 2023 Statista 62 22 16 40 40 June 2023 Kantar Sifo 65 18 17 47 41 July 2023 Verian 65 18 17 47 42 November 2023 Verian 57 20 23 37 42 February 2024 Verian 66 18 16 48 38 7 March 2024 Sweden accedes to NATO 2022 2024 Accession process following the Russian invasion of Ukraine edit February May 2022 Initial response to the invasion edit Many political positions on NATO membership were reviewed following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine According to news reports from early March 2022 Finland and Sweden had begun plans to apply for Major non NATO ally status with the United States 43 44 45 The nationalist Sweden Democrats revised their stance in April 2022 and announced that they would support Swedish membership in NATO if Finland also joins 46 47 Around the same time the ruling Swedish Social Democratic Party announced that they would be conducting an internal dialogue on NATO membership for a second time in six months The first time the party decided to oppose membership 48 However on 15 May 2022 they announced that they would now support an application to join the organisation 49 50 Of their coalition partners the Green Party remained opposed 51 while the Left Party wanted to hold a referendum on the subject something Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson and the leading opposition Moderate party opposed 52 May June 2022 Declaration of intent application edit nbsp Protest against NATO Stockholm Mynttorget 21 May 2022 nbsp Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on 18 May 2022 Andersson announced that Sweden would apply for NATO membership on 16 May 2022 in coordination with neighboring Finland s application 53 On 17 May 2022 Ann Linde Sweden s foreign minister signed Sweden s application to join NATO 54 55 The following day both countries applications were formally submitted to NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg 56 57 The European Union announced its support for Finland and Sweden s NATO membership 58 Croatia s president Zoran Milanovic stated that his country should block ratification of Sweden s accession until electoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina though the Foreign Minister expressed the government s support for any application 59 On 28 April 2022 Croatian Foreign Minister Gordan Grlic Radman announced that Croatia supports Finland and Sweden s applications for membership in NATO 60 In May 2022 various governments including those of Albania 61 Portugal 62 and Britain 63 and their leaders including the presidents of France 64 65 and the United States 66 announced support for both countries applications June 2022 March 2024 Ratification editThe ratification process began with the invitation of Finland and Sweden to become members at the NATO summit in Madrid on 29 June 2022 Member negotiations were held on 4 July and the accession protocols were signed in Brussels on 5 July The same day Canada was the first country to ratify both applications 67 By October 2022 all NATO members except for Turkey and Hungary had completed the processes for ratifying Sweden s accession 68 nbsp President Biden signing the Instruments of Ratification to approve Finland amp Sweden s membership in NATO on 9 August 2022 nbsp US Secretary of State Antony Blinken deposits the US Instruments of Ratification with the Depositary for the North Atlantic Treaty in August 2022 nbsp With 269 yes to 37 no and 43 absent the Riksdag adopted the motion for Sweden to join NATO On 22 March 2023 the Swedish parliament approved the country s accession to NATO by a vote of 269 37 69 NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stated in March 2023 that it was inconceivable that NATO would not assist Sweden if the latter s security were threatened 70 On 4 April 2023 the formal ceremony for Finland s accession to NATO was immediately followed by Foreign Minister of Finland Pekka Haavisto submitting Finland s ratification of Sweden s accession to the organisation 71 Accession of Sweden to NATOProtocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Kingdom of SwedenFrench Protocole au traite de l Atlantique Nord sur l Accession du Royaume de SuedeSwedish Protokoll till Nordatlantiska fordraget om Konungariket Sveriges anslutningTypeAccession treatySigned5 July 2022 2022 07 05 LocationBrussels BelgiumEffective7 March 2024 2024 03 07 ConditionEntry into force of the accession treaty after ratification by all current NATO members Membership of Sweden starts after deposit of its instrument of accession after the treaty has entered into force DepositaryUnited StatesLanguagesEnglish and French Milestones in the process for Sweden s membership in NATO Event Date Ref Partnership for Peace 9 May 1994 72 Application submitted 18 May 