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Russian fairy tale

August 28, 2023

"Skazka" redirects here. For the 2022 film, see Fairytale (film).

A Russian fairy tale or folktale (Russian: ска́зка; skazka; "story"; plural Russian: ска́зки, romanized: skazki) is a fairy tale from Russia.

Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf (Zvorykin)

Various sub-genres of skazka exist. A volshebnaya skazka [волше́бная ска́зка] (literally "magical tale") is considered a magical tale.[1][need quotation to verify] Skazki o zhivotnykh are tales about animals and bytovye skazki are tales about household life. These variations of skazki give the term more depth and detail different types of folktales.

Similarly to Western European traditions, especially the German-language collection published by the Brothers Grimm, Russian folklore was first collected by scholars and systematically studied in the 19th century. Russian fairy tales and folk tales were cataloged (compiled, grouped, numbered and published) by Alexander Afanasyev in his 1850s Narodnye russkie skazki. Scholars of folklore still refer to his collected texts when citing the number of a skazka plot. An exhaustive analysis of the stories, describing the stages of their plots and the classification of the characters based on their functions, was developed later, in the first half of the 20th century, by Vladimir Propp (1895-1970).

History Edit

Appearing in the latter half of the eighteenth century, fairy tales became widely popular as they spread throughout the country. Literature was considered an important factor in the education of Russian children who were meant to grow from the moral lessons in the tales. During the 18th Century Romanticism period, poets such as Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Yershov began to define the Russian folk spirit with their stories. Throughout the 1860s, despite the rise of Realism, fairy tales still remained a beloved source of literature which drew inspiration from writers such as Hans Christian Andersen.[2]

 
Popular fairy tale writer, Alexander Afanasyev

Effects of Communism Edit

Fairy tales were thought to have a strong influence over children which is why Joseph Stalin decided to place restrictions upon the literature distributed under his rule. The tales created in the mid 1900s were used to impose Socialist beliefs and values as seen in numerous popular stories.[3] In comparison to stories from past centuries, fairy tales in the USSR had taken a more modern spin as seen in tales such as in Anatoliy Mityaev's Grishka and the Astronaut. Past tales such as Alexander Afanasyev's The Midnight Dance involved nobility and focused on romance.[4] Grishka and the Astronaut, though, examines modern Russian's passion to travel through space as seen in reality with the Space Race between Russia and the United States.[5] The new tales included a focus on innovations and inventions that could help characters in place of magic which was often used as a device in past stories.

Influences Edit

 
Russian kids listening to a new fairy tale

In Russia, the fairy tale is one sub-genre of folklore and is usually told in the form of a short story. They are used to express different aspects of the Russian culture. In Russia, fairy tales were propagated almost exclusively orally, until the 17th century, as written literature was reserved for religious purposes.[6] In their oral form, fairy tales allowed the freedom to explore the different methods of narration. The separation from written forms led Russians to develop techniques that were effective at creating dramatic and interesting stories. Such techniques have developed into consistent elements now found in popular literary works; They distinguish the genre of Russian fairy tales. Fairy tales were not confined to a particular socio-economic class and appealed to mass audiences, which resulted in them becoming a trademark of Russian culture.[7]

Cultural influences on Russian fairy tales have been unique and based on imagination. Isaac Bashevis Singer, a Polish-American author and Nobel Prize winner, claims that, “You don't ask questions about a tale, and this is true for the folktales of all nations. They were not told as fact or history but as a means to entertain the listener, whether he was a child or an adult. Some contain a moral, others seem amoral or even antimoral, Some constitute fables on man's follies and mistakes, others appear pointless." They were created to entertain the reader.[8]

Russian fairy tales are extremely popular and are still used to inspire artistic works today. The Sleeping Beauty is still played in New York at the American Ballet Theatre and has roots to original Russian fairy tales from 1890. Mr. Ratmansky’s, the artist-in-residence for the play, gained inspiration for the play's choreography from its Russian background.[9]

Formalism Edit

From the 1910s through the 1930s, a wave of literary criticism emerged in Russia, called Russian formalism by critics of the new school of thought.[10]

Analysis Edit

Many different approaches of analyzing the morphology of the fairy tale have appeared in scholarly works. Differences in analyses can arise between synchronic and diachronic approaches.[11][12] Other differences can come from the relationship between story elements. After elements are identified, a structuralist can propose relationships between those elements. A paradigmatic relationship between elements is associative in nature whereas a syntagmatic relationship refers to the order and position of the elements relative to the other elements.[12]

 
A Russian Garland of Fairy Tales

Motif Edit

Before the period of Russian formalism, beginning in 1910, Alexander Veselovksky called the motif the "simplest narrative unit."[13] Veselovsky proposed that the different plots of a folktale arise from the unique combinations of motifs.

Motif analysis was also part of Stith Thompson's approach to folkloristics.[14] Thompson's research into the motifs of folklore culminated in the publication of the Motif-Index of Folk Literature.[15]

Structural Edit

In 1919, Viktor Shklovsky published his essay titled "The Relationship Between Devices of Plot Construction and General Devices of Style".[13] As a major proponent during Russian formalism,[16] Shklovsky was one of the first scholars to criticize the failing methods of literary analysis and report on a syntagmatic approach to folktales. In his essay he claims, "It is my purpose to stress not so much the similarity of motifs, which I consider of little significance, as the similarity in the plot schemata."[13]

Syntagmatic analysis, championed by Vladimir Propp, is the approach in which the elements of the fairy tale are analyzed in the order that they appear in the story. Wanting to overcome what he thought was arbitrary and subjective analysis of folklore by motif,[17] Propp published his book Morphology of the Folktale in 1928.[16] The book specifically states that Propp finds a dilemma in Veselovsky's definition of a motif; it fails because it can be broken down into smaller units, contradicting its definition.[7] In response, Propp pioneered a specific breakdown that can be applied to most Aarne-Thompson type tales classified with numbers 300-749.[7][18] This methodology gives rise to Propp's 31 functions, or actions, of the fairy tale.[18] Propp proposes that the functions are the fundamental units the story and that there are exactly 31 distinct functions. He observed in his analysis of 100 Russian fairy tales that tales almost always adhere to the order of the functions. The traits of the characters, or dramatis personae, involved in the actions are second to the action actually being carried out. This also follows his finding that while some functions may be missing between different stories, the order is kept the same for all the Russian fairy tales he analyzed.[7]

