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Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index

April 18, 2023

The Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index (ATU Index) is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies. The ATU Index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars: originally composed in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne (1910), the index was translated into English, revised, and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson (1928, 1961), and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther (2004). The ATU Index, along with Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (1932) – with which it is used in tandem, is an essential tool for folklorists.[1]

Definition of tale type

In The Folktale, Thompson defines a tale type as follows:

A type is a traditional tale that has an independent existence. It may be told as a complete narrative and does not depend for its meaning on any other tale. It may indeed happen to be told with another tale, but the fact that it may be told alone attests its independence. It may consist of only one motif or of many.[2]

Predecessors

Austrian consul Johann Georg von Hahn devised a preliminary analysis of some 44 tale "formulae" as introduction to his book of Greek and Albanian folktales, published in 1864.[3][4]

Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould, in 1866, translated von Hahn's list and expanded to 52 tale types, which he called "Story Radicals".[5][6] Folklorist Joseph Jacobs expanded the list to seventy tale types and published it as Appendix C in Charlotte Sophia Burne and Laurence Gomme's Handbook of Folk-Lore.[7]

Before the edition of Antti Aarne's first folktale classification, Astrid Lunding translated Svend Grundtvig's system of folktale classification. This catalogue consisted of 134 types, mostly based on Danish folktale compilations in comparison to international collections available at the time by other folklorists, such as the Brothers Grimm's and Emmanuel Cosquin's.[8]

History

Antti Aarne was a student of Julius Krohn and his son Kaarle Krohn. Aarne developed the historic-geographic method of comparative folkloristics, and developed the initial version of what became the Aarne–Thompson tale type index for classifying folktales, first published in 1910 as Verzeichnis der Märchentypen ("List of Fairy Tale Types").[9] The system was based on identifying motifs and the repeated narrative ideas that can be seen as the building-blocks of traditional narrative; its scope was European.[10]

The American folklorist Stith Thompson revised Aarne's classification system in 1928, enlarging its scope, while also translating it from German into English.[11] In doing so, he created the "AT number system" (also referred to as "AaTh system") which remained in use through the second half of the century. Another edition with further revisions by Thompson followed in 1961. According to American folklorist D. L. Ashliman, "The Aarne–Thompson system catalogues some 2500 basic plots from which, for countless generations, European and Near Eastern storytellers have built their tales".[12]

The AT-number system was updated and expanded in 2004 with the publication of The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography by German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther. Uther noted that many of the earlier descriptions were cursory and often imprecise, that many "irregular types" are in fact old and widespread, and that "emphasis on oral tradition" often obscured "older, written versions of the tale types". To remedy these shortcomings Uther developed the Aarne–Thompson–Uther classification (ATU) system and included more tales from eastern and southern Europe as well as "smaller narrative forms" in this expanded listing. He also put the emphasis of the collection more explicitly on international folktales, removing examples whose attestation was limited to one ethnic group.[10][13]

System

The Aarne–Thompson Tale Type Index divides tales into sections with an AT number for each entry. The names given are typical, but usage varies; the same tale type number may be referred to by its central motif or by one of the variant folktales of that type, which can also vary, especially when used in different countries and cultures. The name does not have to be strictly literal for every folktale. For example, The Cat as Helper (545B) also includes tales where a fox helps the hero. Closely related folktales are often grouped within a type. For example, tale types 400–424 all feature brides or wives as the primary protagonist, for instance The Quest for a Lost Bride (400) or the Animal Bride (402). Subtypes within a tale type are designated by the addition of a letter to the AT number, for instance: tale 510, Persecuted Heroine (renamed in Uther's revision as Cinderella and Peau d'Âne ["Cinderella and Donkey Skin"]), has subtypes 510A, Cinderella, and 510B, Catskin (renamed in Uther's revision as Peau d'Asne [also "Donkey Skin"]). (See other examples of tale types in the online resource links at the end of this article.)

As an example, the entry for 510A in the ATU index (with cross-references to motifs in Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature in square brackets, and variants in parentheses) reads:

510A Cinderella. (Cenerentola, Cendrillon, Aschenputtel.) A young woman is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters [S31, L55] and has to live in the ashes as a servant. When the sisters and the stepmother go to a ball (church), they give Cinderella an impossible task (e.g. sorting peas from ashes), which she accomplishes with the help of birds [B450]. She obtains beautiful clothing from a supernatural being [D1050.1, N815] or a tree that grows on the grave of her deceased mother [D815.1, D842.1, E323.2] and goes unknown to the ball. A prince falls in love with her [N711.6, N711.4], but she has to leave the ball early [C761.3]. The same thing happens on the next evening, but on the third evening, she loses one of her shoes [R221, F823.2].