2022 73 Invitation to join 29 June 2022 74 Accession protocol 5 July 2022 75 Ratification of protocol See table below Domestic ratification 22 March 2023 76 Treaty in force 7 March 2024 77 Member of NATO 7 March 2024 78 Ratification status for Sweden s membership in NATO Signatory Date Institution nbsp nbsp AB Deposited 68 Ref nbsp Albania 7 July 2022 Parliament 114 0 0 11 August 2022 79 10 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 80 nbsp Belgium 20 July 2022 Chamber of Representatives 121 11 0 11 August 2022 81 21 July 2022 Royal assent Granted 82 nbsp Bulgaria 13 July 2022 National Assembly 195 11 0 9 August 2022 83 18 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 84 nbsp Canada 5 July 2022 Government a Granted 5 July 2022 67 nbsp Croatia 15 July 2022 Sabor 125 3 0 25 August 2022 87 19 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 88 nbsp Czech Republic 27 August 2022 Chamber of Deputies 135 4 12 19 September 2022 89 10 August 2022 Senate 66 0 0 90 31 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted 91 nbsp Denmark 7 June 2022 Folketing 95 0 0 5 July 2022 92 nbsp Estonia 6 July 2022 Riigikogu 79 0 3 22 July 2022 93 6 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 94 nbsp Finland 1 March 2023 Eduskunta 184 7 8 4 April 2023 95 23 March 2023 Presidential assent Granted 96 nbsp France 2 August 2022 National Assembly 209 46 53 16 August 2022 97 21 July 2022 Senate 323 17 8 98 5 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted 99 nbsp Germany 8 July 2022 Bundestag Passed b 20 July 2022 100 8 July 2022 Bundesrat Passed c 101 11 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 102 nbsp Greece 15 September 2022 Parliament Passed d 14 October 2022 103 15 September 2022 Presidential promulgation Granted 104 nbsp Hungary 26 February 2024 National Assembly 188 6 0 7 March 2024 105 5 March 2024 Presidential assent Granted 106 nbsp Iceland 7 June 2022 Althing 44 0 5 6 July 2022 107 5 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 108 nbsp Italy 2 August 2022 Chamber of Deputies 398 20 9 17 August 2022 109 3 August 2022 Senate 202 13 2 110 5 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted 111 nbsp Latvia 14 July 2022 Saeima 78 0 0 22 July 2022 112 15 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 113 nbsp Lithuania 20 July 2022 Seimas 112 1 0 4 August 2022 114 20 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 114 nbsp Luxembourg 12 July 2022 Chamber of Deputies 58 0 2 9 August 2022 115 22 July 2022 Grand Ducal promulgation Granted 116 nbsp Montenegro 28 July 2022 Parliament 57 2 11 13 September 2022 117 1 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted 118 nbsp Netherlands 7 July 2022 House of Representatives 142 8 0 20 July 2022 119 12 July 2022 Senate 71 1 0 120 13 July 2022 Royal promulgation Granted 121 nbsp North Macedonia 27 July 2022 Assembly 103 2 0 22 August 2022 122 27 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 123 nbsp Norway 16 June 2022 Storting 98 4 0 7 July 2022 124 22 June 2022 Royal assent Granted 125 nbsp Poland 7 July 2022 Sejm 442 0 0 3 August 2022 126 20 July 2022 Senate 96 0 0 127 22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 128 nbsp Portugal 16 September 2022 Assembly 219 11 0 11 October 2022 129 19 September 2022 Presidential assent Granted 130 nbsp Romania 20 July 2022 Chamber of Deputies 227 0 3 22 August 2022 131 20 July 2022 Senate 94 0 0 132 22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 133 nbsp Slovakia 27 September 2022 National Council 124 15 1 4 October 2022 134 28 September 2022 Presidential assent Granted 135 nbsp Slovenia 14 July 2022 National Assembly 77 5 0 24 August 2022 136 22 July 2022 Presidential assent Granted 137 nbsp Spain 15 September 2022 Congress of Deputies 290 11 47 6 October 2022 138 21 September 2022 Senate 245 1 17 139 27 September 2022 Royal assent Granted 140 nbsp Turkey 23 January 2024 Grand National Assembly 287 55 4 26 January 2024 141 25 January 2024 Presidential assent legislative Granted 142 26 January 2024 Presidential assent executive Granted 143 nbsp United Kingdom 5 July 2022 Government e Granted 8 July 2022 145 nbsp United States 3 August 2022 Senate 95 1 1 18 August 2022 146 9 August 2022 Presidential assent Granted 147 Swedish actions in NATO accession Signatory Date Institution nbsp nbsp AB Deposited 148 Ref nbsp Sweden 16 May 2022 Government submit application Granted f 7 March 2024 149 22 March 2023 Riksdag accession 269 37 0 76 7 March 2024 Government accession Granted 150 Notes In Canada the ratification of treaties is a royal prerogative of the monarch As such Parliament has no role or authority in ratifying treaties 85 86 The vote was taken by voice vote rather than as a full recorded vote In favour SPD