Alexander Nikiforov, like Shklovsky and Propp, was a folklorist in 1920s Soviet Russia. His early work also identified the benefits of a syntagmatic analysis of fairy tale elements. In his 1926 paper titled "The Morphological Study of Folklore", Nikiforov states that "Only the functions of the character, which constitute his dramatic role in the folk tale, are invariable."[13] Since Nikiforov's essay was written almost 2 years before Propp's publication of Morphology of the Folktale[19], scholars have speculated that the idea of the function, widely attributed to Propp, could have first been recognized by Nikiforov.[20] One source claims that Nikiforov's work was "not developed into a systematic analysis of syntagmatics" and failed to "keep apart structural principles and atomistic concepts".[17] Nikiforov's work on folklore morphology was never pursued beyond his paper.[19]

Writers and collectors Edit

Alexander Afanasyev Edit

Alexander Afanasyev began writing fairy tales at a time when folklore was viewed as simple entertainment. His interest in folklore stemmed from his interest in ancient Slavic mythology. During the 1850s, Afanasyev began to record part of his collection from tales dating to Boguchar, his birthplace. More of his collection came from the work of Vladimir Dhal and the Russian Geographical Society who collected tales from all around the Russian Empire.[21] Afanasyev was a part of the few who attempted to create a written collection of Russian folklore. This lack in collections of folklore was due to the control that the Church Slavonic had on printed literature in Russia, which allowed for only religious texts to be spread. To this, Afanasyev replied, “There is a million times more morality, truth and human love in my folk legends than in the sanctimonious sermons delivered by Your Holiness!”[22]

Between 1855 and 1863, Afanasyev edited Popular Russian Tales[Narodnye russkie skazki], which had been modeled after the Grimm's Tales. This publication had a vast cultural impact over Russian scholars by establishing a desire for folklore studies in Russia. The rediscovery of Russian folklore through written text led to a generation of great Russian authors to come forth. Some of these authors include Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Folktales were quickly produced in written text and adapted. Since the production of this collection, Russian tales remain understood and recognized all over Russia.[21]

Alexander Pushkin Edit

Alexander Pushkin is known as one of Russia’s leading writers and poets.[23] He is known for popularizing fairy tales in Russia and changed Russian literature by writing stories no one before him could.[24] Pushkin is considered Russia’s Shakespeare as, during a time when most of the Russian population was illiterate, he gave Russian’s the ability to desire in a less-strict Christian and a more pagan way through his fairy tales.[25]

Pushkin gained his love for Russian fairy tales from his childhood nurse, Ariana Rodionovna, who told him stories from her village when he was young.[26] His stories served importance to Russians past his death in 1837, especially during times political turmoil during the start of the 20th century, in which, “Pushkin’s verses gave children the Russian language in its most perfect magnificence, a language which they may never hear or speak again, but which will remain with them as an eternal treasure.”[27]

The value of his fairy tales was established a hundred years after Pushkin’s death when the Soviet Union declared him a national poet. Pushkin’s work was previously banned during the Czarist rule. During the Soviet Union, his tales were seen acceptable for education, since Pushkin’s fairy tales spoke of the poor class and had anti-clerical tones.[28]

Corpus Edit

According to scholarship, some of "most popular or most significant" types of Russian Magic Tales (or Wonder Tales) are the following:[a][30]

Tale number Russian classification Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index Grouping Examples Notes
300 The Winner of the Snake The Dragon-Slayer
301 The Three Kingdoms The Three Stolen Princesses The Norka; Dawn, Midnight and Twilight [b]
302 Kashchei’s Death in an Egg Ogre's (Devil's) Heart in the Egg The Death of Koschei the Deathless
307 The Girl Who Rose from the Grave The Princess in the Coffin Viy [c]
313 Magic Escape The Magic Flight The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise [d]
315 The Feigned Illness (beast’s milk) The Faithless Sister
325 Crafty Knowledge The Magician and his Pupil [e]
327 Children at Baba Yaga’s Hut Children and the Ogre
327C Ivanusha and the Witch The Devil (Witch) Carries the Hero Home in a Sack [f]
400 The husband looks for his wife, who has disappeared or been stolen (or a wife searches for her husband) The Man on a Quest for The Lost Wife The Maiden Tsar
461 Mark the Rich Three Hairs of the Devil's Beard The Story of Three Wonderful Beggars (Serbian); Vassili The Unlucky [g]
465 The Beautiful Wife The Man persecuted because of his beautiful wife Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What [h]
480 Stepmother and Stepdaughter The Kind and Unkind Girls Vasilissa the Beautiful
519 The Blind Man and the Legless Man The Strong Woman as Bride (Brunhilde) [i][j][k]
531 The Little Hunchback Horse The Clever Horse The Humpbacked Horse; The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa [l]
545B Puss in Boots The Cat as Helper
555 Kitten-Gold Forehead (a gold fish, a magical tree) The Fisherman and His Wife The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish [m][n]
560 The Magic Ring The Magic Ring [o][p]
567 The Marvelous Bird The Magic Bird-Heart
650A Ivan the Bear’s Ear Strong John
706 The Handless The Maiden Without Hands
707 The Tale of Tsar Saltan [Marvelous Children] The Three Golden Children Tale of Tsar Saltan, The Wicked Sisters [q]
709 The Dead Tsarina or The Dead Tsarevna Snow White The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights [r]