The prince will marry only the woman whom the shoe fits [H36.1]. The stepsisters cut pieces off their feet in order to make them fit into the shoe [K1911.3.3.1], but a bird calls attention to this deceit. Cinderella, who had first been hidden from the prince, tries on the shoe and it fits her. The prince marries her.

Combinations: This type is usually combined with episodes of one or more other types, esp. 327A, 403, 480, 510B, and also 408, 409, 431, 450, 511, 511A, 707, and 923.

Remarks: Documented by Basile, Pentamerone (I,6) in the 17th century.

The entry concludes, like others in the catalogue, with a long list of references to secondary literature on the tale, and variants of it.[14]

Critical response

In his essay "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique", American folklorist Alan Dundes explains that the Aarne–Thompson indexes are some of the "most valuable tools in the professional folklorist's arsenal of aids for analysis".[1]

The tale type index was criticized by Vladimir Propp of the Russian Formalist school of the 1920s for ignoring the functions of the motifs by which they are classified. Furthermore, Propp contended that using a "macro-level" analysis means that the stories that share motifs might not be classified together, while stories with wide divergences may be grouped under one tale type because the index must select some features as salient.[15] He also observed that while the distinction between animal tales and tales of the fantastic was basically correct — no one would classify "Tsarevitch Ivan, the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf" as an animal tale just because of the wolf — it did raise questions because animal tales often contained fantastic elements, and tales of the fantastic often contained animals; indeed a tale could shift categories if a peasant deceived a bear rather than a devil.[16]

In describing the motivation for his work,[17] Uther presents several criticisms of the original index. He points out that Thompson's focus on oral tradition sometimes neglects older versions of stories, even when written records exist, that the distribution of stories is uneven (with Eastern and Southern European as well as many other regions' folktale types being under-represented), and that some included folktale types have dubious importance. Similarly, Thompson had noted that the tale type index might well be called The Types of the Folk-Tales of Europe, West Asia, and the Lands Settled by these Peoples.[17] However, Alan Dundes notes that in spite of the flaws of tale type indexes (e. g., typos, redundancies, censorship, etc.; p. 198),[1] "they represent the keystones for the comparative method in folkloristics, a method which despite postmodern naysayers ... continues to be the hallmark of international folkloristics" (p. 200).[1]

Author Pete Jordi Wood claims that topics related to homosexuality have been excluded intentionally from the type index.[18] Similarly, folklorist Joseph P. Goodwin states that Thompson omitted "much of the extensive body of sexual and 'obscene' material", and that - as of 1995 - "topics like homosexuality are still largely excluded from the type and motif indexes."[19]

In regards to the geographical criticism, it has been said that the ATU folktype index seems to concentrate on Europe and North Africa,[20] or overrepresent Eurasia[a] and North America.[22] The catalogue appears to ignore or underrepresent, for example, Central Asia, a region from where, some scholars propose, may emerge new folktale types, previously not contemplated by the original catalogue, such as Yuri Berezkin [ru]'s The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter-in-Law (and variants)[20] and The travelling girl and her helpful siblings,[23] or Woman's Magical Horse, as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington.[24]

In regards to the typological classification, some folklorists and tale comparativists have acknowledged singular tale types that, due to their own characteristics, would merit their own type.[b] However, such tales have not been listed in the international folktale system, yet they exist in regional or national classifications.[25]

Use in folkloristics

A quantitative study, published by folklorist Sara Graça da Silva and anthropologist Jamshid J. Tehrani in 2016, tried to evaluate the time of emergence for the "Tales of Magic" (ATU 300–ATU 749), based on a phylogenetic model.[26] They found four of them to belong to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stratum of magic tales:[c]

Ten more magic tales were found to be current throughout the Western branch of the Indo-European languages, comprising the main European language families derived from PIE (i. e. Balto-Slavic, Germanic, Italic and Celtic):