The Greens FDP CDU CSU AfD Against The Left 100 Unanimous consent The vote was taken by party rather than as a full recorded vote In favour ND Syriza PASOK KINAL Against KKE Greek Solution MeRA25 103 In the United Kingdom the ratification of treaties is a royal prerogative of the monarch As such Parliament has no role or authority in ratifying treaties but the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 and the Ponsonby Rule require that treaties be laid before Parliament with an explanatory memorandum before ratification by the monarch 144 According to the Constitution the government must normally receive the approval of the parliament for binding international commitments of great importance but when the interest of Sweden so requires the government need only consult with the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs at the Royal Palace On 16 May 2022 the government informed the king that it intends to apply for membership in NATO during a meeting of the Advisory Council In favour SAP C M SD KD and L Against V and MP nbsp Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson handing the formal accession instrument to US Secretary of State Antony Blinken to make Swedish membership in NATO official On 7 March 2024 Sweden deposited its instrument of accession formally becoming a member of NATO 151 152 Shortly thereafter a press conference was held in Washington D C with Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billstrom and US Secretary of State Antony Blinken 153 154 Obstacles in Turkey s process edit This article appears to be slanted towards recent events Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non recent events March 2024 Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan voiced his opposition to Finland and Sweden joining NATO saying that it would be impossible for Turkey to support their application while the two countries allow groups which Turkey classifies as terrorist organisations to operate on their territory including the Kurdish militant groups Kurdistan Workers Party PKK Kurdistan Communities Union KCK Democratic Union Party Syria PYD and People s Defense Units YPG and the supporters of Fethullah Gulen a US based Muslim cleric accused by Turkey of orchestrating a failed 2016 Turkish coup d etat attempt 155 156 157 The PKK is also on the EU s list of terrorist organisations and Sweden was the first country after Turkey to label them as such in 1984 158 159 Turkey has requested the extradition of several members of the PKK from the Nordic countries 160 People whom Turkey has requested to be extradited include independent Member of the Swedish Parliament Amineh Kakabaveh for her support of Kurdish organisations 161 writer and poet Mehmet Sirac Bilgin who died in 2015 162 163 and the Turkish publisher and human rights activist Ragip Zarakolu 164 165 In addition the Turkish government has demanded that the arms embargo imposed by the Finnish and Swedish governments in response to its 2019 Turkish offensive into north eastern Syria against the YPG be lifted 166 and the dismissal of defence minister Peter Hultqvist because he met in 2011 with members of the PKK 167 Turkey s demands for extradition of Kurdish and other political dissidents has been met with hostility by Kurdish activists and some human rights organisations for Turkey s poor human rights record and suppression of the Kurdish minority in Turkey 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 On 14 May 2022 Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu said These two countries Finland and Sweden very openly support the PKK and YPG 175 nbsp US President Joe Biden with Finnish President Sauli Niinisto and Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson 19 May 2022 On 15 May 2022 Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto and Swedish Foreign Minister Ann Linde announced that they are ready to address Turkey s security concerns and have always condemned terrorism 176 177 On 17 May 2022 German Chancellor Olaf Scholz called on Turkey to approve Finland and Sweden s NATO membership 178 On 18 May 2022 Turkey quickly prevented Finland and Sweden from starting NATO membership negotiations 179 On 19 May Finland and Sweden announced that they could address Turkey s security concerns 180 On the same day Finnish President Sauli Niinisto and Swedish then Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson announced that they were always ready for talks with Turkey 181 On 21 May 2022 Andersson after a phone call with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan told Swedish state television SVT that they were ready for dialogue with Turkey on Sweden s NATO membership 182 On 24 May 2022 Finland and Sweden decided to send a delegation to