Footnotes Edit

  1. ^ Propp's The Russian Folktale lists types 301, 302, 307, 315, 325, 327, 400, 461, 465, 519, 545B, 555, 560, 567 and 707.[29]
  2. ^ A preliminary report by Nikolai P. Andreyev declared that type 301, "The Three Kingdoms and the Stolen Princesses", was among the "most popular types" in Russia, with 45 variants. The type was also the second "most frequently collected in Ukraine", with 31 texts.[31]
  3. ^ French folklorist Paul Delarue noticed that the tale type, despite existing "throughout Europe", is well known in Russia, where it found "its favorite soil".[32] Likewise, Jack Haney stated that type 307 was "most common" among East Slavs.[33]
  4. ^ A preliminary report by Nikolai P. Andreyev declared that type 313, "The Magic Flight", was among the "most popular types" in Russia, with 41 variants. The type was also the "most frequently collected" in Ukraine, with 37 texts.[34]
  5. ^ Commenting on a Russian tale collected in the 20th century, Richard Dorson stated that the type was "one of the most widespread Russian Märchen".[35] In the East Slavic populations, scholarship registers 42 Russian variants, 25 Ukrainian and 10 Belarrussian.[36]
  6. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, this type of a fishing boy and a witch "[is] common among the various East European peoples."[37]
  7. ^ According to Jack Haney, the tale type is popular among the East Slavs[38]
  8. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, the tale type, including previous type AaTh 465A, is "especially common in Russia".[39]
  9. ^ Russian researcher Dobrovolskaya Varvara Evgenievna stated that tale type ATU 519 (SUS 519) "belongs to the core of" the Russian tale corpus, due to "the presence of numerous variants".[40]
  10. ^ Following Löwis de Menar's study, Walter Puchner concluded on its diffusion especially in the East Slavic area.[41]
  11. ^ Stith Thompson also located this tale type across Russia and the Baltic regions.[42]
  12. ^ According to Jack Haney, the tale type "is extremely popular in all three branches of East Slavic".[43]
  13. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, this type is "common among the East Slavs".[44]
  14. ^ The variation on the wish-giving entity is also attested in Estonia, whose variants register a golden fish, crayfish, or a sacred tree.[45]
  15. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, the tale type is "very common in all the East Slavic traditions".[46]
  16. ^ Wolfram Eberhard reported "45 variants in Russia alone".[47]
  17. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, the tale type is "a very common East Slavic type".[48]
  18. ^ According to professor Jack V. Haney, the tale type is "especially common in Russian and Ukrainian".[49]

References Edit

  1. ^ "Magic tale (volshebnaia skazka), also called fairy tale". Kononenko, Natalie (2007). Slavic Folklore: A Handbook. Greenwood Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-313-33610-2.
  2. ^ Hellman, Ben. Fairy Tales and True Stories : the History of Russian Literature for Children and Young People (1574-2010). Brill, 2013.
  3. ^ Oinas, Felix J. “Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union.” Slavic Review, vol. 32, no. 1, 1973, pp. 45–58. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2494072.
  4. ^ Afanasyev, Alexander. “The Midnight Dance.” The Shoes That Were Danced to Pieces, 1855, www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0306.html.
  5. ^ Mityayev, Anatoli. Grishka and the Astronaut. Translated by Ronald Vroon, Progress, 1981.
  6. ^ Nikolajeva, Maria (2002). "Fairy Tales in Society's Service". Marvels & Tales. 16 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1353/mat.2002.0024. ISSN 1521-4281. JSTOR 41388626. S2CID 163086804.
  7. ^ a b c d Propp, V. I︠A︡. Morphology of the folktale. ISBN 9780292783768. OCLC 1020077613.
  8. ^ Singer, Isaac Bashevis (1975-11-16). "Russian Fairy Tales". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  9. ^ Greskovic, Robert (2015-06-02). "'The Sleeping Beauty' Review: Back to Its Russian Roots". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
  10. ^ Erlich, Victor (1973). "Russian Formalism". Journal of the History of Ideas. 34 (4): 627–638. doi:10.2307/2708893. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2708893.
  11. ^ Saussure, Ferdinand de (2011). Course in general linguistics. Baskin, Wade., Meisel, Perry., Saussy, Haun, 1960-. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231527958. OCLC 826479070.
  12. ^ a b Berger, Arthur Asa (February 2018). Media analysis techniques. ISBN 9781506366210. OCLC 1000297853.
  13. ^ a b c d Murphy, Terence Patrick (2015). The Fairytale and Plot Structure. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9781137547088. OCLC 944065310.
  14. ^ Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. 34 (3): 195–202. ISSN 0737-7037. JSTOR 3814885.
  15. ^ Kuehnel, Richard; Lencek, Rado. "What is a Folklore Motif?". www.aktuellum.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  16. ^ a b Propp, V. I︠A︡.; Пропп, В. Я. (Владимир Яковлевич), 1895-1970 (2012). The Russian folktale by Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814337219. OCLC 843208720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ a b Maranda, Pierre (1974). Soviet structural folkloristics. Meletinskiĭ, E. M. (Eleazar Moiseevich), Jilek, Wolfgang. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-9027926838. OCLC 1009096.
  18. ^ a b Aguirre, Manuel (October 2011). "AN OUTLINE OF PROPP'S MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF FAIRYTALES" (PDF). Tools and Frames – via The Northanger Library Project.
  19. ^ a b Oinas, Felix J. (2019). The Study of Russian Folklore. Soudakoff, Stephen. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISBN 9783110813913. OCLC 1089596763.
  20. ^ Oinas, Felix J. (1973). "Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union". Slavic Review. 32 (1): 45–58. doi:10.2307/2494072. ISSN 0037-6779. JSTOR 2494072.
  21. ^ a b Levchin, Sergey (2014-04-28). "Russian Folktales from the Collection of A. Afanasyev : A Dual-Language Book". ProQuest.
  22. ^ Davidson, H. R. Ellis; Chaudhri, Anna, eds. (2006). A companion to the fairy tale. ISBN 9781782045519. OCLC 960947251.
  23. ^ Briggs, A. D. P. (1991). Alexander Pushkin : a critical study. The Bristol Press. ISBN 978-1853991721. OCLC 611246966.
  24. ^ Alexander S. Pushkin, Zimniaia Doroga, ed. by Irina Tokmakova (Moscow: Detskaia Literatura, 1972).
  25. ^ Bethea, David M. (2010). Realizing Metaphors : Alexander Pushkin and the Life of the Poet. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299159733. OCLC 929159387.
  26. ^ Davidson, H. R. Ellis; Chaudhri, Anna, eds. (2006). A companion to the fairy tale. ISBN 9781782045519. OCLC 960947251.
  27. ^ Akhmatova, “Pushkin i deti,” radio broadcast script prepared in 1963, published in Literaturnaya Gazeta, May 1, 1974.
  28. ^ Nikolajeva, Maria. "Fairy Tales in Society's Service." Marvels & Tales (2002): 171-187.
  29. ^ The Russian Folktale by Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp. Edited and Translated by Sibelan Forrester. Foreword by Jack Zipes. Wayne State University Press, 2012. p. 215. ISBN 9780814334669.
  30. ^ Anglickienė, Laima. Slavic Folklore: DIDACTICAL GUIDELINES. Kaunas: Vytautas Magnus University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Cultural Studies and Ethnology. 2013. p. 125. ISBN 978-9955-21-352-9.
  31. ^ Andrejev, Nikolai P. "A Characterization of the Ukrainian Tale Corpus". In: Fabula 1, no. 2 (1958): 233. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1958.1.2.228
  32. ^ Delarue, Paul. The Borzoi Book of French Folk-Tales. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1956. p. 386.
  33. ^ Haney, Jack V.; with Sibelan Forrester. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume III. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2021. p. 536.
  34. ^ Andrejev, Nikolai P. "A Characterization of the Ukrainian Tale Corpus". In: Fabula 1, no. 2 (1958): 233. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabl.1958.1.2.228
  35. ^ Dorson, Richard M. Folktales told around the world. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press. 1978. p. 68. ISBN 0-226-15874-8.
  36. ^ Горяева, Б. Б. (2011). "Сюжет «Волшебник и его ученик» (at 325) в калмыцкой сказочной традиции". In: Oriental Studies (2): 153. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/syuzhet-volshebnik-i-ego-uchenik-at-325-v-kalmytskoy-skazochnoy-traditsii (дата обращения: 24.09.2021).
  37. ^ The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas’ev: Volume I. Edited by Haney Jack V. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014. pp. 491-510. Accessed August 18, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhm7n.115.
  38. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. p. 554. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.
  39. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. p. 538. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.
  40. ^ Добровольская Варвара Евгеньевна (2018). "Сказка "слепой и безногий" (сус 519) в репертуаре русских сказочников: фольклорная реализация литературного сюжета". Вопросы русской литературы, (4 (46/103)): 93-113 (111). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/skazka-slepoy-i-beznogiy-sus-519-v-repertuare-russkih-skazochnikov-folklornaya-realizatsiya-literaturnogo-syuzheta (дата обращения: 01.09.2021).
  41. ^ Krauss, Friedrich Salomo; Volkserzählungen der Südslaven: Märchen und Sagen, Schwänke, Schnurren und erbauliche Geschichten. Burt, Raymond I. and Puchner, Walter (eds). Böhlau Verlag Wien. 2002. p. 615. ISBN 9783205994572.
  42. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 185. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  43. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Russian Folktale: v. 4: Russian Wondertales 2 - Tales of Magic and the Supernatural. New York: Routledge. 2015 [2001]. p. 434. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315700076
  44. ^ The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas’ev: Volume I. Edited by Haney Jack V. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014. pp. 491-510. Accessed August 18, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qhm7n.115.
  45. ^ Monumenta Estoniae antiquae V. Eesti muinasjutud. I: 2. Koostanud Risto Järv, Mairi Kaasik, Kärri Toomeos-Orglaan. Toimetanud Inge Annom, Risto Järv, Mairi Kaasik, Kärri Toomeos-Orglaan. Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Teaduskirjastus, 2014. p. 718. ISBN 978-9949-544-19-6.
  46. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. p. 538. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.
  47. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram. Folktales of China. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1956. p. 143.
  48. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. pp. 536-556. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.
  49. ^ Haney, Jack V. The Complete Folktales of A. N. Afanas'ev. Volume II: Black Art and the Neo-Ancestral Impulse. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 2015. pp. 536-556. muse.jhu.edu/book/42506.