List

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Stith Thompson himself not once indicated that the AT-Index works only for the Hindu-European ('from Ireland to India') cultural area. He assumed that the folklore of other areas would not be well integrated in the AT System."[21]
  2. ^ On the other hand, some independent tale types have been called into question, even by Stith Thompson: "Confined, so far as now appears, to a very limited section of eastern Europe is the story of the hero called "I Don't Know." It is hard to tell whether this should be considered as a distinct tale type (Type 532), or merely as a variety of the Goldener story [Tale type 314]". Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  3. ^ The KHM indices refer to Grimms' Fairy Tales.
  4. ^ The original version of the "Dance Among the Thorns" tale-type comes from 15th century Europe, and features a monk who was forced to dance in a thorn bush, by a boy with a magic flute or fiddle. It reflected the anticlerical sentiment of many folk tales at the time, and implies that the monk deserves this punishment. Grimms' The Jew Among Thorns (KHM 110) is an example of this type of tale. An American version of this tale, told to folklorist Marie Campbell in 1958 in Kentucky, included this apology from the informant: "Seems like all the tales about Jews gives the Jews a bad name—greedy, grabbing for cash money, cheating their work hands out of their wages—I don't know what all. I never did know a Jew, never even met up with one."[30]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.
  2. ^ Thompson (1977: 415).
  3. ^ Hahn, Johann Georg von. Griechische Und Albanesische Märchen. Erster Band. Leipzig: W. Englemann, 1864. pp. 43-61.
  4. ^ Jacobs, Joseph. European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons. 1916. pp. 215-216.
  5. ^ Baring-Gould, Sabine. "Appendix". In: Henderson, William. Notes On the Folk-lore of the Northern Counties of England And the Borders. London: Longmans, Green. 1866. pp. 300-311.
  6. ^ Jacobs, Joseph. European Folk and Fairy Tales. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons. 1916. p. 216.
  7. ^ Jacobs, Joseph. "Appendix C". In: Burne, Charlotte Sophia; Gomme, George Laurence. The handbook of folklore. London: Pub. for the Folk-lore Society by Sidgwich & Jackson. 1914. pp. 344-355.
  8. ^ Lunding, Astrid. "The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen". In: Folklore Fellows Communications (FFC) nº 2. 1910. [1]
  9. ^ Antti Aarne, Verzeichnis der Märchentypen, FF Communications, 3 (Helsinki, 1910).
  10. ^ a b Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. FF Communications no. 284–286. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Three volumes. I: 7.
  11. ^ The Types of the Folk-Tale: A Classification and Bibliography. Antti Aarne's Verzeichnis der Märchentypen, translated and enlarged by Stith Thompson (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1928).
  12. ^ Ashliman, D. L. 1987. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne–Thompson Classification System. New York, Greenwood Press.
  13. ^ The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales, Donald Haase, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. xxi.
  14. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. FF Communications no. 284–286. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Three volumes. I: 293-94.
  15. ^ Vladimir Propp, Morphology of the Folktale. Similarly, Alan Dundes points out that "Aarne’s mistake was not classifying tales on the basis of narrative plot rather than [on characters]" because "the same tale can be told with either animal or human characters" (197). "Introduction". Theory and History of Folklore. Ed. Anatoly Liberman. University of Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1984. p. ix.
  16. ^ Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, p. 5 f.
  17. ^ a b Uther, Hans-Jörg. "Classifying folktales: The Third Revision of the Aarne–Thompson Tale Type Index (FFC 184)". folklorefellow.fi.
  18. ^ Wareham, Jamie (2020-08-21). "Why This Charming Gay Fairytale Has Been Lost For 200 Years". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  19. ^ Goodwin, Joseph P. (1995). "If Ignorance Is Bliss, 'Tis Folly to Be Wise: What We Don't Know Can Hurt Us". Journal of Folklore Research. 32 (2): 155–164. JSTOR 3814371.
  20. ^ a b Berezkin, Yuri; Duvakin, Evgeny (June 2016). "The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter-in-Law". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore. 64: 33–56. doi:10.7592/FEJF2016.64.khan.
  21. ^ Jason, Heda (January 1965). "Types of Jewish-Oriental Oral Tales". Fabula. 7 (Jahresband): 115–224. doi:10.1515/fabl.1965.7.1.115. S2CID 162323205.
  22. ^ Thuillard, Marc; Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc; d'Huy, Julien; Berezkin, Yuri (2018). "A Large-Scale Study of World Myths". Trames. 22 (4): A1–A44. doi:10.3176/tr.2018.4.06.
  23. ^ Berezkin, Yuri (2019). "The Travelling Girl and Her Helpful Siblings: An Unnoticed Boreal Tale and the ATU Index". Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore. 75: 71–90. doi:10.7592/FEJF2019.75.berezkin.
  24. ^ Muskheli, Veronica (27 April 2013). The Fate of Magically Strong Heroines in Central Asian Folktales (PDF). REECAS NW 2013. From Symbolism to Security Politics, Literature and Imagery in Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia -The Nineteenth Annual Russian, East European and Central Asian Studies Northwest Conference.
  25. ^ Goldberg, Christine (1996). "The Blind Girl, a Misplaced Folktale". Western Folklore. 55 (3): 187–212. doi:10.2307/1500481. JSTOR 1500481.
  26. ^ Graça da Silva, Sara; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (January 2016). "Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales". Royal Society Open Science. The Royal Society. 3 (1): 150645. Bibcode:2016RSOS....350645D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150645. PMC 4736946. PMID 26909191.
  27. ^ Petschel, Günter (January 1971). ""Freunde in Leben und Tod" (AaTh 470)". Fabula. 12 (Jahresband): 111–167. doi:10.1515/fabl.1971.12.1.111. S2CID 161210849.
  28. ^ Kaasik, Mairi (2013). "A Mortal Visits the Other World – the Relativity of Time in Estonian Fairy Tales". Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics. 7 (2): 33–47.
  29. ^ Maarten Janssen. . Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
  30. ^ Haase, Donald (2007). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 786. ISBN 978-0-313-04947-7.
  31. ^ Bottigheimer, Ruth B. (1993). "Luckless, Witless, and Filthy-Footed: A Sociocultural Study and Publishing History Analysis of "The Lazy Boy"". The Journal of American Folklore. 106 (421): 259–284. doi:10.2307/541421. JSTOR 541421.