meet with Turkey Jukka Salovaara from Finland Oscar Stenstrom from Sweden Ibrahim Kalin and Sedat Onal from Turkey are serving in the memorandum negotiations 183 184 The first meeting of the delegations of Finland Sweden and Turkey was held on 25 May 2022 in Ankara Turkey 185 Opposition parties CHP and HDP in Turkey announced that they support the membership of Finland and Sweden 186 187 The ruling parties in Turkey the AKP and MHP have announced that they would not support the membership of Finland and Sweden 188 189 The position of the governing Social Democratic Party is complicated by the fact that it relies on the support of Kakabaveh who is of Iranian Kurdish descent 190 to retain the confidence of the Riksdag for their minority government 167 Kakabaveh was a member of the Kurdish guerrilla Komala in Iran since her youth and took refuge in Sweden at the age of nineteen In the 2021 Swedish government crisis Kakabaveh only agreed to support the formation of a government headed by Magdalena Andersson after some political demands concerning support for Syrian Kurds were met 191 She is opposed to the NATO accession of Sweden because of her own experiences of war and is a defender of the Swedish policy of non alignment 192 In May she declared that she would no longer support the governing Swedish Social Democratic Party in important votes in the parliament since she considered parts of the previous agreement had not been followed 193 Ibrahim Kalin spokesman for Erdogan said that approving Swedish membership was not being ruled out but that the status of these groups was a matter of national security for Turkey and that negotiation would be required 194 However after Ibrahim Kalin s statement Erdogan reiterated his threat to block Finland s and Sweden s membership applications 195 NATO leadership and the United States said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries accession process Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations integration 196 On 20 May Ann Linde Sweden s minister for foreign affairs pushed back against Erdogan s claim they support PKK calling it disinformation and pointing out Sweden listed PKK as a terrorist organisation in 1984 while the EU followed suit in 2002 157 Spokesperson Ibrahim Kalin who led the talks on behalf of Turkey stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey s expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them 197 After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with their Turkish counterparts Erdogan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid since the same day the talks were held in Ankara Salih Muslim who is considered a terrorist by Erdogan appeared on Swedish television 198 199 Nationalist Movement Party leader Devlet Bahceli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option 200 in which case a new military alliance could be founded 201 In late May 2022 opposition leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close the Incirlik Airbase the CHP would support this 201 To address Turkey s concerns in June Sweden pointed to reforms to its anti terrorism laws which were to come into force on 1 July although delayed by human rights groups and announced that it would review its policies on weapons exports to reflect its NATO membership 167 202 Meanwhile Finnish president Sauli Niinisto stated that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden and that the two countries would join NATO hand in hand 203 At the 2022 Madrid summit Andersson Niinisto and Erdogan signed an agreement to address Turkey s security concerns 204 205 and Niinisto announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden 206 While NATO members unanimously agreed to formally invite the countries to join the following day and the accession protocols for Sweden and Finland to join the alliance were signed on 5 July 207 Erdogan reiterated his threat to veto their membership stating that he expected the applicant countries to meet their obligations under the agreement before Turkish parliament would consider approving their accession protocol 208 209 nbsp Flags of Turkey and Sweden Finland Sweden and Turkey held the first of five trilateral memorandum meeting on 26 August 2022 in Vantaa Finland 210 Finland Sweden Turkey memorandum meetings Date City Country 26 August 2022 Vantaa Finland 25 November 2022 Stockholm Sweden 9 March 2023 Brussels Belgium 14 June 2023 Ankara Turkey 6 July 2023 Brussels Belgium The center right government formed after the September 2022 Swedish general elections pledged to continue the NATO process reaffirming a united front with Finland s application and suggesting that they would be more able to meet Turkish requirements 211 Shortly after winning the new government