Further reading Edit

The Three Kingdoms (ATU 301):

  • Лызлова Анастасия Сергеевна (2019). Cказки о трех царствах (медном, серебряном и золотом) в лубочной литературе и фольклорной традиции [FAIRY TALES ABOUT THREE KINGDOMS (THE COPPER, SILVER AND GOLD ONES) IN POPULAR LITERATURE AND RUSSIAN FOLK TRADITION]. Проблемы исторической поэтики, 17 (1): 26-44. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ckazki-o-treh-tsarstvah-mednom-serebryanom-i-zolotom-v-lubochnoy-literature-i-folklornoy-traditsii (дата обращения: 24.09.2021). (In Russian)
  • Матвеева, Р. П. (2013). Русские сказки на сюжет «Три подземных царства» в сибирском репертуаре [RUSSIAN FAIRY TALES ON THE PLOT « THREE UNDERGROUND KINGDOMS» IN THE SIBERIAN REPERTOIRE]. Вестник Бурятского государственного университета. Философия, (10): 170-175. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/russkie-skazki-na-syuzhet-tri-podzemnyh-tsarstva-v-sibirskom-repertuare (дата обращения: 24.09.2021). (In Russian)
  • Терещенко Анна Васильевна (2017). Фольклорный сюжет «Три царства» в сопоставительном аспекте: на материале русских и селькупских сказок [COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOLKLORE PLOT “THREE STOLEN PRINCESSES”: RUSSIAN AND SELKUP FAIRY TALES DATA]. Вестник Томского государственного педагогического университета, (6 (183)): 128-134. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/folklornyy-syuzhet-tri-tsarstva-v-sopostavitelnom-aspekte-na-materiale-russkih-i-selkupskih-skazok (дата обращения: 24.09.2021). (In Russian)

Crafty Knowledge (ATU 325):

  • Трошкова Анна Олеговна (2019). "Сюжет "Хитрая наука" (сус 325) в русской волшебной сказке" [THE PLOT “THE MAGICIAN AND HIS PUPIL” (NO. 325 OF THE COMPARATIVE INDEX OF PLOTS) IN THE RUSSIAN FAIRY TALE]. Вестник Марийского государственного университета, 13 (1 (33)): 98-107. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/syuzhet-hitraya-nauka-sus-325-v-russkoy-volshebnoy-skazke (дата обращения: 24.09.2021). (In Russian)
  • Troshkova, A.O. "Plot CIP 325 Crafty Lore / ATU 325 «The Magician and His Pupil» in Catalogues of Tale Types by A. Aarne (1910), Aarne — Thompson (1928, 1961), G. Uther (2004), N. P. Andreev (1929) and L. G. Barag (1979)". In: Traditional culture. 2019. Vol. 20. No. 5. pp. 85—88. DOI: 10.26158/TK.2019.20.5.007 (In Russian).
  • Troshkova, A (2019). "The tale type 'The Magician and His Pupil' in East Slavic and West Slavic traditions (based on Russian and Lusatian ATU 325 fairy tales)". Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology. XXIII: 1022–1037. doi:10.30842/ielcp230690152376. (In Russian)

Mark the Rich or Marko Bogatyr (ATU 461):

External links Edit

  • Collection of Russian folk tales in Russian..