Bibliography

  • Antti Aarne. 1961. The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography, The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, Helsinki. ISBN 951-41-0132-4
  • Ashliman, D. L. 1987. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne–Thompson Classification System. New York, Greenwood Press.
  • Azzolina, David S. 1987. Tale type- and motif-indexes: An annotated bibliography. New York, London: Garland.
  • Dundes, Alan (1997). "The Motif-Index and the Tale Type Index: A Critique". Journal of Folklore Research. 34 (3): 195–202. JSTOR 3814885.
  • Karsdorp, Folgert; van der Meulen, Marten; Meder, Theo; van den Bosch, Antal (2 January 2015). "MOMFER: A Search Engine of Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk Literature". Folklore. 126 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2015.1006954. S2CID 162278853.
  • Thompson, Stith. 1977. The Folktale. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Uther, Hans-Jörg. 2004. The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography. Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. FF Communications no. 284–286. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Three volumes. ISBN 951-41-0955-4 (vol. 1), ISBN 951-41-0961-9 (vol. 2), ISBN 951-41-0963-5 (vol. 3.)

Further reading

  • Bortolini, Eugenio; Pagani, Luca; Crema, Enrico R.; Sarno, Stefania; Barbieri, Chiara; Boattini, Alessio; Sazzini, Marco; da Silva, Sara Graça; Martini, Gessica; Metspalu, Mait; Pettener, Davide; Luiselli, Donata; Tehrani, Jamshid J. (22 August 2017). "Inferring patterns of folktale diffusion using genomic data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (34): 9140–9145. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9140B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1614395114. PMC 5576778. PMID 28784786.
  • Goldberg, Christine (2010). "Strength in Numbers: The Uses of Comparative Folktale Research". Western Folklore. 69 (1): 19–34. JSTOR 25735282.
  • Conrad, JoAnn (March 2006). "Besprechungen (Review of) Asplund Ingemark, Camilla: The Genre of Trolls". Fabula. 47 (1–2): 133–188. doi:10.1515/FABL.2006.016. and subsequent reviews in the same chapter.
  • Kawan, Christine Shojaei (2004). "Reflections on International Narrative Research on the Example of The Tale of the Three Oranges". Folklore. 27: 29–48. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.4230. doi:10.7592/FEJF2004.27.kawan.
  • Uther, Hans-Jörg (30 June 2009). "Classifying tales: Remarks to indexes and systems of ordering". Narodna Umjetnost. 46 (1): 15–32.
  • Campos, Camiño Noia (2021). Catalogue of Galician Folktales. Folklore Fellows Communications. Vol. 322. Helsinki: The Kalevala Society. ISBN 978-952-9534-01-2.

External links

 
German Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Verzeichnis der Märchentypen
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index.
  • D. L. Ashliman, "Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts"
  • Index – Schnellsuche Märchentyp AT (in German)
  • Kinnes, Tormod (2009). "The ATU System". AT Types of Folktales. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  • Folktale and Folk Motif Index, a list of folktales according to the ATU Index by the University of Missouri
  • Volksverhalenbank by Meertens Institute (in Dutch)
  • Names of the tale types according to the Enzyklopädie des Märchens (in German)

International collections:

  • Web Platform of Comparative Folk Narrative Research, with record of Georgian folktales classified according to the ATU index
  • Aarne-Thompson index to the Irish Folklore Commission online collection
  • Online Repository of the Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University
  • Folktales from the Setomaa region from the collection of Hendrik Prants (et) (In Estonian)
  • Analysis of the Kalmykian tale corpus", by B. B. Goryaeva (In Russian).
  • Digital collection of Norwegian Eventyr and Legends by the University of Oslo (In Norwegian)