lifted Sweden s embargo on weapons exports to Turkey 212 The second trilateral meeting on was on 25 November 2022 in Stockholm 213 On 8 January 2023 Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson stated that Turkey both confirms that we have done what we said we would do but they also say that they want things that we cannot or do not want to give them with additional negotiations planned for later that month and sometime later in the spring of 2023 214 In January 2023 and in view of the continued Turkish refusal to agree to Swedish NATO membership Jimmie Akesson of the Sweden Democrats reasoned that there were limits to how far Sweden would go to appease Turkey because it is ultimately an anti democratic system and a dictator we are dealing with 215 On 23 January 2023 Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar announced that Turkey fully fulfilled the tripartite memorandum while Finland and Sweden did not In addition Akar announced that they expect Finland and Sweden to fully comply with the triple memorandum 216 Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan announced that he would not look favourably on Sweden s NATO membership 217 In the meantime Akar said the visit of the Swedish defence chief was cancelled due to the provocative act which is clearly a hate crime citing the permission of burning the Quran 218 The third trilateral meeting was to have been held in Brussels Belgium in February 2023 219 but the series was paused upon Turkey s request in January 220 221 Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto noted that the meetings would likely be suspended until after the parliamentary and presidential elections in Turkey 222 The third meeting took place on 9 March 2023 in Brussels 223 224 after which Sweden s chief negotiator Oscar Stenstrom stated that membership talks with Turkey would take a long time 225 The fourth trilateral meeting was on 14 June 2023 in Ankara 226 and the fifth was on 6 July 2023 in Brussels 227 nbsp Danish Swedish far right politician Rasmus Paludan burned the Koran in front of the Turkish embassy in Stockholm during a demonstration on 21 January 2023 On 1 February 2023 Erdogan announced that Turkey had a positive view of Finland s NATO membership but not Sweden s due to Sweden allowing a demonstration by far right politician Rasmus Paludan wherein he burnt a copy of the Quran 228 In March 2023 Jens Stoltenberg pushed for Hungary and Turkey to finalise the accession of Finland and Sweden by the July summit 229 On 15 March Erdogan and Turkish officials indicated that Finland s application would be approved in mid April while Sweden s would be approved independently 230 While Finland s Prime Minister Sanna Marin originally stated that it was very important for us of course that Finland and Sweden would join NATO hand in hand with Turkey continuing to raise concerns with Sweden and an April election due in Finland the Finnish government decided to proceed independently if all NATO members approved their membership 231 232 233 The United States Congress refused to approve a Turkish purchase of F 16 fighter jets because of the Swedish NATO membership issue 234 Analysts said that aid and financing required to respond to the 2023 Turkey Syria earthquake increased the importance of good relations with Western countries They noted agreement would be easier after a Swedish anti terrorism law took effect on 1 June and after Turkish elections in May 235 Just prior to the NATO summit in Vilnius in July 2023 Erdogan linked Sweden s accession to NATO membership to Turkey s application for EU membership Turkey had applied for EU membership in 1999 but talks made little progress since 2016 236 237 nbsp Swedish Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson with U S President Joe Biden in Washington D C on 5 July 2023 On 10 July 2023 NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg announced that Sweden had agreed to provide Turkey a roadmap to its full implementation of their 2022 agreement to fight terrorism and would support Turkey s effort to restart EU membership negotiation update of the EU Turkey Customs Union and secure visa liberalisation In return Turkey agreed to bring forward Sweden s accession into NATO to the Turkish parliament 238 239 However Erdogan later said it would not be passed in October due to a parliamentary recess 240 By September 2023 Hungary and Turkey again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden s membership Erdogan said Turkey could not approve its membership so long as Quran burnings and Kurdish protests in the country continued 241 Erdogan objected to the US government making the sale of F 16 to Turkey conditional on approving Sweden s NATO accession 242 though later