August 28, 2023
russian, fairy, tale, skazka, redirects, here, 2022, film, fairytale, film, folktale, russian, ска, зка, skazka, story, plural, russian, ска, зки, romanized, skazki, fairy, tale, from, russia, ivan, tsarevich, grey, wolf, zvorykin, various, genres, skazka, exi. Skazka redirects here For the 2022 film see Fairytale film A Russian fairy tale or folktale Russian ska zka skazka story plural Russian ska zki romanized skazki is a fairy tale from Russia Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf Zvorykin Various sub genres of skazka exist A volshebnaya skazka volshe bnaya ska zka literally magical tale is considered a magical tale 1 need quotation to verify Skazki o zhivotnykh are tales about animals and bytovye skazki are tales about household life These variations of skazki give the term more depth and detail different types of folktales Similarly to Western European traditions especially the German language collection published by the Brothers Grimm Russian folklore was first collected by scholars and systematically studied in the 19th century Russian fairy tales and folk tales were cataloged compiled grouped numbered and published by Alexander Afanasyev in his 1850s Narodnye russkie skazki Scholars of folklore still refer to his collected texts when citing the number of a skazka plot An exhaustive analysis of the stories describing the stages of their plots and the classification of the characters based on their functions was developed later in the first half of the 20th century by Vladimir Propp 1895 1970 Contents 1 History 1 1 Effects of Communism 2 Influences 2 1 Formalism 3 Analysis 3 1 Motif 3 2 Structural 4 Writers and collectors 4 1 Alexander Afanasyev 4 2 Alexander Pushkin 5 Corpus 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory EditAppearing in the latter half of the eighteenth century fairy tales became widely popular as they spread throughout the country Literature was considered an important factor in the education of Russian children who were meant to grow from the moral lessons in the tales During the 18th Century Romanticism period poets such as Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Yershov began to define the Russian folk spirit with their stories Throughout the 1860s despite the rise of Realism fairy tales still remained a beloved source of literature which drew inspiration from writers such as Hans Christian Andersen 2 Popular fairy tale writer Alexander AfanasyevEffects of Communism Edit Fairy tales were thought to have a strong influence over children which is why Joseph Stalin decided to place restrictions upon the literature distributed under his rule The tales created in the mid 1900s were used to impose Socialist beliefs and values as seen in numerous popular stories 3 In comparison to stories from past centuries fairy tales in the USSR had taken a more modern spin as seen in tales such as in Anatoliy Mityaev s Grishka and the Astronaut Past tales such as Alexander Afanasyev s The Midnight Dance involved nobility and focused on romance 4 Grishka and the Astronaut though examines modern Russian s passion to travel through space as seen in reality with the Space Race between Russia and the United States 5 The new tales included a focus on innovations and inventions that could help characters in place of magic which was often used as a device in past stories Influences Edit Russian kids listening to a new fairy taleIn Russia the fairy tale is one sub genre of folklore and is usually told in the form of a short story They are used to express different aspects of the Russian culture In Russia fairy tales were propagated almost exclusively orally until the 17th century as written literature was reserved for religious purposes 6 In their oral form fairy tales allowed the freedom to explore the different methods of narration The separation from written forms led Russians to develop techniques that were effective at creating dramatic and interesting stories Such techniques have developed into consistent elements now found in popular literary works They distinguish the genre of Russian fairy tales Fairy tales were not confined to a particular socio economic class and appealed to mass audiences which resulted in them becoming a trademark of Russian culture 7 Cultural influences on Russian fairy tales have been unique and based on imagination Isaac Bashevis Singer a Polish American author and Nobel Prize winner claims that You don t ask questions about a tale and this is true for the folktales of all nations They were not told as fact or history but as a means to entertain the listener whether he was a child or an adult Some contain a moral others seem amoral or even antimoral Some constitute fables on man s follies and mistakes others appear pointless They were created to entertain the reader 8 Russian fairy tales are extremely popular and are still used to inspire artistic works today The Sleeping Beauty is still played in New York at the American Ballet Theatre and has roots to original Russian fairy tales from 1890 Mr Ratmansky s the artist in residence for the play gained inspiration for the play s choreography from its Russian background 9 Formalism Edit From the 1910s through the 1930s a wave of literary criticism emerged in Russia called Russian formalism by critics of the new school of thought 10 Analysis EditMany different approaches of analyzing the morphology of the fairy tale have appeared in scholarly works Differences in analyses can arise between synchronic and diachronic approaches 11 12 Other differences can come from the relationship between story elements After elements are identified a structuralist can propose relationships between those elements A paradigmatic relationship between elements is associative in nature whereas a syntagmatic relationship refers to the order and position of the elements relative to the other elements 12 A Russian Garland of Fairy TalesMotif Edit Before the period of Russian formalism beginning in 1910 Alexander Veselovksky called the motif the simplest narrative unit 13 Veselovsky proposed that the different plots of a folktale arise from the unique combinations of motifs Motif analysis was also part of Stith Thompson s approach to folkloristics 14 Thompson s research into the motifs of folklore culminated in the publication of the Motif Index of Folk Literature 15 Structural Edit In 1919 Viktor Shklovsky published his essay titled The Relationship Between Devices of Plot Construction and General Devices of Style 13 As a major proponent during Russian formalism 16 Shklovsky was one of the first scholars to criticize the failing methods of literary analysis and report on a syntagmatic approach to folktales In his essay he claims It is my purpose to stress not so much the similarity of motifs which I consider of little