April 18, 2023
aarne, thompson, uther, index, index, catalogue, folktale, types, used, folklore, studies, index, product, series, revisions, expansions, international, group, scholars, originally, composed, german, finnish, folklorist, antti, aarne, 1910, index, translated, . The Aarne Thompson Uther Index ATU Index is a catalogue of folktale types used in folklore studies The ATU Index is the product of a series of revisions and expansions by an international group of scholars originally composed in German by Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne 1910 the index was translated into English revised and expanded by American folklorist Stith Thompson 1928 1961 and later further revised and expanded by German folklorist Hans Jorg Uther 2004 The ATU Index along with Thompson s Motif Index of Folk Literature 1932 with which it is used in tandem is an essential tool for folklorists 1 Contents 1 Definition of tale type 2 Predecessors 3 History 4 System 5 Critical response 6 Use in folkloristics 7 List 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External linksDefinition of tale type EditIn The Folktale Thompson defines a tale type as follows A type is a traditional tale that has an independent existence It may be told as a complete narrative and does not depend for its meaning on any other tale It may indeed happen to be told with another tale but the fact that it may be told alone attests its independence It may consist of only one motif or of many 2 Predecessors EditAustrian consul Johann Georg von Hahn devised a preliminary analysis of some 44 tale formulae as introduction to his book of Greek and Albanian folktales published in 1864 3 4 Reverend Sabine Baring Gould in 1866 translated von Hahn s list and expanded to 52 tale types which he called Story Radicals 5 6 Folklorist Joseph Jacobs expanded the list to seventy tale types and published it as Appendix C in Charlotte Sophia Burne and Laurence Gomme s Handbook of Folk Lore 7 Before the edition of Antti Aarne s first folktale classification Astrid Lunding translated Svend Grundtvig s system of folktale classification This catalogue consisted of 134 types mostly based on Danish folktale compilations in comparison to international collections available at the time by other folklorists such as the Brothers Grimm s and Emmanuel Cosquin s 8 History EditAntti Aarne was a student of Julius Krohn and his son Kaarle Krohn Aarne developed the historic geographic method of comparative folkloristics and developed the initial version of what became the Aarne Thompson tale type index for classifying folktales first published in 1910 as Verzeichnis der Marchentypen List of Fairy Tale Types 9 The system was based on identifying motifs and the repeated narrative ideas that can be seen as the building blocks of traditional narrative its scope was European 10 The American folklorist Stith Thompson revised Aarne s classification system in 1928 enlarging its scope while also translating it from German into English 11 In doing so he created the AT number system also referred to as AaTh system which remained in use through the second half of the century Another edition with further revisions by Thompson followed in 1961 According to American folklorist D L Ashliman The Aarne Thompson system catalogues some 2500 basic plots from which for countless generations European and Near Eastern storytellers have built their tales 12 The AT number system was updated and expanded in 2004 with the publication of The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography by German folklorist Hans Jorg Uther Uther noted that many of the earlier descriptions were cursory and often imprecise that many irregular types are in fact old and widespread and that emphasis on oral tradition often obscured older written versions of the tale types To remedy these shortcomings Uther developed the Aarne Thompson Uther classification ATU system and included more tales from eastern and southern Europe as well as smaller narrative forms in this expanded listing He also put the emphasis of the collection more explicitly on international folktales removing examples whose attestation was limited to one ethnic group 10 13 System EditThe Aarne Thompson Tale Type Index divides tales into sections with an AT number for each entry The names given are typical but usage varies the same tale type number may be referred to by its central motif or by one of the variant folktales of that type which can also vary especially when used in different countries and cultures The name does not have to be strictly literal for every folktale For example The Cat as Helper 545B also includes tales where a fox helps the hero Closely related folktales are often grouped within a type For example tale types 400 424 all feature brides or wives as the primary protagonist for instance The Quest for a Lost Bride 400 or the Animal Bride 402 Subtypes within a tale type are designated by the addition of a letter to the AT number for instance tale 510 Persecuted Heroine renamed in Uther s revision as Cinderella and Peau d Ane Cinderella and Donkey Skin has subtypes 510A Cinderella and 510B Catskin renamed in Uther s revision as Peau d Asne also Donkey Skin See other examples of tale types in the online resource links at the end of this article As an example the entry for 510A in the ATU index with cross references to motifs in Thompson s Motif Index of Folk Literature in square brackets and variants in parentheses reads 510A Cinderella Cenerentola Cendrillon Aschenputtel A young