said that Turkey would approve the accession protocol if they received the fighter jets 243 However on 23 October 2023 Erdogan approved Sweden s pending NATO membership bid and sent the accession protocol to the Turkish Parliament for ratification 244 Two days later Turkey s parliamentary speaker Numan Kurtulmus sent a bill approving Sweden s NATO membership bid to parliament s foreign affairs committee 245 The committee discussed the ratification on 16 November 2023 but a decision was deferred 246 with a request for Sweden to produce a written roadmap to implement its anti terrorism commitments 247 248 On 16 November 2023 Turkish Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Burak Akcapar announced that the sixth meeting of the Turkey Finland Sweden tripartite memorandum will be held in Finland during the discussion of Sweden s accession protocol of the Turkish parliament s foreign affairs commission 249 The USA indicated that the fighter jets would be sent after Turkish approval and Sweden vowed to help Turkey s EU bid 250 On 1 December 2023 Jens Stoltenberg told Erdogan at a meeting in the United Arab Emirates that the time has come to let Sweden become a member of NATO 251 In December 2023 Erdogan stated that Canada should lift its embargo on the export of arms to Turkey which was imposed in 2020 due to evidence they were being used by Azerbaijan in the Second Nagorno Karabakh War in exchange for Turkey s ratification of Sweden s NATO membership 252 Turkish negotiators led by Fuat Oktay the head of the Turkish parliament s foreign affairs committee stated on 11 December that they were in no rush to allow the accession of Sweden and stated that the sale of F 16s to Turkey as a conditional for Swedish accession was only delaying the process and that the sale and Swedish accession should take place simultaneously 253 On 14 December 2023 Joe Biden talked with Erdogan over the phone discussing the F 16 sale Swedish accession and the 2023 Israel Hamas war 254 Ultimately the committee approved Sweden s accession on 26 December 2023 sending it to the National Assembly for final approval 255 On 16 January the Turkish parliament s session opened with Swedish accession as the last of 42 items on the agenda 256 A vote on 23 January 2024 effected the parliament s approval 257 and Erdogan gave presidential assent on 25 January 258 The following day after the instrument of ratification was formally deposited 259 the United States Department of State started the process of selling F 16s to Turkey 260 On 29 January Canada lifted its arms embargo on Turkey 261 Obstacles in Hungary s process edit On 24 November 2022 Hungary s Prime Minister Viktor Orban announced he was backing Sweden and Finland s accession to NATO promising Hungary would ratify NATO membership in January 2023 262 but later delayed ratification for over a year On 13 December 2022 Gergely Gulyas Orban s chief of staff stated that parliament would start debating the ratification process of Sweden and Finland s NATO accession on 20 February 2023 263 On 1 March 2023 Orban reiterated his and his party Fidesz s support for both Finland and Sweden s NATO membership He objected to their support for the EU s freezing of funds for Hungary due to concerns about rule of law and corruption Orban said it s not right for them to ask us to take them on board while they re spreading blatant lies about Hungary about the rule of law in Hungary about democracy about life here 264 A Hungarian delegation was sent to both countries to discuss the issue 265 266 On 4 July 2023 Hungary s Foreign Minister announced that they would approve Sweden s NATO membership once Turkey had 267 268 and when Turkey confirmed support for Sweden s membership Orban stated that Hungary would no longer block progress 269 However by September 2023 both countries again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden s membership Fidesz politicians raised objections to membership after some Swedish politicians criticised the Hungarian government for democratic backsliding 270 271 On 23 January 2024 Orban sent a letter to Swedish Prime Minister Kristersson inviting him to Budapest to negotiate Sweden s accession into NATO 272 However Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billstrom rejected the call for negotiations stating that although he was open to a constructive conversation there was no reason to do so 273 On 24 January 2024 Orban reaffirmed the Hungarian government s support for Sweden s NATO membership and would urge the Hungarian National Assembly to approve it at the earliest opportunity 274 On 25 January 2024 Kristersson invited Orban to discuss Sweden s membership application in Brussels at the upcoming meeting of the European Council 275 