significance as the similarity in the plot schemata 13 Syntagmatic analysis championed by Vladimir Propp is the approach in which the elements of the fairy tale are analyzed in the order that they appear in the story Wanting to overcome what he thought was arbitrary and subjective analysis of folklore by motif 17 Propp published his book Morphology of the Folktale in 1928 16 The book specifically states that Propp finds a dilemma in Veselovsky s definition of a motif it fails because it can be broken down into smaller units contradicting its definition 7 In response Propp pioneered a specific breakdown that can be applied to most Aarne Thompson type tales classified with numbers 300 749 7 18 This methodology gives rise to Propp s 31 functions or actions of the fairy tale 18 Propp proposes that the functions are the fundamental units the story and that there are exactly 31 distinct functions He observed in his analysis of 100 Russian fairy tales that tales almost always adhere to the order of the functions The traits of the characters or dramatis personae involved in the actions are second to the action actually being carried out This also follows his finding that while some functions may be missing between different stories the order is kept the same for all the Russian fairy tales he analyzed 7 Alexander Nikiforov like Shklovsky and Propp was a folklorist in 1920s Soviet Russia His early work also identified the benefits of a syntagmatic analysis of fairy tale elements In his 1926 paper titled The Morphological Study of Folklore Nikiforov states that Only the functions of the character which constitute his dramatic role in the folk tale are invariable 13 Since Nikiforov s essay was written almost 2 years before Propp s publication of Morphology of the Folktale 19 scholars have speculated that the idea of the function widely attributed to Propp could have first been recognized by Nikiforov 20 One source claims that Nikiforov s work was not developed into a systematic analysis of syntagmatics and failed to keep apart structural principles and atomistic concepts 17 Nikiforov s work on folklore morphology was never pursued beyond his paper 19 Writers and collectors EditAlexander Afanasyev Edit Alexander Afanasyev began writing fairy tales at a time when folklore was viewed as simple entertainment His interest in folklore stemmed from his interest in ancient Slavic mythology During the 1850s Afanasyev began to record part of his collection from tales dating to Boguchar his birthplace More of his collection came from the work of Vladimir Dhal and the Russian Geographical Society who collected tales from all around the Russian Empire 21 Afanasyev was a part of the few who attempted to create a written collection of Russian folklore This lack in collections of folklore was due to the control that the Church Slavonic had on printed literature in Russia which allowed for only religious texts to be spread To this Afanasyev replied There is a million times more morality truth and human love in my folk legends than in the sanctimonious sermons delivered by Your Holiness 22 Between 1855 and 1863 Afanasyev edited Popular Russian Tales Narodnye russkie skazki which had been modeled after the Grimm s Tales This publication had a vast cultural impact over Russian scholars by establishing a desire for folklore studies in Russia The rediscovery of Russian folklore through written text led to a generation of great Russian authors to come forth Some of these authors include Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky Folktales were quickly produced in written text and adapted Since the production of this collection Russian tales remain understood and recognized all over Russia 21 Alexander Pushkin Edit Alexander Pushkin is known as one of Russia s leading writers and poets 23 He is known for popularizing fairy tales in Russia and changed Russian literature by writing stories no one before him could 24 Pushkin is considered Russia s Shakespeare as during a time when most of the Russian population was illiterate he gave Russian s the ability to desire in a less strict Christian and a more pagan way through his fairy tales 25 Pushkin gained his love for Russian fairy tales from his childhood nurse Ariana Rodionovna who told him stories from her village when he was young 26 His stories served importance to Russians past his death in 1837 especially during times political turmoil during the start of the 20th century in which Pushkin s verses gave children the Russian language in its most perfect magnificence a language which they may never hear or speak again but which will remain with them as an eternal treasure 27 The value of his fairy tales was established a hundred years after Pushkin s death when the Soviet Union declared him a national poet Pushkin s work was previously banned during the Czarist rule During the Soviet Union his tales were seen acceptable for education since Pushkin s fairy tales spoke of the poor class and had anti clerical tones 28 Corpus EditAccording to scholarship some of most popular or most significant types of Russian Magic Tales or Wonder Tales are the following a 30 Tale number Russian classification Aarne Thompson Uther Index Grouping Examples Notes300 The Winner of the Snake The Dragon Slayer301 The Three Kingdoms The Three Stolen Princesses The Norka Dawn Midnight and Twilight b 302 Kashchei s Death in an Egg Ogre s Devil s Heart in the Egg The Death of Koschei the Deathless307 The Girl Who Rose from the Grave The Princess in the Coffin Viy c 313 Magic Escape The Magic Flight The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise d 315 The Feigned Illness beast s milk The Faithless Sister325 Crafty Knowledge The Magician and his Pupil e 327 Children at Baba Yaga s Hut Children and the Ogre327C Ivanusha and the Witch The Devil Witch Carries the Hero Home in a Sack f 400 The husband looks for his wife who has disappeared or been stolen or a wife searches for her husband The Man on a Quest for The Lost Wife The Maiden Tsar461 Mark the Rich Three Hairs of the Devil s Beard The Story of Three Wonderful Beggars Serbian Vassili The Unlucky g 465 The Beautiful Wife The Man persecuted because of his beautiful wife Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What h 480 Stepmother and Stepdaughter The Kind and Unkind Girls Vasilissa the Beautiful519 The Blind Man and the Legless Man The Strong Woman as Bride Brunhilde i j k 531 The Little Hunchback Horse The Clever Horse The Humpbacked Horse The Firebird and Princess Vasilisa l 545B Puss in Boots The Cat as Helper555 Kitten Gold Forehead a gold fish a magical tree The Fisherman and His Wife The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish m n 560 The Magic Ring The Magic Ring o p 567 The Marvelous Bird The Magic Bird Heart650A Ivan the Bear s Ear Strong