woman is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters S31 L55 and has to live in the ashes as a servant When the sisters and the stepmother go to a ball church they give Cinderella an impossible task e g sorting peas from ashes which she accomplishes with the help of birds B450 She obtains beautiful clothing from a supernatural being D1050 1 N815 or a tree that grows on the grave of her deceased mother D815 1 D842 1 E323 2 and goes unknown to the ball A prince falls in love with her N711 6 N711 4 but she has to leave the ball early C761 3 The same thing happens on the next evening but on the third evening she loses one of her shoes R221 F823 2 The prince will marry only the woman whom the shoe fits H36 1 The stepsisters cut pieces off their feet in order to make them fit into the shoe K1911 3 3 1 but a bird calls attention to this deceit Cinderella who had first been hidden from the prince tries on the shoe and it fits her The prince marries her Combinations This type is usually combined with episodes of one or more other types esp 327A 403 480 510B and also 408 409 431 450 511 511A 707 and 923 Remarks Documented by Basile Pentamerone I 6 in the 17th century The entry concludes like others in the catalogue with a long list of references to secondary literature on the tale and variants of it 14 Critical response EditIn his essay The Motif Index and the Tale Type Index A Critique American folklorist Alan Dundes explains that the Aarne Thompson indexes are some of the most valuable tools in the professional folklorist s arsenal of aids for analysis 1 The tale type index was criticized by Vladimir Propp of the Russian Formalist school of the 1920s for ignoring the functions of the motifs by which they are classified Furthermore Propp contended that using a macro level analysis means that the stories that share motifs might not be classified together while stories with wide divergences may be grouped under one tale type because the index must select some features as salient 15 He also observed that while the distinction between animal tales and tales of the fantastic was basically correct no one would classify Tsarevitch Ivan the Fire Bird and the Gray Wolf as an animal tale just because of the wolf it did raise questions because animal tales often contained fantastic elements and tales of the fantastic often contained animals indeed a tale could shift categories if a peasant deceived a bear rather than a devil 16 In describing the motivation for his work 17 Uther presents several criticisms of the original index He points out that Thompson s focus on oral tradition sometimes neglects older versions of stories even when written records exist that the distribution of stories is uneven with Eastern and Southern European as well as many other regions folktale types being under represented and that some included folktale types have dubious importance Similarly Thompson had noted that the tale type index might well be called The Types of the Folk Tales of Europe West Asia and the Lands Settled by these Peoples 17 However Alan Dundes notes that in spite of the flaws of tale type indexes e g typos redundancies censorship etc p 198 1 they represent the keystones for the comparative method in folkloristics a method which despite postmodern naysayers continues to be the hallmark of international folkloristics p 200 1 Author Pete Jordi Wood claims that topics related to homosexuality have been excluded intentionally from the type index 18 Similarly folklorist Joseph P Goodwin states that Thompson omitted much of the extensive body of sexual and obscene material and that as of 1995 topics like homosexuality are still largely excluded from the type and motif indexes 19 In regards to the geographical criticism it has been said that the ATU folktype index seems to concentrate on Europe and North Africa 20 or overrepresent Eurasia a and North America 22 The catalogue appears to ignore or underrepresent for example Central Asia a region from where some scholars propose may emerge new folktale types previously not contemplated by the original catalogue such as Yuri Berezkin ru s The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter in Law and variants 20 and The travelling girl and her helpful siblings 23 or Woman s Magical Horse as named by researcher Veronica Muskheli of the University of Washington 24 In regards to the typological classification some folklorists and tale comparativists have acknowledged singular tale types that due to their own characteristics would merit their own type b However such tales have not been listed in the international folktale system yet they exist in regional or national classifications 25 Use in folkloristics EditA quantitative study published by folklorist Sara Graca da Silva and anthropologist Jamshid J Tehrani in 2016 tried to evaluate the time of emergence for the Tales of Magic ATU 300 ATU 749 based on a phylogenetic model 26 They found four of them to belong to the Proto Indo European PIE stratum of magic tales c ATU 328 The Boy Steals Ogre s Treasure Jack and the Beanstalk and Thirteen ATU 330 The Smith and the Devil KHM 81a ATU 402 The Animal Bride The Three Feathers KHM 63 and The Poor Miller s Boy and the Cat de KHM 106 ATU 554 The Grateful Animals The White Snake KHM 17 and The Queen Bee KHM 62 Ten more magic tales were found to be current throughout the Western branch of the Indo European languages comprising the main European language families derived from PIE i e Balto Slavic Germanic Italic and Celtic ATU 311 Rescue