Following the meeting Kristersson stated that he would meet with Orban in Budapest after Sweden s NATO membership application was approved 276 Agnes Vadai of Hungarian opposition party Democratic Coalition expressed a desire to force a vote in the parliament prior to the body s scheduled reconvening in late February 277 On 29 January 278 the opposition parties in Hungary again called for a special session of parliament to vote on ratifying Sweden s application 279 which was scheduled for 5 February 2024 However Fidesz members including Orban 280 arranged not to attend 281 282 preventing the vote from occurring 283 Fidesz head Mate Kocsis stated that the ratification could instead occur later in the month during a normal parliamentary session and Orban encouraged a Swedish delegation to visit Hungary to expedite the process 280 On 17 February Orban said the Hungarian Parliament could ratify Sweden s NATO accession at the start of the spring session 284 285 the motion was indeed scheduled for 26 February 286 287 On 23 February 2024 Kristersson visited Budapest to meet Orban and the leaders signed an agreement for Hungary to buy 4 new Saab JAS 39 Gripen C fighter jets from Sweden improving relations between the two countries 288 289 The motion to approve Sweden s accession into NATO overwhelmingly passed on the Hungarian parliament s opening day 26 February Of the 194 members of the parliament who voted 188 voted in favor of Sweden s accession while 6 voted against it Ulf Kristersson the prime minister of Sweden called it a historic day 290 The Hungarian ratification of Sweden s NATO membership took effect once the ratification instrument had been signed by the Speaker of the National Assembly and by the President of Hungary and the ratification instrument had been deposited 291 As Laszlo Kover had resigned as Speaker to become acting President after the resignation of Katalin Novak over a pardon scandal 292 the ratification was instead signed by the acting Speaker of the National Assembly Sandor Lezsak on 2 March 293 The legislation was forwarded to the president s office for promulgation where it was signed by the newly elected president Tamas Sulyok the day he took office on 5 March 291 294 On 7 March 2024 Hungary deposited its instrument of ratification 295 2024 present Swedish membership in NATO edit nbsp Finnish Coastal Jaegers loading equipment from the American amphibious ship USS Gunston Hall onto Swedish CB90 class fast assault craft during the NATO exercise Steadfast Defender 2024 in March 2024 A flag raising ceremony was held at NATO headquarters on 11 March and on 18 March Sweden organized two ceremonies One outside the Riksdag Building in Stockholm and one at Karlberg Palace hosted by the Supreme Commander 296 78 297 Sweden s in addition to Finland s NATO membership has greatly altered the strategic situation of the Baltic Sea 298 Sweden s membership facilitates NATO s access to the Baltic states in response to their invasion 299 which could otherwise be isolated and surrounded by an attack on the Suwalki Gap 300 better source needed See also edit nbsp Sweden portal nbsp Politics portal Foreign relations of Sweden Foreign relations of NATO Enlargement of NATO NATO open door policy European Union NATO relations Human rights in Sweden Finland NATO relations Member states of NATO Sweden s foreign relations with NATO member states edit nbsp Albania nbsp Belgium nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Canada nbsp Croatia nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Denmark nbsp Estonia nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Germany nbsp Greece nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp Italy nbsp Latvia nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Montenegro nbsp Netherlands nbsp North Macedonia nbsp Norway nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp Romania nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Spain nbsp Turkey nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United StatesReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Sweden and NATO Sweden officially joins NATO ending decades of post World War II neutrality AP News 7 March 2024 Retrieved 7 March 2024 a b Sweden a history of neutrality ends after 200 years The Conversation 26 May 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2024 Sweden hasn t gone to war since Napoleon was alive but Russia has it preparing for another one Business Insider 6 May 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2024 a b Swedish neutrality How long can it last Danube Institute 21 March 2022 Retrieved 7 March 2024 Agius Christine 2006 The social construction of Swedish neutrality Challenges to 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