John706 The Handless The Maiden Without Hands707 The Tale of Tsar Saltan Marvelous Children The Three Golden Children Tale of Tsar Saltan The Wicked Sisters q 709 The Dead Tsarina or The Dead Tsarevna Snow White The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights r Footnotes Edit Propp s The Russian Folktale lists types 301 302 307 315 325 327 400 461 465 519 545B 555 560 567 and 707 29 A preliminary report by Nikolai P Andreyev declared that type 301 The Three Kingdoms and the Stolen Princesses was among the most popular types in Russia with 45 variants The type was also the second most frequently collected in Ukraine with 31 texts 31 French folklorist Paul Delarue noticed that the tale type despite existing throughout Europe is well known in Russia where it found its favorite soil 32 Likewise Jack Haney stated that type 307 was most common among East Slavs 33 A preliminary report by Nikolai P Andreyev declared that type 313 The Magic Flight was among the most popular types in Russia with 41 variants The type was also the most frequently collected in Ukraine with 37 texts 34 Commenting on a Russian tale collected in the 20th century Richard Dorson stated that the type was one of the most widespread Russian Marchen 35 In the East Slavic populations scholarship registers 42 Russian variants 25 Ukrainian and 10 Belarrussian 36 According to professor Jack V Haney this type of a fishing boy and a witch is common among the various East European peoples 37 According to Jack Haney the tale type is popular among the East Slavs 38 According to professor Jack V Haney the tale type including previous type AaTh 465A is especially common in Russia 39 Russian researcher Dobrovolskaya Varvara Evgenievna stated that tale type ATU 519 SUS 519 belongs to the core of the Russian tale corpus due to the presence of numerous variants 40 Following Lowis de Menar s study Walter Puchner concluded on its diffusion especially in the East Slavic area 41 Stith Thompson also located this tale type across Russia and the Baltic regions 42 According to Jack Haney the tale type is extremely popular in all three branches of East Slavic 43 According to professor Jack V Haney this type is common among the East Slavs 44 The variation on the wish giving entity is also attested in Estonia whose variants register a golden fish crayfish or a sacred tree 45 According to professor Jack V Haney the tale type is very common in all the East Slavic traditions 46 Wolfram Eberhard reported 45 variants in Russia alone 47 According to professor Jack V Haney the tale type is a very common East Slavic type 48 According to professor Jack V Haney the tale type is especially common in Russian and Ukrainian 49 References Edit Magic tale volshebnaia skazka also called fairy tale Kononenko Natalie 2007 Slavic Folklore A Handbook Greenwood Press p 180 ISBN 978 0 313 33610 2 Hellman Ben Fairy Tales and True Stories the History of Russian Literature for Children and Young People 1574 2010 Brill 2013 Oinas Felix J Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union Slavic Review vol 32 no 1 1973 pp 45 58 JSTOR www jstor org stable 2494072 Afanasyev Alexander The Midnight Dance The Shoes That Were Danced to Pieces 1855 www pitt edu dash type0306 html Mityayev Anatoli Grishka and the Astronaut Translated by Ronald Vroon Progress 1981 Nikolajeva Maria 2002 Fairy Tales in Society s Service Marvels amp Tales 16 2 171 187 doi 10 1353 mat 2002 0024 ISSN 1521 4281 JSTOR 41388626 S2CID 163086804 a b c d Propp V I A Morphology of the folktale ISBN 9780292783768 OCLC 1020077613 Singer Isaac Bashevis 1975 11 16 Russian Fairy Tales The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2019 04 01 Greskovic Robert 2015 06 02 The Sleeping Beauty Review Back to Its Russian Roots Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 2019 04 01 Erlich Victor 1973 Russian Formalism Journal of the History of Ideas 34 4 627 638 doi 10 2307 2708893 ISSN 0022 5037 JSTOR 2708893 Saussure Ferdinand de 2011 Course in general linguistics Baskin Wade Meisel Perry Saussy Haun 1960 New York Columbia University Press ISBN 9780231527958 OCLC 826479070 a b Berger Arthur Asa February 2018 Media analysis techniques ISBN 9781506366210 OCLC 1000297853 a b c d Murphy Terence Patrick 2015 The Fairytale and Plot Structure Oxford University Press ISBN 9781137547088 OCLC 944065310 Dundes Alan 1997 The Motif Index and the Tale Type Index A Critique Journal of Folklore Research 34 3 195 202 ISSN 0737 7037 JSTOR 3814885 Kuehnel Richard Lencek Rado What is a Folklore Motif www aktuellum com Retrieved 2019 04 08 a b Propp V I A Propp V Ya Vladimir Yakovlevich 1895 1970 2012 The Russian folktale by Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp Detroit Wayne State University Press ISBN 9780814337219 OCLC 843208720 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Maranda Pierre 1974 Soviet structural folkloristics Meletinskiĭ E M Eleazar Moiseevich Jilek Wolfgang The Hague Mouton ISBN 978 9027926838 OCLC 1009096 a b Aguirre Manuel October 2011 AN OUTLINE OF PROPP S MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF FAIRYTALES PDF Tools and Frames via The Northanger Library Project a b Oinas Felix J 2019 The Study of Russian Folklore Soudakoff Stephen Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter GmbH ISBN 9783110813913 OCLC 1089596763 Oinas Felix J 1973 Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union Slavic Review 32 1 45 58 doi 10 2307 2494072 ISSN 0037 6779 JSTOR 2494072 a b Levchin Sergey 2014 04 28 Russian Folktales from the Collection of A Afanasyev A Dual Language Book ProQuest Davidson H R Ellis Chaudhri Anna eds 2006 A companion to the fairy tale ISBN 9781782045519 OCLC 960947251 Briggs A D P 1991 Alexander Pushkin a critical study The Bristol Press ISBN 978 1853991721 OCLC 611246966 Alexander S Pushkin Zimniaia Doroga ed by Irina Tokmakova Moscow Detskaia Literatura 1972 Bethea David M 2010 Realizing Metaphors Alexander Pushkin and the Life of the Poet University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 9780299159733 OCLC 929159387 Davidson H R Ellis Chaudhri Anna eds 2006 A companion to the fairy tale ISBN 9781782045519 OCLC 960947251 Akhmatova Pushkin i deti radio broadcast script prepared in 1963 published in Literaturnaya Gazeta May 1 1974 Nikolajeva Maria Fairy Tales in Society s Service Marvels amp Tales 2002 171 187 The Russian Folktale by Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp Edited and Translated by Sibelan Forrester Foreword by Jack Zipes Wayne State University Press 2012 p 215 ISBN 9780814334669 Anglickiene Laima Slavic Folklore DIDACTICAL GUIDELINES Kaunas Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Humanities Department of Cultural Studies and Ethnology 2013 p 125 ISBN 978 9955 21 352 9 Andrejev Nikolai P A Characterization of the