by Sister Fitcher s Bird KHM 46 ATU 332 Godfather Death KHM 44 ATU 425C Beauty and the Beast ATU 470 Friends in Life and Death 27 28 ATU 500 The Name of the Supernatural Helper Rumpelstiltskin KHM 55 ATU 505 The Grateful Dead ATU 531 The Clever Horse Ferdinand the Faithful and Ferdinand the Unfaithful KHM 126 ATU 592 The Dance Among Thorns 29 d ATU 650A Strong John Strong Hans KHM 166 ATU 675 The Lazy Boy 31 Peruonto and Emelian the Fool List EditBear s Son Tale and Jean de l Ours analyses of tale types 301 and 650A Animal as Bridegroom analysis of ATU 425 and related types The Bird Lover analysis of tale type 432 The Spinning Woman by the Spring overview of type 480 Grateful dead folklore analysis of types 505 508 Calumniated Wife an overview of ATU types 705 712 The Three Golden Children analysis of type ATU 707 Riddle tales ancient and medieval an analysis of types 851 851A and 927See also EditMorphology folkloristics Motif Index of Folk Literature Roud Folk Song IndexNotes Edit Stith Thompson himself not once indicated that the AT Index works only for the Hindu European from Ireland to India cultural area He assumed that the folklore of other areas would not be well integrated in the AT System 21 On the other hand some independent tale types have been called into question even by Stith Thompson Confined so far as now appears to a very limited section of eastern Europe is the story of the hero called I Don t Know It is hard to tell whether this should be considered as a distinct tale type Type 532 or merely as a variety of the Goldener story Tale type 314 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale University of California Press p 61 ISBN 0 520 03537 2 The KHM indices refer to Grimms Fairy Tales The original version of the Dance Among the Thorns tale type comes from 15th century Europe and features a monk who was forced to dance in a thorn bush by a boy with a magic flute or fiddle It reflected the anticlerical sentiment of many folk tales at the time and implies that the monk deserves this punishment Grimms The Jew Among Thorns KHM 110 is an example of this type of tale An American version of this tale told to folklorist Marie Campbell in 1958 in Kentucky included this apology from the informant Seems like all the tales about Jews gives the Jews a bad name greedy grabbing for cash money cheating their work hands out of their wages I don t know what all I never did know a Jew never even met up with one 30 References Edit a b c d Dundes Alan 1997 The Motif Index and the Tale Type Index A Critique Journal of Folklore Research 34 3 195 202 JSTOR 3814885 Thompson 1977 415 Hahn Johann Georg von Griechische Und Albanesische Marchen Erster Band Leipzig W Englemann 1864 pp 43 61 Jacobs Joseph European Folk and Fairy Tales New York London G P Putnam s sons 1916 pp 215 216 Baring Gould Sabine Appendix In Henderson William Notes On the Folk lore of the Northern Counties of England And the Borders London Longmans Green 1866 pp 300 311 Jacobs Joseph European Folk and Fairy Tales New York London G P Putnam s sons 1916 p 216 Jacobs Joseph Appendix C In Burne Charlotte Sophia Gomme George Laurence The handbook of folklore London Pub for the Folk lore Society by Sidgwich amp Jackson 1914 pp 344 355 Lunding Astrid The System of Tales in the Folklore Collection of Copenhagen In Folklore Fellows Communications FFC nº 2 1910 1 Antti Aarne Verzeichnis der Marchentypen FF Communications 3 Helsinki 1910 a b Uther Hans Jorg 2004 The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson FF Communications no 284 286 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Three volumes I 7 The Types of the Folk Tale A Classification and Bibliography Antti Aarne s Verzeichnis der Marchentypen translated and enlarged by Stith Thompson Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia 1928 Ashliman D L 1987 A Guide to Folktales in the English Language Based on the Aarne Thompson Classification System New York Greenwood Press The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales Donald Haase Greenwood Publishing Group 2008 p xxi Uther Hans Jorg 2004 The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson FF Communications no 284 286 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Three volumes I 293 94 Vladimir Propp Morphology of the Folktale Similarly Alan Dundes points out that Aarne s mistake was not classifying tales on the basis of narrative plot rather than on characters because the same tale can be told with either animal or human characters 197 Introduction Theory and History of Folklore Ed Anatoly Liberman University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Press 1984 p ix Propp Morphology of the Folktale p 5 f a b Uther Hans Jorg Classifying folktales The Third Revision of the Aarne Thompson Tale Type Index FFC 184 folklorefellow fi Wareham Jamie 2020 08 21 Why This Charming Gay Fairytale Has Been Lost For 200 Years Forbes Retrieved 2020 08 22 Goodwin Joseph P 1995 If Ignorance Is Bliss Tis Folly to Be Wise What We Don t Know Can Hurt Us Journal of Folklore Research 32 2 155 164 JSTOR 3814371 a b Berezkin Yuri Duvakin Evgeny June 2016 The Captive Khan and the Clever Daughter in Law Folklore Electronic Journal of Folklore 64 33 56 doi 10 7592 FEJF2016 64 khan Jason Heda January 1965 Types of Jewish Oriental Oral Tales Fabula 7 Jahresband 115 224 doi 10 1515 fabl 1965 7 1 115 S2CID 162323205 Thuillard Marc Le Quellec Jean Loic d Huy Julien Berezkin Yuri 2018 A Large Scale Study of World Myths Trames 22 4 A1 A44 doi 10 3176 tr 2018 4 06 Berezkin