Ukrainian Tale Corpus In Fabula 1 no 2 1958 233 https doi org 10 1515 fabl 1958 1 2 228 Delarue Paul The Borzoi Book of French Folk Tales New York Alfred A Knopf Inc 1956 p 386 Haney Jack V with Sibelan Forrester The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume III Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2021 p 536 Andrejev Nikolai P A Characterization of the Ukrainian Tale Corpus In Fabula 1 no 2 1958 233 https doi org 10 1515 fabl 1958 1 2 228 Dorson Richard M Folktales told around the world Chicago London University of Chicago Press 1978 p 68 ISBN 0 226 15874 8 Goryaeva B B 2011 Syuzhet Volshebnik i ego uchenik at 325 v kalmyckoj skazochnoj tradicii In Oriental Studies 2 153 URL https cyberleninka ru article n syuzhet volshebnik i ego uchenik at 325 v kalmytskoy skazochnoy traditsii data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume I Edited by Haney Jack V Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2014 pp 491 510 Accessed August 18 2021 http www jstor org stable j ctt9qhm7n 115 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 p 554 muse jhu edu book 42506 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 p 538 muse jhu edu book 42506 Dobrovolskaya Varvara Evgenevna 2018 Skazka slepoj i beznogij sus 519 v repertuare russkih skazochnikov folklornaya realizaciya literaturnogo syuzheta Voprosy russkoj literatury 4 46 103 93 113 111 URL https cyberleninka ru article n skazka slepoy i beznogiy sus 519 v repertuare russkih skazochnikov folklornaya realizatsiya literaturnogo syuzheta data obrasheniya 01 09 2021 Krauss Friedrich Salomo Volkserzahlungen der Sudslaven Marchen und Sagen Schwanke Schnurren und erbauliche Geschichten Burt Raymond I and Puchner Walter eds Bohlau Verlag Wien 2002 p 615 ISBN 9783205994572 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 185 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 Haney Jack V The Complete Russian Folktale v 4 Russian Wondertales 2 Tales of Magic and the Supernatural New York Routledge 2015 2001 p 434 https doi org 10 4324 9781315700076 The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume I Edited by Haney Jack V Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2014 pp 491 510 Accessed August 18 2021 http www jstor org stable j ctt9qhm7n 115 Monumenta Estoniae antiquae V Eesti muinasjutud I 2 Koostanud Risto Jarv Mairi Kaasik Karri Toomeos Orglaan Toimetanud Inge Annom Risto Jarv Mairi Kaasik Karri Toomeos Orglaan Tartu Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi Teaduskirjastus 2014 p 718 ISBN 978 9949 544 19 6 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 p 538 muse jhu edu book 42506 Eberhard Wolfram Folktales of China Chicago The University of Chicago Press 1956 p 143 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 pp 536 556 muse jhu edu book 42506 Haney Jack V The Complete Folktales of A N Afanas ev Volume II Black Art and the Neo Ancestral Impulse Jackson University Press of Mississippi 2015 pp 536 556 muse jhu edu book 42506 Further reading EditLutovinova E I 2018 Tematicheskie gruppy syuzhetov russkih narodnyh volshebnyh skazok Pedagogicheskoe iskusstvo 2 62 68 URL https cyberleninka ru article n tematicheskie gruppy syuzhetov russkih narodnyh volshebnyh skazok data obrasheniya 27 08 2021 in Russian The Three Kingdoms ATU 301 Lyzlova Anastasiya Sergeevna 2019 Ckazki o treh carstvah mednom serebryanom i zolotom v lubochnoj literature i folklornoj tradicii FAIRY TALES ABOUT THREE KINGDOMS THE COPPER SILVER AND GOLD ONES IN POPULAR LITERATURE AND RUSSIAN FOLK TRADITION Problemy istoricheskoj poetiki 17 1 26 44 URL https cyberleninka ru article n ckazki o treh tsarstvah mednom serebryanom i zolotom v lubochnoy literature i folklornoy traditsii data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 In Russian Matveeva R P 2013 Russkie skazki na syuzhet Tri podzemnyh carstva v sibirskom repertuare RUSSIAN FAIRY TALES ON THE PLOT THREE UNDERGROUND KINGDOMS IN THE SIBERIAN REPERTOIRE Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta Filosofiya 10 170 175 URL https cyberleninka ru article n russkie skazki na syuzhet tri podzemnyh tsarstva v sibirskom repertuare data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 In Russian Tereshenko Anna Vasilevna 2017 Folklornyj syuzhet Tri carstva v sopostavitelnom aspekte na materiale russkih i selkupskih skazok COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FOLKLORE PLOT THREE STOLEN PRINCESSES RUSSIAN AND SELKUP FAIRY TALES DATA Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta 6 183 128 134 URL https cyberleninka ru article n folklornyy syuzhet tri tsarstva v sopostavitelnom aspekte na materiale russkih i selkupskih skazok data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 In Russian Crafty Knowledge ATU 325 Troshkova Anna Olegovna 2019 Syuzhet Hitraya nauka sus 325 v russkoj volshebnoj skazke THE PLOT THE MAGICIAN AND HIS PUPIL NO 325 OF THE COMPARATIVE INDEX OF PLOTS IN THE RUSSIAN FAIRY TALE Vestnik Marijskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 13 1 33 98 107 URL https cyberleninka ru article n syuzhet hitraya nauka sus 325 v russkoy volshebnoy skazke data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 In Russian Troshkova A O Plot CIP 325 Crafty Lore ATU 325 The Magician and His Pupil in Catalogues of Tale Types by A Aarne 1910 Aarne Thompson 1928 1961 G Uther 2004 N P Andreev 1929 and L G Barag 1979 In Traditional culture 2019 Vol 20 No 5 pp 85 88 DOI 10 26158 TK 2019 20 5 007 In Russian Troshkova A 2019 The tale type The Magician and His Pupil in East Slavic and West Slavic traditions based on Russian and Lusatian ATU 325 fairy tales Indo European Linguistics and Classical Philology XXIII 1022 1037 doi 10 30842 ielcp230690152376 In Russian Mark the Rich or Marko Bogatyr ATU 461 Kuznecova Vera Stanislavovna 2017 Legenda o Hriste v sostave skazki o Marko Bogatom ustnye i knizhnye istochniki slavyanskih povestvovanij LEGEND OF CHRIST WITHIN THE FOLKTALE ABOUT MARKO THE RICH ORAL AND BOOK SOURCES OF SLAVIC NARRATIVES Vestnik slavyanskih kultur 46 4 122 134 URL https cyberleninka ru article n legenda o hriste v sostave skazki o marko bogatom ustnye i knizhnye istochniki slavyanskih povestvovaniy data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 In Russian Kuznecova Vera Stanislavovna 2019 Raznovidnosti syuzheta o Marko Bogatom AaTh 930 v vostochno i yuzhnoslavyanskih zapisyah VERSIONS OF THE PLOT ABOUT MARKO THE RICH AATH 930 IN THE EAST AND SOUTH SLAVIC TEXTS Vestnik slavyanskih kultur 52 2 104 116 URL https cyberleninka ru article n raznovidnosti syuzheta o marko bogatom aath 930 v vostochno i yuzhnoslavyanskih zapisyah data obrasheniya 24 09 2021 External links EditCollection of Russian folk tales in Russian Retrieved from https en 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