Yuri 2019 The Travelling Girl and Her Helpful Siblings An Unnoticed Boreal Tale and the ATU Index Folklore Electronic Journal of Folklore 75 71 90 doi 10 7592 FEJF2019 75 berezkin Muskheli Veronica 27 April 2013 The Fate of Magically Strong Heroines in Central Asian Folktales PDF REECAS NW 2013 From Symbolism to Security Politics Literature and Imagery in Russia Eastern Europe and Central Asia The Nineteenth Annual Russian East European and Central Asian Studies Northwest Conference Goldberg Christine 1996 The Blind Girl a Misplaced Folktale Western Folklore 55 3 187 212 doi 10 2307 1500481 JSTOR 1500481 Graca da Silva Sara Tehrani Jamshid J January 2016 Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo European folktales Royal Society Open Science The Royal Society 3 1 150645 Bibcode 2016RSOS 350645D doi 10 1098 rsos 150645 PMC 4736946 PMID 26909191 Petschel Gunter January 1971 Freunde in Leben und Tod AaTh 470 Fabula 12 Jahresband 111 167 doi 10 1515 fabl 1971 12 1 111 S2CID 161210849 Kaasik Mairi 2013 A Mortal Visits the Other World the Relativity of Time in Estonian Fairy Tales Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 7 2 33 47 Maarten Janssen Multilingual Folk Tale Database Archived from the original on 2019 03 16 Retrieved 2020 01 12 Haase Donald 2007 The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales Greenwood Publishing Group p 786 ISBN 978 0 313 04947 7 Bottigheimer Ruth B 1993 Luckless Witless and Filthy Footed A Sociocultural Study and Publishing History Analysis of The Lazy Boy The Journal of American Folklore 106 421 259 284 doi 10 2307 541421 JSTOR 541421 Bibliography EditAntti Aarne 1961 The Types of the Folktale A Classification and Bibliography The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters Helsinki ISBN 951 41 0132 4 Ashliman D L 1987 A Guide to Folktales in the English Language Based on the Aarne Thompson Classification System New York Greenwood Press Azzolina David S 1987 Tale type and motif indexes An annotated bibliography New York London Garland Dundes Alan 1997 The Motif Index and the Tale Type Index A Critique Journal of Folklore Research 34 3 195 202 JSTOR 3814885 Karsdorp Folgert van der Meulen Marten Meder Theo van den Bosch Antal 2 January 2015 MOMFER A Search Engine of Thompson s Motif Index of Folk Literature Folklore 126 1 37 52 doi 10 1080 0015587X 2015 1006954 S2CID 162278853 Thompson Stith 1977 The Folktale Berkeley University of California Press Uther Hans Jorg 2004 The Types of International Folktales A Classification and Bibliography Based on the system of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson FF Communications no 284 286 Helsinki Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Three volumes ISBN 951 41 0955 4 vol 1 ISBN 951 41 0961 9 vol 2 ISBN 951 41 0963 5 vol 3 Further reading EditBortolini Eugenio Pagani Luca Crema Enrico R Sarno Stefania Barbieri Chiara Boattini Alessio Sazzini Marco da Silva Sara Graca Martini Gessica Metspalu Mait Pettener Davide Luiselli Donata Tehrani Jamshid J 22 August 2017 Inferring patterns of folktale diffusion using genomic data Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 34 9140 9145 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 9140B doi 10 1073 pnas 1614395114 PMC 5576778 PMID 28784786 Goldberg Christine 2010 Strength in Numbers The Uses of Comparative Folktale Research Western Folklore 69 1 19 34 JSTOR 25735282 Conrad JoAnn March 2006 Besprechungen Review of Asplund Ingemark Camilla The Genre of Trolls Fabula 47 1 2 133 188 doi 10 1515 FABL 2006 016 and subsequent reviews in the same chapter Kawan Christine Shojaei 2004 Reflections on International Narrative Research on the Example of The Tale of the Three Oranges Folklore 27 29 48 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 694 4230 doi 10 7592 FEJF2004 27 kawan Uther Hans Jorg 30 June 2009 Classifying tales Remarks to indexes and systems of ordering Narodna Umjetnost 46 1 15 32 Campos Camino Noia 2021 Catalogue of Galician Folktales Folklore Fellows Communications Vol 322 Helsinki The Kalevala Society ISBN 978 952 9534 01 2 External links Edit German Wikisource has original text related to this article Verzeichnis der Marchentypen Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aarne Thompson Uther Index D L Ashliman Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts Index Schnellsuche Marchentyp AT in German Kinnes Tormod 2009 The ATU System AT Types of Folktales Retrieved June 14 2010 A search tool for ATU numbers geographic distribution Folktale and Folk Motif Index a list of folktales according to the ATU Index by the University of Missouri Volksverhalenbank by Meertens Institute in Dutch Names of the tale types according to the Enzyklopadie des Marchens in German International collections Web Platform of Comparative Folk Narrative Research with record of Georgian folktales classified according to the ATU index Aarne Thompson index to the Irish Folklore Commission online collection Online Repository of the Uysal Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative at Texas Tech University Folktales from the Setomaa region from the collection of Hendrik Prants et In Estonian Analysis of the Kalmykian tale corpus by B B Goryaeva In Russian Digital collection of Norwegian Eventyr and Legends by the University of Oslo In Norwegian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aarne Thompson Uther Index amp oldid 1149980039, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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